Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Planted Forests and Trees Working Papers

PLANTED FORESTS DATABASE (PFDB): STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS

M. Varmola and A. Del Lungo

July 2003

Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FP/25 Forest Resources Division FAO, Rome (Italy) Forestry Department

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Acknowledgements This working paper was carried out under a Visiting Expert agreement between FAO and Finnish Forest Research Institute under the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Finland and in collaboration with University of Tuscia, Italy. Disclaimer The Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper, report on issues and activities in planted forests. These working papers do not reflect any official position of FAO. Please refer to the FAO website (http://www.fao.org/forestry) for official information. The purpose of these papers is to provide early release of information on on-going activities and programmes, and to stimulate discussion. Comments and feedback are welcome. For further information please contact: Mr. Jim Carle, Senior Forestry Officer (Plantations and Protection) Forest Resources Development Service Forest Resources Division Forestry Department FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla I-00100 Rome (Italy) e-mail: Jim.Carle@fao.org For quotation: FAO (2003). Planted forests database (PFDB): structure and contents by M. Varmola and A. Del Lungo. Planted Forests and Trees Working Papers, Working Paper 25. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (unpublished). Note Working Paper number 25 is the first with renewed series title. The “Forest Plantation series, available from Working Papers 1 to 24 has changed to the new series title, “Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper”, but numeration will not change.

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CONTENTS 1 Introduction

1.1 The importance of forest plantations in world wood supply 1.2 Definitions and history of forest plantations and planted forests assessments in

FAO 1.3 Current situation in forest plantations and planted forest data 1.4 Why Planted Forest DataBase (PFDB)

2 Database elements 2.1 Classifications and variables of PFDB and FRA 2000 2.2 References 2.3 Structure and elements of PFDB 2.4 Possibilities for combining and separating information

3 Database contents and interface 3.1 General

3.11 Features of PFDB 3.12 Features of FRA 1980, 1990 and 2000 databases

3.2 Contents 3.21 Country wise planted forest gross area trends 3.22 Tree species information 3.23 Planting rates 3.24 Mean annual increments 3.25 Rotation lengths

3.3 Database interface 3.31 Data entry forms 3.32 Enquiring forms

4 Database improvements 4.1 Current database situation 4.2 Planted forests for core point of next FRA 4.3 Free entrance to PFDB 4.4 New elements of PFDB and connections to other databases

References

Country references

Appendix 1. List of countries in PFDB and reference source numbers. Appendix 2. Forest plantation gross areas in 2000 according to FRA 2000 and classification

of countries according to their planting development. Appendix 3. Gross area of tree species, genera, species groups based on the PFDB data. Appendix 4. Tree species used in planted forests and their frequence expressed as number of

countries with observations (N). Appendix 5. Poplar plantation areas by countries. Appendix 6. Minimum, average and maximum mean annual increment (MAI, m3 ha-1 yr-1) of

selected tree species (more than one observation in each) and number of observations.

Appendix 7. Average rotation length of selected tree species (more than two observations) and number of observations.

Appendix 8. Mean annual increment vs. rotation length of tree species having more than 30 observations.

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ACRONYMS ADDF Afforestation Division Department of Forestry, Bhutan AEFCS Administration des Eaux et Forêts et de la Conservation des Sols, Morocco AFPA American Forest & Paper Association APFSOS Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study BC Belgian Commission CARICOM Caribbean Community CCFM Canadian Council of Forest Ministers CEFAO Commission Européenne Food Agriculture Organization CIDA Canadian International Development Agency CIFOR Centre for International Research CIRAD Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CNÁC Comisión Nacional del Álamo de Chile CPC Croatian Poplar Commission CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research CSO Central Statistical Office, Swaziland CTPD Coopération Technique entre les Pays en Développement, Burundi DAD Department of Agricultural Development, Qatar DEFCS Direction des Eaux et Forêts et de la Conservation des Sols, Rwanda DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines DF Département des Forêts, Rwanda DFR Department of Forest Resources, China DFRN Direction des Forêts et des Ressources Naturelles, Benin DFW Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Cambodia DGEF Direction Générale des Eaux et Forêts, Burkina Faso DMLWE Department, Ministry of Lands Water and Environment, Kenya DNFC Direction Nationale des Forêts et Chasse, Guinea DNP Departamento Nacional de Plantación, Colombia DOF Department of Forests, Lao PDR DSF Département des Sciences Forestières, Canada DWAF Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, South Africa ECE Economic Commission for Europe FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FBD Forestry & Beekeeping Division, Senegal FC Forestry Commission, Zimbabwe FD Forestry Division FIMO Forest Inventory & Management Office, Lao PDR FMB Forest Management Bureau, Philippines FORIS Forest Resources Information System FORMECU Forestry Monitoring, Evaluation and Coordinating Unit, Nigeria FRA Forest Resources Assessment FS Forestry Service, Mauritius FSD Forestry Services Division, Bhutan FSI Forest Survey of India FWD Forestry and Wildlife Department GAAFA General Authority of Agriculture and Fisheries Affairs, Kuwait GEMS Global Environment Monitoring Systems GFPOS Global Forest Products Outlook Study GOJ Government of Jamaica GOPA Gesellschaft für Organisation, Planung und Ausbildung HFM Heads of Forestry Meeting, Fiji ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry ICPP International Plant Protection Convention IITF International Institute of Tropical Forestry INDUFOR Consulting services in sustainable forestry and environment INEFAN Instituto Ecuatoriano Forestal y de Áreas Naturales, Ecuador INFOR Instituto Nacional Forestal, Chile

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INRENARE Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Panama IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IRSG International Rubber Study Group ITTO International Tropical Timber Organization IUCN The World Conservation Union IUFRO International Union of Forestry Research Organizations JOFCA Japan Overseas Forestry Consultants Association KNPC Korea National Poplar Commission MAAR Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, Syria MADR Ministère de l'Agriculture et du Développement Rural, Angola MAE Ministère de L'Agriculture et de L'Élevage, Fiji. MAEEFP Ministère de l'Agriculture, de l'Élevage, des Eaux et Forêts et de la Pêche, Congo MAF Ministry of Agriculture & Forests, Turkey MAI Mean Annual Increment, m3 ha-1 yr-1 MALF Ministry of Agriculture, Lands and Forestry, Battaramulla, Sri Lanka MALR Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Egypt MARNR Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales Renovables, Venezuela MDA Ministerio de Agricultura, Peru MDAA Ministerio de Agricultura y Alimentación, Peru MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Kenya MF Ministry of Forestry, Turkey MFSC Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, Nepal MGAP Ministerio de Ganadería, Agricultura y Pesca, Cuba MLNRT Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Tourism, Tanzania MNR Ministry of Natural Resources, Suriname MNRDEP Ministry of Natural Resources Development and Environmental Protection, Ethiopia MOA Ministry of Agriculture, Jordan MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, South Africa. MOAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan MOEF Ministry of Environment of Forests, Bangadlesh MOF Ministry of Forestry, Indonesia MPAAR Ministère des Pêches, Agriculture et Animation Rurale, Cape Verde MPIA Ministère de la Production, de l'Industrie et de l'Artisanat, Comoros N Number of observations NAEB National Afforestation and Eco-development Board, India NAP National Academy Press, U.S.A. NAS National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. NDFW National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife, Mozambique NFAPSC National Forestry Action Plan Steering Committee NFS National Forest Service, Papua New Guinea NPCC National Poplar Committee of China NPCH National poplar Commission of Hungary NPWCR National Poplar and Willow Commission Romania NRC National Research Council, USA PCFRG Poplar Commission of the Federal Republic of Germany PFDB Planted Forests Data Base PP Perum Perhutani, Indonesia PRI Poplar Research Institute, Italy PRINS Poplar Research Institute, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia PRONAMACHCS Programa Nacional de Manejo de Cuencas Hidrográficas y Conservación de Suelos, Peru RFD Royal Forest Department, Thailand RL Rotation Length, yr SADC Southern African Development Community SAGyP Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Argentina SARH Secretaría de Agricultura y Recursos Hidráulicos, Mexico SEMARNAP Secretaría de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Pesca, Mexico

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SFFS Subsecretaría Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre, Mexico SNU Sub-National Unit SOFO State of World’s Forests SRECR Station de Recherches sur les Essences à Croissance Rapide, Bulgaria STCP Sustainable Tree Crops Program UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

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1 Introduction

1.1 The importance of forest plantations in world wood supply Forest plantations, according to Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA 2000) definition, account for 5 percent of global forest cover in 2000 (FAO 2001b, Carle et al. 2002). There exist only a few estimates of the supply from forest plantations globally. On country level, in New Zealand almost all industrial roundwood (99 percent) is produced from forest plantations (FAO 1997a) as well as in South Africa (Pandey and Ball 1998), in Chile 84–95 percent (FAO 1999, Pandey and Ball 1998) and in Brazil 60–62 percent (Pandey and Ball 1998, FAO 1999) in the end of 1990s. FAO (2000) presented the global outlook for future wood supply from forest plantations based on the data from 1995. The share of plantation area was estimated to be 3.5 percent of global forest area and that of industrial plantations even less. According to the study, 22 percent of industrial roundwood was produced from forest plantations in 1995 on an area of 103 million ha of industrial plantations. Different extrapolations of industrial roundwood consumptions and scenarios of potential industrial roundwood production from forest plantations were derived. Extreme values for 2050 were 19.7 and 64.0 percent for the proportion of plantation-produced industrial roundwood globally. According to ABARE – Jaakko Pöyry (1999) industrial roundwood supply from plantations was estimated at 35 percent in 2000, 44 percent in 2020 and 46 percent in 2040. These scenarios were made on the assumption that industrial plantation area was 116 and total effective area 94 million ha in 1995. Thomberlin and Buongiorno (2001) estimated that the production of industrial roundwood from industrial plantations compared to world total timber supply (not including Canada, Western Europe and former Soviet Bloc) would increase from 33 percent in 1995 to 42 percent in 2010. Plantation production estimates were from FAO (2000) and total roundwood production from FAO (1998). From these figures it can easily be seen that:

• The importance of global forest plantation roundwood supply is higher than their share of forest area;

• The importance of planted forests in global roundwood supply will increase in the future;

• Countries have different strategies in planted forest development; and • Outlook studies, databases and scenarios differ from each other.

According to FRA 2000 globally there exist 89 million ha of industrial, 48 million ha of non industrial and 49 million ha of forest plantations with purpose-unspecified. This more precise information about the purpose of forest plantations still leaves a large portion of plantations unspecified. It can be hypothesised that:

• Industrial planted forests may give even greater share in industrial roundwood supply globally on a smaller area than previously expected;

• Planted forests may have an increasing role in fuelwood supply; and • Planted forests can serve multipurposes by production of industrial rounwood,

fuelwood, non-wood forest products and provision of environmental, social and other services.

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It is clear that more data is needed to fill the gaps that exist in planted forest information. This Planted Forests and Trees Working Paper describes the work that was done in FAO in supplementing and complementing the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2000 and previous assessments.

1.2 Definitions and history of forest plantations and planted forests assessments in FAO Forest plantations were defined in the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA 2000) (FAO 2001b, App. 2) as: “Forest stands established by planting or/and seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation. They are either:

• Of introduced species (all planted stands); or • Intensively managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following

criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class, regular spacing.” During the history of forest resources assessments the definition of plantations and planted forests has changed. In the first global plantation assessment in 1965 made by FAO the definition of man-made planted forests (FAO 1967) was: “A forest crop raisen artificially, either by sowing or planting. This could be interpreted to include all forms of artificial regeneration but no natural regeneration.” In the Tropical Forest Resources Assessment Project in 1980 (FAO 1981a) were defined as:

• “Forest stands established artificially by afforestation on land which previously did not carry forest;

• Forest stands established artificially by reforestation on land which carried out forest within the previous 50 years or within living memory and involving the replacement of the previous crop by a new and essentially different crop.”

Plantations did not include “stands established by artificial regeneration and essentially similar to those they were replacing”. Sorting was made between industrial (totally or partly for production of wood for industry) and non-industrial plantations (production of fuelwood, wood for charcoal, small wood for domestic consumption, non wood products or soil protection). Gross areas were derived for industrial and non-industrial, hardwoods and softwoods, and main planted species were listed. Five or ten-year age class planting rates were also presented. In 1990 Forest Resources Assessment 1990 (FAO 1995a) plantation forests in developing countries referred to:

• “Forests established artificially by afforestation on lands which previously did not carry forest within living memory;

• Forests established artificially by reforestation of land which carried forest before and involving the replacement of the indigenous species by a new and essentially different species or genetic variety.”

