forest governance 2.0: a primer on icts and governance

8/3/2019 Forest Governance 2.0: A primer on ICTs and governance

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A Primer on iCTs And GovernAnCe

FOREST GOVERNANCE 2.0



A Primer on iCTs And GovernAnCe

Ath: T CsténM P

FOREST GOVERNANCE 2.0

july 2011



Disclaimer

Th pt cb at th t ct. mt a patca pct c th

pt t cttt t t b th W Bak t aat.

A a accac th ct a th pbt th ath. Th w p

t ca pt th th ttt , th ca pt ca pc

ProFor th W Bak.

Suggested citation: Caté, Tkka a maha Pa. . Forest Governance 2.0: A primer on ICTs and

governance. Wahgt dC: Pga Ft (ProFor).

Pbh j

Pt % rcc pap

mata th bk ca b cp a qt p ackwgt g

F a t pbcat pa ctact:

Pga Ft (ProFor)

H stt, nW

Wahgt, dC , usA

[email protected]./kwg



TAblE OF CONTENTS

ExECuTivE SuMMary ____________________________________________________

aBBrEviaTiONS_______________________________________________________

aCkNOwlEdgEMENTS ___________________________________________________

1. iNTrOduCTiON________________________________________________________ Th Chagg lacap Ft a iat maagt ______ obct a stct th rpt ______________________________

2. FraMEwOrk aNd ElEMENTS OF FOrEST gOvErNaNCE ________________________ Gac A a dpt Chag ____________________________ et th Gac dbat th Ft sct _______________ 9Fawk Ft Gac ________________________________

3. ThE rOlE OF iCT: iNFOrMaTiON MaNagEMENT, dEvElOPMENT, aNd gOvErNaNCE __ egc iCT dpt ________________________________ ra Acc t Tccat a iat Tchg _______ iat maagt a th Pbc sct _____________________ iat maagt a th r iCT th Ft sct _______

4. iNNOvaTiONS aNd lESSONS FrOM ThE FiEld _______________________________ Tapac, Acctabt, a Pbc Patcpat ________________

Open Data Applications or E-government and Open Government _ 31 Advocacy and Awareness Campaigns via Text Messaging and SocialNetworking Sites ________________________________________ 3 3Community Radio _______________________________________ 36Crowd Sourcing to Increase Public Participation ______________ 39Collaborative and Participatory Mapping ____________________ 41

Qat Ft Atat __________________________________ Real-Time Fire Alerts _____________________________________ 50Forest Cover and Carbon Stock Assessment with

CLASlite and Airborne LiDAR _____________________________ 52 Wildlie Tracking and Management _________________________ 5 4Coherence o Forest Legislation and the Rule o Law ___________ 5 4Mobile and Online Crime Reporting Services _________________ 57 Technologies or Surveillance and Deterrence _________________ 58Technologies or Timber Tracking and

Chain o Custody Systems _______________________________ 60Legal Inormation Management:

Global Legal Inormation Network ________________________ 65

TABle oF ConTenTs V



ecc ecc, eqt, a ict ________________________ 66Online Timber Sales and Licensing _________________________ 66Logistics _______________________________________________ 69Revenue Management in REDD+ Schemes ___________________ 69

C et _____________________________________________

5. ThE way FOrward: MakiNg FOrEST gOvErNaNCE 2.0 a rEaliTy ______________

rEFErENCES __________________________________________________________ 9

NOTES _______________________________________________________________ 9

liST OF FigurESFg . K Apct staab Ft maagt ______________ Fg . Tp Wb-Ba sc ____________________________ Fg . ipact e-gac _________________________________ Fg . Glin Gab: Wb st, vt – __________________ 6Fg . Pha e-gt dpt _____________________ Fg 6. dc-makg Fw Tchg Chc ________________

liST OF TaBlESTab . nb itt u b rg, a ___________ 6Tab . Ct iCT sc sct Ct ____________________ Tab . Pa Ft Gac a iCT ________________________ Tab . ClAst: l Tag va Accg t

Ft Cpt ___________________________________________ Tab . r iCT th dt Pha redd+ ________________ Tab 6. sa F eap _______________________________ 9

liST OF TExT BOx ESB . iCT, iat, a Kwg _____________________________ B . dt Gac __________________________________ B . Bg Bck Ft Gac a Th

Pcpa Cpt ________________________________________ B . ethpa: sa-Pw epa mb ntwk _________ B . iCT Appcat Agct, ra Hath, a Bakg _______ 9B 6. W Bak sppt Ftmaagt iat st ________________________________ B . vta: maagt iat

st Ft sct (Formis) ____________________________ 6B . iCT Ft Gac: epc Th Ct ________ 9B 9. ut Kg Ft C Wb st ________________

Vi ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0



B . ia – Cta vgac C Wb st _______________ B . e-gt sc ia: la rc ________________ B . Acac a Awa T _____________________________ B . ugaa: C sct ogazat

u iCT Acac Capag ________________________________ 6

B . Hw Ca Ct ra Bt Ft Gac? _________ B . Pbc Patcpat a Cw scg data _______________ 9B 6. Ctz-Pw uba Ft map sa Facc ___________ B . P mapp _____________________________________________ B . Patcpat mappg Ca _________________________ B 9. mesTA: Patcpat Ft maagt Appcat __________ 9B . F At: rap rp st itgat

rt sg a Gis ______________________________________ B . ClAst a ldAr ______________________________________ B . mappg th C: Gg eath eg __________________ B . Ka: rg Ha-ephat Cfct

Wth mb Tchg ______________________________________ 6B . un oc dg a C: “Go” Fa Pct _________ 9B . Cptz Chckpt Gaat, ia __________________ 6B 6. Tchg Tb Tackg___________________________ 6B . Ghaa nata W Tackg st ______________________ 6B . lba: lb Cha Ct st____________________ 6B 9. ra Fqc id Chp ect W Pcg ________ B . iCT redd+ __________________________________________ B . Ga Applab: icbat a nGo–

Pat sct Pathp _____________________________________

B . Hw i e-a A? _____________________________ B . dpg Ft sct a ra iCTd ____________________ 6B . op sc stwa ____________________________________ 9

TABle oF ConTenTs Vi i


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e c ct bga t ta that ha actt ha a pact t, ag th

bt wa t aag th ha b a tpc c. Th at th c ha chag th

ct, bt th tact ha actt a th tat th t ha awa b at th c. o

t, t ha bc cag b that th ct t b taab, t aagt t

th wh th t a w a th wh th h t.

lgat a g gac th t ct a ta cc bt, h, a

ta taabt. Th ha b a cta th gba t pc c th at 99,

wh bth pc a c ct bga t pt pc a pga t cta gat

a pt g gac th ct. Th ct c cg tat a

t gaat (redd+) t tgat cat chag ha a th gac at.

At th a t a t gac wa gg a a a , th gba ct wa pcg

a ata chag at aagt: tchgca pt t hg aact

cpt tchg, at twk, a tph tchg. Th gc aab

pa cpt, w b th pta pa th b ph a th itt,

ta at aagt th 9 a 99. Tchg ha ha a hg pact

gt, b, a c ct. Th itt a b tph ha chag th g

pcp at aagt a kwg hag.

Acc t at c ct t ca ap th : 9, b ph ptat

pg ct ach pct. Tchgca chag t tak pac at th a t a

ttta wh tat-w p a ccaz patz a cptt

ag c p tc. ica acc t ccat a at tchgha t th pt -gt a -gac tat, ch a iCT (at a

ccat tchg) appcat tact btw gt a ctz. Th ca

tchg ha p pbc acc t at. dpt th pa c twk,

a gta t t—at c a p th aag c pg

ct, athgh iCT ct hw a cg t.

Th itt a th b ph t ha pa a ptat gba pt a

pt ct. i th at 99, gba attt bga t c hw iCT ca b t pt gba

pt ga. Th ha b cag tt g wa t iCT t t th chag

th m dpt Ga (mdG) ag b th un Ga Ab .

ExECuTiVE SummARy

exeCuTive summAry ix



i th pt, w w th pc a a th iCT t pt t gac.

it t wa w ca app tchg t t th chag pg t gac

t ach taab t aagt. Th pt c ttt, hw th tact wth k

takh, a hw w ght tgth th pac pg gac.

uSE OF iCT iN FOREST GOVERNANCE

Ct, a tat tchg t p t gac. i th at, w attpt

t t hw iCT appcat ca b t p th a t gac

t th W Bak’ aatca awk t gac (9a). Th , wth

ap iCT appcat, a:

Pa i: tapac, acctabt, a pbc patcpat

– -gt c a p gt appcat

– acac capag thgh tt agg a itt ca twkg t

– ct a

– cw cg—appg th pp, b th pp

– cabat a patcpat appg.

Pa ii: tabt t ttt a cfct aagt

Pa iii: qat t atat

– ta tag

– a-t at

– t c a cab tck at wth t g

– w tackg

Pa iv: chc t gat a aw

– pt (c appg, cpt ht)

– tct (tb tackg, cha ct t, chckpt, att ag, GPs ac,

fag tct)

– pp (c ataba, ca aagt t)

Pa v: cc cc, qt, a ct

– tb a

– gtc

– redd+ pat aagt

x ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0



i th pat, ch th wk iCT th t ct ha c t a cptzat

atat tak. sa act ha cat a a a tgat appach aagt

at t—wkg wth th t ct a wth t atat g

ab. Th th a tk chag a:

. Tchgca chag a cgc: Tchgca chag ab takh t p ata

awh th w a cabat wth th.

. ica p, tapac, a patcpat: Th t ct ca g wk a

ac; t t ha at wth a takh.

. nata -tatg a -pt pga: ma ct ha t p pga t p

-gt a at aagt ac th pbc ct a ata c.

Ft fc th ct a c a; at t pt, a wh--

gt appach q t that apppat k a bt .

COmmON ElEmENTS FROm ThE FiEld ExAmplES

With proper planning, mobile and Internet applications can be used to improve various aspects o

governance. A th t ca b cb wth th t p a t c th ga

pbc a t pa. Bt tchg a t aqat—tw act a cca g-t

taabt. Ft, pct g t b apppat a c tg a. sc, pata

a atac t b a; ap, pw pp (.g., chagg aptp, b

ph, a PdA (pa gta atat), pa pat (.g., pact batt), a c.

Experience shows that ICTs work well or some aspects o governance, but their use must be linked with

institutional demand and systematic assessment o governance needs. mch th ct pactc—

patca pg ct— ba at a pt tt ac b

gt gazat (nGo). icag iCT pbc atat a p pctt

a cc, bt tchgca appcat t p a th pct bt, th t b

k t w-ca ttta . s a, th ha t t b th ca.

Users are willing and able to use new technologies, but they need the right incentives and knowledge o

the service. e that a cta a tchca ppct a a t p

bw pctat a t awa th t ha th ght ct. it ta that ct

a ab t p back a a g . W aaabt t ct at—

ap, thgh Wb t—ctbt t pbc ctat a c c akg. e t

at bca; atht ak at aaab t th a a nGo, t ca bt

th pbc. iCT appcat ca b aapt accbt ac agag a tac ba, thgh

th c-ba tac, tchc, a p twa. Hw, t t b awa

th c a tat t t.

exeCuTive summAry xi



Technology can make existing systems more ecient and previously uneasible activities possible. Bth

cta pt a taata chag a pb wth iCT appcat. Appcat

ch a t g a ggaphc at t (Gis) aw t thg btt g

tg pc, wh at cct a tbt t a ag gp (.g.,

thgh cw-c ap) w t b pb wtht iCT. i cta pt, pba t accat t thgh pactc. Taata q at a

gwk: th pb t b pp t b t ca b . o t tak a t

captat appach a accpt a hgh a at taata pt, bt th ptta t ca

b hgh.

Some services are consumer driven and can become nancially sel-sustaining, while others are public

goods and must be nanced rom public sources. mt ap th t a ta

pbc ct pga, athgh a iCT appcat a bg p b bakg, akt

c, a th cca c. mch attt ha b pa t th aca taabt thc a hw th ct ttg th p a g th ca b c ct. Th tat

t t gac. F ap, aw ct a pbc g a h b ac

pbc c, t b . At th aca taabt pbc g a

c t c pbc g a c th ga b t cah . F pat c,

th tat t; th, cta b cac ca b app. Hw, th t

c pg tagt b; ap, t th a p t ab th t b bakg.

Applications that rely on mobile phones, radio, and the Internet can be deployed quickly and with minimal

technological support. i a ca, th g tchg t a th appcat t b

p. ma tchgca appcat th t ct ha b p tg pat

a th t a- at. Th appcat a a b wa t ca pbc

patcpat a ac t aa, t t , a t c ha-w cfct

ptct aa. i act, t a appcat a w: th a th at iCT t b p

pt ccat a ct t b th t bqt.

uSiNG iCT TO impROVE FOREST GOVERNANCEBg th ct iCT a -gac pt, a pc ct pt a

th ap, w ha t k pcp t c pg iCT tt t

gac.

1. Be amiliar with national ICT policies and e-readiness. Projects can be developed in countries with

low readiness, but they must be designed accordingly.

ra a ta act t that -c ca b a that tt w

t w t th tc. i gg t ct iCT appcat, tta th tat ata a a th pt tact. etg a ptta

xi i ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0



capact t b app a appcat t atch capact. dpt pga ght

c cpt t tgth -a pat t gazat. sch t t b

ag wth ata -gt pt tatg. Patca t wth

wak capact, t ght b p pt ach th a ata gt

-tatg t w.2. Dene the problem clearly, assess the inormation needs, and compare possible solutions.

dg th pb a ata qt a pct, a iCT pct a cpt.

iCT a t; b th th t that th pb w b a. B chg

a tchgca t, t pp t th g pc. Th bct t

th t ct-ct a ab t. mb a itt appcat p a bt,

bt tata ccat cha a a b apppat. Patca t wh

acc t at twk a ctct t, w-tch t a b pab.

i tatc back t a q th at t t-t, pt,ct tg, a a ca b ct.

3. Determine the best entry points and the appropriate technology.

Th at -a g th chc appcat a g t. i iCT,

gaa tct w c ba tg a b th bt appach. i th w

t a a at th ga pbc a t - tag cat b p, th

h b ba kw a aa tac.

Ath c ctg t pt th tp tchg t b . Tchg chc

p pa tg capact: b ph a at ph a ch

c p pg ct tha itt-cct cpt.

4. Design culturally appropriate and relevant applications.

Th c p t b ca aapt a at, a t t th qt th

tagt ac. Th k t that appcat t q agag k that a t

w aaab. Patca aa wth w tac at, -appcat t pat a

t c packag whch tat ca acc th at thgh a

agt that hp th wth th appcat, ch a pbc agc nGo.

lca at hb a ptat t that g cta apppat. Wkg at th

ca that appcat a p t ca a that pp acta th

bg p. e h b th g th t.

5. Involve end users and publicize the service.

it t gh t t p w t—th tagt ac t b awa th a th

bt. nw appcat t b act at, whch ght b patca cc t

pbc ct agc that ha tt pc aktg. Bth tata a at

appach a cca t aktg, atg, w hp that th

tagt ac awa th w pbt.

exeCuTive summAry xiii



6. In designing projects, consider costs, long-term nancial sustainability, and scalability.

ma pt t a appcat a a bz b tata , nGo,

ata gt. Hw—patca cca c—th g-t taabt

a appcat w p - patcpat a t--pckt pt t pcha

a iT c.

s a, t pt ha c bg tchgca kwg a pc. v

w pct ha c th aca taabt th . i act, cph

at t aaab th tt ct a appcat. T b taab,

pga t c cag-p a pcat ct.

7. Address data security and privacy issues, and develop risk mitigation measures to prevent misuse o

technology and inaccurate data.

ug iCT t tack ga actt ca actat btt aw ct, bt th ppt a

t. lgg a w pach ght tcpt ccat btw t atht

a ta , a tt ag ca b t bat a aw ct

agc. law ct b t b ppa t ct at, t ha c

cpaab t th ca, a t b capab tgatg ca actt.

i iCT appcat p t cag pbc patcpat t aw ct (.g.,

ht ptg cpt, ga ggg, pachg th t ct), t paat

ptac that th tt c—a th th pa at—a ptct.

8. Ensure the existence o adequate inormation on the resource (e.g., orest inventories and resourceassessments) or the ability to improve data collection.

Th tc aqat ata t pc th t a pct tapat at

hag. n tt tchg ca c a ack ata. Bt th tt t

ha t b qta; t ca, t pb cct t at wh pg

iCT appcat.

9. Identiy stakeholders (e.g., indigenous peoples, women, and the rural poor) and try to ensure

their participation; avoid elite capture.

Th t ct ha takh wth a cptc. lag tp,

aagt, a tchca pcat t atat a tata nGo a btt

tha b a a g ct, wh a ha tt a kwg

th ct a p acc t at twk. e wth ct, acc

ght b qa—t ght ha acc a kwg, wh w a p pp a

c. T a th c k takh, a t pt pa h c

cph takh/ct appg t a th at a th bt wa t

p at c.

xi V ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0



10. Ensure buy-in rom orest authorities and other stakeholders.

eg aaptat a -gac aga t agc ght q tg at

gac ata -gt pga a agc. Faca ct a hp.

ica w tchg t b cc ga a ct ag. i th ca b

ca aaz a cct t th w t, agc w ha ct t ta gag apa th iCT.

ma nGo a tata gazat a pg at , bt th ght

atht a t , th w t w ha t a, pca th pat

t ha acc t at at a ata. d- pct t qp pct

ptat t wth hawa a twa, wh th patt th w a wth

a p qpp. F w-ca iCT , at agc t b pga t aw

th t patcpat th w t. Th q aqat tt g t pga

hawa, p t, a b ha capact.

exeCuTive summAry xV


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AbbREViATiONS

Alos Aac la obat satt

AseAn Acat sthat Aa nat

Bmis b aagt at t

BoT b-pat-ta

Cdm ca pt cha

Ci Cat itata

Ci eath/mb/W Ct itgc eath/mb/W (ppta twa)

CFA ac Caté acè ’Aq ac

CiTes Ct itata Ta eag spc W Faa a Fa

ClAs Cag lasat Aa st

CoC cha ct

ComiFAC Cta Aca Ft C

CoP Cc th Pat

Cso c ct gazat

CvC Cta vgac C (ia)

dFid dpatt itata dpt (uK)

drP dpt ra Pat

eTC ethpa Tccat Cpat

eu epa u

FAo ut nat F a Agct ogazat

FCPF Ft Cab Pathp Fact

FiP Ft itt Pga

Firms F iat rc maagt st

FleG t aw ct a gac

FleGT Ft law ect, Gac a Ta

Fmis t aagt at t

FormA Ft mtg Act

Formis maagt iat st Ft sct (vta)

Gis ggaphc at t

Glin Gba lga iat ntwk

ABBreviATions


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GPs gba ptg t

iBP itata Bgt Pathp

iCr ptat cpt pt

iCT at a ccat tchg()

iCTd at a ccat tchg pt; a, iCTd Cct

ilWis itgat la a Wat iat st

iPF itgta Pa Ft

iT at tchg

iTu itata Tc u (un)

iTTo itata Tpca Tb ogazat

ivr tact c p

ldAr ght tct a agg

m&e tg a aat

mArd mt Agct a ra dpt (vta)

mdG m dpt Ga

modis at t agg pct-at

mrv tg, ptg, a cat ( redd+)

nAsA nata Aatc a spac Agc

nGo gt gazat

oBi op Bgt itatoPex pata p

oss p c twa

PC pa cpt

PdA pa gta atat

PFm pbc aca aagt

PC ph t tak ca

P mapp Pt itt mapp

ProFor Pga Ft

redd+ rcg e F dtat a Ft dgaat

rFid a qc tcat

rPP a ppaat ppa

rs t g

sAs twa a c

sms ht agg c (tt agg)

sPoT satt P ’obat a T (eath obat satt)

TisT Th itata sa Gp a T Patg Pga

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undP ut nat dpt Pga

unesCo ut nat ecat, sctc a Cta ogazat

unFCCC ut nat Fawk Ct Cat Chag

unFF ut nat F Ft

unodC ut nat oc dg a C

un-redd ut nat Cabat Pga rcg e F dtat a

Ft dgaat dpg Ct

usAid ut stat Agc itata dpt

viP vc itt Ptc

vPA ta pathp agt

WCo W Ct ogazat

Wsis W st iat sct

WWF W W F

ABBreviATions


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ACkNOwlEdGmENTS

Th pt wa ppa b a ta th W Bak ctg Tkka Caté (ta a, t pcat)

a maha Pa (ata c pcat), ppt b na Kh ( ata c ct) a

th a gac jg vg (ct, Agct a ra dpt dpatt) a mak

Cack (ct aag, Agct a ra dpt dpatt). Th ta c t aab

ct p w B dtchb (ut Kg Ft C), raph r, T K ( iCT

pc pcat, i, W Bak), ia l ( iCT pc pcat, Gba iat a Ccat

Tchg, W Bak), a Chta Pt ( ata c aagt pcat, Aca rg, W

Bak). ea Ph (a, Agct a ra dpt dpatt) cha th c tg a p

aab ght. spca thak g t Ga Gp gtca ppt a F Pé ta a

pbcat ppt.

ma pp p aab at wtt ct, pbcat, a t c wth

th pct ta. Wtht th ctbt, th pt w t ha b pb. Th ctbt c

lawc C, ec Fga, a jh mk (Cat itata, usA); Gac raba (Tchca

Ct Agcta a ra Cpat); l lbbg (Cbtack sth Aca); v Ph (ethpa);

Tap lppä (maagt iat st th Ft sct–vta); Patck nwt a Php

Bc (Hta, uK); st jh (itata Tpca Tb Acat); Tap Pta a rt laaa

(mtähat, Fa); Ptt laaa (Paata, Fa); Pt nga (Pa itata, Ka); l Gch(Cathc ut, Ch); sg C. mk (rpbc Cg); mak lahkk (Tap, Fa); T r

(ut Kg Ft C); At j (ut nat oc dg a C, ia); a Bc

Caba, l Bt, a Cha Hag (W W F–us), a w a th wg cag at th W Bak:

dpak Bhata, mch Cabt, d Chaakhaa, Pt dw, Gha dt, eck Faz, Wa (B)

magath, jca mtt, a Aha sab.

Th th ct pt w ppa b ta b Pt lht (i, Fa); ec m. W. oakwa (itt

rach, Ghaa); a st ntta (ugaa).

dpt th t ctat, a tak a t th th ta.

Th pt wa a pb b aca ppt th W Bak Ft law ect a Gac tt

, b th epa u a th dpatt itata dpt (uK), th Pga Ft

(ProFor), a th gt Fa (c-t ta).

ACKnoWledGmenTs


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ThE ChANGiNG lANdSCApE OF FORESTRy ANd iNFORmATiON mANAGEmENT

Ft gac, ttt, a th bt wa t aag t ha b tpc c

c ct tat t ta that aagt pactc ha a pact t. Th at

th t c ha chag th ct, bt th tact ha actt a th tat

t c ha awa b cpcat. e th g rb H ta t

gac: acc t c, qtab bt hag, a acctabt c akg. e

c th ccpt ctc t aagt g ep th , t gac ha

p th qat at, kwg aagt, a th capact t pc at.

sc t bga t ha cc a a a c a aw ata ba, ha ha t

that t t gh t kw th k bgca paat; t aag t ha cc,

ca, a tchgca kwg t aag th t tat ct, taab, a ptab.

Th tw g t aagt a hw t a wth th at ttt a hw t

aag at.

Czat a ct ha b bt at t ttt, at, a kwg, a

kg th bt wa t cct a at kwg ha b th bh ttta chag

a cca. ut ct, pbc atat w t cc abt hw not t at

at—hw t kp t achg act pp a ct. “iat aagt” wa

t abt ctg th fw at ath tha g that pp ha acc t a ch

pbc at a pb. i a ct, cg t, ct act pp w c

bct pbc pc ath tha act takh wh t b ha.

Th tat ha chag aatca th pat w ca. i t, t ha b cagt that th ct a taab tc, t t act t t aag,

bt th pp wh a th h t. Wtht g patcpat th

act pp, th ct w p a w t b ab t p pt ca, cc, a

ta c. Th t at th ata t ct a th pt

tata t pc.

i th pat w ca, ha b t t aw ct a gac

(FleG), ag wth th w cgt that g gac, aw ct, a atcpt

actt a th ba gba pt. Th cgt a pg ct ph—t

1

1

Chapt : inTroduCTion

iNTROduCTiON



th -99, cpt wa c a “taact ct” t b at wth at th ata ath

tha a ata pt .

Th gba tt g gac ha t ct-pcc tat. i t, th t gba

pga agat ga ggg a th gac a w ach th at 99. i th t

tag, pc a c ct ach t pga t p ct a gac.

A gac w bg th t ct, th gba ct pc a

ata ht ath t. Tchgca pt c th 9 ha t wpg

chag cpt tchg, at twk, a tph tchg. Th gc

aab pa cpt, w b th pta pa b ph a th itt,

ta at aagt th 9 a 99. Th taat ha a hg pact

gt, b, a c ct. Th itt a b tph chag th g

pcp at aagt a kwg hag ch that th t whch ww pat ca th kwg at ct.

