Formation of the Universe

Formation of the Universe

NebulaAll the ingredients for building planets, moons, and stars are found in the vast, seemingly empty regions of space between the stars. Clouds in space are called Nebulas mixture of gases (mainly hydrogen and helium) and dust (elements such as carbon and iron). Gravity pulls matter together nebulas are less dense than air . Therefore the gravitational pull is very weak.

NebulaeThe relationship between temperature and pressure keep the nebula from collapsing.

Temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy (energy in motion) of the particles in an object. Little energy = slow movement and low temperatureHigh energy = fast movement and high temperature.

Pressure = when the moving particles collide they push away from one another

How a Solar System FormsGlobules compressed regions of a nebulaSolar Nebula the nebula that formed our solar system. (These collapse)Planetesimals small planets Outer planets planetesimals that formed near the outer part of the solar disk where the hydrogen and helium were located. (gas giants) Inner planets planetesimals that formed closer to the nebulas center (too hot for gases to remain ) mostly rocky material.

Nuclear FusionThe process where the nuclei of two or more small atoms combine (fuse) to form a larger nucleus releases a lot of energy.Sun = 4 hydrogen nuclei fuse together to form one nucleus of Helium. Radiative Zone dense region of the Sun through which energy from the core passesConvective Zone Region of the Sun where gases circulate and carry energy to the photospherePhotosphere The visible surface of the Sun.

Solar ActivitySunspots cooler, dark spots of the photosphere of the sun. - Cycle about every 11 years. Solar Flares regions of extremely high temperature and brightness that develop on the suns surface.

Sunspots

Solar Flares

The Earth takes ShapeMade mostly of rock, of the planet is covered with water. Surrounded by protective layer (atmosphere) made mostly of nitrogen and oxygen (and small amounts of other gases). Formed as a small planetesimals collided and combined.Gravity holds us together and made our shape more round.

Causes of Heat:Planetesimals colliding with Earth generated heat.Radioactive material heated the EarthAll of this created an enormous amount of energy..

Effects of heat: Volcanoes, earthquakes, hot springs Created the layers of the Earth.

Earths LayersThe core of the Earth is like a ball of very hot metals. The outer core is liquid.

The outer core is made up of iron and is very dense.

1.) Crust = thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth (above the Mantle)2.) Mantle = The layer of rock between the Earths crust and core3.) Core = The central part of the Earth below the mantle

Layers of the EARTHCRUST5 to 25 miles thick and up to 1,600 FMANTLE1,800 miles thick and up to 8,000 FOUTER CORE1,400 miles thick and up to 11,000 FINNER CORE800 miles thick and up to 13,000 F

Earths Atmosphere78% Nitrogen21% Oxygen1% Argon-0.03 % Carbon DioxideMisc. other gases.

Early AtmosphereEarly Atmosphere was a mixture of gases that were released as the Earth cooled.Scientist think that Earths early atmosphere was a steamy mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor. (The molten rock released these)

Volcanoes contributionVolcanoes probably formed from volcanic gases. They released chlorine, nitrogen, and sulfur as well as the carbon dioxide and water vapor.(Some of this water vapor may have condensed to form the Earths first oceans.)Comets crashed to Earth creating craters, also contributed carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen to the Earth.

Ultraviolet Radiation and LifeScientist think UV radiation helped produce the conditions necessary for life.It has a lot of energy and can break apart molecules in the air. With no Ozone to protect the early Earth. Molecules in the air and at the Earths surface broke up and ended up in the water. These chemicals may have combined to form complex molecules that made life possible.Then organisms that produced food by photosynthesis appeared and with this process oxygen was released. This increased over time and formed our ozone layer.

Oceans and ContinentsOnce the Earth cooled enough rain fell and remained on the surface. By about 4 billion years ago a global ocean covered the planet.

Rocks on the Earth have melted and cooled many times each time they melted the heavier elements sank and the lighter ones rose to the surface. After time, some of the rocks were light enough to pile on the surface. Voila Continents.

Planetary MotionEarth spins on its axis the spin of a body on its axis is ROTATION.The ORBIT is the path that a body follows as it travels around another body in space.One complete orbit is a REVOLUTION.Therefore the Earth rotates on its axis and revolves around the Sun in an orbit.

Keplers 3 Laws of Motion1.) Planets orbit the Sun in an Elongated circle called an ellipse.An Ellipses maximum length is the MAJOR AXISHalf the distance is the SEMIMAJOR AXISThe semimajor axis is used to describe the size of the ellipse.2.) Planets move faster closer to the Sun and slower when they are far away.3.) Planets further away from the Sun take longer to orbit the Sun.