Plantations were divided into industrial and non industrial similar to the 1980 assessment. The definition of plantations changed between 1980 and 1990 However, at the same time net areas were adopted instead of gross areas by using reduction factors. These terms were defined as (FAO 1995b):

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• “Reported (or gross) planted areas is the planted area as stated from official institutions;

• ‘Reduction factor’ is the percentage of the total number of seedlings planted that have actually survived in a given area;

• Net plantation area is the actual existing plantation area, which has been established successfully, estimated from plantation surveys as inventory or survival percentage. Net area corresponds to the actual area of the stocked plantations excluding failed, harvested or doubly counted plantations and is calculated by applying the reduction factor to the reported areas.”

The concept of Net area = (Gross area)*0.7, was applied to all FAO forest plantation publications from Global Synthesis of Forest Resources Assessment 1990 (FAO 1995a) to the State of World Forests in 1999 (FAO 1999). Reduction factors were further adjusted by countries and regions (FAO 1995b, 2002c). A detailed description of different plantation definitions and publications can be found in FAO (2001a). In FRA 2000 gross areas of forest plantations validated by countries were used instead of net areas previously used. The reason was perhaps the difficulty to find reliable reduction factors. Plantation areas were derived for every country that announced to have plantations according to the definition. The concept of plantations has been further elaborated by FAO and other stakeholders like CIFOR, IPCC, IUFRO, UNEP and other experts (FAO 2002a, 2002b, Carle and Holmgren 2003.). In the Second expert meeting on harmonizing forest-related definitions for use of various stakeholders (FAO 2002b):

“the meeting considered the FRA definition of forest plantation to be precise and recommended it for consideration by other organizations, fora and processes.”

According to the meeting the following determinations were accepted: Planted forests: non site-typical species, indigenous or exotic, planted or seeded

• Forest plantation: intensively managed, commercial production, even spacing, exotic or indigenous; and

• Extensively managed planted forest: protection, conservation.

Planted or seeded forests may be classified as semi-natural forests if they have natural characteristics like mixture of natural regeneration, diversification of age classes, layered canopies, enriched species diversity or random spacing. This is the case in many European countries and in Canada. FAO differentiates change processes in forest areas between natural forests and plantations. Dealing with plantations, afforestation is defined as “Establishment of forest plantations on land that, until then, was not classified as forest. It implies a transformation from non-forest to forest.” Reforestation means “Establishment of forest plantations on temporarily unstocked lands that are considered as forest” (FAO 2001b). Terms deforestation, regeneration, and expansion belong usually to natural forest area change processes. Many other terms like forest improvement, forest rehabilitation and forest restoration (see FAO 2002b) can be applied to natural and plantation forests.

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In a following paper presented at the UNFF Inter-sessional Expert Meeting International Steering Group on "The Role of Planted Forests in Sustainable Forest Management" in March 2003 (Carle and Holmgren 2003) FAO strengthens and finally endorses the concept of Planted Forests defined as forests that have been established and are (intensively) managed for commercial production of wood and non-wood forest products, or to provide a specific environmental service (e.g. erosion control, landslide stabilization, windbreaks, etc.). Planted forests established for conservation, watershed or soil protection may be subject to little human intervention after their establishment. Changes may occur in purpose, degree of management intensity, time scale and potential reversibility (to other land uses). The Meeting considered the FRA definition of plantation forest to be precise and recommended it for consideration by other organizations, fora and processes. With the new broader concept of planted forests, forest plantations become a subset of planted forests.

1.3 Current situation in forest plantations and planted forest data Due to the problems on definitions currently, global forest plantation data is presented in FRA 2000 as gross areas and as estimated annual planting rate in 2000. The figures have been checked and validated by the respective countries. In developing countries the gross area distribution by genus is expressed separately in eight genera or other, wider classes. This distribution by genus is valid for most countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania, North and Central America and South America. However in European countries, former CISs, Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand and Turkey all the forest plantations are classified as Unspecified. According to FRA, of developed countries, Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany and Liechtenstein do not report forest plantations. In FRA 2000 forest plantations are classified as industrial, non-industrial or unspecified. Whenever possible, within these classes the ownership of forest plantations is determined as public, private, other, or unspecified. A compilation of main results on forest plantation assessment is found in FAO (2001b) and in Carle et al. (2002). According to FAO the present global knowledge the data about forest plantations are rather incomplete. FAO recognizes that the following deficiencies or discrepancies in global statistics and information exist:

• Data on tree species distribution is incomplete. The largest individual class, Pinus spp., contains over 37 million ha (or 20 percent) globally.

• Most of the global forest plantation area is classified indefinitely; 29 percent as unspecified; 18 percent as other broadleaves and 11 percent as other coniferous. This means that globally 58 percent of forest plantation areas do not have species specification.

• In Europe 32 million ha of forest plantations are classified as unspecified according to tree species.

• In temperate and boreal zone industrialized countries no data about the ownership or purpose on country or sub-national level were reported into FRA database.

• The classification of the purpose of forest plantations is only tree-grade; industrial, non-industrial and unspecified. Industrial plantations are used, however, specifically for timber, pulpwood or biomass production and non-industrial plantations for fuelwood, environmental protection or other uses. The area of unspecified plantations by purpose amounts globally to over 49 million ha.

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• The comparison between successive assessments is difficult because of different classifications in forest plantation areas (gross/net), different countries compilation and even different tree species selection as planted (e.g. rubberwood, Hevea brasiliensis).

• The differentiation between new planting and replanting has not been made in many country reports.

• The success of forest plantation establishment (survival rate) is usually not available for countries and tree species.

• The information on age class distribution of forest plantations is very weak or incomplete. In order to make reliable estimates for the supply from forest plantations, actual age classes are needed.

• Rotation lengths for forest planted species are rare or are given to species groups, often without purpose (timber/pulp/fuelwood).

• The growth of forest plantations is usually expressed with mean annual increment (MAI) over rotation length. MAIs are given either country wise or species group wise only. Growth between individual species among genera can, however, vary remarkably.

• There exist no data about forest plantation or planted forests by ecological zones. Even the data about forest plantations in sub-national units is very rare though management conditions may vary considerably within a country.

1.4 Why Planted Forest DataBase (PFDB) Planted Forests DataBase (PFDB) is meant to supplement already existing FAO data by providing users with additional planted forest information data (and references) not previously available. PFDB tries to provide detail information for growing parameters of the main planted forest species as MAI, rotation lengths, annual plantings. Also the information contained in PFDB will allow studies and trend analysis on gross areas for outlook studies and carbon sequestration.

2 Database elements

2.1 Classifications and variables of PFDB and FRA 2000 Different variables were classified in this work keeping in mind full compatibility with FRA 2000 definitions and classifications. In the following a comparison is made between FRA 2000 and definitions used in PFDB.

2.1.1 Countries Most planted forest data in references were given by countries. Especially gross areas and annual or periodic planting rates were in some countries given more exactly by regions. Only such observations were used where regions (=sub-national units, SNU) were the same as those used in FRA 2000. In many cases rotation lengths and mean annual increments were given for individual tree species or genera without any area definition. Class General was used in those cases.

2.1.2 Species FRA 2000 presented gross areas of forest plantations and annual planting rates in 2000 by eight tree species, genera or groups:

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• Acacia spp. • Eucalyptus spp. • Hevea spp. • Tectona grandis • Other broadleaves • Pinus spp. • Other coniferous • Unspecified

Besides those the same information was collected but not presented in FRA 2000 by five other species or genera:

• Casuarina spp. • Dahlbergia sissoo • Gmelina arborea • Mahoganies • Terminalia spp.

In PFDB tree species were recorded at the accuracy they were given in the literature on the level of one of the following:

• Tree species • Genera • Broadleaves • Coniferous • Unspecified

Latin names were used in the identification but also common names were derived if possible for each species.

2.1.3. Ownership The ownership of planted forests was classified in PFDB as:

• Public • Private corporate • Private smallholder • Unknown

By combining Private corporate and Smallholder –classes the same classification as in FRA 2000 was derived.

2.1.4 Purpose The purpose of the planted forests was classified in PFDB as:

• Industrial, roundwood • Industrial, pulpwood or fiber • Industrial, biomass • Industrial, not specified • Non-industrial, fuelwood • Non-industrial, environmental protection • Non-industrial, recreation • Coppice

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• Unknown By combining the four Industrial classes and three Non-industrial classes the same classification as in FRA 2000 was derived (Industrial, Non-industrial). The more exact classification was used mainly when filling the growth data into PFDB. The class Coppice was used in Mean annual increment and Rotation length data only.

2.1.5 Forest land use action Forest action classification was used when filling planting rates as:

• Afforestation • Reforestation • Both • Unknown

In most cases forest land use action was not mentioned.

2.1.6 Reliability Reliability of planted forest data source was classified into thee levels:

• High • Medium • Low

The classification was the same as in FRA 2000. Usually only original sources could have highest level of reliability. If information was based on other sources within the reference used, this original source was also listed. Reliability classification was based on the subjective consideration and previous knowledge.

2.1.7 Reference year Reference year meant the year to which a single gross and/or net area observation was connected and included also the planting area of that particular year.

2.1.8 Gross area Gross area was the total planted area was the planted area as stated from official institutions (FAO 2001a) in the reference year. It could be a grand total of a country, of sub-national unit, of individual species, of genera, of purpose or of ownership. The definition of gross area was similar to that of FRA 2000.

2.1.9 Net area Net area was planted area that had clearly announced to be actual existing plantation area, established successfully, estimated from plantation surveys as inventory or survival percentage (FAO 2001a). Division according to different levels was made as in Gross area. The definition of net area aimed to similar to that used in the Global Synthesis of FRA 1990 (FAO 1995a).

2.1.10 Planting rate Planting rate was the announced area of plantings at certain period (determined with Starting and Ending years), by Forest action and was classified with the same division as Gross area. Planting rate was announced in literature at species or genera at sub-national level or for the whole country.

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2.1.11 Starting year Starting year was the first year of announced Planting rate.

2.1.12 Ending year Ending year was the last year of announced Planting rate. If one year Planting rate was filled, then Starting and Ending year were the same. In many cases announced one year planting rates were combined to five year totals.

2.1.13 Mean annual increment Mean annual increment (MAI, m3 ha-1 year-1) was the total volume yield including yield from thinning divided by rotation length. Theoretically, optimum rotation length of a stand growing on a certain site is determined when current annual increment (volume increment of actual year) and MAI reach the same value.

2.1.14 MAI minimum Minimum mean annual increment was the announced average or absolute minimum value for individual tree species or genera on sub-national or country level, or globally. If possible this was classified according to the purpose of planted forests.

2.1.15 MAI average Average mean annual increment was the announced average value for individual tree species or genera on sub-national or country level, or globally. If possible this was classified according to the Purpose of planted forests.

2.1.16 MAI maximum Maximum mean annual increment was the announced average or absolute maximum value for individual tree species or genera on sub-national or country level, or globally. If possible this was classified according to the purpose of planted forests.

2.1.17 Rotation length minimum Minimum rotation length of planted forests was minimum amount of years that was used in growing individual tree species or genera on sub-national or country level, or globally. If possible this was classified according to the purpose of planted forests.

2.1.18 Rotation length average Average rotation length of planted forests was the average amount of years that was used in growing individual tree species or genera on sub-national or country level, or globally. If possible this was classified according to the Purpose of planted forests.

2.1.19 Rotation length maximum Maximum rotation length of planted forests was maximum amount of years that was used in growing individual tree species or genera on sub-national or country level, or globally. If possible this was classified according to the Purpose of planted forests.

2.1.20 Site index In some cases MAIs and rotation lengths were reported for different sites. If so, site indexes were recorded with the same classes as in original literature.

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2.1.21 Minimum diameter Sometimes MAIs were announced for commercial volume only. In these cases minimum diameter of commercial volume was recorded.

2.1.22 Volume under bark In some cases MAIs were announced as under bark volume. This was recognised and thus separated from over bark values.

2.1.23 Not related to rotation age In many cases yield experiments of planted forests were so young that they had not yet reached the rotation age. In these cases the values of MAIs were recorded as not related to rotation age. These observations can be used to evaluate the development of volume growth over age.