Th itt a th b ph t pa a a gba pt a pt

ct. Th ccpt at a ccat tchg pt (iCTd) gat

th 9, bt t wa t t th at 99 that gba attt c hw iCT c b t

pt gba pt ga (Hk ). sc th, tt ha gw g wa t iCT

t ach th m dpt Ga (mdG) ag t b th un Ga Ab at t m

st .

Th t t wa th un-p W st iat sct (Wsis), whch wa h

a a tw-tag t swtza () a Ta (). Th t w gba attt t th

pptt achg th mdG thgh th iCT. At th a t, t phaz th t

c th gta btw ct a ag a gp (ca, thc, g) wth

ct. Th Wsis phaz that tg th pt chag thgh iCT t abt

tchg bt q th c th iCTd aga a w ag at t acc t

at, p, a pct ha ght.

Chag at aagt bght b th itt a th p acc t

tph c ha ata chag th acap th t ct a w. dgtzat

at ab t p cc a pctt a gazat—bth pbc

a pat—bt a actt that w ha b pb wth cta tchg.

dpt ha t ca pc tchg a wak . A Hk () a h

tcat th iCTd aga: “ecc, ca, a ptca th t ct w b cag

gta, a th wtht iCT w b cag c. W ght a g a c- aw: Ak

p ct k at hw th p what tt th ha; t awa, bt t, th

ptz th iCT pt.”

2 ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0



Th gwg ptac iCT a aac kwg aagt ha b w cgz bt t

t t. mch th wk ha c wa-kg cpt hw tchg c

chag th wa gt a ct ct, a t t a a ca at

pactc ath tha cph ct-w w.

i th t ct, th tchg phap t aac t g a th

cpt t t. nata t t a ata-ha a q t t

g ata. Th ata a cag gta at ath tha cta aa phtgaph, a

g-c ata a t aagt pag a taz ct. Hw,

th aa t gac—ch a aw ct, tapac a acctabt, a takh

patcpat—th tchg ch aac.

ObjECTiVES ANd STRuCTuRE OF ThE REpORT i th pt, w t th pc a a th iCT t pt g t

gac, a t wa tchg ca b app t t th chag pg

t gac a achg taab t aagt. W b that ct a th

pt pat ca ak th t gac ct a c thgh th

at aagt a tchg. Th a c th pt ttt—hw th

tact wth takh a hw th pac ca b tgth. W a tg t th gap

whch pc a t gac pt a t w ha.

W t c t t tchca c at; t tat th tpc

aaab a ata a tata ach ttt a th un F a Agct

ogazat (FAo). W t pt a pbt a ct iCT t gac. o ga

t tat th ag a t appach, a th abt g tchg t pt

t gac.

Th pt’ awk ba th pa t gac t b th W Bak (9a)

a az box 3: () tapac, acctabt, a pbc patcpat; () tabt t

ttt a cfct aagt; () qat t atat; () chc t gata th aw; a () cc cc, qt, a ct.

Th pt c bth “a” a “bg” iCT. sa a aab iCT appcat a t ba

c c whch th g tchg aaab a-a cca

c. Th c ca b t tact wth th pbc a pa appcat. Th bg iCT

c pa appcat that a ta-a a t t-ba a p.

A ttg apct c hw th tw iCT ca b cb a th

tchgca cgc.

3Chapt : inTroduCTion



W ca a w iCT accg t th t hz whch tc a pct. nw t t ght t

c t a k t pt tc qck thgh p ct, a t

t p cc cc h a b ab t pt tc at. o th th ha,

cag tapac a ct patcpat a g-t pc—g gagt q

t b capact. W c th c btw ht- a g-t bt.

Th pt tagt t a ac. it tat t t atht, patca pg

ct, hw th ca at t t pt atat cc a hw tapac

th ct w p pt tc. Th pt t t t p t pcc

pb, bt t tat th tt t whch at aagt a ta pat ct

. dpt pa ag wth t gac ca g ctat wth

pat ct a t hp pa tt. spcat iCTd ca th pt t t app

pc a pcc ct. Fa, b tg gap a pt , w hp th pt

a t ata at b c p a appac pp.

Th pt bg wth a c ct pt th gac c t t th tag

a hw hw th t t gac ha . W th cb ct pt

acc t iCT c, patca a aa, a hw at th t ct. Th ha

b ch cc abt -ct gta ; wh th t t, th pat w a ha a

pct ca acc t tchg a aa. Th a pct a attpt t

tc iCT t gac. W g t cb iCT appcat a b-t t

gac. i th at ct th pt, w az g a pa th wa t act.

Th ct t w ppa th pt. Th t Fa, Ghaa, a ugaa a

aaab wa at http://www.p..

4 ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0



bOx 1. iCTS, iNNOVATiON, ANd kNOwlEdGE

Inormation and communication technology (ICT) includes hardware, sotware, networks, and media

or the collection, storage, processing, transmission, and presentation o inormation (voice, data, text,

images), as well as related services. ICT can be split into inormation and communication inrastructureand IT (inormation technology), which reers to the hardware and sotware o inormation collection,

storage, processing, and presentation.

In this report, ICTs include computers, satellite phones, handheld computers and personal digital

assistants (PDAs), remote sensing (RS), geographic inormation systems (GISs) and global positioning

systems (GPSs), radio requency identication (RFID) tags, smart cards, and community radio.

For an invention to become a useul innovation, some criteria need to be met, and it must lead to changes

in people’s behavior. Innes and colleagues (2005) identiy ve principal attributes o innovation:

1. Advantage is the most important element o innovation; it must be advantageous to people in

terms o nancial benets, convenience, prestige, and so on.

2. Compatibility is the extent to which the innovation is attuned to the values, experiences, and

needs o the people who apply it.

3. Complexity is the extent to which the innovation is seen as complex or dicult to apply.

4. Trialability measures the ease with which people can try out the innovation. Risk-averse

people tend to preer partial changes that can be reversed i the expected outcomes do not

materialize.

5. Observability—the benets o the innovation must be easily examined.

The denition o “knowledge” has been a subject o debate throughout history. We see knowledge as an

end result o data collection and inormation management. By using knowledge derived rom inormation,

stakeholders can make rational choices on how to use and manage orests. Using knowledge requires that

objectives o action and decision making are identied, and inormation is used to achieve these goals.

Sources: World Bank Global ICT glossary guide (http: //go.worldbank.org/5KY24GL580); Innes, Green,and Thomson 2005.

5Chapt : inTroduCTion


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/forest-governance-20-a-primer-on-icts-and-governance 28/1246 ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0



This section denes good governance and explains why good governance and anticorruption are

important actors or development. It then ocuses on orestry and how the governance discussion has

evolved in this sector. Finally, it introduces the conceptual ramework o ve pillars o governance that

provides the basic structure or the rest o the report.

GOVERNANCE AS A dEVElOpmENT ChAllENGE

G gac a ta gt pt a taab c aagt (C

). itt taab pt btt tc a btt gac t.

Gac t hw atht app th aagt a ct’ aa (box 2). Th c

bth gat a th gat t (“a pa”) a th ptat (“a bt” “a

pat”). Bt g gac— th ack t— t th pt tc a

ct ct. i ch a tchca capact, aqac a qat th c ba, tt

acg, ggaph, a acc t akt a ha a pact. i th ca t, a ct ha a p

c ba, cat a that t ca bc a a ata pt. Ap

c t hwg that t-ch ct wth g akt acc, th t ct

t bc a ata pt, cc gwth, a pt ct th aagt

th ct pag wth cpt a p gac. Th tat a a ata c,

bth wab a tact. i act, C a th ha ag that th tc aab ata

c acta ca catc gac a pbc acctabt, a tabz

ct. C (, ) ca th ph “th c c.” i cfct-p ct,

ch a lba a Caba, t tg ha b t gth cfct a ppt gtat

gt gt; bt th ph ha t wth gg cfct tha wth t ath g c bh t.

Th w “gac” c a hw pbc ca a ttt a wth takh.

Th ut nat dp Pga (undP) a th Aa dpt Bak pa th t t

c th pat ct, nGo, tata pat, a a th act that fc hw c

a a c a a. Th t patca ptat t, wh pbc pc

(.g., th ag wth t, a aagt, cat chag, pat ct pt, a a

pt) a c k t pat ct actt a (pata) pat whp th c.

Hh a pat ctz a a bct pbc pc a c abt c .

2 FRAmEwORk ANd ElEmENTS OFFOREST GOVERNANCE

Chapt : FrAmeWorK And elemenTs oF ForesT GovernAnCe



bOx 2. dEFiNiTiONS OF GOVERNANCE

The World Bank governance and anticorruption strategy denes governance and corruption this way:

“Governance and corruption are not synonymous. Governance reers to the manner in which public

ocials and institutions acquire and exercise the authority to shape public policy and provide publicgoods and services. Corruption is one outcome o poor governance, involving the abuse o public oce

or private gain.”

The United Nations Development Programme denes governance as “...the exercise o political, economic

and administrative authority to manage a nation’s aairs. It is the complex mechanisms, processes and

institutions through which citizens and groups articulate their interests, exercise their legal rights and

obligations, and mediate their dierences.”

The Asian Development Bank denes it as “...the manner in which power is exercised in the management

o a country’s social and economic resources or development. Governance means the way those withpower use that power.”

Sources: McCawley 2005, World Bank 2007.

8

ipg gac a g ct, ch a th t ct, q chag hw atht

a aagt th c gaz a pt. mch th c a a pbc

ct a t p th supply g gac. Th tp-w appach cpat act

t p th qat pbc atat, pbc aca aagt (PFm), a atcpt wk

at a .

Th btt-p appach t tgth th demand g gac, whch a tgthg

acctabt a tapac t ab btt ght th pbc ct. ipg th qat

gac a pg th qat pbc c thgh tg acctabt athp

btw tat a tat act, a btw c p a bca. T b ct,

t b back b wg a b apppat t t pt tc. Th a awa

kw act, a a at pg ca pwt a a g gac

ght tat a t w tp t capt. nGo ca act a gaa g gac th

pbc ct ab wg t pp t. Hw, th gt ct ha t w gac

chag t bth cpt a tapac c akg.

Th g ght wa t p gac, bt t t a gac chag a wa

that aw a pata a actab appach t . Th ca b b ctg a th that

a ac th ct (.g., atcpt, PFm, pbc ct ) ctg a ct whch

a a tc ca b ach a t (.g., t a th tact t).




EVOluTiON OF ThE GOVERNANCE dEbATE iN ThE FOREST SECTOR

P gac th t ct ha b a cc a a. Ft c—ch a ga

ggg, a, pachg, cacht— a pb. i a ct, cpt th t

ct (.g., cc acat a cct) a t kg ha t th pbc

a h th ptat t agc th th pbc. Ca actt

ha cat a pag th gtat pat ct bca pc cttg a

ab acc t t c. Th pctab b t ha a t ht-t

pt azat a cag ca a ta pb g-t tt th

t ct.

P gac th t ct a pt t achg pt pt tc th

ct. i pg ct, a tat b a p p at at pata t th

h, a abt a a t a a ha pt th cc,ca, a cta . Ft th taabt ta c ch a bt

cat, cab qtat, a wath ptct. A th c a at k t a t

aag a taab a gac p. F ap, t ca pa a ptat

cat chag tgat, bt th pctat cat b t t a a acap ga

a p aag. Th, a ch t c th rcg dtat a Ft

dgaat pga (redd+) phaz th ata ptac g gac.

i pg ct, ga ggg pbc a ca tat at a

c us$ b aa, tha ght t th tta ca pt atac cat

t th taab aagt t. A ch a us$ b t aa t gt wg t

a ta a at ga act ggg (W Bak 6). i a t ppa th

Ataa gt, at ct c bt, th cb t akt ct (aca ct

t ga pc) a akt (ta a ca) ct w tat gba at us$ b

a a (Ct itata

ecc 9). i at

t aca a cc ct,

th qt pact p tgac a gat

tab. Th gh gba

tat g a a th

agt th pb bt

ak ct-pcc aat.

dpt th g gba tat,

th tat ha p

ct. F ap, a

ct Chatha H appg


Tree stumps. Indonesia.

Photo: Curt Carnemark/ World Bank



(law ) pt that ga ggg ha a tha pct th pat a Ca,

th Baza Aaz, a ia. ipt ga w t c a pcg ct a w

at a th .

Th t ct ha a tat t pt taabt. Th 99 aw th gc tata

tat ch a th itgta Pa Ft (iPF) a th un F Ft (unFF). Th pat

ct a tabh ctcat ch taab t aagt, ch a th Ft stwahp

Cc 99. Th tat t pt taabt—a, ct, gat—w a a wa t

a th t pg cc gba t. F ap, t wa hp that ctag ga ggg

w aac th ba gac aga a ca t-ch ct.

Gac a t , a gba ag t cpcat b th w that

a att ata gt. i th t, th gat ta gba t pct wa

a a whch c a pc ct c c t p th aw th t ct. sa ga tat ha g whch th gt ct a pc

ct, th pat ct, c ct, a tata pt pat a cpatg t p

t gac. ot—bt t awa—ch cpat tak th ga a bga

ptca pc, ch a th ta cc Ba () Aa, yaé () Aca,

a st. Ptbg () ep a Cta Aa. Th pc ha cat a ga t

gac a ha t tagb t (.g., th Acat sthat Aa nat,

AseAn) t pt - ptat. icag, g gac a a k abg

act cc redd+ tat.

oth tata pc tat c th G Act Pga Ft (99) a th u.s.

Pt’ itat Agat iga lggg (). Th eu’ FleGT (t aw ct, gac

a ta) act pa wa app , w b a gat tabhg a cg ch

pt th ct t th eu akt dcb . i , th epa Paat a

Cc app th eu Tb rgat, whch ak a pt ga hat w a w

pct t th eu ga. Th gat w bc ct mach (epa Cc , ).

T hp pc ct t eu gat, th eu ha b gtatg bata ta pathp

agt (vPA) wth pc ct t tabh ata cg ch that w th

gat pt t th eu akt. Th vPA c w p at-tack gat aac that th

tb cpac wth eu qt. ept ct that c eu akt a pca

tat t p vPA. Th epa u pptg FleGT- a vPA-at capact bg

a ct a ha bc a a ct actt t pt g t gac

(epa C ).

ia c ct ha ata gat a at ctag pt ga tb.

i th lac Act (), th ut stat a t ga t pt pat hat at atagat th pc ct. Ataa tcg a gat (Ct itata




ecc 9). Bth ct a ppt t aw ct pc ct a pat th

pt cpat. A tata gazat ha cgz th ptac ga ggg

a at ta a a pat tata ca twk. inTerPol’ ta c pga

c ga w pct, a th W Ct ogazat (WCo) a th ut nat oc

dg a C (unodC) ha pcc, abt a, pga cg ga ta w a w.Th Ct itata Ta eag spc W Faa a Fa (CiTes) pcca

ga twa ctg ta w, bt t a c a w tb pc. FAo a th itata

Tpca Tb ogazat (iTTo) ha act pga t hp b tat cta gat a p

gac th t ct.

i pg ct, ct ght t a whp t a a gac . Th

cpt appg aagt a ga t (ga pa) pt a ct.

lack cat gag whp t a, bc t aw atg back t ca a, a

ack p ag btw th tat a t ctz a a atat p gac (Caté). Ca t t a terra nullius —a wtht ha ccpat a cgzab

gt—whch pa th wa ag-ca tat whp t a a ct (Pa

a Bka ). stat whp a a agt btw g a t-

pt ct a ata gt a ct, pca lat Aca. la

whp ha t a p ptca tct.6 it tak a h ct.

F ap, ia, t a g a ct btw a a tat gt

a wth t g ctazat aagt t ct (W Bak 6b). Th, th

gac bat th ct t abt g th gat tb bt a abt th ght

ct t th c a abt bt hag ag takh.

e c ga act a a t taab aagt c—g gac a

gat t awa taabt. A th ppt h t: t a tchca ga actt

a taab. Ft a a wa, a appg a cptg ca a b

attach t th. dpt tc t p a act bth a t th

ct ( fgure 1).

s apct ga ggg a ca-ct, that ga ggg a tght tb tht a aa a a c. Hw, t ct ha cp gat—aw a cfct, a gat

t awa a t . Th, wh th epa u gtatg a vPA wth a pc ct, th

t bg wth a gth pc agg th t gat; that , th ga qt

that w th ba cat.




FRAmEwORk FOR FOREST GOVERNANCE

ma ct ha ct a ctt t th t ct. Wh ct hab ab t p gac a c ga ggg, ct-pcc ha t awa

b cc. s hgh-qat, a-ca pt pct ha p thg, bt th

pct ha b ca p, ag t a “g ” t gac: th ac-

ptca pc a aatca wk tg g gac - pt actt

ha t taab ct- pc. T c th gap, th W Bak p a

ccpta awk t gac. Th awk ct bg bck pa, ach

wth bcpt (box 3) (W Bak 9a) .

s th awk’ cpt a th ptca w a capact a ct t gac,

wh th a wth pcc appach a t. i th pt, w aaz ach pcpa cpt

a a hw at aagt a iCT ca b t pt that t gac.

ob, gac cat b pt b kwg aagt a tchg a; ata,

t a att ptca chc a th capact t pt th chc. Th tct

at tchg w t ca a t a g gac th a t

t cc. Hw, a a tat, ct a tapat at aagt a

ta t ptg th . Wh ha t t b w tabh, pg

th tapac a tchca qat atat ca tgth th cttc chag. i ab ca, ca acc t at ha t pc a at g th ct.


FiGuRE 1. kEy ASpECTS OF SuSTAiNAblE FOREST mANAGEmENT

Source: Authors.

Forest outcomes(sustainable orest

management)

National developmentoutcomes

Forest governanceand law enorcement

National policies

Scientifc orestmanagement, inventoryinormation, economic

and social data

Impacts rom othersectors (including overall

governance)



bOx 3. buildiNG blOCkS OF FOREST GOVERNANCE ANd ThEiR pRiNCipAl COmpONENTS

Pillar I: transparency, accountability, and public participation

transparency in the orest sector

decentralization, devolution, and public participation in orest management accountability o orest ocials to stakeholders

accountability within the orest agencies

Pillar II: stability o orest institutions and confict management

general stability o orest institutions

management o confict over orest resources

Pillar III: quality o orest administration

willingness to address orest sector issues

capacity and eectiveness o orest agencies corruption control within the orest sector

orest monitoring and evaluation

Pillar IV: coherence o orest legislation and rule o law

quality o domestic orest legislation

quality o orest law enorcement

quality o orest adjudication

property rights recognized/honored/enorced

Pillar V: economic eciency, equity, and incentives maintenance o ecosystem integrity—sustainable orest use

incentives or sustainable use and penalties or violations

orest product pricing

commercial timber trade and orest businesses

equitable allocation o orest benets

market institutions

orest revenues and expenditures

Source: World Bank 2009a.

13Chapt : FrAmeWorK And elemenTs oF ForesT GovernAnCe



Access to inormation technology and networks has improved exponentially in the past two decades,

particularly in developing countries. This has led to increasing ocus on how inormation and communications

technology can be harnessed to meet the Millennium Development Goals. One impediment is the high—

though constantly declining—cost. ICT provides an opportunity or innovation in the eort to make public

administration more responsive. Access improved rst in urban areas but has spread to rural areas, which is

a precondition or using technology to improve orest governance.

The importance o inormation in the orest sector is widely recognized, but until recently institutional

reorms did not refect a systematic approach to inormation management. An increasing number o

inormation system development projects are targeting the orest sector; however, integration and

convergence with other public inormation systems remains a challenge.

EmERGENCE OF iCT iN dEVElOpmENT

Th pa iCT pg ct ha cat tt g th tchg t pt

pt. W kw that pg ct ca ak a “tchg ap”—g a

ct tchg t tat--th-at tchg wtht gg thgh th tat tp

p ct pc. Th pta ca acc t ph c a g ap.

Gba 99, th w . b ph a . itt ach - cct. i

, th at w . a ., pct (iTu 9). i pg ct, th chag ha b

at. F ap, sb-sahaa Aca, th b b ph wa t th

b , a th b itt wa twc that - cct (iTu

). i 9, b ph ptat pg ct ach pct (iTu ).

At th , th w abt . b tph a . b b ph

bcpt ww; th ct ba tat t b b. Th hg ca t

t th pa acc t b ph pg ct; th ha th w tta

ca pct t at pct (W Bak 9b). Th ca ha b

actat b tchgca chag a ttta whch tat-w p ha b

ccaz patz, a cptt ag c p ha b tc. Th gwth

at itt ha a b hgh (table 1).

3 ThE ROlE OF iCT: iNFORmATiONmANAGEmENT, dEVElOpmENT, ANdGOVERNANCE

Chapt : THe role oF iCT: inFormATion mAnAGemenT, develoPmenT, And GovernAnCe



ica tchg ha ca pbc acc t at a t th pt

-gt a -gac tat t p tact btw gt a ctz.

Wh -gt c thgh th itt w w tt, th ack acc t cpt

a th itt a a aa ta w pg th c. Hw, th tct

b ph c ha ta th acap, akg tchg accb t pp a

pag th pbt th iCT pt.

Th pha gwth b ph hw that th a at t a acc t

at, whch th g t ptat a th pa iCT appcat pg

ct. Th a at c t th cat ba ppat bt a a

a tat ppat. Bth th pbc a pat ct a g b ph t bg c

t a aa, a pp a wg t pa th c.9 Fa a ct a pag t

acc th att at agct (.g., wath pat, whch cp t pat) a akt (.g.,

pc at cp). i aa wh t w ha tak a a t agt t ach a

ag, th a ca w acc that at a att t. Pbc ct c

th aa hath, cat, a gac a bg p thgh b ph appcat.

F ap, ca acc at hath thgh tt ag, c t tak

th a c, chck th athtct c, a cpat t atht abt th ack

kg wat, t th attac tach ch. Wh th gt t cag

pbc ag, p ccat tchg a acc t at ab ctz t chag

th gt’ pt (ratta, vaha, a Baatz ).

TAblE 1. NumbER OF iNTERNET uSERS by REGiON, 2000 ANd 2007

Region 2000 2007 annual gRowth

– users per 100 people –

East Asia and Pacic 1.9 15 32%

Europe and Central

Asia

2.6 21 31%

Latin America andCaribbean

3.8 27 30%

Middle-East and NorthArica

0.9 17 51%

South Asia 0.5 7 44%

Sub-Saharan Arica 0.5 4 32%

Developing countryaverage

2 13 28%

World average 7 22 11%

Source: Based on ITU, World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database quoted in World Bank 2009b.




RuRAl ACCESS TO TElECOmmuNiCATiONS ANd iNFORmATiON TEChNOlOGy

of c ch a ta-a cpt, PdA, a a b ata cct c ca b

wh th a t cct t a twk. Th a qt acc t ctct a, b

c, ccaa acc t a ph, WF, cab twk pag wag at. rct

pt ha ab -g chagg aptp a b ph. F ap, ia, a

tp t th bcc t a t chag b ph batt. sa chag a a bg

p, a w a b ph twk ba tat -g . Th ca b b w, pa ,

a pw (mt-Kga a naa-sabat , a box 4).

Tccat twk pa twa ba aa, wh t pbc a pat ct

ttt a aft c a cat. i a pg ct, ba aa a aa

w c, a pat a pg w b t a a w c aa. Th

t ha b b b th tct w-ct tchg that btt th w ct,a w a chag gat a akt tct. W-ctg akt ha pa th

c, bt a t pbc ct tt t c a c gt ct.

Th pbc ct t ha t acta p th c, bt t t ppt th pa th

c thgh apppat gat, gat, a, ca, b.

bOx 4. EThiOpiA: SOlAR-pOwEREd ExpANSiON OF mObilE NETwORkS

The Ethiopia Telecommunications Corporation (ETC) develops and maintains inormation and

communications network inrastructure or Ethiopia that is capable o supporting voice, data, and video

services equitably across the country while allowing high-capacity digital connectivity to the rest o the

world. Since 2004, ETC has invested in mobile networks with ber optic backbone and has installed

approximately 300 sites in the northern and central parts o the country. Hal o these sites are located in

hard-to-access rural areas that have no electrical supply.

Because Ethiopia is close to the equator in one o the sunniest parts o the world, solar power solutions

based on photovoltaic cells converting sunlight into energy have been chosen to power the base station

sites as well as the transmission node sites or the ber optic backbone. The network supplier planned

and built more than 50 solar-powered autonomous sites, which include battery banks that ensure power

or at least three days in case o cloudy or rainy weather.

To minimize the cost o ownership, autonomous sites powered by renewable energy were deemed most

appropriate. Although the initial cost o solar panels was higher than the cost o a diesel generator, this

was oset by the low operational expenses (OPEX). While the OPEX o a diesel generator are driven by

uel prices as well as the many site visits required or reueling and repair, solar panels require nothing

but occasional cleaning to operate or many years without a single ailure.