Law of Universal GravitationNewtons law of Universal Gravitation states that the force of gravity depends on the product of the masses of the objects divided by the square of the distance between the objects. so if the objects are moved twice as far apart = 2 if they are moved 10 times as far apart = 10Inertia = an objects resistance in speed or direction until the outside force acts on the object.

Chapter 21The Solar System.

Ooooooooooohhhhhhhhhhhhh..

CalculationsDistances are measured in Astronomical UnitsOne AU (astronomical unit) = distance from the Earth to the Sun.The Speed of light = 300,000 km per secondLight minute = the distance light travels in one minute (18,000,000 km)

How many AU = 8.3 light minutes? OneDistances can be measured in Light minutes as well as light hours.TelescopesUp until the 17th century only 8 bodies were known.. Earth, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the Sun and the Moon.When the telescope 9 more large bodies were known by the end of the 17th century.By the end of the 18th century Uranus, its two moons and two more of Saturns moons.In the 19th century Neptune and the moons of other planets discovered.20th century Pluto and other bodies found

Inner verses Outer4 closest planets to the SunDenser and Rockier known as terrestrial planetsSpaced closely together

Terrestrial planet = one of 4 highly dense planets near the Sun4 farthest planets from the SunLarger and composed mainly of gas.Gas Giants

Section Review1.) What is an Astronomical Unit?The average distance from Earth to the Sun2.) When was Uranus discovered?18th Century3.) What invention helped early scientist discover more bodies in our solar system?Telescope4.) How are the inner planets different from the outer planets?Inner planets are dense and rocky the outer ones are large and made mainly of gas

RotationsPrograde Rotation = The counterclockwise spin of a planet or moon as seen from above the planets north pole. (same as Suns rotation).

Retrograde Rotation = The clockwise spin of a planet or moon as seen from above the planets north pole.

How OldIf I lived on Mercury I would be 178 years old and Mrs. Lewis would be 149. If you are 10 you would be 42If you are 11 you would be 46If you are 12 you would be 50

Because on Mercury 1 year = 88 days.

Rotation verses RevolutionRotationRevolutionMercury = 58days 19hoursVenus = 243days 16hours (R) Earth = 23hours 56 minMars = 24hours 40 min88 days224days 17 hours365days 6hours1year 322 daysOn Venus a day is longer (243 days) than a year (224)Venus Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth. Its atmosphere is slightly less dense, and slightly less massive. Because it has a retrograde rotation, the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east. It has volcanoes on the surface like EarthIts surface temperature is 464 c this is due to its greenhouse effect. Greenhouse effect is where the carbon dioxide traps all the thermal energy from sunlight.

Why is Earth so Special?1.) Earth formed at just the right distance from the Sun. Therefore it is warm enough to keep most of its water from freezing but cool enough (unlike Venus) to keep its water from boiling away. (liquid water is essential for chemical processes that living things need).

What is the Earth Science Enterprise?NASAs program that uses satellites to study Earths atmosphere, land, oceans, life, and ice. MarsMars has a thinner atmosphere and of the 4 inner planets it is the farthest away from the Sun.Colder and the air is so thin it is like our atmosphere at 30,000kmThis makes the pressure so thin that liquid water boils quickly away.The only water present is in the form of ice. (Evidence shows that liquid water existed in Mars past).Scientist believe that the water now exists as polar ice caps and as ice beneath the surface.

Section Two ReviewWhat is a terrestrial planet?A planet that has a solid rocky surfaceDefine Prograde RotationA counterclockwise rotation of a planet or moon.Define Retrograde Rotation.A clockwise rotation of a planet or moonWhat is the difference between a planets period of rotation and period of revolution?Period of rotation = time a planet takes to rotate on its axis. Period of revolution = time a planet takes to revolve around the SunWhy is Venus surface temperature higher than other planets?Because of its greenhouse effectThe Outer Planets Gas GiantsRotationRevolutionJupiter = 9 hours 54 minutesSaturn = 10 hours 42 minutesUranus = 17 hours 12 minutesNeptune = 16 hours 6 minutesJupiter = 11 years 313 daysSaturn = 29 years 155 daysUranus = 83 years 273 daysNeptune = 163 years 263 daysGas Giants are planets that have deep, massive atmospheres rather than hard and rocky surfaces like those of the inner planets.

