forest fire
DESCRIPTION
BAXIA against forest fireTRANSCRIPT
PROBLEMS OF FORESTS, THEIR EFFECTS AND
SOLUTIONS, AND THEIR CONCLUSION
BY :ARRUM CHYNTIA YULIYANTI
SMPN 2 OF PALANGKA RAYA
2005
Preface
An introductory course of our forests. There are many problems about the
forests in our country. For examples : forest fires and illegal logging. The
purpose of this report is to introduce the problems of our forests, the effect of
the problems, the solutions of the problems and its conclusions. Importance of
forests in addition to their comercial value as producers of wood products. The
forests help control climate by influencing the wind, temperature, humidity, and
rainfall. They add oxygen to the atmosphere and assist in the global recycling of
water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. By regulating the downstream flow of
water, forests help control soil erosion, the amount of sediment washing into
rivers and reservoirs, and the severity of flooding. Forests also provide habitats
for organisms that make up much of earth’s genetic diversity. They also help
absorb noise and some air pollutants, and nourish the human spirit by providing
solitude and beauty.
August, 2005
Writter
Acknowledgments
We wish to thank :
For our God
For Mr. Herman, S.Pd
For our parents and all of our
friends.
Motto
Only God knows how tomorrow will be like for you
and for my life
List of Contents
Preface ....................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgments and Motto ................................................................... iii
List of Contents .......................................................................................... iv
List of Tables .............................................................................................. v
List of Figures ............................................................................................ vi
PART ONE ........................... Problems of Forest ...............................
A. Forest Fires .................................................................................. 1
B. Illegal Logging ............................................................................. 4
PART TWO ........................ Effects of The Problems ..........................
A. Effects of forest fires ................................................................... 7
B. Effect of illegal logging ............................................................... 8
PART THREE ................... Solutions of The Problems ....................
A. Solutions of forest fires ............................................................... 9
B. Solutions of illegal logging ......................................................... 10
PART FOUR ................................. Conclusion ................................... 11
List of Tables
TABLES TITLES PAGES1. Sum of forest fires(in hectares) in Sumatra Island. 22. Sum of forest fires(in hectares) in Java and Bali Island. 23. Sum of forest fires(in hectares) in Kalimantan Island. 34. Sum of forest fires(in hectares) in Sulawesi Island. 35. Sum of hotspot in Central Kalimantan. 8
List of Figures
FIGURES TITLES PAGES1. Forest fires in Central Kalimantan on July, 2005. 22. Forest fires in Pekanbaru, Riau on Juny, 2005. 33. Forest fires in Central Kalimantan on August, 2005. 44. Illegal woods on Katingan River, Central Kalimantan. 55. Illegal woods in Sampit, Central Kalimantan. 56. Illegal woods on Katingan River, Central Kalimantan. 67. 51 illegal woods on Katingan River on July, 9th, 2005. 10
PART ONE
Problems of forest
A. Forest Fires
Forest fires is a problem always happen every year in our country when
the dry season comes but until now, government can’t solve this problem and
find the way out. The weather is hot and it makes the fire bigger. Then fire
sweeps through the forests like is happening in Kalimantan and Sumatra islands.
It happens besause many people want to clean their land for build house
or another building but when they suppressed the fire, they didn’t burn it totally.
This problem causes forest fires always happen everywhere. For examples in
Riau, West Kalimatan, Jambi, North Sumatra, and Central Kalimantan.
Natural forest fires in Indonesia are rare. Most of them are the result of
human activity. The last decade in Indonesia has seen an unprecedented increase
in fire events. These frequent and intense blazes have decimated forests,
releasaed huge amounts of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere and caused immense clouds of unhealthy smoke and haze.
Forest exploitation and the conversion of natural forest to large-scale
plantations mean that what were once fire-safe ecosystems are now prone to
intense and uncontrollable blazes. Plantation companies illegally use fire to clear
their land for crops like Palm Oil, which is an ingredient in cosmetics, soaps,
margarine and other processed foods.