Source: http://www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com.




B c ca aw pat p t p th tach. F ap, vc itt Ptc

(viP) c—whch cb baba wth c ca—a a ct b pag

c t w-c aa a th akt. rgat ha b ab t a th w b

t ha at atg tat-w p. Gt ha t aw gat

a ca cptt bt ha a tt bac tccat atct t pacc bth ba a a t (mt-Kga a naa-sabat ).

Acc t at c a aa a pct cc t-at iCT appcat. i

at t t, th ct ha bt p at c a aa ( box 5).

mt-Kga a naa-sabat t a pt that ca b t hac c

a a w-c aa, ch a tatg ttta a th c. Catg a cb

a ba b hacg pbc ct a th k pat pat a cag th

t pa th c. Th appach patca at th t ctt, wh pag th

at twk th pbc ct cat a ctca a a pag c t aa. Th appach—wg th pbc ct a a “ct at t”—wa bh th pa

atw b ph twk nc ct th 99 (Cat a Ha ).

dpt th pa c twk, at c a p th aag c

pg ct, athgh th ct a cg. Th aag ct iCT c pp

pct a (–9): th ct baba cct pp t aatca (%)

wh tph c aw t c (% b c a % c).

vaat ag ct hg; ga, a pt cat t btw w ct a a iCT

pt a ct. F baba, a cqt a itt c, a b th

ach th aag c pg ct. i 9, th aag ct baba wa

tha th aag th c ct (table 2).

Acc t at c a aa ha p wth th tabht tct, pbc

itt acc pt, cb caé, a tpp ct. ita, th ct w pa

tabh thgh pga; ct th aagt a p pat (.g.,

cb caé) t ct b nGo a ch. Th -ppt pga ha a ha t g

th aca taabt th ct a pg ca c th pt pact. Tht ha b th pt taab b that th ght c a

p ct-ct tchg. F gt ct, th chag t th baac btw

gt bct a akt a. Th ct t b ta t ca ct a a.

Ct tabh b gt agc t t c g ct-pcc c—a

aca taab th a akt. C-cta tpp ct a k t

b ab t p a apppat c a ach a w ac (Haa ).




bOx 5. iCT AppliCATiONS iN AGRiCulTuRE, RuRAl hEAlTh, ANd bANkiNG

E-Choupal : ITC (India) Limited’s Internet-based agribusiness model

E-Choupal is a successul rural agribusiness model using the Internet to serve armers in India. It is an

initiative o a large private sector company–ITC Limited–that deals in agricommodity processing and

export. In the model, about 6,500 Internet kiosks (e-choupals) were set up in villages to allow armers

to deal directly with the company while providing ree extension services on prices, crop-specic issues,

and weather inormation to the armers. Farmers were selected rom the village community, trained, and

designated as sanchalaks (coordinators) to manage the kiosks. Farmers are ree to decide whether to sell

to ITC or at government auctions.

Farmers who sell directly to ITC through e-Choupal realize at least a 2.5 percent higher price or their

crops than they would receive through the government auction system because o lower transaction costs.

ITC benets rom lower net procurement costs (about 2.5% lower) owing to savings on commissions andtransport costs. It also has more direct control over the quality o procurement. The sanchalak earns a

ee on all the purchase and sales transactions handled through e-Choupal. It is estimated that nearly 4

million armers use the kiosks, which serve around 40,000 villages.

Sources: http: //www.echoupal.com; http: //www.nisg.org, National Institute or Smart

Government 2004.

MANOBI: Internet and wireless services or Senegalese fshermen and armers

MANOBI’s innovative Internet and wireless services use Wireless Application Protocol and shortmessaging service technology via cell phones to provide Senegalese shermen with up-to-date weather

reports and market price inormation. The shermen also can use interactive technology to input sh

stock inormation or marketing purposes and to log their departures and estimated return times, so that

local shing unions can be alerted i boats ail to return on time.

Through the MANOBI multichannel gateway, the project is able to produce inormation in a orm readily

available to shermen. The shermen were trained to use the WAP network to retrieve the inormation.

Market prices are updated in real time, enabling shermen to nd out the latest prices as soon as they

return rom the sea. In some cases, this inormation has enabled them to land on a dierent beach to

secure a higher price rom middlemen. The service requires users to buy a WAP-enabled cell phone,

available locally or US$90, plus a $30 SIM card. MANOBI estimates that it takes about two minutes to

access the data services, at an average cost o around 180 CFA ranc (US$0.29) a minute.

MANOBI provides a similar service or small Senegalese armers growing ruit and vegetables. This

service has more than 300 subscribers and has enabled armers to secure higher prices or their crops.

Farmers access real-time price inormation on WAP-enabled mobile phones. Both middlemen and armers

use the service to stay abreast o price fuctuations in the markets.

Source: http://www.sustainableicts.org/inodev/Manobi.pd.




bOx 5. iCT AppliCATiONS iN AGRiCulTuRE, RuRAl hEAlTh, ANd bANkiNG (CONT.)

Health care monitoring o HIV patients

Cell Lie, a nongovernment organization based in Cape Town, South Arica, created its Atercare program

to work with the national public health system to provide home-based care or HIV/AIDS patients receiving

antiretroviral therapy (ART). Each patient is visited by an Atercare worker, who relays inormation about

the patient to the Cell Lie servers, where a care manager monitors the patient’s progress. The program

has been successul in increasing the rigor o patient monitoring, which is one o the challenges or HIV/

AIDS, where patients on ART need nursing care.

Source: Kinkade and Verclas 2008.

M-Pesa: mobile banking

The application in Kenya o mobile phones or banking allows people who do not have access to regular

nancial services to establish and access accounts. Expansion o banking services through cell phones

has made a undamental dierence in the way the poor are viewed by banks and other companies.

M-Pesa (the “M” is or mobile phone, and Pesa is the Swahili word or money) is a platorm or making

small-value electronic payments using mobile phones. Although M-Pesa customers earn no interest on

the balances in their accounts, many use them to build small amounts o savings. Since its inception in

March 2007, M-Pesa has attracted 9.5 million customers—over 40 percent o Kenya’s adult population.

The service is meeting the need or secure, low-cost money transer.

M-Pesa was originally conceived as a means o handling microcredit disbursements and repayment,

but ocus groups revealed a much broader demand or transerring money around the country—many

Kenyans live and work in Nairobi or other cities, while their amilies remain in the village. M-Pesa charges

or sending or receiving unds but not or depositing unds. Customers can send money to people who

do not have M-Pesa accounts but do have access to a mobile phone. Money is debited rom the sender’s

account and the recipient receives a code via text message that he or she can use to claim the debited

amount at any M-Pesa store. M-Pesa is used or various person-to-person payments and or payments

to businesses that are part o the network. The most common use is to pay electric bills, but other

businesses are beginning to see M-Pesa’s advantages.

Source: World Bank, http://go.worldbank.org/4ROJ7XWUP0.

(For more examples o ICT applications, see the orthcoming World Bank ICT and Agriculture Sourcebook.)




iNFORmATiON mANAGEmENT ANd ThE publiC SECTOR

Th ca iCT pbc atat ca a b k t a w tcta chag hw pbc

atat wk. iCT ca b ag wth p gac t th pbc a a

takh gp ath tha t a a ct t b at, ct. Th iCT ca ak

c akg p t, at th a t, a tapat. Hw, a th

bt iCT a p gac w q a w k pt a th pt

phtcat kwg aagt t. r w a q pt gazata

cat that cag p a patcpat ath tha ct (ut nat ).

e-gac ha b pag ap, a th a a pt pga at bth th cta a ata

. ot -gac tat a ba a ata pt tatg whch a

aapt gac pt thgh at tchg appcat a . statc

a at-ba -gac ata tha t cptzg atat

tak. it q () th w t th wa th gt ct, () at appcat agazat, a () g wa t ha c pat ac th atat t p a ,

ct-ctc, a c-t gt. stcta chag bth tchg a gac

a t ba at chag th wa w pb (i, G, a Th ).

iat a th pt -gac t happ th w; th a t th t

bat gt pc a pga. Pga a tpca ach a pt tw

wa: () a tgat, cta , tp-w pga; () a ta-a-, btt-p tat

whch pt a a cc appcat a th ca p. Bth ha th p a c

(Haa ).

TAblE 2. COST OF iCT SERViCES iN SElECTEd COuNTRiES (% OF GROSS NATiONAl iNCOmE)

Rank CountRy/RegioniCt pRiCe

basket

fixed

telephone

mobile

telephone

fixed

bRoadband

– monthly basket cost % o gross national income –

1 Macao, China 0.23 0.30 0.09 0.30

6 United States 0.40 0.32 0.39 0.50

9 United Kingdom 0.57 0.64 0.44 0.63

11 Canada 0.58 0.53 0.51 0.71

12 Finland 0.59 0.46 0.33 0.97

128 Ghana 31.36 6.84 7.63 79.60

152 Uganda 50.33 28.29 22.71 555.35

159 Myanmar 58.18 4.92 69.61 155.40

160 Togo 58.52 38.39 37.16 558.39

161 Niger 67.58 47.01 55.74 966.90

Source: ITU 2010.




Kwg aagt a wth hw at ca b t ak btt c. rach, scht,

a vack () b that wh tchgca pt ha a hg tp wa th pat

w a, ata c aagt patca ha t a a pt kwg

tc, wg t aqat chag ttta pc aqat cat pp. Th

ph c th pbc ct, wh ba chag a ct t pt tha thpat ct. it ha t a tat whch gazat a t ab t ct at a

at t ct wth th gazat.

A wh -gac aw ct cct a at at, t t awa

chag th bac paat gac; act, w tchg ca actat p gac. At th

, ga pat ca a b wa ct actt bg pa b atht.

Th ct pt ugaa cb hw ga gg a ta w ab t a ct

pat wth at p b b ph. makg at t c w

aaab a ca th k akg ga ggg a cacht a a ptab. Whth a gtat cc, th wth a tt t bak th aw at awa ta aha th c wth

w tchg, akg t ta that aw ct qa qpp wth tchg.

Bg t gac tct a g iCT t ppt th q tt bth phca

a ha capact. Hk () t k qt that t b aw t a a

-gac:

. i th ata t atct a?

. i th ga atct a?

. i th ttta atct a?

. i th ha atct a?

. i th tchgca atct a?

6. A th ahp a tatgc thkg a?

Th at qt th t ctca: th ahp tg, t h b pb t a th th

chag ct.

iNFORmATiON mANAGEmENT ANd ThE ROlE OF iCT iN ThE FOREST SECTOR

Ft ha b g at c a tb c th ccpt ctc t

aagt wa p th 9th ct. Htäk qt rckag 9, wh a that th

at q t ppa t aagt pa c tp, tpgaph, w, gwth

a , a aktg (Htäk, n, a Bt ). Th a at th ba

aagt pa ta, a at; hw, w tchg ha aatca chag th wa

th at cct a app. A w t ha chag th at




t. Th t ata chag ha b th wa ca ct a th ca takh

a c c akg.

Th W Bak Ft scbk () c th ptac at t aagt

a taab t pt. mch th c t a c at. Th

cbk a phaz th ptac redd+ a a at t. redd+

ptat a tg, ptg, a cat (mrv) q bt at t.

Ft at tchg ha t awa b cgz a a k cpt pc. Th

W Bak wa act th tat eat epa t atat th 99.

Patcpat th pc a that t atat t ta th t c

ttt. e t atat (pbt pc, gat, gat, a

pbc g ct; bgt ) a t aagt (tb a a t aagt;

b a) a paat, th ttta tct t att. A W Bak pt tat that“… th c tg ggt that th cta a t gazat p t att.

v t ca cc a t ca a” (W Bak ).

Th g eat ep t th ptac apppat aagt a gat

at. Th W Bak pt phaz th ptac at t th pac

th c p a th act that t t b a aaab t bth ct a pc ak.

Th at h c bth aca a pata a w a pac at

agc. Pbc acc t th at a pqt pbc acctabt. Hw, th

pt th eat epa pc t c hw tchg wa app t pt th. iat aagt a tchg w t a ta gt pg th

gazat; th pa cc wa th ttta tp. Pbc acc t at c g

th wa ch w tha t w, bt that t pa th ack attt t iCT pt

pbc agc.

Th w gaa a, a t aagt at t (Fmis) bca a

ta t pga wh ttta w pat th pct g. Fmis w

ta t t pct ct a a Agta, Ba a Hzga, ia,

Kazakhta, raa, a ra (W Bak ). Th t c th t ct a t

atat th aw , a c-cta k ha t b bt. iat t

pt ha a b tgat w t ct pga ( box 6 a box 7).

sa act ha cat a a a tgat appach t Fmis; wkg wth th

t ct — w— wth th t atat t ab. Th wg a th th

a tk chag:

. Technological change and convergence. Tchgca chag aw pp t p ata

awh th w a cabat wth th. Th ca tgat ata a

c, tabh ba, gat at thgh chag tct a ag, a




bOx 6. wORld bANk SuppORT FOR FOREST mANAGEmENT iNFORmATiON SySTEmS

Implementation completion reports (ICRs) or a sample o recent World Bank orestry projects show that

while the objective was to introduce computerized inormation management systems to acilitate institutional

reorm, the approach was not always successul.

ICRs or three orestry projects in India note that the project objectives or orest management inormation

systems (FMISs) were not achieved or were limited in their success owing to delays in assigning consultancy

contracts or lack o technical capacity.11 More positive outcomes have been noted in projects in Romania and

Bosnia and Herzegovina.12 In Romania, the ICR ound that “the ull system has been installed and tested

in headquarters and eld oce. Regional Forest Inspectorates and Ministry sta have been trained in its

use…. For uture FMIS development, o-the-shel systems are now available at reasonable costs.” The

project in Bosnia has had a much more positive outcome, apparently because o a phased approach. In the

initial phase, the ocus was on developing overall IT capacity where it was needed, ollowed by introduction

o specialized capabilities such as GIS mapping tools. In addition, the project took an incremental approach:

modernization o an existing centralized business management inormation system (BMIS) and then a move

toward incorporating orest management unctionality into that system to make it a more ully unctional

FMIS (i.e., with business as well as silvicultural unctionality).

In these projects, orestry administrations seem to have welcomed the computers, but the links among

technology, inormation management, and institutional reorm are not always strong. This issue has not been

rigorously analyzed, but the ICRs suggest reasons or the poor perormance. The biggest problem seems to

have been a lack o clarity regarding how to get the best rom the technology, as well as inadequate analysis

on how technology could be used to improve inormation management and thus core business processes.In some cases, technology was seen as a way to spruce up the ront oce, while back oce processes

remained largely unaltered. On the basis o these ndings, one might assume that orestry departments

did not need inormation technology to improve their unctioning. However, it would be more appropriate

to conclude that inormation management needs were insuciently assessed beore executing large-scale

introductions o new technologies. The ollowing are other important reasons or the lack o eectiveness in

some o these projects:

The FMIS components were too big and complex.

Government sta were unamiliar with the technical side o inormation management, which

made it dicult to draw up specications or consultants to develop the systems.

Delays in the awarding o contracts meant that the systems could not be tested by the client

until the end o the project period.

Insucient attention was paid to change management and generating buy-in rom sta at all

levels.

Source: Authors.




p th at awh th w a t. o ap th ca

Gg eath eg–ba appcat t pt gpata at. Cctg

at a at c q act cabat wth th agc a

takh.

. Increased openness, transparency, and participation. Th t ct ca g wk a ac, t hag at wth a takh. A ca b th a ap

(pca th ct pt Fa), at taact wth btc,

cata, cca, a th t cag pat aagt t

pbc t. Pat t w a t ccat wth takh. Hag a p

a fb at t a ct wa t cct a ha at. i acc t

twk a tccat c aqat, a ccat th t b

t that patcpat wpa a ca gp a t c.

. National e-strategies and e-development programs. ma pg ct ha t pabt pga t p -gt a at aagt ac th pbc ct

a th ata c. Ft fc th ct a c a; th, at

t pt t tak a wh--gt appach t that th apppat

k a bt . F ap, tat t atht ha cca th -cct

ct, k a wth at atht (.g., ta, t ac). law

ct, ta, a a aagt atht a acc t t at,

a redd+ ca th c-cta at aagt. dpg ata

t t-cg tha wkg wth a ct. Bt tgat t

cat b tabh at th tt, th t h b fb gh t aw at

hag, a gg tcctt a h b pat th ccpt g.


Logyard in Malaysia

Photo: Helveta, Ltd.



bOx 7. ViETNAm: mANAGEmENT iNFORmATiON SySTEm FOR F ORESTRy SECTOR (FORmiS)

The Management Inormation System or Forestry Sector (FORMIS) introduces modern approaches to

inormation management in the Vietnamese orest sector, including technological solutions or inormation

integration, remote sensing technologies, and mobile technologies. FORMIS contains a number o subsystemsand modules to provide inormation or steering the sector toward sustainable orest management. FORMIS

will also help the Ministry o Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) align its IT investments with those

in other development projects, to create a harmonized, cost-eective system.

FORMIS is expected to reduce the ragmentation o inormation by harmonizing standards within

MARD. The project will provide consistent data structures, standardized and consistent data collection

methodologies, and centralized coding systems. The ragmented nature o existing orestry inormation is

partially caused by a system-by-system approach—planning and building inormation systems without a

strategic overview. This project pays particular attention to initial planning o the strategy and the system

architecture. The time and resources spent in planning will be amply repaid in improved cost-eectiveness,

lower maintenance costs, and higher value added rom reliable and transerable inormation.

FORMIS is expected to create the ollowing benets:

Computerized planning and reporting will replace manual operations, increasing the

reliability and timeliness o inormation. FORMIS is expected to produce on-time, updated

plans and reports.

Centralizing orestry data in provinces and at the national level will improve the availability,

consistency, and reliability o inormation or end users.

Computerized inormation systems will reduce the need to travel and many o the costs o

planning, reporting, and monitoring orestry activities.

Standardized inormation will enable data aggregation and comparison o inormation rom

dierent locations, time periods, and organizations.

The FORMIS portal can be used to publish and distribute inormation and services or

national, provincial, and local stakeholders.

Inormation systems will contribute to transparency and equality o access to inormation

and government services (e-services).

Easy access to inormation will increase general awareness among stakeholders, enabling

aster and easier adoption o new approaches.

Veriable inormation on orest resources and activities is required or market mechanisms,

particularly nancing related to climate change and certication o orests and orest

products.

The various inormation and monitoring systems in Vietnam have been developed separately. MARD’s goal

is to integrate these systems into a single source. Financial reporting systems in Vietnam are ragmented,

and consolidated budget and expenditure inormation is not available. Improving data management could

help with public nances in the sector.

Sources: Development o Management Inormation System or Forestry Sector (FORMIS) : Overall WorkPlan March 3, 2010 (unpublished); Fowler et al. 2011; and Vietnam Development Report 2011.




In this section, we describe ICT applications in the eld, including their strengths and weaknesses. The

examples are grouped according to the World Bank’s ve pillars o orest governance. The section ends with

lessons learned and common elements rom the examples.

iCT pc th t ct ha t b tatca t, bt a w appcat ha

b pt t ct. epc wth iCT th ct—ch a bakg, agct,

h, a pbc ct gac—ha a gat hw tchg ca b tp gac a c . i th ct, w p th iCT appcat that a

pca at t gac. Wh t th ca c th t ct, w c

t ca bca th ac a ptta th t ct. Th c

c tag what wk a-w ct, th ptta pcat a cag

p, a what ca b a th ct.

iCT a ta t ab that a tat whch at t b bacat

() t a ag b pp, () qck, () g tac, () a t, a () at w ct.

iat a k c-cttg qt a th pa t gac. iat that

t, accat, at, a accb, a ga pat ta t that th bct

g gac a ach. iCT ca hp p at aagt ach th

pa. F ap, Wb-ba ca twk a -gt pta ha ptta cag

tapac a pbc patcpat (Pa i) (table 3), a b ph ha a appg a

ata hag a a a pg th qat t atat (Pa iii). s iCT t ca b

t a tp gac pb. F tac, th P mapp ( box 17) ca b t

ap a pat ata ba a ggg (Pa iii) a t t ga ggg (Pa i a iv).

CbTack twa ha b ct t tack w pak, t tack ca sth Aca,a t t mc. Th pa th W Bak awk that w t pcca

a Pa ii, tabt ttt a cfct aagt. Hw, tapac,

qat atat, a cc cc a , cfct ca b a.

Th ap a c a ppct: th ac , abt, -,

a, t th tt pb, ct. Th bct t a th pcabt th : th at th

b , whth th appcat w wk th cat, a whth t taab.

W ppa th ta ct pt t aaz th th pc ct wtht t gac chag a t tag aact appcat iCT. Th ct

4iNNOVATiONS ANd lESSONSFROm ThE FiEld

Chapt : innovATions And lessons From THe Field



pt a Fa, whch ha at a acc t at tchg, ha pcaz iCT

appcat th t ct, a ak hgh g gac; Ghaa, whch ha tata

tb pt a pb ga ggg; a ugaa, whch ha tt a iCT pt th

ata c ct.

Th th a th ca a () w ca a a t abt pc a ga gac, a

w a pcc appcat th t ct, th pc p ct ch a Fa;

() ta g, ch a pt atac, a ca t t th ta k a;a () cp t, ch a th Ghaa nata W Tackg st, q pt capact

bg a ttta chag aagt b th ca b ct (box 8).

TAblE 3. pillARS OF FOREST GOVERNANCE ANd iCT

pillaR of

goveRnanCe

what is the infoRmation

management pRoblem?

what aRe the iCt appliCations that

Can help?

I. Transparency,accountability, andpublic participation

Insucient access to key inormationon orest management, land tenure,concessions, etc.

No orums or the public to share ideas, alertorest managers, or register complaints.

Lack o inormation or public consultationson planned development projects and majorland use changes.

E-government and open governmentapplications

Advocacy and awareness campaignsthrough text messaging and Internet socialnetworking sites

Community radio

Crowd sourcing to increase publicparticipation

Collaborative and participatory mapping

II. Stability o orestinstitutions andconfict management

(Applications presented under other pillars.)

III. Quality o orestadministration Costly and dicult to gather detailedinormation or orest inventories and carbonestimation.

Extensive damage rom orest res andinsucient advance inormation or orestmanagers to take action.

Conficts between humans and wildlie;wildlie poaching.

Forest cover and carbon stock assessmentwith CLASlite and Airborne LiDAR

Real-time re alerts

Wildlie tracking and confict management

IV. Coherence o orestlegislation and ruleo law

Dicult to monitor movement o logs romorest areas.

Inormation or legality verication is easily

tampered with.Lack o awareness o orest laws.

Surveillance o critical areas or illegalactivities is expensive.

Technologies or surveillance and deterrence;computerized checkpoints and GPS

Technologies or tracking timber, chain o

custody systems Legal inormation management systems:

Global Legal Inormation Network

Mobile and online crime reporting services

V. Economic eciency,equity, and incentives

Lack o transparency in auctions, sales, andallocations o licenses or planting.

Accurate inormation on distance and timeneeded to optimize timber transportation andincrease cost eciency.

Online timber sales, licenses, and auctions

Logistics

Mobile phones or PDAs or carbon estimationand receipt o payments

Sources: World Bank 2009a, and country reports.




bOx 8. iCTS iN FOREST GOVERNANCE: ExpERiENCE iN ThREE COuNTRiES

Finland is one o the world’s leading countries in applying ICT across all levels o society and in dierent

economic sectors. The orest sector has played a remarkable role in Finnish society or over a century.

Alongside the rapid overall development o ICT, orest sector actors have actively developed and applied

ICT solutions to improve eciency. Conventional ICT applications have been developed to support

decision making and improve the eciency o the wood supply. In the past ew decades, the importance

o communication between orest actors and the general public has become an emerging requirement,

and new solutions have been introduced to respond to the needs in this area. Finland is currently in

a transition period to second-generation solutions—many e-services are being revised and improved.

Major drivers are changes in the operating environment and the rapid development o hardware and

communication possibilities.

In general, ICT readiness in the Finnish orest sector is very high, which reduces the need or capacity

building and technical support when new solutions are introduced. The key success actors or ICT

solution development and application processes are the involvement o stakeholders, adequate capacity,

and a high level o trust between the government and private orest owners. For developing countries, the

Finnish model presents two important lessons: (1) good outcomes rom ICT solutions depend on a good

communication strategy and upront involvement o stakeholders, and (2) piloting with a smaller user

group is benecial to ensure the quality o the nal product.

The Uganda report shows that the country has put in place the legal and policy architecture or expanding

the role o ICTs in all spheres o development. However, in general, the orest sector has lagged behind in

adopting these technologies. The high cost and specialized technical skills needed or traditional remote

sensing and GIS applications have been limiting actors, and corruption, illegal logging, and other orest

crimes are notable governance problems in the country. The lack o avenues or citizens to hold publicocials accountable has been cited as a governance challenge in the sector, and the growth o mobile

phone connectivity in the country is being exploited by illegal loggers and poachers.