2.2 References References were collected form different sources. The largest single collection was that used in estimating FRA 2000 gross areas and annual plantings. This collection consisted of all countries besides Europe, former CISs and North America. All relevant data related to gross areas, net areas, MAIs and rotation lengths were used. They comprised some figures for each country mostly connected to some year at 1990s, or in some cases to earlier periods. Other sources contained FAO working papers, conference proceedings, books and other material as well as other relevant books. A literature search for MAIs and rotation lengths was made. All the literature sources information, including country sourced documents as official documents and field reports, was stored in EndNote bibliographic reference database (ISI ResearchSoft 2000). Although the original data were stored in PFDB notes of countries, tree species and table contents info were filled in EndNote, too, for the classification purposes of the data. This enabled a quick search of literature during the process. The references used are listed by countries in Country references chapter and sources referring to particular countries in Appendix 1.

2.3 Structure and elements of PFDB The planted forests database was designed by using Microsoft Access database program. It contains three main input tables (see figures below):

• Gross and Net Area

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• Planting Rate

• Production

Besides these main input tables seven classifying tables were created according to the classifications (chapter 2.1):

• Taxa

• Forest land use action • Ownership • Purpose • Reliability • Countries and sub-national units (equal to FRA 2000) • Reference sources

The essential base of planted forests data are the former consecutive Global Forest Resource Assessments that were stored in different FAO databases. The FRA 1980 data contained country wise gross areas of planted forests for 139 developing countries (FAO 1981a, b, c, FAO 2001a). The division into industrial/non-industrial plantations were not stored in the FRA database.

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The FRA 1990 data contained net areas for 143 developing countries (FAO 1995a, FAO 2001a) based on reported gross areas and estimated reduction factors (FAO 1995b). The division into industrial/non-industrial plantations was not available in FRA databases but these figures could be derived for 102 tropical countries from FAO (1995b) for both 1980 and 1990 gross areas. The FRA 2000 data included the gross areas of FRA forest plantations in all developing countries by eight species and genera classes and in developed countries without species specification. The division of plantations into industrial/non/industrial and into ownership classes were expressed as percentages. These percentages were derived into hectare estimates for each country, and figures were incorporated to PFDB.

2.4 Possibilities for combining and separating information Different combinations of classifying variables (species, sub-national units, ownership, purpose and forest action) are possible. For example, gross areas can be found by:

• countries without any other classification (Species to be classified as Unspecified); • countries and by tree species; • sub-national units; • countries, by species and by sub-national units; • countries and by ownership; • countries, by species and by ownership; • countries and by purpose; or • countries, by species and by purpose.

The same classification rules were used for planting rates, too. In addition, division of afforestation/reforestation was given in some cases. Area information (Gross area, net area, planting rate) were always connected to a specific country. In many countries gross area estimates for individual tree species or genera were obtained from different sources. The combination and checking of different information was made by using Reference year and Reference identification number as qualifiers. MAIs and rotation lengths were sometimes given for individual tree species of genera without any country specification. In those cases “Country” was determined as General.

3 Database contents and interface

3.1 General

3.1.1 Features of PFDB Planted forests database had the following amounts of observations: Gross and Net Area table 3,869 Planting Rate table 1,759 Production table 2,885 Taxa table 520 species

48 genera 4 species groups

Reference Sources table 397 references

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Besides area information, Gross and Net area table contained also information of tree species planted in particular country without any exact information of the area (1,419 observations). Gross area observations were available for different classifications:

Gross area TotalIndividual

species SNU Ownership PurposeCountries 171 142 30 38 13Observations 2,434 1,199 531 215 71

There were on average 5 observations of gross areas over time on the country level. In 142 countries gross areas were obtained by tree species but the level of information varied considerably. In some countries only two groups were identified (broadleaves, coniferous) while e.g. in Cameroon the gross area of 17 species or genera were given. Gross areas in sub-national units could be found in 30 countries. Ownership information was available for 38 countries. Purpose of planted forests was given for 13 countries. Usually only industrial/non industrial plantations were separated. It was evident that in many countries the purposes of planted forests were overlapping so that e.g. industrial plantations were used for fuelwood production; fuelwood plantations were serving environmental protection etc. It was in many cases not possible to distinguish gross areas from net areas. In unclear occasions areas were classified as gross areas. Thus only 61 net area observations were found in 13 countries. In 45 cases also gross areas were available. No trend of gross/net area relationship was possible on such a small amount of observations. Planting rates were in many cases given by annual figures. To harmonize data from different countries annual planting rates were in most cases summarized to five year totals. The planting rate data at different levels were:

Total Countries Countries by species

Countries by SNU

Countries by Ownership

Countries by Purpose

1759 83 50 5 8 1 In some countries, like Australia, New Zealand and Malawi, very detailed information about planting rates was available. It must be recognized that planting rates may include both reforestation and afforestation areas and in most cases these were neither separated nor identified. Production information was collected as mean annual increments and rotation lengths. In most cases they were given as an average for an individual species grown in a certain country. Data collected provided reliable averages of MAI for 185 species, 94 countries and in 16 countries for sub-national units.

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The amount of observations on different levels were: Mean annual increment Total General Country SNU Genera Species

Not related to rotation length

Minimum 516 240 202 61 24 478 13Average 2,073 51 1269 258 171 1,405 496Maximum 978 269 494 158 56 864 56Total 3,567 560 1965 477 251 2,747 565

Most of the observations were related to average MAIs on country and species level. Most uncertain MAIs (i.e. on global level or General) were usually given as minima and maxima. There existed only a few observations on sub-national or genera level. There existed 87 observations where MAIs were expressed as volume increment to certain minimum top diameter and 111 observations given as under bark values. There existed also 565 observations of MAIs that were not related to rotation lengths i.e. they represented mean annual increment values on shorter age than rotation length. The amounts of observations related to rotation lengths were: Rotation length Total General Country SNU Genera Species Minimum 234 18 199 17 35 199 Average 2,069 48 1186 323 149 912 Maximum 322 33 257 28 52 266 Total 2,625 99 1642 368 236 1,377

In many cases rotation length value was connected to a particular MAI observation. Most of the rotation length observations were related to individual species or to individual country and were expressed as average rotation length.

3.1.2 Features of FRA 1980, 1990 and 2000 databases Figures from the three consecutive Global Forest Resources Assessment were used as a compilation in analyzing forest plantations development in different countries. Gross area FRA 1980 FRA 1990 FRA 2000 PFDBCountries 104 109 173 141Observations 214 237 1,411 2,388

Most comprehensive FRA data is that of year 2000. PFDB has more observations but the amount of countries is larger in FRA. Together these sources give possibility to compare the development of planted forest resources by country level and globally.

3.2 Contents

3.2.1 Country wise planted forest gross area trends The planted forests database contained gross area information for 171 countries. The elder reported gross planted forest area belongs to Martinique with reference year 1905. Most countries have reported their gross area at year 2000 with average reference year 1992. There gross areas contained information about tree species distribution, ownership and/or purpose of planted forests. Combined with the consecutive FRA assessments 1980, 1990 and 2000, long term trends of country wise gross area development of forest plantations could be drawn.

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According to the forest plantation gross area in 2000 (from FRA 2000) countries were divided into different size groups by continents: Group Gross area ('000 ha) Large >1,000 Medium 100−1,000 Small 10−100 Minor <10

The countries were classified according to their gross area development (or planting rates) into four classes: Country profile Trend of development MarkExpanding Gross area is increasing + Stable Gross area is not changing o Decreasing Gross area is diminishing - No data Trend not available ?

The results of these classifications are presented in details in Appendix 2. The following trends and comments were drawn from the results:

• Most of the large planted forest countries were located in Asia; • All the large planted forest countries were expanding in planting area development,

i.e. gross area was increasing; • In Africa many medium planted forest countries were stable (Algeria, Angola,

Madagascar, Malawi, Morocco, Rwanda) or even decreasing (Ethiopia, Tanzania, Tunisia) in their planting development;

• Among medium planted forest countries on other continents only Colombia had decreasing planted forest development;

• Some countries in Asia lack planted forest data (former CISs, Republic of Korea, People’s Democratic Republic of Korea);

• Most of the minor planted forest countries were stable or decreasing in their planted forest development that can mean that they did not have suitable areas remaining for planted forests;

• Many countries in which planted forest area development was decreasing, have had serious economic or political problems or civil wars during the last decades; and

• There existed no systematic collection of planted forest area development in FAO for most of the industrialized countries. According to FRA 2000 large European forest plantation countries were Russian Federation 17.3, Ukraine 4.4, United Kingdom 1.9 and Spain 1.9 million ha.

For further gross area analyses mostly PFDB data was used where the last observations of country gross area with tree species distribution were attained between the years 1990 and 2000. This was true for 78 countries having a total gross area of 58.6 million ha and an average reference year 1995. The FRA 1990 gross area for respective countries was 52.1 and that of FRA 2000 77.4 million ha.

3.2.2 Tree species information Three large forest plantation countries, China, India and Indonesia, had no species wise gross area information between 1990 and 2000. For China there existed no data at all about tree

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species distribution and also region wise data was very scarce. Only country total gross areas were available for several years (36.8 million ha in 1996). For India the cumulative forest plantation area estimates were given by regions in 1999 (31.2 million ha) but the tree species distribution was available only for public forest plantations in State Forest Departments totalling 15.3 million ha in 1997. For Indonesia a tree species distribution was available only in the state-owned forest enterprise Perum Perhutani on an area of 2.5 million ha for 1997 while the country had already in 1990 a gross forest plantation area of 8.8 million ha. Detailed information about the global planted forest gross area by species was thus available for a gross area of 10.8 million ha only. According to this information, Pinus radiata was the most common planted tree species reported with 3.80 million ha. 104 individual tree species and 12 genera were mentioned. Because the total gross area of this analysis was only 19 percent of the total 58.6 million ha considered, the public planted forests of India and Indonesia were added even though they did not represent the countries’ total planted forest areas. This increased the area of detailed information about tree species distribution to 28.2 million ha (Appendix 3). According to the results Tectona grandis was the second most planted species with 2.91 million ha and the following species were Pinus merkusii, 0.90, Acacia nilotica, 0.80, Pinus halepensis, 0.61, Acacia auriculiformis, 0.56, Eucalyptus grandis, 0.48, E. globulus, 0.39, Pinus roxburghii, 0.32 and Dalbergia sissoo, 0.27 million ha (Appendix 3). A noticeable amount (9.7 million ha) of total analyzed 28.2 million ha remained unspecified by tree species. Besides that, 2.40 was classified as Eucalyptus genera (3.5 for the whole genus), 0.46 as Coniferous and 0.20 million ha as Broadleaves. Thus only 13.9 million ha (49 percent) had exact information about individual tree species gross area. Another way to analyze the frequency of individual tree species planted was to count the number of countries where individual tree species were used without demanding any area information. 490 individual tree species were recorded thus indicating the huge amount of planted tree species selected for planting (Appendix 4). If the species used in developed countries had recorded, the number would have exceeded much over 500. Most tree species were used in very few countries: 262 in one country only, 71 in two, 46 in three and 21 in four countries. Thus 90 tree species were mentioned in five or more countries. The most common species was Eucalyptus camaldulensis (67) and among the most popular species there were many other Eucalypt species like E. grandis (37), E. tereticornis (36), E. globulus (26), E. saligna (26), E. citriodora (25) and E. robusta (22 countries). Like the area information, Tectona grandis (50) was one of the most distributed tree species. Pinus caribbaea var. hondurensis (49), Swietania macrophylla (38), Gmelina arborea (34), Casuarina equisetifolia (23), Pinus patula (23), Azadirachta indica (22) and Acacia auriculiformis (21) were used in many countries as planted forest tree species. One of the most widely planted species, Pinus radiata, was found in 17 countries only (Appendix 4). In FAO Forest Resources Assessments there exist no data of temperate and boreal zone countries’ species wise planted forest areas. Actually the FRA 2000 was the first attempt to determine the forest plantation areas in developed countries although Pandey and Ball (1988) presented area estimations also for developed countries. For Australia (partly sub-tropical) and New Zealand (temperate) the exact tree species distributions were easily available. By including countries like Japan (temperate), 10.7, and Russia (mostly boreal), 17.3 million ha

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of forest plantations would change the above mentioned picture of tree species distribution. As an example, in Japan alone Cryptomeria japonica has been planted on 4.6 and Chamaecyparis obtusa on 2.5 million ha (Gaston et al. 2000) and in China Cunninghamia lanceolata on perhaps on 6 million ha (area of natural forests and forest plantations together 9 million ha) (Fung 1994).

