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Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
Chapter 10 1 All rights Reserved
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Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
Chapter 10
All rights Reserved
Cengage/NGL/South-Western © 2016
Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
10.1 Explain how a sample of handwriting evidence is compared with an exemplar using both qualitative and quantitative characteristics.
10.2 Describe some of the limitations of handwriting analysis.
10.3 Identify a historical case of document fraud and explain how the fraudulent document(s) was/were created.
10.4 Describe recent developments in technology for use in handwriting analysis.
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Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
Chapter 10
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Chapter 10 Handwriting Analysis, Forgery, and Counterfeiting By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
10.5 List and describe several ways in which businesses prevent check forgery.
10.6 Describe features of new paper currency that protect against counterfeiting.
10.7 Compare and contrast older paper currencies with new currencies, including those on plastic stock.
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Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
Chapter 10
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o counterfeiting
o currency
o document analysis
o document expert
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Chapter 10
Vocabulary
o exemplar
o forgery
o fraudulence
o questioned document
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
Chapter 10
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Introduction
o A questioned document is any document that has handwriting, a written mark, type, or any paper and ink with uncertain authenticity.
• checks
• wills
• passports
• drivers licenses
• currency
• letters and contracts
• suicide notes
• receipts
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Related Fields
Historical dating—the verification of age and value of a document or object
Fraud investigation—focuses on the money trail and criminal intent
Paper and ink specialists—date, type, source, and/or catalog various types of paper, watermarks, ink, printing/copy/fax machines, computer cartridges
Forgery specialists—analyze altered, obliterated, changed, or doctored documents and photos
Typewriting analysts—determine origin, make, and model
Computer crime investigators—investigate cybercrime
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Early Forensic Handwriting Analysis
o Every person's handwriting is unique.
o An exemplar of a person's handwriting can be used to determine authenticity.
o In 1999, the U.S. Court of Appeals determined that handwriting analysis qualified as a form of expert testimony.
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Early Forensic Handwriting Analysis (continued)
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o Handwriting analysis of ransom notes pertaining to the kidnapping of Charles Lindbergh's son led to the conviction and execution of Richard "Bruno" Hauptmann.
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Handwriting Characteristics
Handwriting analysis involves two phases:
1. The hardware—ink, paper, pens, pencils, typewriter,
printers
2. Visual examination of the writing
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Handwriting Samples
The subject should not be shown the questioned document.
The subject is not told how to spell words or use punctuation.
The subject should use materials similar to those of the document.
The dictated text should match some parts of the document.
The subject should be asked to sign the text.
Always have a witness.
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Handwriting Characteristics
o There are 12 characteristics that handwriting experts examine. These characteristics include:
• Letter form
• Line form
• Formatting
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Handwriting Analysis
o Handwriting experts have ways of determining whether a person has tried to disguise his or her handwriting or to copy someone else's handwriting.
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Technology of Handwriting Analysis
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o Infrared Spectroscope
o Biometric Signature Pads
o Computerized Analysis
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Shortcomings of Handwriting Analysis
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o Handwriting analysis is ultimately subjective, relying on the expertise of the examiner.
o The Board of Forensic Document Examiners (BFDE) offers a training program in handwriting analysis.
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Forgery
o Although banks hope to eventually eliminate checks, the below methods are currently in use by banks to prevent check forgery:
• Print checks on chemically sensitive paper.
• Use a large font size.
• Use high-resolution borders on the checks.
• Print checks in multiple color patterns.
• Embed fibers in checks that glow under different types of lights.
• Use chemical-wash detection systems that change color when a check is altered.
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Methods of Forgery
Simulated forgery—one made by copying a genuine signature
Traced forgery—one made by tracing a genuine signature
Blind forgery—one made without a model of the signature
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Types of Forgery
Check fraud
• Forgery
• Counterfeit
• Alterations
Paper money
• Counterfeit
Identity
• Social Security
• Driver’s license
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Credit cards
•Theft of card or
number
Art—imitation with intent to
deceive
•Microscopic
examination
•Electromagnetic
radiation
•Chemical analysis
Contracts—alterations of
contracts, medical records
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Literary Forgery
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Literary Forgery (continued)
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Counterfeiting
o Currency
o Fake name-brand products
o Coins
o Postage stamps
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Ink
Chromatography is a method of physically separating the components of inks.
Types
HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography
TLC—thin-layer chromatography
Paper chromatography
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Paper Chromatography of Ink
Two samples of black ink from two different manufacturers have been characterized using paper chromatography.
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Retention Factor (Rf)
A number that represents how far a compound travels in a particular solvent
It is determined by measuring the distance the compound traveled and dividing it by the distance the solvent traveled.
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Evidence
Class characteristics may include general types of pens, pencils, or paper.
Individual characteristics may include unique, individual handwriting characteristics; trash marks from copiers; or printer serial numbers.
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Chapter 10
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Counterfeit Currency
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o Counterfeiting is a federal felony punishable with up to 15 years in prison.
o Methods in place to try to prevent counterfeiting include:
• Design features that make printing difficult
• Special paper
• Ongoing changes to the design of paper money
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Detecting Counterfeit Currency
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o Counterfeit currency can often be detected because of the starch found in regular paper.
o Some counterfeiters actually bleach small bills to provide the correct paper for use.
o Some countries have begun producing plastic money to replace paper bills.
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Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
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o Fraudulence, or fraud, is attempting to get financial or other gain from forgery.
o Handwriting analysis by document experts is the examination of questioned documents compared with exemplars to establish the authenticity and/or authorship of the documents.
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Summary
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
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o Document experts use their expertise along with scientific methods and technology to compare handwriting characteristics of a questioned document to those of an exemplar to help identify authors and detect any alterations, erasures, and obliterations.
o Handwriting analysis has always been an important tool, especially for forensic scientists. Handwriting experts help financial, legal, and governmental institutions, as well as the general public, detect and prevent forgery, counterfeiting, and other fraudulent crimes.
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Summary (continued)
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
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o Technological advances, such as biometric signature pads and the infrared spectroscope, have improved objectivity, increased quantitative analysis, and enhanced the detection of forged documents.
o Countries, including the United States, continue to refine methods to protect their currency from counterfeiters, changing designs and experimenting with different stocks.
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Summary (continued)
Forensic Science: Fundamentals & Investigations, 2e
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Computer intrusions
Identity theft
Transmission of illegal items
Extortion and harassment
Piracy
Cyberterrorism
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Internet Crimes