The experience rom Uganda also demonstrates how linking ICT and e-readiness assessment to extensive

governance diagnostics provides a good basis or reorm.

The important lesson rom Uganda is the spontaneous development o ICT applications in response to

governance challenges —the ACODE campaign (see box 13) is a good example. In addition, private sector

initiatives are using technologies to optimize plantation management and processing. In Uganda, the

government has created the space or ICT applications to be widely used but has not provided direct

support. In this environment, innovative, low-cost applications would thrive, and radio is still the most

infuential technology to reach the rural population.

In Ghana, while the country has made progress with Internet and mobile connectivity in general,

applications in the orest sector are lacking, with the exception o the National Wood Tracking System,

which aims to establish a system or tracing the chain o custody. The system is still being piloted;

completely implemented, it would enable the orest department to track timber slated or export all the

way down to the stump and certiy legal timber to meet requirements under the voluntary partnership

agreement (VPA) with the European Union. However, it is a donor-driven system, which raises questions

about its sustainability ater external unding ends.

Sources: Country reports or Finland, Ghana, and Uganda.




TRANSpARENCy, ACCOuNTAbiliTy, ANd publiC pARTiCipATiON

Th aaabt at a pct tapac, acctabt, a ct pbc

patcpat. icag th acctabt th gt a t ttt a k a

ct. dc a abt th c t a, att cc, a bg ag

atct a t t tatca ha wth th pbc. Tapac a acc t at a

ta pbc ct t ttt a t b h acctab th pac. makg th

pbc awa t ct pc, aw, a th ght a pbt ctz a th tat

th t tp cag tapac a acctabt. Pbc patcpat a ppt t

actt ca b ca b act kg pbc p a ggt gt act

thgh a accb a. Th wg a th appach t cag tapac,

acctabt, a pbc patcpat thgh iCT:

e-gt c a p gt appcat

Acac capag a tt agg a itt ca twkg t

Ct a

Cw cg—appg th pp, b th pp

Cabat a patcpat appg


FiGuRE 2. TypES OF wEb-bASEd SERViCES

Source: Authors based on Hanna 2010.

Carry out transactions Citizens: pay taxes or bills

Businesses: procurement, taxes, etc.

Have interaction Seek eedback, complaints, etc.

Passive Web site that simply provides

inormation



Open dt appctons fo E-oenment n Open goenment

op gt, p ata, a -gt tat a at t ca acc t gt-

w at a ca tapac a acctabt ga. op gt a p ata

tat p acc t at that w thw b t b, wh -gt t

a g t ca cc, c cpt, a p c . A th appach iCT t ak gt tapat a ct. iCT ca b t ca tapac

gt pc a pa wa, ch a thgh Wb t that t th pbc w pc a

aw wtht kg a back. A aac pt t act k back thgh tact

-gt appcat whch ctz’ p a c c akg. dt tact

btw th gt a ctz a pb wth t k Wb t a pta ( fgure 2).

Wb t a th t a pt pt ccat wth th pbc th gta w. ma

t th t a th t ha Wb t wth at k pc, pga,

a gazata pbt; hw, a w th ha tact at that aw th t

c at . A aac ap th Ft C th ut Kg

Wb t, whch p wth at, acc t at pc a pc, a k t

w -gt appcat th ct (box 9).

bOx 9. uNiTEd kiNGdOm FORESTRy COmmiSSiON wEb SiTE

The Forestry Commission o the United Kingdom is one o the best examples o e-government in action in

the orest sector. The commission’s Web site not only disseminates inormation on the orests under its

jurisdiction but also serves as a platorm or interaction with citizens, including e-commerce services.

The site is user-riendly and, rom a governance perspective, includes a number o benecial eatures:

Inormation on all aspects o orestry (educational, recreational, scientic, and industrial).

Up-to-date statistics on timber production, sales, and inventory.

An inormation search eature through the Land Inormation Search, a map-based tool that

provides inormation about land designations.

Inormation on grants and licenses or planting and elling, with a eature or online

comments on individual applications.

An environmental impact assessment register that shows details o the commission’sdecisions about the potential environmental impact o work to carry out aorestation or

deorestation, or to build orest roads or quarries.

Online auctions through the e-timber sales portal.

In addition to these interactive eatures, the site details the government’s policies on reedom o

inormation and the rights o citizens to inormation held by state agencies, the commission’s policies and

standards or sustainable orest management, and the process o consultation the commission ollows

beore planting or elling in any woodland. The commission also conducts an annual survey to gather and

post public opinions on orestry.

Source: http://www.orestry.gov.uk.




Th u.s. gt ha t w p gt tat at th a a p ata tat

a tat, thgh whch t ha at tat Wb t. Ataa, nw Zaa, a th

ut Kg ha a p gt p ata pc. At at ght ct a pc

(Bth Cba) Caaa ha p ata pc a ha at wth th pbc. Th a

bt hag acc t ag ata. F ap, bgt at th tct c b t t pac tat agc pct, a ata hatg a

aa c b b tt c ct gazat t t whth hat a taab

a ctca ct a ptct.

Wh p ata pc a pa tat b gt agc, t pb c ct

gazat t gat th a p ata pc. Th itata Bgt Pathp (iBP)

a nGo a th tat th op Bgt itat (oBi), a ach a acac pga t pt

pbc acc t bgt at a th apt acctab bgt t. Th faghp actt

th oBi th op Bgt s, whch aat whth gt g th pbc acc t bgtat a pptt t patcpat bgt pc. iBP ha a cat th op Bgt i

t a th ctt ct t tapac a t aw c-ct cpa. Th

gba tat c a b app th t ct, a nGo c tat a oBi th t ct

a pcc ct. Th iCT th ca c b t ca acc t at thgh Wb t

b ph.6

Th Cta vgac C (CvC) ia a g ap a pata p gt tat

(box 10). Th CvC tak cpat agat c th cta gt a t aat, a

cag ctz t tak act t c cpt a a. i th rpbc Ka, th tga

Wb t www.pp.g.k aw ctz t pt gac c a p gac.

e-gt c a hgh th aga a ct, a t ct cc t

p a pg ct a w a ta aa a. F th gt’

ppct, th pa t achg -gt c t p th cc a ct-

ct pat. rcg cpt a t tat a a bct, bt t ha hw

that -gt pga ha a pt pact pcpt cpt a tapac. F

ap, a W Bak t (9b) that ia, ’ pcpt cpt th ctca gtat a c c (th Bh, CArd, a Ka pct) wa w tha th pcpt

cpt th aa t ( fgure 3). Th g ght b th t th ct th

cta pw p t a c, whch t th tatg pt cpt.

Cptzat agcta a c a pg th aaabt thgh ag- cpt

kk ha tat that t pb t g t a gtat a c

atac. i pt qt chag whp agcta a, th w t ha b

w accpt b a. i ia, ct ag th t pa th tt ct th t

pha a. it ccab that a a t w wk t a, pca a bachag at t t a ga qt. A, a wth aa, th chag w ha a




bOx 10. iNdiA – CENTRAl ViGilANCE COmmiSSiON wEb SiTE

India’s Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was conceived to be the apex vigilance institution, ree o

control rom executive authority, monitoring all vigilance activity under the central government, and

advising various authorities in government organizations as they plan, execute, review, and reorm theirvigilance work. The CVC is a statutory body; its Web site contains the ollowing sections and eatures:

Inormation on its role, responsibilities, and strategies to combat corruption.

Direct communication with the public through messages and transcripts o speeches to

bolster condence in the institution.

Instructions or how any citizen can lodge a complaint against corruption without ear o

disclosure or reprisal.

List o central vigilance ocers—each organization is expected to nominate a senior ocer

to whom an employee can take a complaint on corruption.

Statistical reporting o the achievements o the commission and its annual report.

Details o convictions o public servants by the courts, as well as inormation on public

ocials against whom an inquiry has been initiated or a penalty imposed. This section also

reviews the perormance o various departments responsible or conducting investigations.

A decade ago, publishing the names o ocials undergoing inquiries on charges o corruption on the CVC

Web site created a stir in the media, but the pubic avored the practice. Despite the low level o access to

computers and the Internet in India, the inormation has been widely disseminated throughout the country

on the radio and through print media. Thus, the site has had a broader impact than would be expected on

the basis o India’s computer density.

With the explosion in mobile ownership and more widespread use o the Internet, the CVC has stepped

up its use o ICTs. The Blow Your Whistle eature is a technology-supported anticorruption initiative that

allows citizens to report through mobile phones and the Internet by uploading text, audio, and video les.

Known as Project Vigeye, the system requires registration; once a complaint is led, the complainant can

log in and check the status o the complaint. Blow Your Whistle also has discussion orums and podcasts

on corruption in the country, as well as videos and links to other resources.

Source: http://blowyourwhistle.in/pages/about-us.

b ta bt: c abgt gag ba, tapac whp

a pbt, btt at btw th t atht a ct, a tzab

bt ch a w cpt. Wth th cag c cab bt t a th

acat ta cpat, qt ba a whp w ha t b a

ath tha at, a iCT a ct wa t t.

aocc n aeness Cmpns Tet Messn n Soc Neton Stes

Th ag b b ph bcb pg a p ct, a th at

p tchg ttg p a tt agg t ( box 12) a hpg nGo a acac




bOx 11. E-GOVERNmENT SERViCES iN iNdiA: lANd RECORdS

The Bhoomi project in the state o Karnataka in India delivers two online services: (1) issuing records

o rights, tenancy, and crop inspection; and (2) ling requests or changes in land records. Bhoomi was

launched in 2001 as the rst successul computerization o land records and land title registration in

India. The government o Karnataka undertook the massive task o computerizing 20 million land records

o 6.7 million armers, then oered online services.

Bhoomi transormed the traditional system in which a village accountant maintained paper records—it

used to take between 10 days and a month or a armer to get a copy, depending on the whims o the

accountant and almost always involving a bribe. The new computer-based system provides the same

records in a ew minutes. To keep the process transparent, the sotware uses a bio-logon system in which

authorized users’ ngerprints are used to log in. The system maintains a record o every transaction,

which enables senior management to identiy and investigate discrepancies. The latest modications

allow armers to check the status o their requests and lodge a complaint i a service has not been

delivered quickly and competently.

Source: Bhatnagar 2009.


FiGuRE 3. impACT OF E-GOVERNANCE

Source: Based on World Bank 2009b.

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

Ability o employee to delay or deny service Corruption

Decreased Marginally Decreased Signicantly



gp ach t t pp tha pb thgh tata a a. nGo ha tt

ag ct th capag a w t aw Agta a t gat pbc p

a cpa t tp t cg pa cpa that pac pa at wth

pa patat. st ch a www.bact.g cct nGo a acac gp g btchg ca chag a hp th wth at th att t, -t- g,

a w b appcat.

Th gwth sms (ht agg c) tt agg acac capag ca b attbt t

th wg act:

mb ph a pa acc; th a ca wh a kpt wtch at

h a a. s th tagt ac at awa accb.

mag tagt at a a k t gat a p tha th bacat t a a

ac.

rpg t a tt ag a a qck tha akg a ph ca g a tt, pca

wh th p t ha t pa t th ag.

mb ph aw tw-wa tact, back c at tata.

Th a tt agg ha b p a b tat, pca wth pct t acctabt

a tapac pbc c . F ap, th B lk iat ntwk Bgaa t p

a Wb-ba pat thgh whch nGo a t ca tt ag abt ga ggg. Th

bOx 12. AdVOCACy A Nd AwARENESS TOOlS

FrontlineSMS is a ree, open source sotware that turns a laptop and a mobile phone into a central

communications hub. Once installed, the program enables users to send and receive text messages with

groups o people through mobile phones. The ollowing are some o the program’s eatures:

No Internet connection is required.

A phone and SIM card can be attached and the local mobile phone service operator paid per

SMS as usual.

All phone numbers and records o incoming and outgoing messages are stored.

Data are stored on the user’s computer, not on external servers.

Messages can be sent to individuals or large groups and replied to individually, which is

useul or eldwork or during surveys.

The program is easy to install and requires little or no training to use.

Developers are ree to use the source code and add their own eatures.

The program can be used anywhere in the world simply by switching the SIM card.

Source: http://www.rontlinesms.com.




bOx 13. uGANdA: CiVil SOCiETy ORGANizATiONS uSE iCTS iN AdVOCACy CAmpAiGNS

In 2007, the government o Uganda was ready to remove the legal protections on a third o the Mabira

Central Forest Reserves and give the land to a sugar company. However, sensitivity to environmental issues

had been heightened in Uganda by campaigns about the links between orests and foods, unpredictable

weather, and rising ood prices.

Civil society organizations (CSOs) used ICTs to mobilize activists, disseminate inormation, and alert

the public about ocial actions that would aect them adversely. Environmentalists took their ght to

FM radio stations and discussion groups, and used SMS to lead a boycott against the company’s sugar

until the plan to grab part o Mabira Forest was dropped. The use o SMS was particularly eective. Thecompany’s sales declined, and some retail businesses took its products o their shelves.

Environmentalists argued that giving away part o Mabira Forest would have more adverse eects

than a sugar shortage, and some politicians criticized the government or its lack o concern about the

orest. SMSs alerted people and encouraged them to join the movement to stop the orest giveaway. The

CSO campaign was complemented by other actions in the country and a strong negative reaction rom

international development partners. Eventually the plan was withdrawn.

Source: Uganda country study.

at agat a chckt cta b bg btt t th ct t atht

act.

nGo capag itt ca twk ch a Facbk a Twtt t tagt g pp, wh a

th pa th twk. F ap, , a tata nGo ca t a tw-th

capag thgh Twtt, rt, Facbk, a agat a tata cpa

t pa pp k t at tct. A a t th capag, th

cpa ac ma that t w pat wth th Ft Tt, a tata pt

gazat, t t pp cha a c th tct at. Th appach

a b ab - a hgh-c ct, wh th acc t th itt,

tha w-c ct. i a pg ct, tt agg t th pa a

ata cct a at. A cbat a ca b cc, a th ap

ugaa tat ( box 13).

Commnt ro

Th a t bacat pt t w; hw, community a at w.

o th pat ca, a ct a tat ha b tabh a th w t hp

w a agaz gp b twk a ga acc t at hath, h,

ag, wath, a akt, a t cat ct cac, ctz ght, a g .




ra t a at chap, w aaab, a a pa, th pt g. i a

Aca ct, a bacat a th pa ccatg ptca a g

ag. Accg t m (), “Th a w hgh b a‐ca Fm tat at

wh, thak t ba gat t a t th ag ct tchg. it w

pb t t p a a watt Fm tat us$,.”

Th a pt qt a g b thBBC W sc Tt that ca cca a gw sb sahaa Aca b a aag 6 pct

btw a 6, wh ct a gw at - th a p. i th pt

aa th gb, a th chc, a ttppg th a a t ac

b. F tac, Wt Aca, a whp wa a th ccat qpt, cg

Tv a b ph. i Aca a, –9 pct hh ha acc t a a.9

Accg t th ut nat ecat, sctc a Cta ogazat (unesCo), “Ct a

p a a th ccat pt at ct t th wh t

wtht cca th p th a t.” Ct a t b ca pat: a a tat that ca bacat Fm a a t k. Th tat t pat

a ata b ca ct b, wh chp t atac ct. oth, aac,

a ta tchg ha g, bt th , ap, hgh-qc a att

a t-at ccat ha t b tabh.

i ga, a ca Fm tat b th ct ca b t p wth abt us$,–$, ta

ct. i pac wh ctct a pb, ch a ng a ma, a-pw tat ha b t

p. Ga, tchca capact t a ctat, a ct a tat a bg cc

pat b ca th a ct. Hw, cg a ctt pt a ctca

cc pat. Ct tat t ha cca a t p pbc t

pat. i ca, gt wa th c ct a at pt

pp. ntwkg ag tat ath wa t b ct at twk a chag

at.

i a ca, ata gat t whth a bacatg pb. itt a a

catt-ba ca b ct wh aw ha t t b tc t th awa.

ra ca b cb wth th a. ra pga ca itt bwg t bg th att w t

th t, aw qt abt pcc , a cct c wth ca tach a th

pt. ra bwg cb th pw th itt wth th ach a. i p t t’

q, th pt gath at ab Wb t. dg th pga, th pt

th itt wth a ca pt, ch a a t agct t ca, a ct

pt pt. Tgth, th pa a c th at th th agag b

th ct. Th pc ha b cc tat at ct a ct pt b

unesCo s laka, Bhta, a npa, ag th. mb ph tchg ca a b cb wth

a pgag, t ca ca tt ct t th pga.




bOx 14. hOw CAN COmmuNiTy RAdiO bENEFiT FOREST GOVERNANCE?

Fight corruption and increase awareness o citizens’ rights

In Malawi, the Development Communications Trust (DCT) broadcasts “village voice” recordings rom a

network o radio clubs around the country. These clubs report on (among other things) delays, corruption,

malpractice, and mismanagement by orest service providers, including international NGOs, and local

authorities and politicians. The problems are broadcast on national radio, and the ministry, individual, or

organization is invited to reply on the air in a mediated dialogue with community members. The DCT says

that 70 percent o radio club problems are resolved satisactorily ater they have been aired nationally.

The broadcasts are supported by UNDP, Oxam, and the Malawi national AIDS body.

In Sierra Leone, KISS-FM in Bo and SKY-FM in Freetown have been reporting on corruption and governance.

The stations started a series called “Mr. Owl” that reports on corruption among local police. The series

has resulted in increased pay or the police and the establishment o a community aairs department.The voter education program “Democracy Now” resulted in a higher voter turnout in the station’s listening

area compared with other parts o the country.

Increase women’s empowerment

USAID’s Women in Governance pilot program in Mali distributed more than 500 Freeplay radios to women’s

listening groups in April 2004. The radios were designed or rural Arican conditions—batteries can be

charged manually by winding or through solar power.

Increase awareness o environmental issues and

public participation in policy development

In September 2009, Developing Radio Partners (DRP, an American NGO) launched a yearlong pilot project

called “Our Environment, Our Future” that brought residents inormation they need in the way they can best

use it: by radio. DRP worked with Breeze-FM—a community-oriented private station in Chipata, Zambia—

and with six other radio stations in rural Zambia and Malawi. The project helped the stations create and

broadcast local environmental programming. It also encouraged the innovative use o mobile phones to

expand the stations’ interaction with listeners, using the text messaging sotware FrontlineSMS (see box

12). The project helped build skills in environmental reporting and developing relevant content; or example,

reports on the impact o deorestation on local agriculture and on sustainable arming methods.

Sources: Myers 2010; USAID 2005 ; and http:/ /developingradio.org.

Wth th a Wspac, rAneT, a att a bcpt thgh Ft vc itata,

ct a tat t cat ca acc w a ttat. Hw, th a

bt ct a th pgag t p ca agag, at ct

at t, a ca ptac. F ap, Papa nw Ga, a ct

a a gta a pgag ha b t c ag abt t aagt a

taab a aagt. Th pga w pt th a aa a ca

act a w t t at ct gathg, wh th qt a b th k chaact




c th b c. Th tchg c t ct th ct a w, t

kp th awa pc chag a pt that ght ha a pact th c a

th , pca wth ga t cat chag, t, a cab pat. dct acc t

at ca agag thgh a itt bwg w hp bg th at gap

ct that t ha acc t tata .

Co Socn to incese Pbc Ptcpton

Cbg a Wb-ba pat wth pt tt ag ca th att th at

gath. iat ca b tat g-c a ca p a w c ak

t hp th ptz actt. i at t cag tapac a pbc patcpat, cw

cg ca a a a t tack acctabt c at. Th appcat ga ppat

at uhah bca a cc t th atath th Ka t a a a t kp ctz

abt at a ct, g at pt a. Th cc uhah

ha t t pcat th ct th pp, ch a a gc p cha

a ata cct t (box 15). it bg app Ka a a w ghtg a tackg t. A

a appcat b th B lk iat ntwk Bgaa wa tat t gath at

ga ggg; th at wa ta pt th Wb t t hw atht wh ga

actt w cctat. Th pct wa tabh a a ba twk ctz a nGo; t

k a Wb-ba pat at at abt ga ggg wth th ptct a ct wk

th tat t atat.

Listening to Community Radio (Tanzania)

Photo: Farm Radio International




bOx 15. publiC pARTiCipATiON ANd CROwd SOuRCiN G OF dATA

Ushahidi (Swahili or “testimony”) is designed to take input sent by mobile phone or e-mail. It uses ree

sotware called FrontlineSMS (see box 12) that turns a laptop and a mobile phone into a text-broadcasting

hub. When a text message is sent rom a hot zone, it syncs with the Ushahidi sotware and shows up in aWeb administrator’s in-box. The administrator can decide to send a message back to the sender to veriy

the inormation, send out a blast alert to a large number o people, post the inormation on a Web page

with location inormation rom Google Maps, or all three. Although Ushahidi was primarily developed as

a quick inormation gathering and broadcast tool during the riots in Kenya in 2008, it has been adapted

or other, non-crisis-response uses as well. The ollowing programs use the Ushahidi platorm to gather

inormation rom people and map it, to show where events are happening and how large an area is

aected:

Wildlie Trackers is a citizen science project to track wildlie in Kenya.

Stop Stockouts is an initiative to track near-real-time stockouts o medical supplies at

pharmacies (in a medical store or health acility) in Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, and Zambia.

Kenya: the initial mashup, used to track reports o incidents o violence around Kenya.

South Arica: used to map xenophobic attacks perpetrated against non-South Aricans.

The Ushahidi platorm combines the benets o the Internet and mobile phones, and could be used to

generate near-real-time inormation on orest crimes, res, wildlie sightings, and so on. The advantage

o mobile SMS-based data inputs is immense in remote and rural areas.

Source: http://www.ushahidi.com.

Ata maf th cpat maf, P, a t t t tack a pt cc

c th tw. Ca pt c t a ct , a th at tatt t aw

ct c, wh chck th act th pt. Cw cg ca b a t

pp. Bt wh t a ct-ct wa cctg at, t t b pac t

that th ata t a a a ha t b abcat. Th aag th sa Facc uba Ft

map ha bt pcc agth t a fag gag b ata pt, a th ca t

a cat (box 16).

Cw cg ca b t t ca pbc patcpat aw ct a ptg

c bt a t gat w a a at appach t g pb pg pc

a pc. F ap, th -gt pta th rpbc Ka ct a ctz

a cgz th wh a a apt b th gt.

Hw a th itt-ba appcat pg t gac? Th p tchg

a at w ct taat a pat ak b tt agg th t a

aaptab iCT appcat. sc ch a Ftsms a mbAct p gac a k t

p c t t hp t p th c. sttg p a Wb-ba c ch a uhah a

at a wth a ab itt cct.




bOx 16. CiTizEN-pOwEREd uRbAN FOREST mAp OF SAN FRANCiSCO

The Urban Forest Map is an example o crowd sourcing—a collaboration o the government, nonprots,

businesses, and citizens o San Francisco to map every tree in the city. Citizens can create an account

and upload the location, diameter at breast height, and a photo o the tree, ollowing instructions on theWeb site. The site includes a link to an online guide, “Urban Tree Key,” with photos to help identiy trees.

The project is the rst o its kind, and there has been some concern regarding the quality and authenticity

o the data entered by the members o the public. The collaborators intend to carry out eld verication

o random samples o data.

Sources: http: //www.urbantreekey.org; http: //www.urbanorestmap.org; and Friends o the UrbanForest (http://www.u.net).

itt-ba ca a a at ba tat wh th, wh th t t,

a th tagt ac. Th t a a g pt t ca pbc patcpat t twahp a

gat gba pbc p btt t gac. Hw, th ght t b ch a

ttg wh itt cctt ab. mb tt agg t, th th ha, ha

gat ptta a a t-ba tat.

Cw cg ca b a pw t t ach t t a t ct b, t, a nGo

t ptct a aagt actt. sch a twk c c th ct t ptct b

atg th th phca pc tat t p a cat wh ta

hacg th ptct b awg ct b t kp a t a actt.

Tt ag ca t atht th pc hc g ggg athz

cat a pt t w ghtg. Cw cg at a chap, a ca b a

w at pp. Ft-ba ct ca pt g pachg a t atht

kw abt pg wk a th pc abc ta t tat.

Tw chag th tt agg a cctt t ca twk a th ct g

tt ag. Th ct ca b c t tt agt wth c p. Athchag t that th ct pp t patcpat a ct hgh t kp th t

patg a t a accat a. i t-ba ct, th tt agg c c

b k t th bac c, ch a hath c. s, wh th ct p

at t th t atht th tat th t, th tat t atht c ct t

pg t ct th a p a.