Rubber Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) was considered as a plantation tree species in forest assessments for the first time in FRA 2000. The global estimate for rubber plantations in 2000 was 9.9 million ha (FAO 2001b, Carle et al. 2002). There exist statistics of rubber plantations as early in 1900 and the trend of global rubber plantations gross area is as follows (IRSG 1966, 1995, 2002):

Rubber tree: gross area planted 1910 - 1990 Year Gross area ('000 ha)

1910 0,6901920 1,8001930 3,2201940 2,6501950 4,4201960 4,9801975 7,1501980 7,5901990 9,240

In their study about rubberwood as wood supply Balsiger, Bahdon and Whiteman (2000) counted the global rubber plantation area in 1999 noticeably smaller, 7.2 million ha. It is probable that this estimate is more realistic than those made by International Rubber Study Group. In any case, rubberwood is a remarkable source of wood and fiber in many Asian countries like Indonesia (2.3), Malaysia (1.4), Thailand (1.6), China (0.4), Viet Nam (0.4) and India (0.4 million ha). In Malaysia the area of rubber plantations has decreased clearly during the last decade. In Indonesia and Thailand it has stayed stable but in other large size rubber plantation countries area has still increased.

Poplars and willows The International Poplar Commission has recorded poplar (Populus spp.) plantations in 1996 and 2000. In the latest inventories in 1992−2000 the poplar plantation gross area was reported to be 7.1 million ha, based on information from 25 countries (Appendix 5). China alone reported 6 million ha of poplar plantations. Iran, 150,000 ha, and Argentina, 130,000 ha, have noticeable poplar plantations together with the European countries France, 256,000 ha, Italy, 119,000 ha, Hungary, 109,000 ha and Spain, 103,000 ha. 38 poplar species and hybrids were reported together with 11 willow species and hybrids. Poplar planting has a long tradition. Already in 1965 the estimated plantation area was 780,000 ha, without China (FAO 1967). For example Italy had at that time 205,000 ha and Hungary 100,000 ha of poplar plantations. Generally, the area of poplar plantations has increased during the latest decade and the intensive tree breeding programs have increased greatly their productivity.

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Reported willow (Salix spp.) plantation area was only 52,000 ha in 1999. Romania, 24,000 ha and Sweden, 16,000 ha, had the largest reported areas. It is recognised that Russia has vast areas of poplars natural and planted however the data has not been reported.

3.2.3 Planting rates The planted forests database contained information on planting rates for 83 countries totalling 1759 observations. Detailed planting rates for periods longer than 1 year, but not necessarily including all the species, were provided for 50 countries, 40 developing and 10 developed. Despite the large number of observations collected, information on planting rates was incomplete for several reasons:

• It was not possible to specify whether annual planting is new planting (afforestation) or replanting (reforestation);

• Very few countries provided details for the species planted; • Only few a countries were able to provide continuous planting trends; • Among the 30 largest countries with planted forests area assessed by FRA 2000, nine

countries (Russian Federation, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Turkey, Pakistan, France, Portugal, Nigeria, Sudan) had no information on annual planting rates;1

• In many countries planting rates were provided by different sources that varied markedly. In Africa there existed information on annual planting in PFDB for countries with a total planted forest area of 66 percent of the entire continent. By obtaining planting rates from large planted forest countries Nigeria and Sudan as well as from Burundi, Cameroon, Cap Verde, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tunisia and Zambia the situation in Africa would be clearer. In Asia the scale of plantings is very big compared to others continents. In the list of the Top 30 planted forest countries 12 of them were in Asia and only for Turkey and Pakistan there existed no planting rate data. Other countries with no planting rate data were Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and United Arabic Emirates. There existed no planting rates for most former CISs like Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Mongolia, Republic of Korea and Dem People's Republic of Korea announced planting rates that were incorporated in PFDB but in FRA 2000 no plantation existed in these countries. As overall, Asia had information on annual planting for countries with a total planted forest area of 96 percent of the entire continent. Although a large number of countries did not report on annual planting, their area was very low and accounted only for 4 percent of total Asia. In North and Central America all the countries with reliable planted forest area also reported planting rates. Although Canada according to FRA 2000 did not have any plantations, annual planting areas were available. Also in South America the data about planting rates were extensive covering all countries with planted forests.

1 Area on plantations for the Top 30 countries, correspond to 93% of the global plantation area reported in FRA 2000.

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In Oceania data were excellent for Australia and New Zealand and also for many small islands. Papua New Guinea was an exception containing no data about planting rates. New Zealand was one of the rare countries that clearly distinguished new and replanting. In Europe six countries ranked in the Top 30 planted forest countries globally. Unfortunately the information found for European countries was very scarce and only for very few of them it was possible to compile annual planting data in PFDB. The reasons were not the lack of statistics but the inconsistency in the definition of plantations and lack of standardization of methods to compile planted forest information. Trends in planting rates over time by regions or by countries can serve as good means to extrapolate information on planted forests. Further analyses are needed in order to fill the gaps that exist in planting rate information. The lack of information for developed countries is due to the traditional mandate of FAO to collect and compile information for developing countries and also to the definitions adopted and created mainly for forest and planted forests in developing countries. It is extremely important to harmonize the definitions of planted forests and plantations. This work is under way (FAO 2002a, b, Carle and Holmgren 2003).

3.2.4 Mean annual increments Mean annual increments (MAI) of tree species have been widely used in estimating the productivity of planted forests. A total of 3,567 observations was the basis for productivity estimations in PFDB. 185 species or genera had observations on average mean annual increments but only for 57 species observations exceeded two. 76 individual tree species had both minimum, average and maximum MAI values. When the criterion was laid that at least two observations were needed for each of the values 57 species were reported (Appendix 6). Albizia falcataria proved to have highest average MAI of all species with 29 m3 ha-1 yr-1 as the average. Among the species with average MAI over 20 m3 ha-1 yr-1 Eucalyptus and Pinus species were most common (E deglupta, E. grandis, E. urophylla, E. regnans, E. saligna, P. pseudostrobus, P. radiata, P. merkusii, P. elliottii and P. patula). Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia magnium, Maesopsis eminii and Gmelina arborea also exceeded the limit of 20 m3 ha-

1 yr-1. The valuable hardwood species Dalbergia sissoo (9 m3 ha-1 yr-1), Swietania macrophylla (9 m3 ha-1 yr-1) and Tectona grandis (8 m3 ha-1 yr-1) were among the least productive species when measuring productivity on volume growth only (Appendix 6). The information of PFDB could be compared to earlier estimations on MAIs. In FRA 2000 main report Carle (FAO 2001b) presented MAI estimates for 27 species. Earlier both Pandey and Ball (1998) and FAO (2000) had presented estimates for 10 species, partly as a basis for global outlook for wood supply from planted forests (Table 1). Other sources for extensive MAI estimates are Webb et al. (1984) and Wadsworth (1997). In none of these sources the exact determination of MAI estimates was declared. Sources of information were either presented or then estimates were based on expert knowledge only. In PFDB estimates of minimum and maximum MAI average values were used and these values

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were based on at least two observations for both estimates. It was required that values from different sources built logical ascending series from minimum through average to maximum. Table 1. Mean annual increment (MAI) of selected tree species according to different sources and Planted forests database (PFDB)

FRA 2000 FAO 2000 Pandey& PFDB Brown Ball 1998 Species MAI, m3 ha-1 yr-1 Acacia auriculiformis 6−20 6.5−10 9−18 Acacia magnium 8−19 10−15 15−37 Acacia mearnsii 14−25 12−24 Araucaria angustifolia 8−24 8−16 Araucaria cunninghamii 10−18 10−24 Casuarina equisetifolia 6−20 1.5−7.5 6−18 Casuarina junghuhniana 7−11 Cordia alliodora 10−20 Cryptomeria japonica 8 Cupressus lusitanica 8−40 8−25 Dalbergia sissoo 5−8 3−5 4−10 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 15−30 10−21 Eucalyptus deglupta 14−50 17−35 Eucalyptus globulus 10−40 8−29 Eucalyptus grandis 15−50 14−35 Eucalyptus robusta 10−40 11−28 Eucalyptus saligna 10−55 13−48 Eucalyptus spp. 4−25 1−20 11−31 Eucalyptus urophylla 20−60 20−40 Gmelina arborea 12−50 12−19 16−28 Leucaena leucocephala 30−55 18−42 Pinus caribaea var. Caribaea 10−28 10−23 Pinus caribaea var. Hondurensis 20−50 15−22 Pinus elliottii 15−25 10−24 Pinus kesiya 6−10 11−21 Pinus oocarpa 10−40 11 10−32 Pinus patula 8−40 15−25 11−30 Pinus radiata 12−35 18−24 13−26 Pinus taeda 7 12−30 Swietenia macrophylla 7−11 5−7.5 8−13 Tectona grandis 6−18 4−18 2−6.3 7−13 Terminalia ivorensis 8−17 5−12.5 8−15 Terminalia superba 10−14 5−12.5 10−16

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It can be noticed from Table 1 that usually FRA 2000 (FAO 2001b) presented higher values for MAI than Pandey and Ball (1998), Brown (FAO 2000) or what was the result in PFDB. This difference can result from different definitions and perhaps FRA’s maximum MAIs represented the absolute maximum growth in ideal circumstances. The lower limits for MAI were rather similar in FRA 2000’s estimates and in PFDB. Brown’s estimates were systematically lower than those of FRA 2000 or in PFDB. Pandey and Ball estimated the growth of Pinus species to be at the same level than values presented in PFDB but other species more conservatively. FRA 2000 presented systematically higher values for Eucalyptus species than PFDB values (Table 1). The productivity of planted forests varies according to many factors: climate, site and silviculture being the most important factors (Evans 1982). An example of variation in the productivity of planted forest is given in Table 2. FAO presented in the State of the World’s Forests 1997 forest data according to ecofloristic zones (FAO 1997b), which have been used here to illustrate different climatic conditions. It must be noted that by dividing the database information to smaller fractions the accuracy of data becomes weaker. No conclusions can be drawn from Table 2 as regards the most suitable ecological zones, mostly because of the heterogeneity of the data. Some of the highest increments can be found in Central and Southern Africa thus indicating suitable conditions for many planted forest species. Tropical-Non Tropical comparison is not possible with the data available. Table 2. Mean annual increment (MAI, m3 ha-1 yr-1) and the number of observations (n) of five tree species on different ecological zones (FAO 1997b) Tectona Swietenia Pinus Pinus Eucalyptus grandis macrophylla car.var.hond. patula grandis Region MAI n MAI n MAI n MAI n MAI nCaribbean 6 17 10 47 14 6 Central Africa 14 3 16 2 30 11Central America and Mexico 13 14 5 11 25 2 25 1Continental South East Asia 9 3 18 2East Asia 8 4 East Sahelian Africa 4 3 25 2 20 1Insular East Africa 10 1 Insular South East Asia 7 17 10 12 14 2 South Asia 6 67 7 3 12 4 15 2 32 17Southern Africa Non Tropical 26 3 21 50 23 23Southern Africa Tropical 10 2 18 2 18 11 30 9Temperate Oceania 18 1 23 1 17 6Temperate South America 18 1 Tropical Oceania 8 3 7 25 15 8 34 8Tropical South America 14 1 15 1 12 9 19 3 35 1West Moist Africa 12 39 16 8 16 2 MAI values are usually dependent on the purpose of the planted forest management. Saw timber is grown on longer rotations with lower mean increment, i.e. lower spacing while pulpwood or fuel wood on shorter rotations and denser spacing and thus higher mean increment. Although the purpose of planted forests was determined in many cases no

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comparison could be derived from the data between saw timber or pulpwood management or other purposes.

3.2.5 Rotation lengths Most of the rotation length observations in PFDB referred to averages (2,069 of 2,625). Therefore reliable minimum and maximum rotation length values could not be derived. Average rotation lengths were available for 166 individual species or genera but more than two observations only for 70 species (Appendix 7). At least ten observations were reported for 27 species; Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus grandis, E. globulus, Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis, P. elliotti, P. kesiya, P. patula, P. pinaster, Swietania macrophylla and Gmelia arborea being the most represented. The average rotation lengths in PFDB could be compared to the estimates of Pandey and Ball (1998) for eight species. It proved that for Acacia magnium and Tectona grandis the observations in PFDB suggested shorter rotations than what Pandey and Ball had presented. For other species average rotation lengths in PFDB were near the upper limit of Pandey and Ball estimates except for Pinus kesiya that had longer rotation in PFDB. Pandey & PFDB Ball 1998 Species Rotation lengths Acacia magnium 10−15 8 Pinus elliottii 11−35 31 Pinus kesiya 15−18 20 Pinus oocarpa 18−25 23 Pinus patula 11−35 31 Pinus radiata 25−40 30 Pinus taeda 30−40 36 Tectona grandis 60−70 44 MAI values could be plotted against rotation lengths. In Appendix 8 some examples are shown for the most representing tree species (more than 30 observations). It proved that especially Gmelina arborea had very sharp growth curve with highest values at short rotation but on the other hand also some observations on very long rotations. Eucalypt species are generally managed on short rotations but E. grandis showed that in some regions it is grown for as long as 50 years. Tectona grandis was reported to have many rotation schemes, short in Central America and long in Asia, from 15 to 80 years. Pinus species had low values at short rotation representing rather slow increment rate at the beginning of rotation period.

