Forestry 101: Silviculture Glossary of Terms BY: CONOR BELL AND ROB KEEFE

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO FOREST OPERATIONS LAB

Silviculture: Silviculture: The art and science of controlling the growth, establishment, and health of forests to meet diverse needs and land owner objectives.

Arthur Temple College of Forestry5

Stand Prescription: A planned treatment or series of treatments designed to change current stand structure to a desired future condition that meets management goals.

Bell, Conor

Stand Regeneration Systems Even Aged Management: Using silvicultural techniques that produce stands with a homogeneous singular age cohort.

Uneven Management: Land management that creates a heterogeneous canopy structure comprised of many different age cohorts and canopy levels.

Two Aged Management: Management strategies that create two distinct age cohorts.

Uneven-Aged Management A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with three or more age classes. ◦ Group Selection

◦ Single Tree Selection

◦ Free Selection

Virginia Coop17

USDA7

Even-Aged Management A stand of trees composed of a single age class in which the range of tree ages is usually ±20 percent of rotation ◦ Clearcutting

◦ Shelterwood

◦ Seed Tree

USFS6

USFS6

Stand Regeneration Systems The act of renewing tree cover by establishing young trees naturally or artificially —note 1. regeneration usually maintains the same forest type and is done promptly after the previous stand or forest was removed —note 2. regeneration may be artificial (direct seeding or planting) or natural (natural seeding, coppice, or root suckers)

OSHA13

Clearcut System A stand in which essentially all trees have been removed in one operation —note a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration.

USFS6

EVEN AGED

Google Images18

Group or Variable Retention

USFS6

Seed Tree System A tree left standing for the sole or primary purpose of providing seed. Few, widely dispersed trees are left after harvest to provide a natural seed source for regeneration.

USFS6

Forestry Images19

Shelterwood System The cutting of most trees, leaving those needed to produce sufficient shade to produce a new age class in a moderated microenvironment.

Coppice System To cut the main stem (particularly of broadleaved species) at the base or to injure the roots to stimulate the production of new shoots for regeneration.

Martin, Javier 2006

Group Selection System

USFS6

The trees are removed and new age classes are established in small groups. The width of groups is commonly approximately twice the height of the mature trees with smaller openings providing microenvironments suitable for tolerant regeneration and larger openings providing conditions suitable for more intolerant regeneration.

Individual Tree Selection System Individual trees of all size classes are removed more or less uniformly throughout the stand, to promote growth of remaining trees and to provide space for regeneration

Pre-commercial Thinning (P.C.T.): The removal of trees not for immediate financial return but to reduce stocking to concentrate growth on the more desirable trees

USFS6 Schnepf, Chris

Commercial Thinning: Any type of thinning producing merchantable material at least equal to the value of the direct costs of harvesting

John Deere11

Site Preparation Methods Prescribed burning ◦ Broadcast Jackpot / Pile Burning

Keefe, Rob Keefe, Rob

Herbicide Application A pesticide used for killing or controlling the growth of plants. It is generally used to control invasive species or reduce competition for the reestablishment of a forest stand.

Public Works23

Mechanical Site Preparation

Forestry Equipment10

Forestry Equipment10

Common Inventory Vocabulary: Forest Mensuration: incorporates quantitative measurements of the forest to determine stand timber volume and productivity/health, and provides a basis off which management decisions can be made.

Competenz Ind. 1

Crown Class: The position of the canopy of the tree in relation to the position of adjacent canopies. Higher canopies generally have higher grow rates, or are of older age.

USFS3 Bell, Conor

Basal Area The cross sectional area of a species or trees expressed in amount per unit area, usually measured at breast height or 4.5ft. (eg 100 ft2/ac)

University of Missouri2

Woodland Stewardship20

Stand Rotation Age In even-aged systems, the period between rotation establishment and final cutting —note rotation may be based on many criteria including mean size, age, culmination of mean annual increment, attainment of particular minimum physical or value growth rate, and biological condition

Wild California19

Wild California19

Stocking An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard —note common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, stand density index, and crown competition factor.

Woodland Stewardship20 Go Nature21

Site Index A species-specific measure of actual or potential forest productivity (site quality, usually for even-aged stands), expressed in terms of the average height of trees included in a specified stand component (defined as a certain number of dominants, codominants, or the largest and tallest trees per unit area) at a specified index or base age (e.g. SI50).

Virginia Coop17

Forest Operations Whole Tree Harvesting: The entire tree from the cut to the top of the crown is transported to the landing for further processing.

Cut-to-Length Harvesting: Trees are processed into advantageous lengths where they were initially felled before transport to the landing.

Direct Industry14 Direct Industry14

Stumpage: The value of the standing timber as is within the forested stand. This can also be considered the price a private entity pays for the right to harvest the standing timber from a forested stand. Prices fluctuate can vary significantly from year to year.

References 1. Compentenz Industry, woodcareers.co.nz/survey-measurement/

2.Dr. David R. Larsen (1999), Natural Resources Biometrics, http://oak.snr.missouri.edu/nr3110/topics/basalarea.php

3. Daniel Duriscoe, Kenneth Stole, and John Pronos, United States Forest Service, GTR-155,

http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/gtr-155/06-duriscoe.html

4. National Weather Service, Geographic Information Systems Datahttp://www.srh.noaa.gov/bmx/?n=gis

5. SFA Silvilculture, Applied Silviculture and Forest Ecology, 1994 http://forestry.sfasu.edu/faculty/stovall/silviculture/index.php/silviculture-textbook-sp-9418/149-silviculture-and-definintions

6. USDA Forest Service, North Central Region, Forest Management Guide, http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/fm101/silv/index.htm

7. USDA Natural Resources Conversation Service, Flickr Photo Acct., https://www.flickr.com/photos/nrcs_oregon/sets/72157629529098641/

References Cont. 9. Maine Logging Compant, www.americanloggers.com

10. https://forestryequipmentsales.com/20/HarvestersProcessors/1350/John-Deere-1270D-Processor.html

11. John Deere Industries, www.Deere.com

12. History Channel, Ax Men, www.history.com

13. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Mechanical Operations, https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/logging/mechanical.html

14. Direct Industry, Ponsse, Forestry and Mining Equipment, http://www.directindustry.com/prod/ponsse-oyj/forestry-forwarders-56915-370508.html

15. Harvey Richards Media Archive, Timber Tigers (1971), http://hrmediaarchive.estuarypress.com/timber-tigers-mechanized-deforestation/

16. Resolute Forest Products, 2015, http://www.resolutefp.com/Sustainability/Forestry_and_Fiber_Sourcing/

References Cont. 17. Gagnon, Jennifer, Virginia Cooperative Extension, 2009, https://pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-405/420-405.html

18. Google Sites, Logging and Kudzu, https://sites.google.com/site/loggingandkudzu/home/logging

19. Wild California, Eye on Green Diamond, Page 2, http://www.wildcalifornia.org/category/blog/eyeongreendiamond/page/2/

20. Woodland Stewardship, Elm-Ash-Cottonwood, Appendix C, http://woodlandstewardship.org/?page_id=1330

21. Anderegg, William, et.al.,Go Nature, Nature Climate Change, http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n1/full/nclimate1635.html

22. University of Washington, Experimental restoration of Meadows, http://depts.washington.edu/bgridge/C.Research/C.4.Experiment/C.4.1.Experiment-main.htm

23. Public Works, Vegetation Management Resource Center, Best Practices, http://vegetationmanagement.pwmag.com/bestpractices/a_treasury_of_trees.html