Cobote n Ptcpto Mppn

map a ta c akg t. Pbc ct t ttt ppa ap t c

chag c, g ata t g att; bt a-t-a chag at a a ca

a t t c t aaab a accb at t a w ac. ut ct,




Collecting data in Poi Mapper (Kenya)

Photo: Plan Kenya

Visualizing data in Poi Mapper (Kenya)

Photo: Plan Kenya




S c r e e n s h o t o W W F ’ s M o a b i W e b s i t e

P h o t o :

W W F -

U S




appg c a twa ha b t ach pcat. Hw, w twa ak t

pb t pt th pw catg a patg pata at th ha ta a ca

ct. op c pga ( box 34) ak th takg aab appcat

p. i pathp wth t agc, ct ca hp cat a pat at

t ap. iat ba, ght, pa pt, a-ca ggg, cag agct ha pcat a aagt a gac. iat pt ap

a pw a t c akg. it a ca tapac, whch ta wh th

tt a takh a .

Cabat appg ath t t actat pata ata cct a aa. Athgh t ght

a t cw cg, th appach apppat th t ct, a t aw appg pt

tt a th g-c at, ch a pcc t a aa. Cabat appg ca b

ta t patt, nGo, a ata pag a pc-akg b.

Wth th aaabt p c a p twa ktp cpt, pcat ca w

a pa ata t ap. ica cc at hag ac ct a ctt ab

gat ct t pct, pca wh takh t cc. Hgh-p

itt c actat th accbt ata; at t c, tat at, t,

a ca b acc b a w ag ac. Cabat appg ha th ptta t ca

a w th cp takh patcpat pct g a aagt, a t actat wg

a patg pct ata. W cb th appcat at th t ct:

P mapp

WWF’ mab

Ct itgc eath (Ci eath) Patcpat mappg

Pa itata Ka ptg th P mapp (pt tt app) t p a gpata

ataba pct pag a aagt. F ta pa aw t qta that a

pa b ph a tak pht t c th tat a pt atct

ch a ch, kg wat c, a cc. Th at c th b ch-ag

ch a th ppt th ppat wtht acc t atat act. each pt tt,ch a a ch, tagg wth GPs cg. Th at pa t th P mapp pta, wh

t a a gta ap t p th agc wth a pata w t pct. Th ataba

p th aagt Pa itata Ka wth a cph w t pct th

a actat btt pag aaab c. o at th appcat that t aw

gazat t ha ata, pca wh th a wkg th a g. F ap, t a

aa at that ha b cct b gazat ca b ha wth ath. Th appcat

w b at t, a t actat appg t a aa ata a w a pt cat.




bOx 17. pOi mAppER

The Poi Mapper is a mobile geomapping, data management, visualization, and sharing solution that can

be integrated with open source portal tools such as Drupal or Vaadin and map engines such as Google

Maps or Geoserver. It runs on standard low-end GPS-enabled phones as well as smart phones. It enables

mapping o:

places, such as the location o schools and water points

routes, such as roads and water pipes

areas, such as community boundaries, orests, elds

structured survey data, such as numbers, text, and multiple choice multimedia, such as images

The Poi Mapper can be used in online/ofine modes or work in inaccessible locations and allows viewing o

data on digital maps on a Web browser. It eliminates the need or expensive hardware/license investments

or the need or sotware licenses. It allows open access o the stored data and the possibility to integrate

open source analytics tools such as Pentaho or data mining purposes.

Multiple users can browse and update the same inormation, and previous versions o data are maintained

or tracking purposes. Data are globally accessible over the Internet via a Web browser, with appropriate

authorization. Once an organization registers on the Poi Mapper Web site and creates its account, the

sotware can be downloaded to a mobile phone. Questionnaires relevant to the organization’s work also

can be created and downloaded to mobile phones. Existing data rom a particular location on the portal

can be downloaded and only new elds updated, which makes the system ast and ecient.

The application is available or a monthly subscription ee per user, which allows the organization to store

its data and edit it on the Poi Mapper portal. At this stage, Poi Mapper does not have options or data

input through icons; this capability can be developed i needed, but it would restrict the type o data that

could be collected or monitored.

Source: http://www.pajatman.com.

mab a cabat appg t that ab gp a a t b a ag ataba

hag, wg, tg, a cg pata at at t redd+. Th t ct

pt b th W W F (WWF) maccc Pga oc a Cat scc

Pga. mab aw pc ak, ach ttt, a ptta cab pct p t w,

wa, a t at pata ata. it w actat -th-g tg actt ch aga ggg, g, a th bh at ta. Wth b appg c, ata ca b cct a

ct pa t th t, th th itt b b ph. T cpat w itt

cctt, ata ca b t t p wh pa t a ak t aaab t gba . Th t

bt w p c twa—ch a Gg map APi a dpa, a Wb ctt aagt

t—t hp that th g fb, a ctzab, a cta a w at

cpt a Wb bw.




A gt mab ca pt ata t th Wb t, bt th ata t b app b a p w

b. u w b ab t w bth app a app ata th t a p atg

ct a ata pt. Th t a ct t ctbt at b cgzg

ga ctbt thgh at tat pt t th p w pa. F b ph

ctbt, ct a c ph ct awa. mab bg p wth g a; hw, c th t appcat cc tt th dcatc rpbc Cg (ach

mach ), bqt pcat ca b p wth a a bgt us$,–$,.

mab ha a hgh tt t gac t ca tapac, pbc tt, a

patcpat pt actt that c a t tat a ga ggg, a t pt

aw ct. Th appcat w b wh t aw ata cct a pa a b

ph t t th ack itt cctt a aa. Hw, th p w pc

at pa th pta c bc a pt ctt ag takh gp wth

t tt, t w b ptat t th tgt th pc.

Patcpat appg aa t b pt agc a nGo a th w,

bt ctzg a hah PdA wth c a ag, a tag b ca a g

ct t a ptat aac. Hta lt.— a tata cpat that p a

p pp cha a at aagt twa tb a agct—ha p th

t Ct itgc (Ci) eath twa t cat ap t t a t

accb b a gt (see box 18).

Th at pct t wtht t pb. A t w ct a b cc, a wthga t pct aagt a cat ag pct pat, bt a at t th twa;

ap, a wa t chag th GPs batt wtht hag t ta g tac a

pt th c g.

Th P mapp hgh at pct- appcat a tt th t ct

thgh a pt vta. Hag bth f a capabt a aatag th t

ct, wh acc t th itt t a ca twk t atc. Th P mapp q a

bcpt a gtat t wa th twa a pa th ata t th pta,

a w a a th . Th pc p , whth t pat a pct, a th ct

whch t . Th ct at pc us$ a th nGo a ca pg ct

a $ cca gazat a p ct. Th p q a

th gagt $ ( ) t t p a w ataba a a ppt agt. Th pc th

b ph whch th t wk tat at $ GPs t q $ wth b GPs,

akg th aab cta pct-pcc appcat. F ta aa b ph, a

th appcat, t p pct aagt, cpcat tha tt agg.

Th cc hah cpt b ca ct hw that tchg ca b ctza t b a ba tat pp. Hw, th c ct th pct ct




bOx 18. pARTiCipATORy mAppiNG iN CAmEROON

This project has been implemented in partnership with local and indigenous orest communities across

the southern orest zone o Cameroon and with the Forest Peoples Programme, University College

London, Centre pour l’environnement et le développement, and Helveta Ltd. People in orest-dependentcommunities were trained to use GPS-enabled handheld computers to create orest inventory maps. The

computers run a specially developed, icon-driven sotware, Control Intelligence (CI) Earth, that requires

no literacy skills. Data are captured using CI Mobile and GPS reader technology. CI Mobile combines

handheld data entry with data rom GPS, radio requency identication, and bar code readers to gather

accurate records o how assets are being managed and processed in the orest or actory. CI Earth uses

a CI Mobile interace congured to record data types that are relevant to the particular user or region.

CI Earth data are synchronized with CI World through any locally available means o Internet connection,

rom satellite through dial-up modem. GPS-reerenced data are then made available in CI World in chart

orm and through GIS applications such as Google Earth and ArcView.

The users are supposed to carry the devices on their daily expeditions into the orest, recording their use o

resources and their observations o any illegal logging activities they encounter. The data are transerred

via satellite link to a data center in the United Kingdom, where they are translated into maps that users can

access. Accurate manipulation o these devices will create reliable data and maps to dene resource use,

document customary areas, and expose illegal logging practices. So ar, data have been collected south

o Dimako in eastern Cameroon. Logging activities were monitored both in and outside communal orest

areas where Baka pygmies live or hunt. Members o orest communities in the Mbalmayo region recorded

bulldozer tracks that indicated industrial logging activities near illegally elled trees located outside

the legal commercial logging boundaries.

Data gathered by local communities

helped a logging company operating in

the area determine which communities it

should consult about management plans

or local orest areas as part o its Forest

Stewardship Council certication process.

The CI Earth sotware with handheld

computers has also been used in Nigeriato monitor biodiversity in the A Mountain

Wildlie Sanctuary, which is home to a

subpopulation o the critically endangered

Cross River gorilla.

Source: http: //corporate.helveta.com/uploads/news/20100107015150-Helveta%20Cameroon%20CaseStudy_2009.pd.

Collecting data (Cameroon)

Photo: Helveta Ltd.




awh $–$,, pttg th t ach t t patt. Th ch

p, gg c ght b t b th at th tak—t ata cct t

cat—bt apppat tchg ha t b ct ca-b-ca ba.

QuAliTy OF FOREST AdmiNiSTRATiON

Hgh-qat pa a g at aagt a k qt ct t

aagt. Wh th tag p b t ch ptat, acc t ctg cat

pga a at th att pt th a qa ptat. dtac ag

pga a aaab th itt a w ag t a th w, a t

c Wb t ht ctz tag packag . F ap th u.s. Ft sc ha a

tag pga a b tchca tak, agg bac tattc t cg a cag.

o appcat th t th Tb Tht Pga, whch g aa t tat tag

t tp. dtat c hw t pt ata, hw t p g aa,

a hw t gat pt th pga.

nt a tag c ha b taab. Th Cathc ut Ch p uC vta,

a t aa pa pt c a t pa. Th

c w ct wg t ack a.

iat aagt—pcca, spatial at aagt— th c k qt

t atat. G aagt pa ab ata. i Fa, mesTA a , itt-batwa t ppa a c t aagt pa wth ct, a lapa, wh

th tat t tp aag t (box 19). Th twa ak wtg a wg atat

aagt pt a a actat btt ag wth ct that t ha a ta

kwg t. sa, th uK, th Ft C that ct c abt

t aagt pa w pct wh th c pt gta pa—-d ap

a ag t ak ptat appag a ak t a pcat t cph th

g-t tc th act bg pp.

A th w, gt agc t att ag a Gis t ap chag tc; th t a th ap wth th at a pt t bta a cph pct

th ca a at tat. Wh t patt a pat th w a aa

wth th t g (rs) ag a Gis t ppa ap hwg t a chag t

c, th hgh pcaz tchca t tpt att ag a ag wa ha kpt

th tchg t ach a. stwa w bg p that ak t pb pp wth

t tag t rs a Gis a. Th pt ca b cpa wth pt w

pcg twa: t a th att ha bc accb th pat w ca, atg

th t a a b ct ca, rs a Gis a bcg accb t

gt, g pp, a nGo.




bOx 19. mESTA: pARTiCipATORy FOREST mANAGEmENT AppliCATiON

MESTA is open access Internet sotware developed and unded by the Finnish orest research institute

Metla. It was rst developed to serve as a tool or Metsähallitus (the state enterprise that manages state

orests and most protected areas) or participative orest management, but it has become available tohelp private orest owners evaluate various growing strategies. The sotware was developed to enable

holistic evaluation o decision alternatives based on acceptance borders or decision criteria (e.g., the

minimum acceptable income rom the orest cuttings).

The sotware’s strength is that it can illustrate the eects o dierent strategies at a stakeholders

meeting. Understanding various alternatives and their corresponding results helps stakeholders accept

and consider each other’s needs. The sotware also provides inormation on potential costs and benets.

Metsähallitus has used MESTA in participatory orest management in eastern and western Lapland, where

decision making oten requires dicult compromises on seemingly opposing objectives and needs, suchas combining logging with nature-based tourism.

Compared with other methodologies or evaluating management alternatives, MESTA enables users with

less knowledge about the subject to study the alternatives. It is considered to be especially ecient or

communicating with stakeholder groups that have less direct contact with and knowledge o orestry.

Sources: Finland country report and http://mesta.metla./index_eng.cm.

Wh th thg tptg att ag a tatg t c a w t a

accpt a th w, btag tat cab t k t, t ag ca

a pc, t that p ct-ct. yt, th k t b a pt tak th cg ca, a

gtat aac a redd+ g that wa ct wth hgh cab tck t. rct

aac tchg a akg t pb t tat cab t t t tp t, a

w a c cab t w-tck t cpa wth ga t.

Th qat t atat p g pc a atat, aca a ha c

aagt, aw ct, a aagt a t, tb a, a . A th

q h at fw wth th t patt, wth th pat th gt,

wth th pat ct, a wth ctz. Cph t aagt at t (Fmis)

a c t b th a t t hac th capact pbc ct t ttt t

aag th at fw. Fmis q a gcat tt c, a th a g

a pt a ag ca a a ab ppt atct a p t ct.

Fmis ha th p a c (box 6 a box 7), a cc ha b aab. Hw, t pb t

p a ca iCT t t aag at qt k aa—ch a tackg ,

t, a w—wtht tg tha a hawa a twa. s th




t ca tc w tchg t gt p tatg wa, pag th wa

tchg-t t th t. Th ch appcat a c bw:

ra-t at

Ft c a cab tck at wth ClAst a Ab ldAr W tackg

re-Tme Fe aets

Th a-a-t at t wa p b cbg nAsA’ mat rt iagg

spct-at (modis) ata wth Gis. Th F iat rc maagt st (Firms)

p at th ut maa (box 20) a c that aaz ata modis a pt

th a that a p t . Th t ca -a at t bcb wth

at pb th aa tt.

Cat itata (Ci) pg a c at t pcc bt

htpt a th w; t ct bg pt maagaca, Ba, P, a ia. Th t

at wth a w h at th nAsA att wp th ath. Th Ct App

Bt scc at Ci’ itata rc Gp; maagaca’ mtè ’et,

Fêt t T; a usAid ha ta p wth th modis rap rp st a Firms

t p a -a-ba at t t wa a ptct aa a aa hgh

bgca ptac.

Th F At st a atat aa a at t that a ag pct ta

t a ’ pcc . Th c p tt-ba -a ctag th cat act

ptct aa, aa hgh bt, t gtat a a c tp, atat

t, a - g. each -a at a p at th t a at att

bat a a cc a ach tct. i at t p a aagt, th

t bg t t t a ct ca pct ga ggg

a cacht ptct aa. Th c a a ct ap hw tchg ca

cg t at ac th gb a a t.

oth hgh aac aagt t c th b th nw sth Wa ra F

sc Ataa, whch cbat t bh. HFire t mapi Pa t a pp-

bt appcat th ab appg . ug a GPs cct, HFire bc a g ap

appcat that hw th ’ ct pt. A pp-bt tba aw th t cck a c

a t at. F at ch a Act/nAct F eg, F Ta, That

Ppt, Wat sc, a F Fght lcat ca b c accat a th acat tack

th at. Th at tatt at a th itt t th th g wh a

akg th p c.




Ath appcat, mapdk, t th at t pat ap. Th ct appcat

mapi Pa c a at that ha b taaz t aw qck gat

ap wth a tag. Th tt th appcat t wh az that th nw sth

bOx 20. FiRE AlERTS: RApid RESpON SE SySTEmS iNTEGRATE REmOTE SENSiNG ANd GiS

Remote sensing and GIS are being integrated to provide timely inormation on large-scale res in the

tropics. Data are provided by the moderate resolution imaging spectro-radiometer (MODIS) onboard

NASA’s Aqua and Terra satellites, which are part o the international Earth Observing System. Thesatellites orbit the earth rom pole to pole, covering most o the globe every day—Terra in the morning

and Aqua in the aternoon.

Fire Information for Resource Management System

MODIS uses thermal and mid-inrared data to spot res and provide near-real-time images in the public

domain on the Internet, but orest managers in the eld need to receive and analyze the data quickly. The

University o Maryland developed the Fire Inormation or Resource Management system (FIRMS) to serve

this community. FIRMS processes and displays inormation on the Web about active res within our to

six hours ater the satellite overpass. Subscribers can also sign up or e-mail alerts on res in their area

o interest. The alert system is a powerul tool that allows or a rapid response. The Web Fire Mapper is

an open source Internet-based mapping tool that pinpoints the locations o hotspots and res, and allows

them to be viewed on an interactive map o the world, combined with a selection o GIS layers and satellite

imagery. Each location represents the center o a 1 km area containing one or more actively burning

hotspots or res. FIRMS is currently being transitioned to an operational system at the United Nations

Food and Agriculture Organization.

CI’s Fire Alert System

Conservation International’s (CI’s) Center or Applied Biodiversity Science, Madagascar’s Ministère de

l’Environnement, des Forêts et du Tourisme, and the U.S. Agency or International Development have teamed

up with MODIS and FIRMS to develop an e-mail alert system or res in or around protected areas and areas

o high biological importance. The system currently ocuses on certain biodiversity hotspots: Madagascar,

Bolivia, Peru, and Indonesia. It is a ully automated analysis and alert system that delivers a range o

products tailored to a user’s specic needs, such as simple text-based e-mails containing the coordinates

o active res in user-dened regions, or le attachments to be used in other applications. Subscribers can

select rom a range o background images and maps. The next phase o the system will include multivariate/

multicriteria analysis, more fexible user customization, and an advanced report generator.

In addition to re response and management, the Fire Alert System is being extensively used to monitorand inorm enorcement ocials o suspected illegal activity, such as illegal logging and encroachment

in protected areas.

Sources: Davies et al. 2009 and https://realerts.conservation.org/as/home.do.




Wa ra F sc cp , p, t th t. iat

th appcat t a ,, t th cbat a ppt agc, a t th ba

ct. Ct-g t a p t b a ata, bt -a a tt ag

pat ch th t b Firms a a ca b t kp ta pat tat

at a t.

Foest Coe n Cbon Stoc assessment wt ClaSte n abone ldar

Th Cag ittt’ ClAst (Cag laat Aa st-t) p gh ktp

appcat b wh a t pcat t g a Gis bt ha tag th twa

( table 4). Th twa packag g hgh atat tcat tat a

t gaat t att ag. ClAst a taa Ww-ba

cpt a ca ap tha , qa k at t pata t t aa p h

pcg t. otpt ClAst c ap th pctag a a gtat c,

ba , a th btat, ag wth qattat a ctat ach ag p (A

t a. 9).

Free licensing o CLASlite is granted to noncommercial nonprot organizations in Latin America ollowing

the completion o technical training. The CLASlite Web site reports that as o June 2010, more than 150

government institutions, noncommercial NGOs, and academic or research institutions had been trained in

the use o CLASlite.26

The developers o CLASlite have also tested airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) in conjunction with

remote sensing and ground mapping in an eort to establish it as an ecient, low-cost method to assess

carbon in various kinds o tropical orests. While airborne LiDAR itsel is not new, its use in orestry has been

limited. However, combined with the ree and user-riendly CLASlite sotware, LiDAR could be within easy

reach o most governments that will need these tools or carbon assessment under a uture REDD+ regime.

The system provides estimates o aboveground carbon density at a spatial resolution o 30 meters, making it

one o the largest high-resolution biomass mapping studies in the world. Pilot assessment with this method

has been carried out in Peru, Hawaii, and Amazon regional orests. The methodology combines inormation

rom satellite images and airborne LiDAR with measurements rom eld plots (see box 21).

LiDAR as well as other examples in this chapter are built on platorms that are widely available to the public.

Both satellite and mapping data have become increasingly available online. This has led to an increase

in accessible geospatial applications. Linking dierent applications allows presenting locally collected

TAblE 4. ClASliTE – l EVEl OF TRAiNiNG VARiES ACCORdiNG TO ThE COmplExiTy OF ThE FOREST

type of distuRbanCe tRaining RequiRed

Deorestation without subsequent secondary orest regrowth Requires little training. Areas are easily identiable.

Areas o selective logging and heavy orest disturbance Requires some training.

Areas o very little disturbance and even small tree-all gaps Requires in-depth training and additional time.Source: CLASlite Users’ Guide (available at http://www.claslite.ciw.edu/).




bOx 21. ClASliTE ANd lidAR

CLASlite (Carnegie Landsat Analysis System-Lite) is a key component o a cost-eective methoddeveloped at the Carnegie Institution that integrates satellite and airborne light detection and ranging(LiDAR) mapping to support high-resolution orest carbon mapping. It converts satellite imagery rom

its original (raw) ormat through calibration, preprocessing, atmospheric correction, and cloud-masking,then perorms a Monte Carlo spectral mixture analysis to derive high-resolution images. It identies areaswhere clearing, logging, and other orest disturbances have recently occurred. CLASlite does not providea nal map but a set o ecologically meaningul images identiying orest cover, deorestation, and orestdegradation that can be readily analyzed, processed, and presented. While CLASlite is highly automated,its use requires a level o training that matches the complexity o the orest area (see table 3).

This approach involves our steps undertaken in concert to produce a rapid high-resolution orest carbonassessment:

1. Mapping o vegetation type and orest condition using reely available satellite data andCLASlite.

2. Large-area mapping o three-dimensional orest canopy structure using airborne LiDAR.3. Conversion o LiDAR structural data to aboveground carbon density estimates using LiDAR-

carbon metrics and eld calibration plots.4. Integration o the satellite map with the airborne LiDAR data to set a high-resolution regional

baseline carbon estimate.

According to the developers o the system, the cost—using a combination o commercial and ree datasources—is approximately US$ 0.10 per hectare and likely to decrease.

Sources: Asner 2009 and http://claslite.ciw.edu/en /index.html; http:/ /claslite.ciw.edu/documents/CLASlite_PeruREDD.pd.




inormation and observations in high quality map-based platorms. Google Earth Engine is perhaps the

most widely used platorm (box 22).

wfe Tcn n Mnement

Conficts between humans and wildlie are common where communities live in or near wildlie sanctuaries

and parks. The ollowing applications prove that rural communities can use ICTs or wildlie tracking and

management in cooperation with park management. Even simple text messages sent on a regular basis

to communities to keep them updated on the movement o wild animals can go a long way to help people

stay sae and, in turn, not harm the wildlie. “Push to talk” is an inrequently used eature o mobile phone

networks in developing countries. However, it has been used to reduce human-elephant conficts in the

Laikipia district o Kenya (see box 23). This pilot demonstrated that park employees, communities, and the

private sector can come together to nd a viable solution to manage wild elephants and save crops, assisted

by the innovative use o mobile phones.

The CyberTracker is a ree sotware that was developed to enable indigenous communities with little or

no literacy to track wildlie in game parks (CyberTracker Conservation 2007). The sotware uses icons and

pictures to guide data input and works on handheld computers enabled with GPS capability. One o the

longest ongoing uses o CyberTracker is at the Kruger National Park in South Arica, where park rangers

collect vast amounts o data on, or example, the movements and behaviors o key species, res, availability

o water, illegal presence and activities o humans, and presence o new or invasive species o plants. The

GPS records the ranger’s path and provides a record o the patrol. The daily observations made with the

CyberTracker are used to estimate the spatial distribution o populations o dierent species, mortality, and

possible disease outbreaks; to monitor park boundaries; and to prevent poaching and other illegal activities.

CyberTracker has been piloted in several other locations, including the Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon,

Republic o Congo, South Arica, Tanzania, and Zambia. These pilots primarily involve recording and

monitoring wildlie and biodiversity data to aid research and management.

Coeence of Foest leston n te re of l

In the orest sector, dierent types o resource use, both commercial and noncommercial, are governed by

various laws. The laws are oten complex or obscure, interpretations can be inecient, and resolving disputes

or prosecuting crimes can take unreasonably long times, even or seemingly petty issues. In addition, orests

have several characteristics that make them prone to timber thet and other illegal activities, such as these27:

ow abt

ow/aag awa t a a

Ptta wt t ht t w

Pc ta, qpp, tt

ea t bb ’ wa t tb sta ta a pa




bOx 23. kENyA: RESOlViNG humAN-ElEphANT CONFliCTS wiTh mObilE TEChNOlOGy

The Laikipia district in Kenya is home to the country’s second largest population o wild elephants.

Competition or land exists in the district among wealthy armers who own large ranches, private

conservancies, small agriculturists, and the elephant herds whose natural habitat and migratory corridorshave been made inaccessible by human activity. The requent encounters between people and elephants

have been known to cause human and elephant deaths.

To nd a viable solution to this situation, the GSMA Development Fund—in collaboration with the

University o Cambridge Laikipia Elephant Project, Laikipia Nature Conservancy, Laikipia Wildlie Forum,

Saaricom, Wireless ZT, Nokia, and Nokia Siemens Networks—devised a closed group communication

network among park sta, ranch owners, and armers in the district, with special “push to talk on

cellular” handsets. This technology combines the unctionality o a walkie-talkie or two-way radio with

a mobile phone and enables communication between two people or among a group with the push o a

button. The pilot project used stakeholder consultations and training to initiate communication among

the Kenya Wildlie Service sta, ranch owners, armers, and NGOs—communication that normally would

not take place in a systematic way. The project’s goal was to reduce human-elephant confict through

early communication among stakeholders regarding elephant movement and access to help rom wildlie

rangers when needed.