3.3 Database interface

3.3.1 Data entry forms One of the main purposes of PFDB is to disseminate information and share it with users through internet and often electronic formats (CD). Therefore information contained must be easily accessed and user friendly. The concepts above have been taken into consideration in the database design. The software used to implement was Microsoft Access 97 considered as a good compromise version that can run both on the latest Windows platforms, 2000 and XP, but also on former versions as

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Windows NT4 and Windows 95 or 98. Access is very compatible with the operating system used to develop FORIS. PFDB is composed by a set of tables that contain data and by two different sets of user interfaces to assist the data entry and to retrieve the information. The set of tables was grouped in three data entry forms developed to assist the user on entering data.

Forms are only available on the PFDB version that runs on Access at FAO Headquarters. In the future they will be converted to FORIS to allow the update of information through the Internet.

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3.3.2 Enquiry forms

The enquiry forms of PFDB have the purpose to supplement FRA data with relevant information. Particular care was put to provide information related to Mean Annual Increments, Rotation Lengths and Rates of Planting. Latest gross area information is provided by FAO in FRA 2000 and will not be presented in the PFDB. The database runs in two interfaces: one interface assists users with explanations on data displayed (see picture below as example of explanation for MAI data at country level), another runs without explanations. Explanation forms are also printable and they are the only printing facilities provided by PFDB in this first release.

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All data provided in the database are the results of data compilation from literature. Therefore they do not provide statistical extrapolations but have to be used for further analysis. The next data forms allow the user to navigate at three different levels: region, country and species (see figure below)

Navigate by regions The “Navigate by region” icon allows the user to open the form (see figure below) where data is provided at regional level. PFDB contains the most recent regions endorsed by FAO and lately used for SOFO 97. The list below provides the regions available.

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Region Name

1 Caribbean 11 North Africa 2 Central Africa 13 Northern Europe 3 Central America and Mexico 14 South Asia 4 Continental South East Asia 15 Southern Africa Tropical 5 East Asia 16 Temperate North and Central America 6 East Sahelian Africa 17 Temperate Oceania 7 Eastern Europe 18 Temperate South America 8 Former USSR 19 Tropical Oceania 9 Insular East Africa 20 Tropical South America 10 Insular South East Asia 21 West Moist Africa 11 Middle East 22 West Sahelian Africa 12 Non Tropical Southern Africa 23 Western Europe

The PFDB provides at regional level the list of countries belonging to each region, the list of species reported and the reliable averages of Mean Annual Increments and Rotation Lengths for all the species found in the given region (see figure below). Another form provides the compilation of all the sources quoted for the given region.

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Navigate by countries The “Navigate by countries” icon opens the main form containing the queries that provide information at country level (see figure below). This form contains the bulk of information since it provides most of the information available on PFDB.

Information on MAIs is provided by three levels:

• “Mean Annual Increments” provides overall averages of Minimum, Maximum and Average MAI for a given country;

• “Mean Annual Increment by species” provides averages of Minimum, Maximum and Average MAI for all species found in a given country; and

• “Mean Annual Increments by Species – Details” provides detailed information for a given country and different species.

Information on Rotation Lengths is provided by three levels:

• “Rotation Lengths” provides overall averages of Minimum, Maximum and Average RL for a given country;

• “Rotation Lengths by Species” provides averages of Minimum, Maximum and Average RL for all species found in a given country; and

• “Rotation Lengths by Species – Details” provides detailed information for a given country and different species.

The form allowing enquiry for annual planting is composed of two tables:

• Overall planted area during a certain period; • Details for the related species used during the same period.

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Finally, the form allows access to the source reference documents used as the baseline for data displayed and gives a rating of its reliability as assessed by the reviewers in the small cell named "source reliability" at the bottom of the window. The icon “view source details”, located at the bottom left side of the form, opens a window displaying all reference details for the related data displayed (see below).

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Navigate by species The “navigate by species” icon opens a form that provides information for single tree species. In particular it provides the list of tree species, MAI by species and MAI by species and purpose. It also provides rotation lengths by species and the entire list of references used for all the reported species.

4 Database improvements

4.1 Current database situation A database is only as good as the information it contains. Presently the most comprehensive planted forest data is reported in FRA 2000. However, it contains many weaknesses, particularly tree species distribution by temperate and boreal industrialized countries that differ in their opinions and definition of plantations. PFDB has introduced improvements to planted forest data, especially for developing countries, but many important essential features and elements are still lacking. Some of the most important planted forest countries based upon planted area, China, India, Indonesia and Thailand have uncertain or weak planted forest information. For example, in China the reported annual plantings from 1950 to 2000 add to over 200 million ha while the estimated plantation area in 2000 was 45 million ha (FAO 2001b). Failures in plantation establishment, forest fires, desertification processes, lack of planted forest management etc. reduce the amount of actual planted forest areas. Plantation rotation lengths can vary from five years upwards and thus the dynamics in planted forest areas is quite different from natural forests. In statistics replanting (reforestation) and new plantings (afforestation) are only very seldom distinguished.

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There exist no data about the productivity of rubber tree plantations. The information about the production of poplars is weak in PFDB. Although PFDB contains large amount of both mean annual increment and rotation length data, it is scarce for many species or lacking especially if examined at regional level. In fact the estimation of productivity, based on MAI and rotation length only, is the most uncertain but in many cases the only possible way. There exist a large amount of growth models for different planted forest species but globally their validation and use is very difficult. One of the main advantages of the PFDB is that the information available can now be collected according to a uniform database that can be used for future development of the planted forest information system. The database also combines many different sources including the four global plantation assessments in 1965, 1980, 1990 and 2000. During the progress of FRA 2000, the most comprehensive assessment up to now, it became clear that questionnaires related to plantation areas, planting rates, age class distributions, mean annual increments, rotation lengths, purpose, ownership and production of forest plantations received few responses. The increasing importance of planted forests in global wood supply, combined with the rather weak information now available, highlights that supplementing the PFDB is urgently needed.

4.2 Planted forests for core point of next FRA There are many needs to improve the planted forest information. The data collection globally has been the mandate of FAO but data from industrialized temperate and boreal zone countries have been collected through UN/ECE/FAO. This has led to different datasets being collected. In the future planted forest data needs to be consistent in all countries. The definitions of plantations and planted forests must be harmonized. There have been varied definitions during latest decades as indicated in chapter 1.1. The work that has been done on the initiative of FAO, together with other stakeholders like IPCC, IUFRO, CIFOR and UNEP, serves as an excellent basis for harmonization of plantations and planted forests definitions. Instead of defining plantations as mainly exotic, intensively managed monocultures the wider definition of planted forests is clearly necessary. In September 2002 in Rome, Italy, the expert meeting decided that FAO FRA definition of forest plantations is recommended for further consideration (FAO 2002b). Thus FAO is responsible for further development of plantation definition. Up to now the planted forests of industrialized countries are poorly represented in the context global forest plantations and thus also in PFDB. The plans of FAO to classify forests according to the intensity of global management and purpose would clarify greatly the situation and also data collection. The issue is further discussed by Carle and Holmgren (2003). The new classification will allow reporting of more realistic planted forests resources. For example, Germany reports to have no plantation forests though planting has been used in the country as the most common regeneration method for centuries and even though 134,000 ha of exotic Pseudostuga menziesii plantations were reported already in 1985 (Hermann and Lavender 1999). Also Finland reports no plantations even though 25 percent of forests are planted or seeded (Parviainen 1998). Canada has planted 4.5 million ha during last decade (CCFM 2002) etc. By harmonizing the planted forest definitions reporting in industrialized and developing countries can be more realistically harmonized.

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In many Asian countries large plantation areas have been reported. Especially in China and India the collection of country wise data has proven to be almost impossible. In these countries one province (China) or one state (India, Indonesia) alone contains more plantations than many other countries totally. Therefore it should be considered to collect plantation data in the largest planted forests countries by provinces or states. This also applies to USA and Canada. The question of gross and net areas of forest plantations addressed by using reduction factors in FAO estimates during the 1990s. More research is needed to obtain a real picture of planted forest resources. FAO is providing technical support to National Forest Assessments in developing countries. Planted forest resource assessment should be one essential part of these assessments.

4.3 Free entrance to PFDB The present planted forest database content is a collection of information from a wide range of sources that include many different levels: books, journals, working papers, proceedings of scientific meetings, projects, questionnaire documents, country reports, consultant reports and FAO documents as forest resources assessments, outlook studies, project documents, case studies, etc. Although PFDB contains over 8000 observations it is far from complete. Therefore more work is needed in completing planted forest data. At the moment the complete version of PFDB is available at FAO Headquarters while all the data and the enquiring form are available on CD support. CDs are useful tools to disseminate information but still do not fully allow participation of country to the exercise of collecting and compiling information. In the future, with improvement of modern information technology, the database will be placed on the Internet. The Interface of PFDB described in chapter 3.3 allows users to view, review and analyse data content in the database. The next step is the entry of new planted forest data. Until now this has been made by and after experts’ consideration. It is suggested that in the future a filter is needed in order to guarantee the quality of new data when added to the database. In the PFDB the reliability classification has been used in all data entries. The productivity of planted forests needs to be better documented in PFDB. Mean annual increment and rotation length data have been collected by different organizations, so continued examination of literature, connections to relevant institutes, and collection of new data can improve the PFDB.

4.4 New elements of PFDB and connections to other databases The present PFDB contains four main tables: plantation areas, planting rates, productivity and tree species. To be able to estimate the wood supply from planted forests new dimensions of planted forest data are needed. Harvest yields from planted forests including thinning, felling and waste wood are required. PFDB could include also the production of planted forest based wood products (saw logs, veneer logs, pulp wood, other industrial wood) as well as non industrial products (fuel wood, poles, cork and tan bark). The data provided in the global outlook for future wood supply from forest plantations (FAO 2000) could be linked to the PFDB or a new outlook could be done, based on the new PFDB information. The most suitable database for PFDB will ultimately be, Forestry Information System (FORIS) in FAO. Other databases like the FAO global information system on forest genetic

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resources (REFORGEN), including links to common names of planted forest tree species, are essential to PFDB. Close links are also needed to the forest fire, pest management and mangrove databases which are under development at FAO.