Industrial or illegal logging also weakens forest systems. Heavily logged
areas allow fires to spread quickly, and the intense heat created is sometimes
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enough to ignite underlying peat beds. Peat bog fires are almost impossible to
control, as they burn underground. Conditions are worsened by a cyclical
weather system that brings drought to Indonesia.
FIGURE 1.
Two sons across the land that have burned because forest fires in dry season last month.
.
Table 1. Extent of forest fires in Sumatra Island on 2005.
No. Province Area (Ha ) Loss (Rp)1. Riau 2,211.85 72,371,300.002. Jambi 212.00 9,113,993.003. South Sumatra 10,983.53 86,342,100.004. Lampung 7,137.30 45,311,900.00
Table 2. Extent of forest fires in Java and Bali Island on 2005.
No. Province Area (Ha) Loss (Rp)1. West Java 301.09 8,400,000.002. Yogyakarta 300.00 8,000,540.003. East Java 2,089.89 12,225,750.004. Bali 34.52 4,500,000.00
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Source : Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation.
FIGURE 2.
Forest fires in Riau on Juny, 2005 and cause the dense fog.
Table 3. Extent of forest fires in Kalimantan Island on 2005.
No. Province Area (Ha) Loss (Rp)1. West Kalimantan 8,265.92 13,870,000.002. Central Kalimantan 423.50 9,300,000.003. East Kalimantan 33.25 8,000,000.00
Table 4. Extent of forest fires in Sulawesi, Maluku, and
Papua Island on 2005.
No. Province Area (Ha) Loss (Rp)
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1. North Sulawesi 600.00 1,200,000.00 2. Central Sulawesi 900.00 1,000,000.00 3. South Sulawesi 1,305.25 3,110,000.00 4. Maluku 140.95 250,000.00 5. Papua 200.00 400,000.00Source : Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation.
FIGURE 3.
The fire sweeps through a forest on jalan Palangka Raya-Pulang Pisau on August, 5th, 2005.
B. Illegal Logging
Illegal logging is logging the woods of forest or cut down the trees in the
forest without letters, documents, and without agreement from government.
Illegal logging often happen in Kalimantan island especially in West
Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Because there were much forests, the
loggers used it with a wrong step (illegal logging). Indonesia get a lost of its
forests 4 millions hectares everyday.
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In our country, the illegal logging laws is mentioned in President’s
Instuction number 4 of 2005. Many wood loggers only want to get a profit
without keep the forest and member with the effect of their activities ( steal the
woods in forest ).
FIGURE 4.
8 cubics of illegal woods found in Tangkiling, Central Kalimantan on July, 19th, 2005
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FIGURE 5.
The biggest illegal woods finding on Katingan River, Centtal KalimantanOn July, 13th, 2005.
FIGURE 6.
One of trucks brought illegal woods in Sampit, Central Kalimantanon June, 2005.
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PART TWO
Effects of The Problems
A. Effects of Forest Fires
Many effects from this problem, among of them causes smoke and fog.
Mega-fire events can burn millions of hectares. The immense fires thet blazed in
Indonesia throughout 1997 until 1998 are estimated to have destroyed at least 10
million hectares. This included valuable habitat for rare and endangered species
like the Proboscis Monkey, Orangutan and the Sun Bear. The smoke and fog
produced during forest fire events decreases the amount of sunlight and induces
respiratory problems in wildlife. Forest fires also impact on insects and fruit
trees, disrupting the food chain for predators and other species. Wildlife are
more likely to come into conflict with human populations when they flee
burning forests or are forced out to look for new habitat or food sources.
In West Kalimantan the smoke and fog have spread until Malaysia and
causes a protest from people in Malaysia. Smoke and fog cause Sub Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) disease. Forest fires cause many popullations in
forest die and have lost their habitat too. Large fire events can also create acid
rain conditions, further damaging forest habitat. Besides impacts on habitat and
wildlife, forest and especially peat swamp fires release huge amounts of
greenhouse gas pollution into the atmosphere.