In the pilot, improved communication among the various stakeholders signicantly reduced human-

elephant confict: 73 percent o the participants said that the technology provided early warning o

elephant raids and allowed armers to take preventive actions. Sixty-ve percent reported that the system

also helped prevent the thet o livestock and aided in the recovery o stolen livestock. Twenty-one percentreported that management response, especially rom Wildlie Service sta, improved. One user noted

that group communication increased pressure on the government sta, as numerous people could hear

a request or intervention; thus, accountability among Wildlie Service sta seems to have increased.

The Wildlie Service reported that receiving reliable inormation over a larger area helped them be more

eective on the job.

While the results o this pilot were very encouraging, the service was not rolled out on a larger scale,

because cellular operators did not nd this technology commercially attractive in Kenya. Nevertheless, the

pilot proved that it has benets in specic situations and could be used in other locations where similar

challenges exist in wildlie management.

Source: Graham et al. 2009.

Many o these vulnerabilities can be addressed through the use o ICT, although some–such as absent owner or

inadequate inventory–are related more to the overall capacity o orest administration than to law enorcement

in a strict sense. I orest managers have better knowledge o their resources and o the activities in the orest,

that knowledge can help prevent and detect orest crimes. For example, chain o custody systems help prevent

illegal logging and can also be used to improve the overall eciency o supply chains.




Eective law enorcement systems in the orest

sector usually ollow three steps: (1) prevention,

(2) detection, and (3) suppression. Technology has

an important part to play in each o these steps

in eorts to curb illegal logging, transportation,

and processing o timber, and trade in wildlie. A

variety o ICT applications can be used to improve

deterrence and response measures. Some have

been discussed in detail in previous World Bank

reports (see Asia-Pacic Forestry Commission 2010,

Dykstra et al. 2003, and Magrath et al. 2007). A ew

innovative applications are reviewed here:

Pt: c appg, cpt ht

dtct: tb tackg, cha ct

t, chckpt, att ag, GPs

ac

spp: c ataba, ca aagt

t.

Mobe n Onne Cme repotn Seces

Governments around the world are increasingly involving citizens in crime reporting through e-governmentservices that allow them to report incidences o corruption and crime. Citizens can send text messages,

leave voice messages, or send e-mails to authorities. Involving citizens is a cost-eective and reliable way

to prevent crime. The Web site o India’s Central Vigilance Commission (see box 10) has a similar system

through which anonymous callers can report corrupt ocials o state agencies.

A crime prevention project in Peru shows how citizens can eectively contribute to law enorcement and

crime reduction in a municipality. The municipality o Mirafores has developed an Internet-and-phone-

based system called Alerta Mirafores that:

g ctz a wa t pt ct t ca ct ca;

capt ata ctca a pa t pt a ap pbc at ca ca ppt th

cat th ca a patch th ct c; a

hp cpa ca aag ctz ct pact, p ap, a aaz

th t.

By improving its ability to rapidly respond to incidents, providing timely eedback to citizens, and capturing

detailed crime inormation, the municipality was better able to prevent crime and increase citizen security.Alerta Mirafores has reported a 68 percent drop in robberies since 2003, a 30 percent reduction in assaults,

CyberTracker handheld device (South Africa)

Photo: Eric Vandeville / Rolex




and a signicant reduction in overall crime. An assessment showed that the system enjoys high-level

political support rom the mayor, who regularly monitors its implementation; this support ensures that sta

morale and discipline are maintained. Providing citizens and the municipality with access to every report in

the database osters accountability. The transparency o the system enables the mayor and his sta to call

citizens to acknowledge their valuable reports or apologize in case o mistakes.

A similar application has been used by the Blue Link Inormation Network project in Bulgaria to combat

illegal logging. The project enlists both NGOs and citizens to report suspicious activities that can trigger

additional investigation by the orest agency. Individuals participate by registering alerts (30 alerts have

been logged into the system since its launch in July 2009) and by supporting NGO experts in the preliminary

checks on these alerts. An alert is checked against a list o indicators o probable criminality beore the

case is submitted to authorities. Established environmental NGOs in Bulgaria have demonstrated their

support or the project by providing expert advice on orestry issues, participating in preliminary checks, and

lobbying or the integration o the online platorm into the work o the state orestry administration. While

this project was developed and executed by an NGO, it can easily be undertaken by orest law enorcement

agencies that have a direct stake in preventing thet. The ability to send and receive inormation via text

messages or voice messages (as in Alerta Mirafores) allows the system to be used by almost anyone.28

Incentives are a big issue in orest crime reporting: will people in rural areas take the initiative to report,

especially i they have to pay or the call? Unlike urban crime, which directly aects residents and motivates

them to act, illegal activities in orests have a more indirect eect, and orests are typically common or

state property. To involve citizens in orest governance, incentives must be signicant enough to make them

risk reporting. Another key issue to be resolved is the condentiality o inormation and the saety o theinormants. Inormation must be careully handled to ensure the saety o persons who report crimes and to

ensure that the reporting system itsel is not used to spread unounded allegations.

Tracking and suppressing illegal logging and trade in endangered wildlie usually requires cross-border

inormation gathering. The United Nations Oce on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) helps nations track

international criminal activities; it has developed a number o sotware applications to help countries

collect, analyze, and share intelligence and inormation on international crime (see box 24). These systems

can also be used in anti-money-laundering investigations, which depend on gathering and analyzing large

amounts o data on nancial transactions. The products depend on interagency deployment and could be

an eective tool in countries in which illegal logging places a serious economic burden on state revenue

and could be a source o nancing or other serious criminal activities. UNODC provides technical support

or installation o the sotware. So ar, no specic inormation exists on the use o these systems to curtail

orest crime.

Tecnooes fo Sence n deteence

Several sophisticated technologies are available or crime detection; a ew are specic to the orest sector.

The computerization o checkpoints in Gujarat, India (box 25) is an example o how technology can enablebetter law enorcement and increased revenues or the state. This project also shows how misuse o




A slightly dierent approach or surveillance with the help o GPS has been successul in sheries in West

Arica, under the Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods Program o the UN Food and Agriculture Organization

(FAO) and the UK’s Department or International Development (DFID). Community surveillance o inshore

shing grounds in Guinea has reduced illegal incursions by industrial trawlers by 59 percent. Members

o the shing community on Guinea’s northern coast use GPS technology to track poachers. The shermen

can calculate the exact location o a poaching trawler using a handheld GPS receiver and can radio the

inormation to the nearest coast guard station. The GPS coordinates generate a red fag alert i the trawler

is in a prohibited zone. The coast guard then dispatches a patrol boat to intercept the intruder. A two-year

experiment using GPS- and radio-assisted community patrols has proven so successul in Guinea that the

approach is being adopted by other West Arican shing nations. The key to the program’s eectiveness lies

in the partnership between the coast guard and small-scale shermen using their own motorized canoes.29

While small communities may not be in a position to monitor all vehicle movement inside orests, authorities

could use a similar approach or surveillance o vehicle movements in unauthorized areas. This could deter

timber poachers.

Tecnooes fo Tmbe Tcn n Cn of Csto Sstems

Ghana National Wood Tracking System

The Ghana National Wood Tracking System (WTS) developed by Helveta Ltd. is a timber legality assurance

system that helps reduce illegal logging; it is a key initiative under the EU-Ghana voluntary partnership

agreement (VPA). For other technologies or timber tracking, see box 26.

Currently, the system traces only wood rom on-reserve areas destined or export, but the national rollout

plan includes coverage o wood rom o-reserve areas, imports, underwater extraction, and plantations. A

chain o custody system should cover all wood and wood products in circulation in a given market; otherwise,

bOx 25. COmpuTERizEd ChECkpOiNTS iN GujARAT, iNdiA

In late 1999, the state o Gujarat in India computerized the processes o inspecting trucks carrying goods

and estimating the duty owed by deploying electronic weighbridges, video cameras, and computers at

the border checkpoints. The manual system was corrupt and inecient, and resulted in a signicant losso revenue or the state. Computerization was expected to improve the processes o identiying vehicles

and estimating duties, and to plug the leaks and increase revenues. The deployment o the technology

enabled checking o all vehicles and remarkably enhanced revenue collections: a cost-benet analysis o

the system showed that government revenues increased our-old rom Rs.5.6 million to Rs.23.7 million

in three years, although the number o vehicles seems to have increased by only 7 percent. However, it

was still possible or corrupt checkpoint ocials to take bribes rom truck drivers who did not understand

the technology or the actual duties they owed. So, while the system improved eciency, it did not improve

user satisaction or the perception o corruption among government ocials manning the checkpoints.

Source: Indian Institute o Management 2002.




bOx 26. TEChNOlOGiES FOR TimbER TRACkiNG

Radio requency identifcation (RFID) labels represent an advanced technology that holds considerable

promise or use in wood chain o custody systems. RFID uses communication via radio waves to exchange

data between a reader and an electronic tag attached to an object, or the purpose o identication andtracking. Some tags can be read rom several meters away and beyond the line o sight o the reader.

On average, an RFID chip costs rom US$0.07–$0.15. An important advantage o RFID systems or log

tracking is that signals can be read rapidly, remotely, and under dicult conditions. RFID labels can

potentially store a large amount o data, are dicult to countereit or tamper with, and can provide a

high level o covert security. These devices can signicantly acilitate data capture, data processing, and

security audits. It is possible to encode RFID labels at all stages o the wood supply chain, rom the eld

to the end user. RFID labels can enhance logistics and inventory unctions.

Microtaggant tracers can be used with other labels to provide additional security and to aid investigationso log thet or log laundering. They are not a stand-alone labeling technology.

Chemical and genetic fngerprinting oers some promise or the uture but are currently too expensive

and have not been suciently developed or routine use in wood chain o custody systems. They are likely

to prove most useul or proving the origin o wood in investigations o log thet or log laundering.

The global positioning system (GPS) is a satellite-based navigational system in which a group o 27

satellites help identiy the exact location o a GPS receiver anywhere on earth. GPS tracking devices

can be used to track the movement o vehicles in concession areas and can quickly identiy vehicles in

unauthorized locations. The GPS vehicle tracking unit can have a wireless modem that communicateswith global tracking systems. GPS data are sent directly rom the vehicle to servers, where the inormation

is processed or the user. All o this happens in real time. Driver interaction can be avoiding by using a

hardwired tracking system that is installed discreetly in the vehicle. The units are always on and users can

always tell where a vehicle is in real time over the Web.

Sources: http: //gpstrackit.com/aq and Dykstra et al. 2002.

it is easy to mix illegal wood with wood rom legitimate sources. The system uses handheld computers toscan plastic bar codes and tags on trees and logs in remote orest areas, capturing measurements such as

species, diameter, length, and geospatial location, as well as the date, time, and name o the person who

enters the data. Field data are uploaded over the Internet to a secure mainrame computer, which interprets

and organizes the data into tailor-made reports and maps o orest areas.

The WTS is based on an existing Helveta system called CI World. It has our main components:

itcat a taggg a pct cgt g ba-c ab.

icpat th tag b t th tatt caat, pct, a th

at c a pt.




u ctc tchg ata cct a ta.

dpt a ataba t c, aaz, a pt a w pct a w t.

Various modules o the WTS have been congured, but it has taken longer than expected or the Forestry

Commission to conduct the pilot. Logistical issues and internal inormation gathering issues also havedelayed the project (see box 27).

Liberfor Chain of Custody System

Liberia is the only country that has ever had UN sanctions banning all timber exports. The sanctions were

issued in 2003 to prevent the use o timber exports to nance civil war in the country. Ater the sanctions

were lited in 2006, it was decided that a robust chain o custody (COC) was needed to ensure the integrity

o logging and revenue collection. The Liberor chain o custody system ensures transparency o payments,

bOx 27. GhANA NATiONAl wOOd TRACkiNG SySTEm

The Ghana National Wood Tracking System (WTS) ollows the chain o custody o wood across the country,

allowing Ghana to demonstrate compliance and control o its timber supply chains and to secure access

to premium markets in the European Union and the United States.

Stock enumeration involves numbering and tagging yet-to-be harvested timber—standing trees in

the lots or compartments in the orest reserves. A number is engraved on each tree, and a white bar

code tag is attached that has the same number. Each enumerator receives a PDA equipped with GPS,

GSM, scanner, camera, and data input; the enumerators venture into the reserve with eld rangers and

supervisors. When the timber is harvested, the engraved numbers and bar code allow it to be tracked

through the process to export. Enumerators collect the ollowing inormation:

Allocation o reserves, compartments, and lots.

Consortium holding.

Consortium harvesting schedule and by whom.

Plant species and how harvest is done.

Where to mill.

Due diligence on taxes. GPS position o trees.

Timber fows are monitored and veried through logging, processing, and local sales or export by means o

product labeling, physical inspections, and electronic checks. The WTS enables the tracking o individual

logs and consignments o processed products, even with changes in status (e.g., ownership or location)

or properties (e.g., species, remeasurement, new grading, length trimmed, new logs cross-cut rom an

existing log, new bundles replacing old bundles ollowing sorting). The use o ICT in this system case

allows a more comprehensive overview o wood movement than the previous paper-based system could

possibly provide.

Source: Ghana country report.




bOx 28. libERiA: libERF OR ChAiN OF CuSTOdy SySTEm

Forests cover 45 percent o the total land area in Liberia and are an essential source o revenue and

economic development or the country. Emerging rom a 14-year civil war, the country needed to build a

system to manage its orest resources proessionally and sustainably. In the past, illegal logging had been

a key driver o corruption and nancial, social, and legal problems. For example, in 2006, approximately

$64 million o logging revenues were in arrears and only 14 percent o revenues were accounted or.

Liberor, the new timber chain o custody system, has been designed to prevent a return to the uncontrolled

logging o the past. The system is being operated on a build-operate-transer basis by SGS Liberia. Like

the Wood Tracking System in Ghana, Liberor is based on the Helveta platorm. Its main components are

as ollows:

CI Earth – Mapping

– block maps

– stock surveys

– plantation compartment maps

independent monitoring o approvals or payment and shipping permits, and monitoring o all log movements.

The internationally approved concession review in 2005 identied irregularities in payments and shipping

permits as a major contributor to the US$64 million o arrears. In addition to satisying domestic integrity

and compliance needs, a COC system is required under the VPA that has been negotiated between Liberia

and the European Union.

Liberor is a public-private build-operate-transer (BOT) partnership developed in 2007 to implement a COC

system to trace orest products. The chain extends rom the stump to the point o export to prevent illegal

timber rom entering the supply chain and being exported. The system is currently managed by a private

international company, but management will be gradually transerred to the Forest Development Authority

o Liberia (see box 28).

The system will monitor all timber fows in Liberia and ensure the integrity o regulatory documents and

sampled eld checks. It will also prepare all timber sales and taxation invoices, and monitor logging

company payments to the government. Ater checking that all requirements have been meet and payments

made, Liberor issues an export permit or the timber.

iptat th t a th hah cag c th ha t happ at th pac

pct g th g pha. Th t t bg aa, whch wa t th ga tt. Th

a ct th gag pccat ta a cc abt th abt th CoC tag.

lba tatg t cca t t at a g p ct ggg g th

p g a th c t, a th pc takg ch g tha pct. Th tat

g-t pag t pat wa t, a th pata pag, ct aagt,




TracElite – Chain o Custody

– tree elling

– cross-cutting, dressing, and log registration

– transport o logs and wood products

Perormance Management

– data reconciliation

– data verication

– random sampling and inspection

Document Management

– concession registration

– invoicing and regulatory documents

– management tag control

The ollowing are some o the Liberor’s achievements by mid-2010:

Approximately 440,000 trees have been tagged and located.

Approximately 180,000 trees have been veried in the system.

More than US$11 million in revenue has been invoiced, mainly in area ees in scal year

2009/10.

With the new system, the Liberian Forest Development Authority will be able to

manage the chain o custody or all wood products rom the orest point o origin to the export

gate or domestic market;

manage the conditions or release o timber export permits;

ensure that taxes and ees related to timber production and trade are collected; and

invoice and monitor payments by logging companies to the government through an

inormation system involving the orest administration, the ministry o orestry, and the

central bank.

The system strengthens the capacity o the Liberian orest administration. Also, both the authority and

the private concession holder have a more accurate picture o the resource base in the orest: this is a

precondition or sustainable orest management.

While the system is technically unctioning and able to meet the requirements o law enorcement and

revenue collection, there are major concerns regarding its sustainability and easibility. Some stakeholders

in both the public and private sectors think the system is too complicated, has increased transaction

costs unnecessarily, and is inappropriate or the Liberian context. These concerns were based on the need

to have a 100 percent inventory (above a threshold size) o the logging sites, as opposed to only collecting

inormation on commercial species; inappropriate design o the chain o custody tags; and dependence

on Liberor inspectors. Another area o concern is that the system is housed on Helveta servers in the

United Kingdom rather than in-country. Long distances and limited international bandwidth could lead

to reliability issues.

Sources: The authors and the Liberor team. PROFOR has provided nancial support to Liberor.




a pa th ggg t t b bt p aga. s th cc th qt

t th th CoC t a at t th act that cpa ha t t t th a tht th pata pag.

Th lb c w pct t b -acg, wth ct c b tpag a pt

cct b th gt. Bt w g pt ha cat acg gap, a

atcpat ctbt ha b q t ata th t. Th tat a ctat

th g-t ptta cca t th ct ha a cc abt th

taabt th lb t.

le infomton Mnement: gob le infomton NetoTh Gba lga iat ntwk (Glin) a ctc t that ab acc t p-t-at

ga at at a w ct. Th t wa p b th u.s. lba Cg t p

acc t ga ga tt. i Gab, th gt ha Glin t pbh th pa c

th aw—pcca, ta aw—t a cc ptat t aw ct a

gac (FleG) pc. mbhp Glin, a ga achg t, hp th gt

tgth th aw a cag c ag takh (.g., t atat,

th pat ct, , c ct, nGo). i Gab, th gt p taab acc t

Glin th ga pbc bth ba a a aa. Glin wa tabh Gab t a wth c-b pb, gaz tt a ta pc, a a tg a aat t, a

haz th ga t ComiFAC (Cta Aca Ft C) ct.

Liberfor tags and traditional logging company markings (Buchanan port, Liberia)

Photo: Tuukka Castrén / World Bank




At a ag ptat p, th t wa cta a a ta aw w aaab

. Ct, Glin p acc t at , aw a ct t pat th t b ag

w aw a th a pbh. Cpa wth a th attpt t p ch a t, Glin

t ct-ct. Wth tt th wa pbct at capag, th t ha a

ta cag b t— 9 t tha , ( fgure 4).

F a ctaz ct a gt ttt, th itt th c acc t

ab, p-t-at ga at. i Gab, Glin ha ppt ctazat a th pt

-gt a ct whch th pat a achg ct t a w-tabh

tat. rct pt t itt acc Aca ha a t a t Glin, a b

ph. Cb caé a ag a th pa b twk a itt acc at a w

ct, t aa.

ECONOmiC EFFiCiENCy, EQuiTy, ANd iNCENTiVES

i cca t, cc acat pc a tb a a act a p t a

pactc, c, a tapat c akg, whch act tat a pat ct

cptt. i ga, patcpat g t a pc, a pp ct th

aw h pt qt a cc cc. Th, tchg that a aw ct ca b

c t that hac qt a cc. F ap, th cptz chckpt c

a ( box 25) ha ha a ct pact tat , athgh th pa pp wa aw

ct. s th w t tb tackg a bg k t cc awa pc,athgh at cac hw w th wk pactc.

Onne Tmbe Ses n lcensn

va iCT appcat a g t pt b taact btw th pbc a pat

ct; aa that ca ptta bt iCT act pbc tb. mt t agc

pg ct t ha tgat a w-ctg t aagt a at

t that w ab -act. e ag p ct, a w ha

t. Th uK’ Ft C ha a aac t: th act pc a

tgat t th -gt c th uK gt.

Th act t p t a c a Hp at that c t c pb. Th t

pa th t tp act a aw b a b t w a t, whch

ca tapac. A t a ct a pt, that b a . Th t a

ha k a ph b thgh whch ca k atac. B cat ach th’ b,

a g b a g th a th w qt. Th a t c atatca

wh th bg c, a th w wth papwk.




Screenshot of GLIN website

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0

FiGuRE 4. GliN GAbON: ViSiTORS TO wEb SiTE, 2008–2010

Source: PROFOR 2010.

2008 2009 2010




Screenshot of UK Forest Commission online timber sales

Hw ct a ctc tb a? Th uK t ha b patg c , a abt a th

th Ft C’ aa pct abt 6 th p akt. Ct-bt

aa ca t b th c a that appat £, a aa a a t

ctc a.

Th ctc tb a a act t wa p a ca, g a cta appach

that aw th c t a th tha a ctc t ag t w ta

a ag b that pcha tb. Th t t ata a c;

ap, accat a whp, t, a hatg cat a q th t t ctct. A hgh tchca ppt th at tchg a ga tact wth

a back th ct a ptat t kp th t cta a -.

i a at t, th uK Ft C ab pat t a aa w t app

a gat t pat t th a a c t t. Th t hac tapac b pag

a appcat th Wb t, kg ach appcat b t ca b t a ap that hw th cat

th pp actt. each gat ppa c a cpt th actt a th at t th

a a w. i th ca g, th t ha a k t th c’ pc ctat,

whch c th pac taa a ta t at t tag th c appapc. mb th pbc ha a cta at t t ct a ca.




Bth pta hac th tapac a acctabt th uK Ft C, wh g a

a cca ct b taact.

lostcs

Tacg tackg tchg ca a b t p gtc a th cc cc. rFida th tackg tchg w w pt g t pt a, g cpac wth

th aw, bt th tchg ca a p cc cc. A c a, cha ct

t w ga p aw ct a cat pp; hw, p

kwg abt aw ata fw a tct ca ab th t ct t p gtc a

aag th fw.

Tw ap Fa tat th tackg c t p cc a pctt

(box 29). iptab K rFid chp t c wat a ca th ab w

th hat, wh th meTKA pct wa a at cg taptat ct t ca pctt.Ct a ptz wh th p bg w that ha t th ght t ctt

a tapt. Bth iptab K a meTKA c b aapt wth a w-pcg t

a th w.

reene Mnement n rEdd+ Scemes

Th t ct at th ct gba attt, a th tata ct cag c

cat chag tgat thgh cg tat a t gaat. Th

pat t th ut nat Fawk Ct Cat Chag (unFCCC) a cg a gattt t cpat ct ct thgh pat cab that t a

qt. T c th pat, tpca t ct a pct t tak th k tp: ()

tabh a c ca ba tat, tat, a gh ga (GHG);

() ca p ptat actt t t a c tat a gaat; a ()

pt ct, pt cat, a cpt pat. Th cc redd+ w

p tpca ct’ t t hat tat a gaat, a t cct, aaz, a pt

ata- t a cab ata a c th act. Ft t a t-cg

a ct, a tat t cab a g cc. mt tpca t ct ha tt

t ata a aqat capact t t th qt. Th w ha t w tchg

that ak cct, aa, a patg t ata p, qck, a ct-ct. i at,

cab tck tat t b accat a t t t tp, pc, a ag ca, a

t g gaat. Box 30 a table 5 cb pb tchg ach

pha redd+ t t th ata qt.




bOx 29. RAdiO FREQuENCy id ChipS FOR EFFiCiENT wOOd pROCESSiNG

Indisputable Key, EU-unded project or development o RFID-based tracking systems

Indisputable Key was a three-year, multinational, EU-unded project to develop RFID-based timber tracking

systems. It was launched in 2006 with a total budget o EUR 12 million and held its nal seminar in March2010. The primary objective o the project was to decrease the proportion o timber that is wasted or used

or lower value end products than the initial timber quality would have warranted. Data management was

based on individual associated data methodology in which each elled tree has a unique code embedded

in a microchip that is connected to a database. The chip or tag can also include inormation about the

log parameters, elling location, and time o elling. This inormation is used in subsequent stages o the

production chain to optimize process exploitation.

As part o the project, a new type o RFID tag was developed that used pulping-compatible raw material,

so the tag does not aect any o the processing options. The project also developed transponders suitable

or reading and modiying data in harvesters and in such tools as large metallic saws, the latter o which

had earlier experienced problems. The products and system used to read and process the data written into

the tag are designed to unction well in all weather conditions in the EU area, rom the cold and ice o the

north to the warm and dry conditions in the south.

Increased eciency is achieved in the timber supply through the ability to source the raw material rom the

harvesting point all the way to the most protable producing unit. Currently, the orest industry consumes

timber in a bulk manner, without taking ull advantage o the characteristics o timber rom dierent

origins. I we can identiy dierent sources, we can take dierences in timber quality into account in

processing and increase the market premium or better timber quality. The methodology and technologybehind the developed system are ully transerable to any geographic area.