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Appendices Appendix 1. List of countries in PFDB and reference source numbers (see Country references list). Country Source code Algeria 46, 114, 115, 185 American Samoa 311 Angola 112, 113, 114, 115, 195, 224, 390, 397 Antigua and Barbuda 125 Argentina 114, 115, 212, 236, 262, 263, 265, 291, 320, 329, 347, 390 Australia 52, 112, 114, 115, 210, 212, 217, 307, 389, 390 Austria 180 Bahrain 9 Bangladesh 82, 83, 112, 114, 116, 178, 192, 223, 271, 353, 382, 385, 393, 394 Barbados 334, 386 Belgium 45, 114, 180 Belize 111, 112, 118, 241, 382 Benin 8, 22, 23, 93, 112, 114, 117, 203, 382 Bhutan 3, 116, 155, 266 Bolivia 112, 114, 115, 153 Botswana 309 Brazil 16, 37, 41, 103, 112, 114, 115, 118, 186, 191, 192, 193, 210, 212, 241, 290, 292,

307, 308, 353, 378, 382, 390 British Virgin Islands 27 Brunei Darussalam 114, 145 Bulgaria 369 Burkina Faso 2, 95, 112, 114, 115, 117, 314, 382 Burundi 42, 91, 112, 115, 117, 165, 201 Cambodia 41, 94, 112, 126, 191, 192, 352 Cameroon 41, 88, 112, 114, 115, 191, 192, 193, 300 Canada 62, 114, 312 Cape Verde 281, 381 Central African Republic 97, 112, 192 Chad 43, 112, 114, 115, 177 Chile 30, 73, 86, 110, 114, 115, 161, 188, 219, 292 China 41, 67, 92, 109, 112, 114, 115, 191, 192, 193, 198, 218, 278, 303, 353, 362, 374,

382, 385, 388, 395 Colombia 55, 101, 112, 114, 115, 118, 203, 382 Comoros 115, 216, 282 Congo 26, 112, 114, 115, 117, 192, 193, 210, 212, 226, 301, 329 Cook Islands 310, 311 Costa Rica 84, 112, 115, 118, 133, 136, 167, 168, 212, 291, 308, 382, 383 Côte d'Ivoire 21, 41, 89, 112, 114, 115, 117, 191, 192, 193, 209, 240, 287, 343, 353, 382 Croatia 76 Cuba 19, 78, 96, 112, 114, 115, 118, 382 Cyprus 114, 115 Czech Republic 180 Dem People's Rep. of Korea

29, 318

Dem. Rep. of the Congo 112, 114, 115, 117, 191, 192, 212, 242, 283, 292, 317 Denmark 114, 180 Dominica 66

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Country Source code Dominican Republic 112, 235, 394 Ecuador 55, 112, 115, 118, 187, 353 Egypt 112, 114, 129, 234 El Salvador 112, 118, 136, 178, 344, 382 Eritrea 34, 159, 179 Ethiopia 112, 114, 115, 117, 130, 260 Fiji 112, 114, 135, 210, 241, 311, 382 Finland 48, 114 France 57, 114, 115, 180 French Guiana 112, 183, 210, 225 Gabon 49, 72, 97, 112, 114, 192, 193 Gambia 51, 112, 117 Germany 114, 180, 319 Ghana 106, 112, 115, 117, 137, 191, 192, 193, 292, 308, 351, 353, 379 Greece 114, 115 Grenada 113 Guadeloupe 104, 112, 241, 339 Guam 311 Guatemala 41, 112, 118, 133, 136, 192, 193 Guinea 18, 90, 100, 112, 114, 117, 193, 230, 382 Guinea-Bissau 98, 112 Guyana 114, 115, 118, 122, 210 Haiti 112, 122, 123, 348 Honduras 55, 84, 114, 115, 189, 210, 241, 382 Hong Kong 112 Hungary 114, 180, 304 India 36, 41, 71, 112, 114, 115, 117, 156, 157, 191, 192, 193, 210, 212, 223, 264, 284,

286, 287, 291, 292, 329, 353, 360, 385, 382, 390, 391 Indonesia 30, 41, 74, 112, 114, 117, 191, 192, 193, 212, 214, 223, 241, 272, 276, 284, 287,

289, 290, 291, 292, 324, 325, 353, 367, 382, 385, 387, 388 Iraq 40, 114, 115, 196, 205, 256, 299, 359 Ireland 115, 180 Israel 114, 115, 212, 291, 329 Italy 114, 115, 180, 212, 291, 326, 329 Jamaica 112, 114, 118, 147, 166, 178, 210 Japan 114, 270 Jordan 115, 267, 291, 358 Kenya 112, 114, 115, 117, 206, 247, 291, 390 Kiribati 375 Kuwait 160 Lao People's Dem. Rep 28, 102, 148, 207, 353, 377 Lebanon 372 Lesotho 115, 293, 295, 354 Liberia 41, 117, 191, 192, 193 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 113, 114, 163, 182 Luxemburg 113 Madagascar 32, 37, 112, 115, 117, 210, 292, 294, 330, 335, 390 Malawi 37, 107, 108, 112, 114, 115, 117, 170, 200, 292, 322, 323, 390 Malaysia 37, 41, 75, 82, 112, 114, 115, 116, 134, 146, 191, 192, 193, 203, 210, 223, 284,

290, 291, 292 Mali 90, 117, 230 Martinique 241, 321, 338, 382 Mauritania 373 Mauritius 112, 114, 115, 132, 154, 292, 307, 315, 346, 391

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Country Source code Mexico 55, 112, 115, 118, 191, 192, 193, 241, 350, 357 Micronesia 181, 310 Mongolia 64 Montserrat 63 Morocco 5, 47, 68, 85, 114, 115, 212, 291, 345, 329 Mozambique 61, 112, 115, 117, 288, 294, 309 Myanmar 41, 112, 116, 191, 192, 193, 214, 273, 277, 287, 353 Namibia 12, 355, 366 Nepal 114, 250, 337 Netherlands 180 Netherlands Antilles 212 New Caledonia 58, 112 New Zealand 59, 114, 115, 158, 228, 229, 274, 275, 308, 390 Nicaragua 112, 368, 382 Niger 11, 115, 150, 279 Nigeria 1, 37, 41, 112, 114, 115, 117, 151, 172, 191, 192, 193, 211, 287, 291, 316, 329,

353, 382 Niue 311 Norway 114 Pakistan 112, 114, 115, 214, 215, 329, 284, 291, 361, 364, 382 Palau 56 Panama 112, 115, 136, 174, 189, 190, 241, 353 Papua New Guinea 112, 114, 115, 116, 191, 192, 193, 203, 212, 292, 296, 307, 310, 311, 390 Paraguay 20, 25, 50, 112, 114, 115, 118 Peru 112, 114, 115, 118, 241, 243, 244, 245, 246, 291, 328 Philippines 41, 82, 87, 112, 114, 115, 116, 149, 172, 191, 192, 193, 199, 212, 223, 241, 291,

353, 376, 382, 394 Poland 114, 180 Portugal 114, 115, 180, 212, 291, 329 Puerto Rico 112, 115, 152, 184, 241, 353, 382, 385 Qatar 80 Republic of Korea 114, 208, 318, 392 Réunion 112, 164, 254 Romania 180, 305 Russian Federation 180 Rwanda 17, 112, 115, 117, 255, 285 Saint Helena 44, 60, 114 Saint Lucia 120, 233, 241 Saint Vincent and Grenadines

35, 142

Samoa 241, 311 Saudi Arabia 204 Senegal 112, 114, 115, 173, 176, 202, 203, 382 Seychelles 112, 114, 213 Sierra Leone 39, 112, 114, 117, 141, 144, 261 Slovakia 180 Solomon Islands 65, 112, 115, 241, 311 Somalia 119 South Africa 31, 105, 112, 114, 115, 124, 162, 210, 212, 291, 308, 322, 323, 382, 384, 390 Spain 114, 115, 180, 291, 329, 365 Sri Lanka 41, 112, 114, 115, 116, 171, 191, 192, 193, 197, 231, 232, 241, 292, 353, 385, 388 Sudan 112, 114, 115, 117, 176, 227, 291, 313, 329, 353 Suriname 38, 112, 114, 118, 169, 210, 259, 382 Swaziland 77, 112, 115, 268, 269, 308, 322, 349, 382, 390

54

Country Source code Sweden 69, 114 Switzerland 114 Syrian Arab Republic 222, 396 Thailand 41, 112, 114, 116, 127, 191, 192, 193, 223, 241, 340, 341, 342, 353, 394 Togo 7, 112, 117, 353, 382 Tonga 311 Trinidad and Tobago 53, 54, 114, 118, 140, 178, 210, 212, 241, 331, 332, 333, 353, 382 Tunisia 114, 115, 121, 356 Turkey 114, 115, 212, 249, 291, 329 Tuvalu 375 Uganda 99, 112, 114, 115, 117, 210, 291, 292, 370, 390 United Arab Emirates 336 United Kingdom 114, 180, 371 United Republic of Tanzania

4, 81, 112, 114, 115, 117, 138, 210, 258, 291, 353, 385, 390

United States 6, 112, 114, 115, 194, 223, 280, 291, 292, 380 Uruguay 10, 14, 15, 114, 115, 131, 143, 212, 251, 252, 253, 329 Vanuatu 311 Venezuela 112, 118, 203, 210, 237, 238, 239, 382 Viet Nam 41, 70, 112, 114, 128, 191, 192, 193, 220, 221, 257, 297, 298, 353 Wallis and Futuna Islands 311 Yugoslavia 327 Zambia 112, 114, 115, 117, 212, 248, 302 Zimbabwe 24, 37, 112, 115, 117, 139, 175, 291, 306, 322, 323, 363, 390

55

Appendix 2. Planted forest gross areas in 2000 according to FRA 2000 and classification of countries according to their planting development. Countries were grouped by the gross area size by continents into four groups (Large, Medium, Small and Minor). Plus (+) refers to expanding, zero (o) to stable and minus (-) to decreasing planted forest gross area development. Countries with data lacking are marked interrogation mark (?). AFRICA ASIA NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

CENTRAL AMERICA

Tr Tr Tr Tr

Gross area

Gross area

Gross area

Gross area

Country/area

000 ha

Country/area

000 ha

Country/area

000 ha

Country/area

000 ha

LARGE South Africa + 1 554 China + 45 083 United States + 16 238 Brazil + 4 982

India + 32 578 Chile + 2 017

Japan + 10 682 Indonesia + 9 871 Thailand + 4 920 Iran, Islamic Rep. + 2 284 Turkey + 1 854 Malaysia + 1 750 Viet Nam + 1 711 MEDIUM Algeria o 718 Pakistan + 980 Cuba + 482 Argentina + 926

Nigeria + 693 Myanmar + 821 Mexico + 267 Venezuela + 863

Sudan + 641 Philippines + 753 Costa Rica + 178 Peru + 640

Morocco o 534 Bangladesh + 625 Guatemala + 133 Uruguay + 622

Madagascar o 350 Sri Lanka + 316 Ecuador + 167

Senegal + 263 United Arab

Emirates + 314

Colombia - 141

Rwanda o 261 Uzbekistan ? 300

Kenya + 232 Syrian Arab

Republic + 229

Ethiopia - 216 Georgia ? 200 Tunisia - 202 Nepal + 133 Côte d'Ivoire + 184

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

+ 168

Swaziland o 161 Zimbabwe + 141 Angola o 141 Tanzania - 135 Liberia + 119 Malawi o 112 Benin + 112

56

AFRICA ASIA NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA

CENTRAL AMERICA

Tr Tr Tr Tr

Gross area

Gross area

Gross area

Gross area

Country/area

000 ha

Country/area

000 ha

Country/area

000 ha

Country/area

000 ha

SMALL Dem Rep of the Congo

+ 97 Israel ? 91 Honduras + 48 Bolivia + 46

Cape Verde + 85 Cambodia + 90 Nicaragua + 46 Paraguay + 27

Congo + 83 Kyrgyzstan ? 57 Panama + 40 Suriname o 13

Cameroon + 80 Lao People's Dem.

Rep + 54 Dominican

Republic + 30 Guyana o 12

Ghana o 76 Jordan o 45 Haiti + 20

Zambia + 75 Bhutan + 21 Trinidad and

Tobago o 15

Niger + 73 Azerbaijan ? 20 El Salvador + 14 Burundi - 73 Armenia ? 13 Egypt + 72 Turkmenistan ? 12 Burkina Faso + 67 Tajikistan ? 10 Mozambique o 50 Iraq - 10 Uganda o 43 Togo + 38 Gabon + 36 Mauritania + 25 Guinea o 25 Eritrea + 22 Mali - 15 Lesotho + 14 Chad + 14 Mauritius o 13 MINOR Sierra Leone - 6 Kuwait o 5 Jamaica - 9 French Guiana o 1

Seychelles + 5 Kazakhstan ? 5 Guadeloupe o 4 Total South

America 10 455

Central African Rep.

- 4 Saudi Arabia + 4 Puerto Rico o 4

Somalia - 3 Brunei Darussalam + 3 Belize o 3 Réunion - 3 Lebanon - 2 Martinique o 2 Saint Helena o 2 Qatar + 1 Saint Lucia + 1

Guinea-Bissau o 2 Oman o 1 Saint Vincent and

Grenadines + 0.3

Gambia o 2 Bahrain + 0.4 Grenada o 0.2 Comoros o 2 Republic of Korea ? Dominica o 0.1 Botswana o 1 Mongolia ? Barbados o 0

Namibia o 0.3 Dem People's Rep.

of Korea ? Canada ?

Total Africa 8 036 Total Asia 115 847 Total North and

Central America 17 533

57

Appendix 3. Gross area of tree species, genera, species groups based on the PFDB data.