The impact on human communities is severe. During the worst forest fire
events in 1997-1998 and 2001-2002, smokefrom burning forests combined with
industrial pollution to form a noxious haze that spread to six neighbouring
countries. Thousands in Indonesia were hospitalized for asthma, bronchitis,
pneumonia and other respiratory ailments as well as nosebleeds, skin and eye
problems. There are also fears for the long term impacts on the estimated 75
millions people affected by the haze, which could include increased rates of
heart, lung, brain, eye and skin disorders over the next decade. The dense smoke
and fog can disturb our activities in schools and offices too. The smoke of forest
fires contain with danger gasses. For examples : dioxine, mcarbon dioxide,
sulphir dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
TABLE 5. Sum of hot spot in Central Kalimantan until August,
8th, 2005 based on National
Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
No. Regency/town Capital City Sum of Hot Spot1. West Kotawaringin Pangkalan Bun 222. Seruyan Kuala Pembuang 83. East Kotawaringin Sampit 34. Pulang Pisau Pulang Pisau 25. North Barito Muara Teweh 26. South Barito Buntok 5
B. Effects of Illegal Logging
One of the effects of this problem is cause soil erosion. The trees of forest
help absorb the water and control the soil erosion. The processes by which earth
and rock materials are loosened or dissolved and moved from place to place is
called soil erosion. The trees add oxygen to the atmosphere. If all of the trees in
forest have cutting down, it will cause soil erosion, landslide, flooding, the hole
in ozon layer will bigger, and many popullations will die.
PART THREE
Solutions of the problem
A. Solutions of Forest Fires
Many solutions can solve this problem. Indonesian Forum For
Environment (WALHI) estimated the economic impact of the 1997 fires alone
would be a $US 3.15 billion loss. The fires affected food crops, transport and
tourism, as well as causing traffic and even an aeroplane accident. Diplomatic
relations between Indonesia and neighbouring contries were also tested when
clouds of smoke and fog spread to Malaysia, Singapore and as far as Australia.
We can help WALHI to keep our forests and protect our forests from
forest fires with :
Run public appeals to help communities directly affected by forest fires,
provide information about the dangers of smoke haze and face masks,
which can give some limited protection.
Work to stop the use of fire for land clearing. Present laws allow
companies to use fire to clear areas for forestry and plantations, as long
as they are not causing large amounts of pollution. It is also difficult to
prove a fire was deliberately started when companies tell lies that fires
were begun by natural causes.
Lobby for policy to govern forest fires management at national,
provincial and local district levels.
For keep our healty from smoke and fog, we can use maskers
everywhere.
Not dispose of cigarette on the grasses or forests.
B. Solutions of Illegal Logging
The wood loggers should use tree harvesting and regeneration method and
bring the document. The tree harvesting and regeneration method is a selective
cutting. Selective cutting is an intermediate-aged or mature trees, either singly or
in small groups in a forest stand, are cut at intervals to encourage younger trees to
grow and produce an uneven-aged stand with trees of different species, ages, and
sizes that over time will regenerate itself.
FIGURE 7.
51 thousands illegal woods found on Katingan River.
If the harvest is limited too much, however, there may not be enough
commercially desirable timber produced to make the process economically
feasible. In addition, the need to reopen roads and trails periodically for selective
harvests can cause erosion of certain soils.
We can prevent the illegal logging with do the protecting for environment
campaign programs. A reboisation can solve a little of this problem too. No one of
illegal loggers do the reboisation. Many illegal loggers smuggle the woods and
arranged them become a raft.
PART FOUR
Conclusion
From this report we can conclude that our forests are very important and we
must care the forests and prevent the forest fires and illegal logging. Because
forest fires and illegal logging have many effects. Forest fires always happen in
dry season. It cause smoke and fog, some popullation will die, and cause Sub
Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) disease because smoke of forest fires
contain of danger gasses. Illegal logging cause bald forests, soil erosion,
landslide, flooding, and the hole in ozon layer will bigger.
To prevent forest fires we must stop the use fire for land clearing and we
must prevent the illegal logging too. We can prevent the illegal logging with do
the protecting for environment campaign programs and if the illegal logging
happened, we can protect the forests from soil erosion and flooding with
reboisation.