METKA

METKA is an RFID technology-based tracking system. The objective o the project was to develop an

operational tracking system or local bioenergy supplier Vattenall, which benets rom increased

protability o wood-based bioenergy production. The sotware developer, Protacon, built the inormation

database behind the system on existing Oracle-based stock management sotware. The tracking system

uses RFID tags attached to the bioenergy wood piles when they are harvested. The system uses cheap,

low-capacity bulk tags, which allows Vattenall to also track low-value items. The tag allows the companyto ollow the chain o custody and optimize processes to reduce transport costs. Another benet is the

ability to optimize the drying time or harvesting residuals to minimize transport costs and maximize the

caloric value per transported unit. This has a remarkable eect on protability. Currently, the system is

in use by two orest management associations and two operators. About 10 vehicles and orest tractors

use the system.

Sources: Finland country study and ht tp://www.indisputablekey.com.




bOx 30. iCTS iN REdd+

REDD+ activities need to be carried out with the participation o indigenous and local communities that have

long-standing cultural and socioeconomic ties to orests. Issues relating to their tenure and rights to orest

resources are oten unclear and are disputed in many countries, and there is little understanding o how uture

payments rom a carbon market would be distributed. In these situations, technologies can help demystiy

orest inormation and make it more transparent and accessible to increase the participation o communities

in the decision-making processes.

Pilot projects in dierent parts o the world are currently testing various approaches to REDD+. Projects

are ocusing particularly on inormation collection and analysis or orest carbon estimation at the national

and subnational levels, and approaches or involvement o and beneft sharing with indigenous and local

communities, especially with regard to mapping and measuring orest boundaries, degradation, and carbon

levels. Two o the more advanced projects are the Community Carbon project in Mexico 33 and the Surui

Indigenous Peoples project in the Brazilian Amazon.34

Both use smart phones/PDAs with preloaded sotwareor data collection on biomass rom sample plots and boundary demarcation using GPS unctions. These

projects are training local communities to update the data and use simple interaces on the devices to convert

the data into carbon estimates.

Another pilot project, in Ethiopia,35 had individual armers access the international carbon osets market and

receive payments directly through a mobile phone. Small armers near Bahir Dar were asked to measure the

diameters o trees on their land twice a year and put the inormation into a text message that, along with each

armer’s unique identifcation code, was sent to the regional watershed users association ofce. Standard

sotware computed the amount o carbon stored on each arm as well as the change rom the previous

measurement; any increase in stored carbon dioxide was converted into cash using the going rate or CO2 oninternational markets, and armers were paid by their local association.

In Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, The International Small Groups and Tree Planting Programme (TIST) has since

1999 been empowering small groups o subsistence armers to invest in ast growing trees. To date about

50,000 armers in Tanzania, Kenya Uganda and India are participating in the program and about 7 million trees

have been planted. TIST Small Farmer Groups develop nurseries and decide which species to plant and where to

plant them; on their own arms or around villages. The benefts include production o tree ruits, nuts, frewood,

timber and protection o agricultural crops. The armers receive a payment or each live tree . The eventual goal

is to mobilize about 70% o net revenues rom carbon sales.

In the interim, based on experiences rom similar on arm tree planting programs being supported by the Kenya

Department o Forest and Wildlie, by private agribusiness companies and by the Bio Carbon Fund, armers

and private companies investing in trees could potentially be earning a 13–20% fnancial rate o return on

investments. USAID has provided support to the TIST program mainly towards capacity building.

Transparency and accountability are key elements and TIST has developed technology to monitor progress and

results. Using handheld computers and GPS, highly trained local quantifers visit each tree grove and record the

location, number, size and species o live trees. They take pictures o group members, their nurseries and trees

and upload this inormation into a central TIST database using cell phones and Internet. Investment needs or

this program during the next 10 years could be in the order o $30 million.

Sources: Authors and http://www.tist.org/.




TAblE 5. ROlE FOR iCTS iN ThE diFFERENT phASES OF REdd+

phases of Redd+ how iCts Can be usedRelationship to foRest

goveRnanCe

1. Establish a reerence scenarioand strategy.

Map boundaries o orests andownership, orest cover, andextent o degradation.

Carbon estimates – stock andemissions.

Remote sensing

LandSat, ALOS, MODIS, SPOT, etc.

Airborne LiDAR mapping andanalysis using Earth Engine,CLASlite/ILWIS/Arc View

Permanent plots or eldmeasurement

PDAs enabled with GPS

Smart phones connected to theInternet with preloaded datacollection ormats

Pillar I: transparency, accountability,and public participation

Pillar III: quality o orest administrationPillar IV: coherence o orest legislationand rule o law

(Pillar II: stability o orest institutionsand confict management)

2. Scale up investments, implement

REDD+ strategy, and monitorcarbon.

Develop monitoring systemand estimate costs orimplementation, maintenance,and training.

National inormation management

systems or reporting rom dierentsectors

Pillar I: transparency, accountability,

and public participationPillar III: quality o orest administration

Pillar IV: coherence o orest legislationand rule o law


3. Receive payments or carbonbased on reporting andindependent verication (e.g.,communities, subnationalentities, private sector).

Indigenous peoples and communitymembers register and report throughmobile phones and receive paymentsdirectly through mobile accounts ororest carbon sequestration.

Pillar V: economic eciency, equity, andincentives


COmmON ElEmENTS

W ha cb a ap hw iCT a bg t pt btt gac t a

at ct. Th ca tat a w t appach a tchg, bt th t

c a th appcat t a th chag t pt.

Th ct ca (th a ca a w a th ct t Fa, Ghaa, a ugaa)fct a agt acap, wth a b at bt tt cag p. Bt th a

pt pga p ght gag th pptt a chag ht g iCT t.

s c t ca b t t az th pc—c act that th

cc a tat th pt ab.

Inormation and communication technologies can improve orest governance, but operation,

maintenance, and project design issues must be addressed.

A ap hw that, th a pp pa, b a itt appcat ca p

a apct gac. m, th t ca b cb wth th t p a

aa c t t pa a th ga pbc. ra-t at t ch a HFire




sth Aca a Cat itata’ Firms a hgh-tch t tagt pa at t a

ghtg pa. ClAst a Ab ldAr, a w a th cha ct t, a a

b ta pa. At th th th ca, th cab at t ethpa,

cw-cg t Bgaa a Ka, a th a patcpat appg t a p

a p t . Th t hw that tg tchg ha ch ptta a a aabg at wa t t cp chag.

Bt hag pg apppat tchg a t aqat. Tw a cca g-t

taabt: t, pct g t b apppat a c tg a tg gg

a; a c, p t c pata a atac .

Th ct-appg pga Ca wa w c bt ac ct a ha t

b taab. Th PdA-ba tchg t th tchca bct, a ct w ab t

cct a pa ata. Hw, th pct g a t a ct t th ct ath b, a th wa t ab t ach g-t taabt.6 Th ap a hw that

“cta” cta cc pct g app iCT pct: tt t b t a

ca ctt, at patcpat, a taab.

F th P mapp , w a that th t t-cg pat appcat pt th

t pt gg th qta t that th appcat w t acta at

. m appcat pt pat ak t a t p a pcat th tac

a th tchca appcat t. Bt th c acta b a pb, a iCT pct t tc

taata ath tha cta chag tagt ct. Gaa chag b tgpc a tct, a cct t htcg. iCT at, th th ha, t

tc t w wa wkg a th a b ct t cpat t tg tct.

eap th Ghaa ct t hw that iCT t t b c t th ht

gazat. itct -gac appcat ght chag th a ct, bt th

appcat t t ppt th tat c ct th ht gazat.

ma th ap th pt a bt pcc tchg pat a w t b ttg

th appcabt a patca tchg ath tha cg a pt g a pcc

pb. Th, t th ca b a t ath tha pb . ma apct

g a ptat t c gh attt. o th uK Ft C ca t

a ct-bt aa t c; t tchg ha t a aca aa

th , th ha pct pa cag p.

Th ca t hw that—wth apppat tag—t p, takh, a ct ca

a t w tchg a appcat. Ct wth a tac w ta

ata pt g b hat a PdA. Th k act wa pg apppat tac.




opata a atac a cca. rct c pw pp (.g., t chag

aptp, b ph, a PdA); pa pat (.g., pact batt); a c. Th a

c t iCT appcat a ct; at a pca t ab a chagg

b ph a cat.

ICTs work well or some aspects o governance, but their use must be linked to institutional demand

and systematic assessment o governance needs.

i th ap, w that iCT ca ab t gac, bt t a

a cg qa attt. mt appcat a cg cag tapac a

pbc patcpat (Pa i), pg th qat t atat (Pa iii), pg

th chc t gat a th aw (Pa iv). W w ap g iCT

t pt cfct aagt a th tabt t ttt (Pa ii) a–pg–

appcat t hac cc cc, qt, a ct (Pa v). Th pt

appcat ha t b tatc ba a awk t gac; ath, appcat

ha g a g p a a c. iCT ha t b a b t ct

; th, th ha t b app agat a tatc t t gac. A,

t atat a t tct t pt th ga aat ct ath tha t

c at kwg aagt.

Th ct tbt appcat fct th tt th gazat that p th (t

ta iCTd nGo) ath tha th a ptta t a th t ptat pb.

A a a pptt p cc cc g, th pp iCT appcat w

ca; a ap, w k th tha th at pa b bakg appcat.

Chag t th at iCTd a a ca th a a tatc appach t iCT

t gac. Ft—athgh iCT w b ta t t th t ata gat

redd+; tag a aa tg, ptg, a cat (mrv); a ta cab

pat—th pc th aa t. i redd+ tgat t gba cat chag

tgat agt, th w b a a bt, ab, a ct-ct mrv t a th

iCT appcat.

sc, t pct that redd+ a a tt w ca th at g aaab

pg t gac. ra ppaat ppa (rPP) ppa b a gt wth

ppt th Ft Cab Pathp Fact (FCPF) a th ut nat Cabat Pga

rcg e dtat a Ft dgaat dpg Ct (un-redd) c

t gac. i at, th Ft itt Pga (FiP) p g t ct pt

ct tt ag t taata chag a cat chag tgat. Pat th

g pbab t p at a ccat t a aagt.

Bth FCPF a un-redd g a tpat hw ppa h b ppa at th ct. Th pga t pcca a at aagt a tchg; hw, appg




kw iCT appcat th ctt ppag a rPP w ca tat that t pha c

bt iCT appcat. s a, a th iCT appcat ha t b -t t t rPP

. itata gazat act redd+ pc h c pg t that a

ta t t th a pc.

Th, a b gg tat a aazg th tat t gac a ppag cat;

th tat a ppt b nGo (.g., th W rc ittt, Tapac itata, a

Chatha H) a w a tata gazat (.g., th W Bak a FAo). Th tata

gazat a wkg a t appach t t k t aazg gac. Th

tc th wk awk a cat w hp t th act paat “t

gac” a aa wh iCT appcat ca b ( th ugaa ct pt).

Users are able and willing to use new technologies, but they need to be aware o the service and

motivated to use it.Cctg wth th ght ac iCT appcat ca b a chag. Fa ha tha

pat w t ppt a appat t w, bt a t act th

(abt ) ct th w t aw g pbc -ctat. i Ch, pa

pt t ca wa ct wg t ack a. Hw, th u.s. Ft sc

tag pga t ta a th tt pat cc.

e that a cta a tchca ppct a a t p bw

pctat. Ct t b ab t p back a t ha ca ct t th t. Th

ct-appg pct Ca hw that, wtht th ght ct, pp w t p.

Patca pbc c, patcpat ta t gtz th c: athgh th Fh gat

wa p ct, ab th pc t t th ga bct pbc

ctat. i th pt gg a p gh, th a b pt ggt that

th pc wa t c? Th u.K. Ft C’ pc hw that -act wth tat

cca b a ab, bt th ga pbc q a pa tact. Th,

wh th c kg pbc ct, t tw ha tg ath tha ctat.

Wh t a th atht ak at aaab, th actat th c-akg pc.utat, th at w b th ba pbc ctat a c c akg; k

at t a w aaab, a act ct a th takh a t

patcpat. e t at bca. F ap, atht at at

thgh Wb t, t aaab t a a nGo, th ga pbc t acc th at

tchca agag a. At at t t th, bct t pbc ct. i Ghaa, t atht

ha t p Wb t that ca b acc b th c ct, whch ca tapac th ct. s

chag at at a th pct aw ata a th t ctat pat th

at. Wb t t p g - pct pca t t bc tat c

ppt .




Technology can make existing systems more efcient and previously uneasible activities possible.

Th u.K. Ft C tat that t Wb t ha p ct ag w c th ta,

at hgh ct th c. Th ldAr appcat ha ab ag aa t b app at a at

w ct. Tb tackg a th aw ct t ha gat p th ct aw

ct. Achg th a pact thgh cta th w ha b ch p bth aw ct b a th ggg t. F ap, th lb cct at

that cca a ggg cpa c t p th cc th pat a

aktg; hw, that w q capact bg th pat ct.

s gaa pt t cc a th t th ca iCT appcat; th a th

aw t qt abt hw t thg btt a hw t g tg pc. iCT ca a

b ab t w actt. Cw cg ata a pa ap—th w ha b

pb thgh aa a. A thgh t t pct, th ethpa cctg cab

at thgh b ph w t ha b pb wth cta a; taact ct

w ha b phbt. mb tchg a ab a t patcpat t actt

ch a ptg cpt a th c, bca th tt ca b btt ptct.

Th taata a ct t p tha th cta cb ab.

Taata q at tha cta . i th att, th pb t

t thgh pactc; th , p t t t th pb a th th t.

W t tak a t capta appach a accpt a hgh a at taata pt, bt th

ptta t a ch hgh.

Some services are consumer driven and can become fnancially sel-sustaining, while others are

public goods and must be fnanced rom public sources.

mt ca t a ap a - a nGo-ac pga pbc ct actt,

bt iCT appcat a a bg p b bakg, akt c, a th cca .

dp a a tt th aca taabt th c, a hw th ct ttg

th p a g th ca b c ct.

i t pbc g a c, cg t gac, th tat t. F ap, awct a pbc g a h b ac pbc c, t b . Ag th

aca taabt pbc g a c t c pbc g a c ba cc

ga tha t cah . F pat c, th tat t: cta b cac ca

b app, athgh tagt b a b c; ap, t th a p t ab th t

b bakg c.




Applications that use mobile phones, radio, and the Internet can be deployed quickly, with minimal

technological support.

i a ca, th tchg t a th appcat t b t. ma th t

gac appcat th pt w p tg pat a a- at.

Th a a b wa t ca pbc patcpat a ac t aa, t t, a t c ha-w cfct a pak a ptct aa. nt a th appcat a w:

a th at iCT t b p pt ccat a ct t b th

t bqt.

W ca th t th iCT ct a w, patca itt pt, wh at

aac appcat ca b p t cpat tct. Bth th pbc a pat ct, a

w a nGo, ha tabh at twk a tct t pt ctaz pt

appcat. o ap th Ga Applab ugaa (box 31).

Costs can be a limiting actor.

Th ta ct a jaa-ab b ph that aw ata pt th itt a ha a caa

a us$. Ph wtht jaa a chap, bt th ha capabt ap itt cctt,

akg th pa ht agg c (sms) tt ag. Table 2 hw that, pt

bOx 31. GRAmEEN ApplAb: i NCubATOR ANd NGO–pRiVATE SECTOR pARTNERShip

AppLab (Application Laboratory) is an initiative o the Grameen Foundation. By leveraging the power

o inormation and communications technologies, AppLab seeks to overcome the barriers to accessing

inormation that contribute to the poverty cycle.

AppLab uses mobile technologies to both disseminate and gather relevant and actionable inormation. It

develops mobile phone applications and services that allow people to access inormation on important

topics such as health and agriculture. For example, through a simple text message, a armer can receive

tips on treating crop diseases, learn local market prices, or get advice on preventing malaria.

Grameen Foundation developed the AppLab concept in 2006 and brought Google and mobile phone carrier

MTN Uganda together as its partners. Grameen leads the eorts on the ground in Uganda, including research

to understand needs, identication o appropriate applications, engagement with local partners to develop

and customize content, and piloting and testing applications to bring them to launch and scaling.

Google’s role is to provide human and technology resources to advance the development o the application

solutions. MTN Uganda provides the communications inrastructure, general on-the-ground support, and

marketing support, and leverages its unparalleled distribution network to ensure that rural users are

aware o and able to benet rom the services.

Google.org contributes to the ocus on rural community development and assessment o the impact o

the project.

http://www.grameenoundation.applab.org/




th ct ca iCT ct a pc wa akt (.g., Ka), th ct a b ph a

itt c ca t b hgh at t c .

Th Ph t Tak Ca t q pca hat; pa ga b ph chag

a w a ta chag tak t. Ct t a appcat that hgh- c

ch a PdA a hah GPs. F tac, th Ca pt ppt b Hta, th hah PdA

ct btw us$ a $,. i at, chagg th hat a pacg batt ca b ct

t cat.

Ath act th at ct: hgh pt tt ct ca b a pt th ct

g a atag th t a w c t tabh. Th pb ca b c b g

at b patg wth th pat ct. F ap, th P mapp c tw

. Th ct ca ch a twa-a-c (sAs) ctact wth a th p —th ct

pcha th hat a th tchg p a c ctact. o th ct ca pchath wh appcat a th t t w . Th chc aw fbt t ct

that a ha t iCT atct a capact.

F a a iCT appcat a th ac th a pa t gac, table 6.




Building on the ramework o ICT and e-governance development, and on the country case studies and

the examples presented above, we list 10 key actors to consider in developing ICT interventions or orest

governance. Some are based on the generic ICT4D principles and their application in the orestry sector,

while others relate to the special characteristics o orestry.

Th ap pt th pt hw th ptta g iCT t p t gac, bt

th a hw that th a a t. iCT ca p pt tc th

a g pp. i th ct, w k at th “hw” : th pata qt that ct

ata t agc a pct aag, wh a th k c ak th . What act a

ca iCT-ab g gac?

Th t act app t a iCTd a -gt tat:

. e that th iCT pc t a tat -a a cc t .

. d th pb a th at .

. dt th bt t pt a th apppat tchg.

. dg cta apppat a at appcat.

. e th t a pbcz th c w.

6. etat ct, taabt, a caabt.

. A ata ct a pac .

Th at th act a pcc t th t ct:

. e th tc aqat at th c (.g., t).

9. it th takh (.g., g pp, w, a th a p) a t t

th patcpat.

. e b- t atht a th takh.

. be aar t natona iCT oces an e-reaness. proects can e eveoe n

contres t o reaness, t te st e esgne accorng.

i gg t ct iCT appcat, t ta t ta ata a cta -a,

a w a th ct’ pt th gac pt tact ( fgure 5). Ft a

5 ThE wAy FORwARd: mAkiNG FOREST GOVERNANCE 2.0 A REAliTy

Chapt 5: THe WAy ForWArd: mAKinG ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0 A reAliTy



F i G u R E 5

. p h A S E S O F E - G O V E R N m E N T d E V E l O

p m E N T

T h e l a s t t h

r e e c o l u m n s r e e r t o s e c t o r - s p e c i f c a p p l i c a

t i o n s .

S o u r c e : B

a s e

d o n

H a n n a

2 0 1 0

.

P h a s e I :

P r e p a r

a t i o n

d e v e l o p v i s i o n

d e f

n e p o l i c y

a n d

i n s t i t u t i o n a l

r a m

e w o r k

e n g

a g e m e d i a

b u i l

d a w a r e n e s s

a c h

i e v e b u y -

i n r o m

s t a k e h o l d e r s

c r e a

t e e -

l e a d e r s h i p

d e v e l o p s t r a t e g i c

p l a n

d e v e l o p P P P s

i d e n

t i y

a r e a s o

r e s i

s t a n c e

a s s e s s r e a d i n e s s

P h a s e

I I I :

P i l o t d

e p l o y m e n t

s e l e c t p i l o t p r o j e c t s

d e p l o y p i l o t p r o j e c t s

t r a

i n m i d -

l e v e l

m a

n a g e r s i n

b u s i n e s s p r o c e s s

r e e

n g i n e e r i n g a n d

c h a n g e m a n a g e m e n t

c r e

a t e m o n i t o r i n g

a n d e v a l u a t i o n

( M

& E ) p l a n

d e s i g n p r o c e d u r e s

a n d e n s u r e f n a n c i n g

o r

m a i n t e n a n c e a n d

u p d a t i n g

P h a s e I

I :

I n f r a s t r u c t u r e

d e v e l o p

m e n t

d e v e

l o p I C T

i n r a

s t r u c t u r e

c r e a

t e g o v e r n m e n t -

w i d e

n e t w o r k

d e v e

l o p h u b s

d r a

t e -

l e g i s l a t i o n

d e f n e I T

,

p r o c

u r e m e n t

, a n d

e - c o

n t e n t s t a n d a r d s

t r a i n

s e n i o r

m a n

a g e r s i n c h a n g e

m a n

a g e m e n t

P h a s e

I V :

R e v i e w

a n d s c a l i n g u p

e v a

l u a t e p i l o t

r e v

i e w

p o l i c y

a d d

r e s s i n t e r n a l

r e s

i s t a n c e

t r a i n r o n t l i n e s t a i n

I T a

n d n e w

r o l e s

t r a i n l o w -

l e v e l

m a

n a g e r s i n c h a n g e

m a

n a g e m e n t

r a i s e a w a r e n e s s o

l e s s o n s l e a r n e d

i n i t

i a t e b u s i n e s s

p r o

c e s s

r e e

n g i n e e r i n g

d e v

e l o p s t r a t e g y o r

s c a

l i n g u p

O n g o i n g :

I m p l e m e n t a t i o n

s c a l i n g

u p

r e p

l i c a t i o n

M &

E

m a

i n t e n a n c e ,

u p d a t e s a n d u r t h e r

d e v e l o p m e n t



bOx 32. hOw iS E-REAdiNESS ASSESSEd?

The UN global e-government survey measures and compares countries or e-government readiness

through its e-government index, which is a composite index that includes the Web measure index, the

telecommunication inrastructure index, and the human capital index. The 2008 Web measure index isbased on a ve-stage model that builds on the previous levels o sophistication o a Member State’s

online presence. As a country migrates upward through the various stages, it is ranked higher in the Web

measure index. The 2008 telecommunication inrastructure index is a composite index o ve primary

indexes o a country’s inrastructure capacity as they relate to the delivery o e-government services:

1. Internet users/100 persons

2. PCs/100 persons

3. Main telephones lines/100 persons

4. Mobile telephones/100 persons

5. Broad banding/100 persons

The human capital index is a composite o the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary,

and tertiary gross enrollment ratio, with two-thirds weight given to the adult literacy rate and one-third

to the gross enrollment ratio.

Another e-readiness assessment tool is the Connectivity Scorecard, which emphasizes the practical

dimension o ICT use. It measures the extent to which governments, businesses, and consumers make

use o connectivity technologies to enhance social and economic prosperity. The scorecard attempts to

measure “useul connectivity,” which is a combined measure o hard measures like number o computers

or broadband width on the one hand and user skills on the other. The scorecard measures government andthe private sector separately.

Sources: http: //unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan028607.pd and http: //www.connectivityscorecard.org.

b th at a , acc t pa a pat ; hw, a acc t b a

itt twk ha ca t th pat w a. P -a t a pt

t ca iCT th t ct th tt a g apppat.

Patca t wth wak capact, th k that p w cat t that a

pt ach th a t ah t ata -tatg. s at, ch a k

c cptg, q tt at a ba gt ath tha at th a g

agc ct.

A ct’ pc gg iCT a ptat, a w a at pc a th tt t whch

gt agc a wg t ha at wth ctz. e-a t abt tchg: th

ct t ha a ga awk a ttta capact that acc t at, pac, apbc c. iat ct a ba bth tchg a ga ght. 9




Th un’ gba -gt a a cpa ct -gt a a

cpt cpg a Wb a , a tccat atct , a a ha

capta . Accg t th , a ct Aca, cpt sth Aca, w ak bw

th tp t -a. Hw, a Aca ct ha a hgh b ph

whp.

Th, athgh th a t b -a th tct , th hgh b ph a pptt t th bt iCT-ab g gac.

A g a ach, c ct, gt watchg, a th ptca ppt ha acc

t ta t at— th ga pbc a cct—a cta at

tapac t. Th a ct act at; ap, t at t

c th t agc’ aca tatt w b phbt p a ct t

at thgh ctc a, t pbc acc thgh ctc a btt

tha acc at a.