Genus specie Area (ha) Overall total 28,203,042 Unspecified 9,684,293 Pinus radiata 3,796,176 Tectona grandis 2,913,086 Eucalyptus spp. 2,395,312 Pinus spp. 1,216,158 Pinus merkusii 901,910 Acacia nilotica 801,610 Pinus halepensis 611,193 Acacia auriculiformis 564,854 Eucalyptus grandis 481,792 Other Coniferous 459,304 Eucalyptus globulus 390,470 Pinus roxburghii 319,874 Dalbergia sissoo 266,698 Acacia catechu 259,540 Shorea robusta 250,509 Gmelina arborea 209,448 Other Broadleaves 195,395 Populus spp. 182,727 Acacia mearnsii 167,578 Swietenia macrophylla 157,025 Agathis spp. 143,669 Eucalyptus robusta 142,286 Anacardium occidentale 141,920 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis 139,965 Casuarina equisetifolia 134,017 Pinus kesiya 131,120 Cedrus deodara 124,930 Pseudotsuga menziesii 102,573 Pinus elliottii 86,990 Pinus pinaster 70,641 Xylia kerri 50,780 Atriplex nummuleria 49,320 Pinus patula 46,825 Araucaria spp. 46,588 Bombax ceiba 37,970 Eucalyptus deglupta 32,006 Terminalia superba 30,463 Shorea spp. 28,801 Dahlbergia latifolia 28,461 Eucalyptus nitens 28,123 Acacia spp. 27,894 Cordia alliodora 24,411 Bombacopsis quinatum 23,152 Prosopis tamarugo 20,632 Pinus pinea 17,014 Picea smithiana 16,740

58

Genus specie Area (ha) Cupressus spp. 16,222 Cupressus lusitiana 15,489 Pterocarpus macrocarpus 15,286 Pinus oocarpa 14,700 Terminalia ivorensis 14,662 Eucalyptus regnans 12,276 Melaleuca leucodendron 12,059 Santalam album 10,580 Cedrela spp. 10,071 Paraserianthes falcataria 9,991 Eucalyptus saligna 9,570 Pinus caribaea var. caribaea 9,459 Ochroma lagopus 8,940 Eucalyptus dunnii 7,374 Leucaena leucocephala 6,996 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 6,589 Aucoumea klaineana 6,468 Lovoa trichilioides 6,380 Triplochiton scleroxylon 4,701 Araucaria cunninghamii 4,636 Schleichera oleosa 3,809 Araucaria hunsteinii 3,335 Ceratonia siliqua 3,318 Pinus tecunumani 3,300 Eucalyptus tereticornis 3,252 Alnus acuminata 2,667 Terminalia brassii 2,474 Octomeles sumatrana 2,139 Casuarina spp. 2,004 Tabebuia rosea 1,906 Albizia chinensis 1,812 Khaya ivorensis 1,732 Entandrophragma utile 1,538 Tarrietia utilis 1,520 Cryptomeria japonica 1,321 Inga vera 1,201 Cedrus spp. 959 Tamarix spp. 955 Maesopsis eminii 787 Gliricidia sepium 676 Dipterocarpus spp. 670 Pinus brutia 664 Eucalyptus citriodora 611 Nauclea diderichii 600 Pinus wallichiana 600 Acacia magnium 441 Entandrophragma cylindricum 425 Mansonia altissima 420 Thieghemella heckelii 416 Baillonella toxisperma 389 Quercus suber 317 Lophira alata 277

59

Genus specie Area (ha) Azadirachta indica 276 Cedrela odorata 213 Agathis vitiensis 166 Flueggea flexuosa 141 Platanus spp. 130 Terminalia calamansanai 99 Entandrophragma angolense 92 Cassia siamea 85 Toona australis 69 Eucalyptus urophylla 64 Tabebuia donnell 63 Cupressus tolurosa 51 Eucalyptus pellita 44 Albizia saman 38 Endospermum macrophyllum 37 Michelia champaca 36 Licania arborea 35 Cedrela mexicana 34 Enterolobium cyclocarpum 24 Agathis borneensis 22 Agathis robusta 14 Myroxilon balsamun 13 Albizia guachapele 11 Pterocarpus indicus 11 Swietenia humilis 11 Tabebuia impetiginosa 10 Albizia caribaea 9 Intsia bijuga 8 Calophyllum inophyllum 5 Adenanthera pavonina 1 Alphitonia zizyphoides 1 Liquidambar styraciflua 1 Pometia pinnata 1

60

Appendix 4. Tree species used in planted forests and their frequence expressed as number of countries with observations (N). Genera Species NEucalyptus camaldulensis 67Tectona grandis 50Pinus caribaea var.

hondurensis 49

Swietenia macrophylla 38Eucalyptus grandis 37Eucalyptus tereticornis 36Gmelina arborea 34Eucalyptus globulus 26Eucalyptus saligna 26Hevea brasiliensis 26Eucalyptus citriodora 25Casuarina equisetifolia 23Pinus patula 23Azadirachta indica 22Eucalyptus robusta 22Acacia auriculiformis 21Cupressus lusitiana 19Eucalyptus deglupta 19Leucaena leucocephala 19Pseudotsuga menziesii 19Cedrela odorata 18Pinus elliottii 18Acacia magnium 17Pinus radiata 17Populus x euramericana 16Eucalyptus gomphocephala 14Pinus kesiya 14Pinus oocarpa 14Populus deltoides 13Eucalyptus viminalis 12Parkinsonia aculeata 12Pinus halepensis 12Acacia mearnsii 11Cordia alliodora 11Dalbergia sissoo 11Eucalyptus occidentalis 11Pinus pinaster 11Pinus taeda 11Populus nigra 11Terminalia superba 11Cassia siamea 10Eucalyptus botryoides 10Prosopis juliflora 10Acacia cyanophylla 9Eucalyptus maidenii 9Eucalyptus sideroxylon 9Eucalyptus urophylla 9

Genera Species NPopulus alba 9Swietenia mahogani 9Terminalia ivorensis 9Acacia nilotica 8Acacia senegal 8Eucalyptus cloeziana 8Eucalyptus microtheca 8Eucalyptus paniculata 8Hibiscus elatus 8Khaya senegalensis 8Melia azaderach 8Robinia pseudoacacia 8Acacia tortilis 7Albizia lebbek 7Anthocephalus chinensis 7Araucaria cunninghamii 7Cryptomeria japonica 7Eucalyptus alba 7Eucalyptus propinqua 7Grevillea robusta 7Pinus caribaea var.

caribaea 7

Pinus pinea 7Acacia arabica 6Anacardium occidentale 6Cupressus sempervirens 6Eucalyptus cladocalyx 6Eucalyptus melliodora 6Eucalyptus microcorys 6Maesopsis eminii 6Pinus brutia 6Salix alba 6Triplochiton scleroxylon 6Albizia falcataria 5Araucaria hunsteinii 5Eucalyptus delegatensis 5Eucalyptus fastigata 5Eucalyptus nitens 5Eucalyptus resinifera 5Eucalyptus torelliana 5Gliricidia sepium 5Pinus roxburghii 5Populus tremula 5Ziziphus spina-christi 5Acacia albida 4Acacia farnesiana 4Araucaria angustifolia 4Aucoumea klaineana 4

61

Genera Species NBombacopsis quinatum 4Casuarina cunninghamiana 4Cedrela mexicana 4Cupressus macrocarpa 4Eucalyptus astringens 4Eucalyptus regnans 4Eucalyptus smithii 4Hopea odorata 4Khaya ivorensis 4Nauclea diderichii 4Paraserianthes falcataria 4Pinus canariensis 4Pinus merkusii 4Tabebuia rosea 4Tamarix aphylla 4Terminalia brassii 4Terminalia catappa 4Acacia catechu 3Acacia decurrens 3Acacia holocericea 3Acacia melanoxylon 3Albizia chinensis 3Albizia procera 3Anthocephalus cadamba 3Balanites aegyptiaca 3Bombax ceiba 3Calliandra callothyrsus 3Calophyllum antillanum 3Cedrela toona 3Ceiba pentandra 3Ceratonia siliqua 3Chlorophora excelsa 3Chukrasia tabularis 3Cunninghamia lanceolata 3Dipterocarpus alatus 3Eucalyptus dalrympleana 3Eucalyptus dunnii 3Eucalyptus gunnii 3Eucalyptus largiflorens 3Eucalyptus leucoxylon 3Eucalyptus obliqua 3Eucalyptus pilularis 3Eucalyptus polyanthemos 3Eucalyptus rudis 3Eucalyptus salmonophloia 3Eucalyptus torquata 3Lovoa trichilioides 3Michelia champaca 3Pinus caribaea var

bahamensis 3

Pinus koraiensis 3

Genera Species NPinus sylvestris 3Podocarpus gracilior 3Populus deltoides x P. nigra 3Populus deltoides var

deltoides 3

Populus euphratica 3Populus trichocarpa 3Populus x canescens 3Proposis spicigera 3Prosopis alba 3Pterocarpus indicus 3Pterocarpus macrocarpus 3Salvadora persica 3Shorea robusta 3Abies cilcica 2Acacia aneura 2Acacia aulacocarpa 2Acacia dealbata 2Acacia ligulata 2Acacia longifolia 2Acacia melifera 2Acacia salicina 2Acacia seyal var. seyal 2Acacia victoriae 2Agathis macrophylla 2Agathis robusta 2Albizia guachapele 2Alnus nepalensis 2Alstonia scholaris 2Atriplex nummuleria 2Casuarina glauca 2Cedrus atlantica 2Cedrus deodara 2Cedrus libani 2Conocarpus lancifolius 2Cupressus arizonica 2Cupressus tolurosa 2Entandrophragma cylindricum 2Enterolobium cyclocarpum 2Eucalyptus bosistoana 2Eucalyptus crebra 2Eucalyptus diversicolor 2Eucalyptus eugenioides 2Eucalyptus fraxinoides 2Eucalyptus intertexta 2Eucalyptus longifolia 2Eucalyptus melanophloia 2Eucalyptus muelleriana 2Eucalyptus pellita 2Eucalyptus tessellaris 2Flueggea flexuosa 2

62

Genera Species NFraxinus americana 2Heritiera utilis 2Intsia bijuga 2Juniperus procera 2Khaya grandifoliola 2Larix kaempheri 2Larix leptolepis 2Leptadenia pyrotechnic 2Mangifera indica 2Ochroma lagopus 2Parkia biglobosa 2Phoenix dactylifera 2Pinus eldarica 2Pinus greggii 2Pinus massoniana 2Pinus tecunumani 2Pinus wallichiana 2Pithecellobium dulce 2Populus davidiana 2Populus euramericana 2Populus trichocarpa x P.

deltoides 2

Populus x interamericana 2Salix fragilis 2Samanea saman 2Santalam album 2Sophora japonica 2Tabebuia pallida 2Tabebuia pentaphylla 2Tamarindus indica 2Tamarix articulata 2Taxodium distichum 2Terminalia calamansanai 2Toona ciliata 2Ulmus pumila 2Abies densa 1Abies nordmanniana 1Acacia asak 1Acacia crassicarpa 1Acacia cyclops 1Acacia ehrenbergiana 1Acacia heterophylla 1Acacia horrida 1Acacia karroo 1Acacia raddeana 1Acacia radiana 1Acacia rubra 1Acacia saligna 1Acacia syanophylla 1Acer negundo 1Adansonia digitata 1

Genera Species NAdenanthera pavonina 1Aesandra butyracea 1Afzelia xylocarpa 1Agathis borneensis 1Agathis dammara 1Agathis vitiensis 1Ailanthus glandulosa 1Ailanthus grandis 1Ailanthus thripsa 1Albizia caribaea 1Albizia saman 1Alnus acuminata 1Alnus jorullensis 1Alnus rubra 1Alphitonia zizyphoides 1Anacardium excelsum 1Anisoptera schapula 1Aquilaria malaccensis 1Araucaria excelsa 1Aristida pungens 1Artocarpus chaplasha 1Artocarpus heterophyllus 1Artocarpus integrifolia 1Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon 1Astronium graveolans 1Atriplex halimus 1Avicennia marina 1Avicennia officinalis 1Azadirachta excelsa 1Baillonella toxisperma 1Bombax flammeum 1Byrsonima spicata 1Cajanus cajan 1Callitris calcarata 1Callitris clauca 1Calophyllum brasilense 1Calophyllum calaba 1Calophyllum inophyllum 1Calophyllum kajewskii 1Calophyllum neo-ebudicum 1Campnosperma brevipetiolata 1Cassia fistula 1Cassia italica 1Castanea sativa 1Casuarina decaisneana 1Chamaecyparis obtusa 1Chukrasia velutina 1Colubrina ferruginosa 1Combretum quadrangulare 1Cordia africana 1

63

Genera Species NCordia subcordata 1Corpus africana 1Dahlbergia latifolia 1Diospyros samoensis 1Dipterocarpus gracilis 1Dipterocarpus turbinatus 1Duabanga grandiflora 1Duabanga moluccana 1Durio zibenthinus 1Endospermum macrophyllum 1Endospermum medullosum 1Endospermum peltatum 1Entandrophragma angolense 1Entandrophragma utile 1Erythrophleum fordii 1Eucalyptus brassiana 1Eucalyptus brockwayi 1Eucalyptus cinerea 1Eucalyptus condinensis 1Eucalyptus cypellocarpa 1Eucalyptus dives 1Eucalyptus drepanophylla 1Eucalyptus exserta 1Eucalyptus fibrosa 1Eucalyptus gummifera 1Eucalyptus macarthurii 1Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 1Eucalyptus maculata 1Eucalyptus marginata 1Eucalyptus moluccana 1Eucalyptus radiata 1Eucalyptus salubris 1Eucalyptus sargentii 1Eucalyptus transcontinentalis 1Eucalyptus urnigera 1Euphorbia balsamifera 1Exbucklandia populnea 1Ficus benghalensis 1Ficus sycamores 1Fraxinus mandshurica 1Fraxinus rotundifolia 1Gleditsia triacanthos 1Gonystylus bancanus 1Hibiscus yileaceus 1Holarrhea floribunda 1Inga vera 1Jacaranda ovalifolia 1Juglans neotropica 1Juniperus excelsa 1Juniperus phoenicea 1

Genera Species NKhaya anthotheca 1Lagerstroemia speciosa 1Larix europea 1Larix gmelini 1Larix sibirica 1Laurus nobilis 1Licania arborea 1Liquidambar styraciflua 1Lophira alata 1Macrocatalpa longissima 1Manglietia glauca 1Mansonia altissima 1Melaleuca leucodendron 1Melia indica 1Milicia regia 1Moringa oleifera 1Morus alba 1Myroxilon balsamun 1Nauclea trillesii 1Octomeles sumatrana 1Olea africana 1Olea capensis 1Panicum turgidum 1Parashorea stellata 1Parkia leucocephala 1Paulownia fortuneii 1Paulownia tomentosa 1Peltophorum africanum 1Peltophorum dasyrachis 1Peltophorum ferrugineum 1Picea smithiana 1Picea spinulosa 1Pinus ayacahuite 1Pinus cembroides 1Pinus coulteri 1Pinus cubensis 1Pinus echinata 1Pinus engelmannii 1Pinus lawsonii 1Pinus leiophylla 1Pinus lumholtzii 1Pinus maximinoi 1Pinus michoacana 1Pinus muricata 1Pinus nigra 1Pinus occidentalis 1Pinus palustris 1Pinus ponderosa 1Pinus pseudostrobus 1Pinus rigida 1

64

Genera Species NPinus tabulaeformis 1Pirhelor obiumdulce 1Platanus occidentalis 1Platycladus orientalis 1Podocarpus elongata 1Pometia pinnata 1Populus alba x P. tremula 1Populus balsamifera 1Populus canescens 1Populus cathayana 1Populus ciliata 1Populus deltoides x P. alba 1Populus deltoides x P.

trichocarpa 1

Populus gamblei 1Populus jacquemontiana 1Populus laurifolia 1Populus maximowiczii 1Populus nigra var. thevestina 1Populus pyramidalis 1Populus tomentiglandulosa 1Populus tomentosa 1Populus tremula x P.

tremuloides 1

Populus tremuloides 1Populus trichocarpa x P.

balsamifera 1

Populus ussuriensis 1Populus x Beaupré 1Populus x Boelare 1Populus x Gaver 1Populus x Ghoy 1Populus xiazhuanica 1Proposis africana 1Prosopis tamarugo 1Prunus serotina 1Pterocarpus erinaceus 1Pterocarpus soyauxii 1Pyrus syriaca 1Quercus calliprinos 1Quercus suber 1Salix acmophylla 1Salix babylonica var.

sacramenta 1

Salix babylonica L. var. sacramenta

1

Salix balylonica x S. alba 1Salix excelsa 1Salix matsudana x s. alba 1Salix nigra 1Salix viminalis 1

Genera Species NSalmalia malabarica 1Schinus molle 1Schizolobium amazonicum 1Schizolobium paraphyla 1Schleichera oleosa 1Securinega flexuosa 1Sesbania grandiflora 1Shorea parvifolia 1Simarouba amara 1Simarouba glauca 1Simmondsia chinensis 1Sonneratia apetala 1Spondias mombium 1Styrax benjoin 1Styrax tonkinensis 1Swietenia humilis 1Swintonia floribunda 1Syzygium cuminii 1Syzygium grande 1Syzygium inophylloides 1Tabebuia donnell 1Tabebuia heterophylla 1Tabebuia impetiginosa 1Talauma gioi 1Tamarix africanum 1Tamarix jordanis 1Tamarix pasazinoides 1Tarrietia javanica 1Tarrietia utilis 1Terminalia arjuna 1Terminalia latifolia 1Terminalia richii 1Terminalia tomentosa 1Ternstroemia wallichiana 1Thespesia populnea 1Thieghemella heckelii 1Tipuana speciosa 1Toona australis 1Trewia nudiflora 1Trichillia emetica 1Ulmus macrocarpa 1Widdringtonia whytei 1Virola surinamensis 1Vitex keniensis 1Vitex parsiflora 1Xylia dolabriformis 1Xylia kerri 1Xylopia aethiopica 1Zanthoxylum gilletii 1Ziziphus mauritania 1

65

Appendix 5. Poplar plantation areas by countries. COUNTRY Gross

Area Reference

Year CHINA 6,000,000 1999 FRANCE 256,300 1998 IRAN 150,000 1996 ARGENTINA 130,476 1992 ITALY 118,825 1997 HUNGARY 109,300 1999 SPAIN 102,830 1995 ROMANIA 52,824 1999 BELGIUM 40,825 1993 INDIA 40,000 1999 USA 30,000 1999 BULGARIA 25,645 1999 CROATIA 17,137 1999 CHILE 15,000 1999 UK 10,000 1999 CANADA 6,937 1999 IRAK 5,000 1999 CHILE 4,115 1997 MOROCCO 2,000 1999 EGYPT 1,596 1993 GERMANY 600 1999 ALGERIA 510 2000 SWEDEN 300 1999 FINLAND 209 1999 NEW ZEALAND 50 1999 TOTAL 7,120,479 -----

66

Appendix 6. Mimimum, average and maximum mean annual increment (MAI, m3 ha-1 yr-1) of selected tree species (more than one observation in each class) and number of observations. Genera Species MAI-MIN MAI-AVG MAI-MAX Obs-Sum Acacia auriculiformis 9 14 18 27Acacia magnium 15 24 37 33Acacia mearnsii 12 14 24 13Albizia falcataria 23 29 48 25Alnus acuminata 10 12 15 7Anthocephalus chinensis 8 14 34 11Araucaria angustifolia 8 11 16 33Araucaria cunninghamii 10 11 24 13Azadirachta indica 4 5 19 21Casuarina equisetifolia 6 10 18 19Cupressus lusitiana 8 17 25 37Dalbergia sissoo 4 9 10 15Eucalyptus brassiana 6 15 21 17Eucalyptus camaldulensis 10 14 21 123Eucalyptus citriodora 8 19 21 27Eucalyptus deglupta 17 27 35 33Eucalyptus globulus 8 18 29 92Eucalyptus gomphocephala 7 16 22 13Eucalyptus grandis 14 27 35 116Eucalyptus nitens 9 15 21 8Eucalyptus occidentalis 2 3 6 9Eucalyptus paniculata 9 13 18 13Eucalyptus regnans 11 22 23 9Eucalyptus resinifera 10 11 18 6Eucalyptus robusta 11 18 28 32Eucalyptus saligna 13 22 48 32Eucalyptus tereticornis 9 16 25 57Eucalyptus urophylla 20 25 40 16Eucalyptus viminalis 10 16 26 11Gmelina arborea 16 20 28 84Grevillea robusta 5 12 16 7Leucaena leucocephala 18 24 42 53Maesopsis eminii 8 23 32 10Nauclea diderichii 3 8 10 9Pinus canariensis 8 11 18 10Pinus caribaea var. caribaea 10 13 23 19Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis 15 16 22 152Pinus elliottii 10 20 24 54Pinus halepensis 5 7 9 19Pinus kesiya 11 19 21 59Pinus merkusii 11 21 24 13Pinus oocarpa 10 14 32 17Pinus patula 11 20 30 94Pinus pinaster 5 12 15 80Pinus ponderosa 5 18 21 10Pinus pseudostrobus 15 23 30 9Pinus radiata 13 23 26 47Pinus roxburghii 6 9 11 10Pinus taeda 12 19 30 38

67

Genera Species MAI-MIN MAI-AVG MAI-MAX Obs-Sum Shorea robusta 4 6 9 10Swietenia macrophylla 8 9 13 133Swietenia mahogani 4 7 9 9Tectona grandis 7 8 13 262Terminalia brassii 18 19 27 7Terminalia ivorensis 8 13 15 21Terminalia superba 10 14 16 12Triplochiton scleroxylon 6 13 15 10

68

Appendix 7. Average rotation length of selected tree species (more than two observations) and number of observations.

Genera Species RL-AVG Obs-AVG Acacia auriculiformis 15 3 Acacia magnium 8 17 Acacia mearnsii 11 3 Acacia nilotica 20 14 Agathis dammara 40 8 Albizia falcataria 10 13 Alnus rubra 25 3 Araucaria angustifolia 26 22 Araucaria cunninghamii 27 8 Araucaria hunsteinii 33 3 Azadirachta indica 8 7 Cassia siamea 12 5 Casuarina equisetifolia 12 6 Cedrela odorata 27 7 Cordia alliodora 21 3 Cryptomeria japonica 26 11 Cunninghamia lanceolata 23 15 Cupressus lusitiana 26 17 Dalbergia sissoo 24 7 Eucalyptus brassiana 5 5 Eucalyptus camaldulensis 12 34 Eucalyptus citriodora 25 20 Eucalyptus cladocalyx 23 4 Eucalyptus cloeziana 10 3 Eucalyptus deglupta 13 14 Eucalyptus diversicolor 37 6 Eucalyptus fraxinoides 32 3 Eucalyptus globulus 15 54 Eucalyptus gomphocephala 14 3 Eucalyptus grandis 18 73 Eucalyptus maidenii 28 6 Eucalyptus microcorys 39 7 Eucalyptus microtheca 10 12 Eucalyptus nitens 22 4 Eucalyptus obliqua 36 3 Eucalyptus occidentalis 13 3 Eucalyptus paniculata 40 9 Eucalyptus pilularis 42 5 Eucalyptus regnans 23 5 Eucalyptus robusta 8 5 Eucalyptus saligna 18 20 Eucalyptus sideroxylon 48 5 Eucalyptus tereticornis 10 13 Eucalyptus urophylla 9 5 Gmelina arborea 15 45 Hibiscus elatus 25 3 Leucaena leucocephala 4 21

69

Genera Species RL-AVG Obs-AVG Maesopsis eminii 30 3 Nauclea diderichii 41 3 Paraserianthes falcataria 10 3 Pinus canariensis 50 5 Pinus caribaea var. caribaea 17 12 Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis 16 110 Pinus elliottii 31 40 Pinus kesiya 20 44 Pinus merkusii 25 6 Pinus oocarpa 23 8 Pinus patula 31 75 Pinus pinaster 41 72 Pinus pseudostrobus 41 5 Pinus radiata 30 33 Pinus roxburghii 47 5 Pinus taeda 36 28 Robinia pseudoacacia 12 3 Shorea robusta 67 3 Swietenia macrophylla 32 106 Tectona grandis 44 164 Terminalia ivorensis 24 10 Terminalia superba 26 3 Vitex keniensis 44 3

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Appendix 8. Mean annual increment vs. rotation length of tree species having more than 30 observations.

Eucalyptus camaldulensis

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

Eucalyptus globulus

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

71

Eucalyptus grandis

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

Gmelina arborea

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

72

Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

Pinus elliottii

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

73

Pinus patula

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

Pinus pinaster

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

74

Swietania macrophylla

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr

Tectona grandis

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Rotation length, yr

MA

I, m

3/ha

/yr