. defne te roe cear, assess te noraton nees, an coare osse sotons.

dg th pb a ata qt a k pct. iCT a t ab, a

hag g t aac that a pb ca b a. A tatc pc k th app

t fgure 6 q t t th t apppat tchg. Th bct t th t

ct-ct a ab t. mb a itt appcat p a bt, bt tata

w-tch ccat cha ca a b apppat, pca wh acc t at twk

a ctct a t. i tatc back t a q a th at t t-

t, pt, ct tg, a a ca b ct.

dc ak t cgz a ptta ta-; ap, iCT t a a p

t t p, bt ct ct p ct a b w. A, acc t at w t b a—

gt th ct w t b ab t acc t. Th c h b t ca a t gat

a. sc t th ga pbc h b accb b a a pp a pb, bt th tat

a b t pca a-a c. F ap, at ct ght

t h b a accb a at thgh a, wh at

tata ta tb a t cca w pcg cpa ca b t t ct,

wh ca b pct t ha acc t at iCT appcat. Th pbt cg ct

a.

i th wg tat, a iCT appcat a b apppat:

iat t b tbt at a pat qt.

Th a a .

iat t b t ac ag tac.

at t b b




Fback tw-wa tact q.

Ct qat bt w b ach.

ec gp wg t ack accbt w t tab act th ght a ctz.

. deterne te est entr onts an te arorate tecnoog.

i iCT pt, gaa a cta tct w c ba tg c ca

b bca. st a at th ga pbc a whch t - tag cat b

p h b ba aa tac. etg pga a appcat a th bt bt t

cc. F ap, ia, pc wth tct hw that ag w c t tg

ct a ct wa t p pbc acc t at. Pggbackg pbc c t tg

cca c ath wa t p acc.

Ath c that t b a ctg t pt th tp tchg that w b . Th

ct pt ugaa a Ghaa c itt appcat; hw, at th a t, a bat

akt gg b appcat t a ppat, pca Aca. mb ph a

at ph a ch c tha itt-cct cpt pg ct. Th

t at ph a that th ca b t acc at c a w a cta

tph . A th a ch w aaab tha cpt-ba itt c.


FiGuRE 6. dECiSiON-mAkiNG FlOw iN TEChNOlOGy ChOiCE

What is the governance

problem at hand?

Who will generate

the inormation?

Who will use the inormation?Identiy end users and

their access toinormation services.

What is the content?What types o inormation

will be shared?

When or how oten isit needed (periodicity)?

Where is the inormationneeded? Determine the

location o users and the needor portability.

Is there a need tocollect responses?

Two-way interactionversus broadcasts.

Identiy solutionswithin the national

e-government ramework.Make the technology choice.



bOx 33. dEVElOpiNG FOREST SECTOR ANd RuRAl iCT4d

Mobile Active–an online community o practice–lists 10 pitalls in mobile ICT4D projects. This is a useul

list o not-to-do actions:

Don’t clearly state project objectives.

Don’t plan ahead.

Go it alone.

Don’t adjust and don’t compromise.

Ignore the community.

Don’t scale your rollout.

Ignore critics.

Burn your budget.

Burn bridges.

Don’t plan or the end.

FailFaires is an inormal orum organized by Mobile Active in which ICT4D project developers analyze the

reasons or ailed ICT projects in order to learn rom them.

Inveneo’s ICT Sustainability Primer oers the ollowing key principles or what to consider in designing ICT

projects or low-resource environments.

ICT inrastructure

In low-resource settings, the ollowing actors can be critical to project success:

Use hardware with the lowest possible power draw.

Select equipment with as ew moving parts as possible.

Select eld-serviceable and locally available parts.

Ensure computer virus protection.

Ensure that sotware is designed and tested or local reality (e.g., no broadband connectivity

or high-power computers required).

Select user-appropriate sotware and hardware interaces.

Ensure local connectivity. Even where Internet bandwidth is slow and expensive, local

connectivity between sites, such as the district orest oce and ranger stations, can be

ast and cheap.

Power inrastructure

An ICT system is only as reliable as the power system that supports it.

Good electrical design and low maintenance are basic requirements.

I possible, use hybrid systems (e.g., batteries can be charged by more than one power

source, such as solar panels and a generator).

Build around locally available inputs.

Sources: http: //mobileactive.org/how-ail-mobileactives-denitive-guide-ailure; http: //ailaire.org/;and Inveneo 2010.




Bg iCT acc a c a tac that th tagt ac ca th kh

cc ptak. A hw g 6, tcat th tagt ac a t -a hp ct

bth th tchg chc a th tac g twa apppat t pt.

. desgn ctra arorate an reevant acatons.sc t b ca aapt a at, a t t th th tagt ac. Appcat

h t q agag k that a t w aaab. Patca aa wth w tac at,

-appcat h pat a t c packag thgh whch tat ca acc

th at a wa b ag. Pbc agc a ta nGo ca hp wth th t.

o appach t ca ct a t at at ga th itt.

lca at hb a ptat t that g cta apppat. Wkg at th ca

a g th g th t w that appcat a p t ca a that th w b . e th at t b at a th tchg wk

a pa, a t a a t pct tc ptta pc th wh c

packag a at a t pg a a. u h c back, a cw-cg a

ct appg appcat t c ca ct patcpat t p at.

Th a pct g-t taabt th .

Cta apppat a at ctt q that th tagt ac a th a a t b

p a aqat . A c t a -tha-cc appcat that

th w ba th tchg ath tha a ca a th c t b . Pp tawa cgz th ptta w tchg; g th tchg t t q that

at b ba bth tg a gg tchg. Hw, w-ca appcat cat b

ba tchg a; t q th tc a a a a th c.

. invove en sers an

ce te servce.

it t gh t t t p

a t—th tagt ac

t b awa t a t

bt. nw appcat a

t q aktg a

act at th

pptt th . Th

apct a b patca

c c t p b c c t

agc, whch a tpca taktg-t. Th tagt Rainforest landscape in Uganda. Photo: Douglas Sheil / CIFOR.




ac ca b ach thgh bth tata a at appach a phtcat

aktg a atg tchq.

e-a a ta act t that c w b a tt w t w

p th tc. Hw, a a t awa gh. Th ct pt

Fa hw that a p ct, -c ca b . dpt th act that Fa

ha pat w t ppt a appat t w,

-ct w c pg t gat. it t ca whth th w patcpat at wa

t a ack at th pc a ack tt, th, cta, ctat

pat w aaab.

Th a ct aagt th tat t -c q that t a ata

paa wth th w pt; bt c ptak th w appcat aqat, th paa t ca b

ct, ag t ct ag.

. in esgnng roects, conser costs, ong-ter fnanca sstanat, an scaat.

ma pt t a appcat a a bz b tata , nGo, ata

gt, a pat at ha t wk tcg w tchg w-

c ct. Hw, pca cca c, a appcat’ g-t taabt

p - patcpat a t--pckt pt, tpca thgh th pcha

a at tchg c.

mt pt pct c bg tchgca kwg a pt. v w pt ha c

th aca taabt th . ltt cph at t th tt ct

pg t, a w aa a aaab a cc ct. m ach th

aa. Hw, th aa iCT appcat, t ca that at hgh ta tt ct, ct

ct ca b at w. Th, th cag p paat: a ca b aqat ca p

pcat, th ta tt ca b c a th appcat w bc taab.

i th t ctt, pcat apppat tha cag p. Gg t ca w b at

ata t atht ptg at th ga pbc a kg back pcc .

Ct ca b a a pt t taabt. Th lba ap cha ct hw that

hgh tha pct ct w tha pct fw ca ag th g-t abt

tchgca apppat . iCT tt t c a bt pc t bth tchca

a aca abt th tchg ch a t that pct aag apppat.

o pt t t t c ct th p c twa; hw, oss t wtht

t tat ( box 34).




bOx 34. OpEN SOuRCE SOFTwARE

Open source sotware (OSS) is a computer sotware or application that is available ree o charge under

certain conditions (see denition below). OSS can originate rom public sector activities (e.g., research

projects, donor-unded development projects) or rom the private sector. In the private sector, ee-basedservices (e.g., training, installation, and customization) may be linked to the sotware.

Using OSS is oten proposed as a way to reduce costs in ICT applications. The assumption is that not

using proprietary sotware and paying related license ees will lower costs. However, sotware license ees

are only part o the costs o an ICT application. Costs related to customization, installation, training, and

hardware can be much higher than the license ees themselves.

However, OSS can provide notable benets as a development platorm. It allows or constant adaptation

and upgrading o applications by local experts, replication in other sectors, production o dierent language

versions to cater to local minorities, and replication o successul models in other countries. OSS is potentiallya useul approach or increasing the use o ICT in a cost-ecient way, although it has limitations.

Defnition

As dened by the Open Source Initiative, the distribution terms o open source sotware must comply with

the ollowing criteria:

Free Redistribution

The license shall not restrict any party rom selling or giving away the sotware as a

component o an aggregate sotware distribution containing programs rom several dierent

sources. The license shall not require a royalty or other ee or such sale.Source Code

The program must include source code and must allow distribution in source code as well

as compiled orm.

Derived Works

The license must allow modications and derived works, and must allow them to be

distributed under the same terms as the license o the original sotware.

Integrity o the Author’s Source Code

The license must explicitly permit distribution o sotware built rom modied source code.

No Discrimination Against Persons or Groups

No Discrimination Against Fields o Endeavor

The license must not restrict anyone rom making use o the program in a specic eld o

endeavor (e.g., business use).

Distribution o License

The license must not be specic to a product.

The license must not restrict other sotware.

License Must Be Technology-Neutral

Source: Open Source Initiative (http://www.opensource.org/docs/osd).




s at at t t gac a pbc g a t b a aaab a a pbc

c. Bac at abt t c, cc, a ta tattc, a w a at

at t c gt act, h b a aaab a a ba

acta ct. iat b th a p h b a a accb a pb, aca

a thw. Hw, a-a at c t t b , patca th hab a. o c ag that wh at ata a h b a aaab a w a

pb, a agggat ata wth tab pc ctt c tab c at a pc. i

a t, at a aab c.

Ath wa cag cc a cg ct–at at th ta pha– t c -c

aa a ct wh th bt w b at. F ap, appcat that a wth ha-

w cfct t b t a pat a ct; kw, t g t a ga

ggg h b ct at pb aa. it ptat t ach t t a pcc pb

ath tha p a t.

iCT p t aqat g bth ta tt a ct ct. Gac

t pc a ba ptca w ath tha tt; hw, at t pt

q tt bth phca a ha atct. i b-ba , ct a c

b ; pbc c, pbc g q. What th acg , p t

g aaz th bac paat a a taab aca ba th appcat.

. Aress ata secrt an rvac sses, an eveo rs tgaton to revent sse o tecnoog an naccrate ata.

Cbc a k a tchg-pt w. Wh acc t iCT t tack ga actt

actat aw ct, th c ca a b t: ga gg a w pach ght

tcpt ccat btw t atht a , tt ag c b t

bat a aw ct agc. law ct b h ha ct c

a pt t ct at a tgat ca actt. Th ptta

tchg q that atht a th takh p apppat k tgat a,

cg a tag th k. ma t b pac t t cpac ata—accat at ght ga bat attpt t a atht p tta

tak a tag.

Pac ath aa cc, pca th ct whtbw’ tt. i iCT appcat

a t cag pbc patcpat t aw ct (.g., b tabhg ht t pt

ga ggg, pachg, cpt th t ct), th t t paz th pa at

at.




Th t th a pcc t th t ct.

. Ensre te estence o aeqate noraton on te resorce (e.g., orest nventores an

resorce assessents) or te at to rove ata coecton.

i th ct at aagt, w c th k tp at t

gac. Th ap pt th t a k at that ca b cct a

at thgh th iCT. Bt th appcat a t a th at t

t; , ap, ct ha t t th t cct ata th ca ct

t-pt ct. A g ap lba, wh th at t t wa ca t

th 9. s, wth th aac lb cha ct t, w t ha a ca w

taabt; that , whth ggg h b ca ca.

Hag aqat ata a pct tapat at hag. lack ata cat b cb a tt tchg a, bt th tt t ha t b qta: a ct ca

cct t at at th a t iCT appcat a p a paa pc.

. ient a te staeoers (e.g., ngenos eoes, oen, an te rra oor) an

tr to ensre ter artcaton; avo oca ete catre.

Th t ct ha takh wth a kwg a cptc. lag tp

ptat, a w a aag a tchca pcat t atat a tata

nGo a ha a hgh kwg th ct a g acc t a tag att. At th th th pct a pp a (pca g) ct, wh a

ha t a kwg th ct a p acc t at twk. Acc a

b qa wth th ct, t, wth w p pp c wh ca t ha

acc a kwg.

T a t capt a th t c k takh, a at t pt

pa t c cph takh/ct appg. Th pc w hp p a th

at a ch th bt wa t p th q at c.

. Ensre -n ro orest atortes an oter staeoers.

Apt a -gac aga t agc a cc a wa. it a q tg

at gac ata -gt pga a agc h hgh catg

b (.g., th pt’ p t’ c) a t that ca aat t

ata -tatg (.g., th t ac pag). o apt ch a aga a b th

t aca ct. ica w tchg t b cc ga a ct

ag. i th ca b ca aaz a tat, agc w b tat t ta gag a

pa th iCT. F th t happ, th agc t b ab t ta th ag t




tt ct bgt, t cpat pb cta ct, at at g th tat

pha. Th appach a t ta c bt ca b app ta

o ap appcat ha hw that th tchg at awa wk, bt g b-

atht a th takh a b ackg. A ap iCT a t a taata

chag t atat gac. Th t atht a takh th

pt at t tw pp: () th pp a k t b k pt

akg c abt c ; a () wth w cpt, t atht ha t th at

ata t a th . Th at a pct a p ata t a appcat.

ma nGo a tata gazat ha p at , bt k atht a

aagt a t , th w t w ha t a. Th a b a k

- pct, wh th pb t a baac btw th c aaab pct

ta a ptat t th ha a th c aaab t th “ga” c c th th. Pct a t ab t qp th ptat t wth hawa a twa,

wh th patt a p qpp. i w wat t w-ca iCT , at agc

t b pga a wa that aw th t patcpat. Th q aqat tt g

hawa pga, t pt, a ha capact bg.




REFERENCES

(Wh th c a pa ccat, Wb t,

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t b .

epa Cc. . Cc rgat (eC) n

/ dcb th tabht

a FleGT cg ch pt tb t

th epa Ct.

———. . rgat (eu) n 99/ th epa

Paat a th Cc octb

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tb a tb pct th akt.

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9. “Th u ‘Ph t Tak’ mb Ph

Tchg t rc Ha ephat Cfct,

lakpa dtct, Ka.” Wkg Pap , lakpa

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GsmA dpt F. at: et

Cctt Tack Ha-ephat Cfct

Ka. l: GsmA.

Gch, l A. 6. “uC vta: A nw ecata

iCT Ba Pat Pa upatg

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Haa, nag K. . Transorming Government

and Empowering Communities – The Sri Lankan

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W Bak.

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and Grassroots Innovation or the Knowledge

Economy. nw yk: spg.

Hk, rcha. . utag -Gac

dpt. -Gt Wkg Pap s.

macht: ittt dpt Pc a

maagt.

———. . “iCTd: Th nt Pha Appg iCT

itata dpt.” Cpt (6): 6–.

Htäk, la, A Q. n, a K Bt.

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iCT upat n.6, Fba . Wagg: Tchca

Ct Agct a ra Cpat.

ia ittt maagt. . “Cptz

ittat Chck Pt Gaat stat, ia: A Ct

Bt eaat st.” Th Ct ectc

Gac. Ahaba: ia ittt

maagt.

i, Ta, Ca G, a Aa Th. .

“spg Ft.” i Inormation Technology and

the Forest Sector , . la Htäk a st n:

–. iuFro W s, v , va.

i. . iCT staabt P (aaab at

http://www..g).

itata Tccat ut (iTu). . iTu

W Tccat/iCT icat databa athttp://www.t.t/iTu-d/ct/tattc/at_gac/

a_ctcat_.ht.

———. 9. http://www.t.t/iTu-d/ct/tattc/

at_gac/KTc99.ht.

———. . mag th iat sct. Ga: iTu

Kka, sha, a Kat vca (): “W

Tchg sca Chag,” ut nat

Fat a va Gp Fat

Pathp.

law, sa. . “iga lggg a rat Ta:

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bg pap. l: Chatha H.

magath, Wa B., rcha Gaak, Ga l.

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mcCaw, Pt. . “Gac ia: s

Ct.” Tk: Aa dpt Bak ittt.

mt-Kga, At, a ja naa-sabat. .

“opt t ica Acc t Tccat

sc ra a lw-ic Aa.” Wkg

Pap , Wahgt, dC: W Bak.

m, m. . “Wh ra matt.” dpg ra

Pat, Wahgt, dC.

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dpt: Ca st ia” nata

ittt sat Gt, Haba

Pa, j., a j. Bka. . “lgtac Pbc

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lca (K:TGAl) rpt. (aaab at http://www.

ctcabt.g).

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. “iCT a itata Gac.” i

Inormation Technology and the Forest Sector , .

la Htäk a st n: 9–. iuFro

W s, v , va.




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Haa vack. . “iat a Kwg

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m. A. sha, d. da, a K. r: –9.

Wag: CAB itata.

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a Cat.” i Inormation Technology and the

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–. iuFro W s, v , va.

sth, da ja. . “Cpt, nGo, a

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–.ut nat. . Unlocking the Human Potential

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W, lz A. . “s, Wh ow th Ft? Aitgat it Ft owhp a Cta

la rght lba.” ma–l: sdi–Fern.

W Bak. . “Cbatg Cpt ia -

ehacg Acctabt dpt.” eat Aa

Pt rct a ecc maagt ut.

Wahgt, dC: W Bak.

———. . “Ft ittt a Tat:

epc a l eat ep.” eCssd,

Wahgt, dC: W Bak.

———. 6. “stgthg Ft law ect a

Gac: Ag a stc Ctat t

staab dpt.” Wahgt, dC: W

Bak.

———. 6b. “ia: uckg opptt Ft-

dpt Pp ia.” Wahgt, dC: W

Bak.

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Gac a Atcpt.” Wahgt, dC:

W Bak.

———. . Forests Sourcebook . Wahgt, dC: W

Bak.

———. 9a. “rt G Ft otc: A

Aatca Fawk Gac r.”

Wahgt, dC: W Bak.

———. 9b. “iat a Ccat

dpt – etg rach a icag

ipact.” Wahgt, dC: W Bak.

reFerenCes



. eap pa ii a c th

gac pa.

. F ap, t wa t t 996 that ja

Wh, th pt th W Bak, ga

a a pch th a pact cpt

that t a pc tat th Bak.

. Th W Bak pg a cbk iCT agct, t b pbh .

. Th ha bc a , ap, ia.

F a ca t ctazat a ca

cpt, Hwa (at) a W Bak

(). s a sth ().

. F a cph ptat ct

tat t cta ga ggg, Bw t a.

(at).

6. F ap lba, a wa cgz a

ca a th ppt g ct.

Hw, th 9 , t wa cag

c tat ppt. i ct wat t

w t, th ha t b t back (W ).

. Cpa th g wth th cb ccat

th w’ agt wpap:

(http://www.ap.c/).

. Th ha t a ct-pcc t ch a

-hath a -cat t cb appcat

tchg th ct. Ath cat -gt a -gac, whch t th

b appcat a appac.

9. F a -pth aa th gwg pact iCT

pt, W Bak (9b).

. s th Ba a Hzga ca t W

Bak ().

. Th ptat cpt pt (iCr)

th Aha Pah Ft Pct t, “Th

pct ha, th att tag, bta p-t-

at Gis hawa a twa a tabh a

w Gatc Ct… .Hw, th t ha

b pata th att tag

th pct.“ Th iCr th utta Pah Ft

Pct t, “Th a wak at (pct)

t w…a pctat that th ptg

agc w aag ag ctac, ch

a th t aagt at t

(Fmis), wh t capact th aa wa t.

oth htcg w th pt thFmis, whch wa ta a t a -fg

pag t at pct c.“ F th maha

Pah Ft Pct iCr: “Ath htcg

ct aagt wa th a t a

p ac- pag pc ppt b

a Fmis a acat capact bg.”

. raa Ft dpt Pct (P66)

a Ba-Hzga Ft dpt a

Cat Pct (P96).

. s, ap, Ft mtg Act

(FormA), whch aaab att ata

t gat ap pat ap tpca

t cag (http://www.cg.g/ct/

tat/_act/ttgacta).

. Th pt a aaab wa at http://www.

p..

. http://www.whth.g/p/abt a http://

www.ata.g.

6. http://www.tatabgt.g/what-w-/p-bgt-tat.

. http://www.gaba.c a http://www.

gpac.g.

. http://www.pgapat.g/.ht.

9. stattc ct whch ctt ata

w aaab: Btwaa, Ca, dcatc

rpbc Cg, Ka, nga, sga, sa

l, sth Aca, Tazaa, ugaa, a Zaba,

qt m ().

. http://www.c.g/wbw/cc.

NOTES

noTes



. http://ctpat.cta.t//Fat-Atc/

dgta-a--Papa-nw-Ga.

. l Bt (WWF-us) pa ccat.

. http://www.../c/a/.ht.

. Gch (6) a Gch (p. c.). http://www.aawa.c/pat-w/

w/cbatg-bh-w-a---th-

tat--w-ataa.

6. http://cat.cw.//.ht.

. magath, Wa (9): Ptat at W

Bak–FAo wkhp t aw ct a

gac Aa–Pacc, Kaa lp, nb

9 (pbh).

. http://www.pagata.t/ a http://www.bk.t/.

9. iCT upat n.6, Fba ; http://ctpat.

cta.t a http://www.a.g/gh/w/

c//fp.ht.

. http://www.g.g.

. itt ct tha us $,. ProFor ha

p aca ppt t Glin.

. uK Ft C (pa ccat)

. Pt-Ga a mcCa (). CbTack wa t ca t ct t cab appg

sa ja Batta th cpat uapa a

ath th Tata cpat

. Th Aaz Cat Ta, Gg eath

otach, a th m Fat: http://www.

aazta.g/.php//Th_st__

stb_ig_r a http://www.

gg.g/athg.

. Pa ccat pct ta.

6. Th ct t c back

a th ata th cct. i at,

patcpat ga t that th

w b cpat th wk. Wh

pat t ataz, th ct t

tt patcpatg. i a t aat

pt, “eabg ipt mtg

Ft rc b lca a ig Ft

Ct” (pbh, nb 9).

. A, ag tt a tp patg Wb t.

Th lba Ft itat (lFi) Wb t ha b

pat thgh , athgh th lFi t

tc.

. A ca c p w th pc sms t

. Ka chg (appat us$ .)p ag. Hw, ct t ct t

a at c, th a ct

a hgh (http://www.baaca.c/

sptb , ).

9. F ap, th Wsis dcaat Pcp

(Wsis-/GenevA/doC/-e ( dcb )

tat:

() Cctt a cta abg agt

bg th iat sct. ua,

bqt, qtab a aab acc tiCT atct a c cttt

th chag th iat sct

a h b a bct a takh

bg t. Cctt a

acc t g a pta c,

whch h b a ct wth th

tc gat ach ct.

() A w-p at a

ccat twk atct a

appcat, aapt t ga, ataa ca ct, a accb

a aab, a akg gat

baba a th at tchg

wh pb, ca accat th ca

a cc pg ct, a th

w-bg a a, ct a

pp.

() Th abt a t acc a ctbt

at, a a kwg ta

a c iat sct.

() Th hag a tgthg gba

kwg pt ca b hac

b g ba t qtab acc t

at cc, ca, ptca,

hath, cta, cata, a ctc

actt a b actatg acc t pbc

a at, cg b a

g a th at tchg.




. http://www.achctaca.t/w/ag/

pa/a-pc-pap_ct-acc-a-

ag-.p.

. A g ap th Fh pc ctc

tcat pbc c. At a,

, -id ca ha b a ppat . , th t wa ct. Th

pb wa that cca bak ha p

btt id t, a th t w a

b th tat tcat pbc c.

. s, ap, http://ctpat.cta.t/ (i :

dcb ).

. i 9, Fa ak th th w

-a, accg t th ect

itgc ut: http://gaphc..c/

p/e-a%akg.p. nb t w: http://www.tat./t/ta//

ta__--_kat__.ht.

noTes



ForesT GovernAnCe 2.0: A Primer on iCTs And GovernAnCe, exPlores A WHole

rAnGe oF uses oF inFormATion And CommuniCATion TeCHnoloGy THAT CAn

inCreAse PuBliC PArTiCiPATion And imProve lAW enForCemenT And eConomiC

eFFiCienCy To sTrenGTHen GovernAnCe in THe ForesT seCTor.

usinG THe World BAnK’s AnAlyTiCAl FrAmeWorK For ForesT GovernAnCe reForms,

iT drAWs on CurrenT And PlAnned iniTiATives, From seCondAry sourCes And

CounTry rePorTs. THe TeCHnoloGies exPlored rAnGe From simPle (moBile PHone

And rAdio) To more Hi-TeCH APPliCATions. THe emPHAsis is on simPle, loW CosTTools THAT Will sPur THe demAnd And suPPly oF Good GovernAnCe By inCreAsinG

THe enGAGemenT oF Key sTAKeHolders in THe reForm ProCess.

forest governance 2.0: a primer on icts and governance

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