JupiterSaturnJupiter is the largest planet in our solar systemAtmosphere is made of layered clouds of water, methane and ammonia.Gives off more energy than it receives from the Sun. Great Red Spot = a storm system over 400 years old and about 3 times the diameter of EarthStill forming (helium falls from the atmosphere and sinks to the core).Rings are made of icy particles ranging in size from a few cm to several meters wide.Atmosphere is made of methane, ammonia, and ethane. Gives off more energy than it receives from the Sun

UranusNeptuneAtmosphere is mainly hydrogen and methaneBlue color comes because the elements (hydrogen and methane) absorb the red part of sunlight. Tilted Uranus is tipped over on its side. Its axis of rotation is tilted almost 90Atmosphere is mainly hydrogen and methane.Atmosphere has belts of clouds that are much more visible.Great Dark Spot like Jupiters Great Red Spot.

PlutoNow classified a Dwarf Planet the size of MercuryMade mainly of ice and rock. (scientist think that it is covered in frozen nitrogen)Atmosphere = thin and made of methaneMoon (Charon) is half Plutos size. Plutos classification was questioned when Eris was discovered Eris is larger than Pluto.

Dwarf Planets = any object that orbits the sun, is round because of its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path.

ClassificationA planet orbits a star Has enough mass to be rounded out by its own gravity.Not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusionHas cleared its own field of debris. (planetesimals, etc)

Moons (section 4)Satellites a natural or artificial body that revolves around a planet.The surface of the moon tells us a lot. We know how old the moon is and can therefore count the number of craters to find the rate of cratering since the birth of our solar system. This information can be used to number the craters on other bodies and determine their age.

How our moon formedWhen we collected moon rocks during Apollo 11, scientist found their composition to be similar to that of the Earths mantle. Scientist believe that while the Earth was forming a large Mars-sized object hit the Earth and a part of the mantle was blasted into orbit.

Phase: The change in the sunlit area of one celestial body as seen from another celestial body.

Phases of the Moon

Waxing = the sunlit fraction that we can see is getting larger.Waning = the sunlit fraction is getting smaller.

Half the moon is always lit by the sun just like half of the Earth is always lit. The moons period of rotation is the same as its period of revolution so we always see the same side of the moon.

Eclipse = an event in which the shadow of one celestial body falls on anotherA solar Eclipse the moon comes between Earth and the Sun the shadow of the moon falls on part of the EarthA lunar eclipse Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon

The Moons of Other PlanetsMars has two moon Phobos and Deimos (they are small, dark, and oddly shaped. Surface materials like some asteroids.All the Gas Giants have multiple moons.Jupiter has dozens of moons The largest are Ganymede, Callisto, Io, and Europa. These were all discovered by Galileo in 1610. (Galilean satellites).Saturn also has dozens of moons made mostly of frozen water. The largest is Titan.

JupiterSaturn

Uranus, Neptune and Plutos moonsUranus has several moons made of ice and rock.Miranda has smooth cratered plains but it also has regions with grooves and cliffs. Neptune several known moons. Only one is large Titon. It has a retrograde orbit. Pluto has at least three moons. Charon, Hydra, Nix The largest is Charon.

Section SummaryA ______ is a body that revolves around a larger body (natural or artificial).SatelliteGanymede is a Galilean satellite ?TrueDescribe the current theory for the orgin of Earths moon.A large body collided with Earth causing part of the Earths mantle to eject into orbit around the EarthWhat causes the phases of the moon?The phases result from the moons changing position relative to Earth and the Sun. What is the difference between a lunar and a solar eclipse?Lunar = Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon. Solar = the moon comes between Earth and the SunCometsComet A small body of ice, rock, and cosmic dust loosely packed together. (dirty snowballs).Comets have tails when they come close to the Sun. The solar radiation heats the ice so the comet gives off gas and dust in the form of a tail. Sometimes it has two tails an ion tail and a dust tail.The center is the nucleus.Orbits the Sun in a elliptical mannerMany scientist think that comets come from the Oort cloud. a spherical region that surrounds the solar system. They also exist in the Kuiper belt (outside the orbit of Neptune).

Asteroids and MeteroidsAsteroid = a small rocky object that orbits the sun.Asteroid belt = The region of the solar system that is between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.Asteroids in the outermost region have dark reddish brown to black color.Asteroids in innermost region have light gray (stony or metallic composition).

MeteoroidsMeteoroid = a relatively small, rocky body that travels through space.Meteorite = a meteoroid that reaches the Earths surface without burning up completely. (Three types stony, metallic, stony-iron)Meteor = a bright streak of light that results when a meteoroid burns up in Earths atmosphere.Meteor shows = large numbers of meteors. (Happen when Earth passes through the dusty debris that comets leave behind).

ImpactsImpacts happen when an object in space collides with another object.

How often do large objects strike Earth?Large objects strike Earth every few thousands yearsThe Torino scales is a system that allows scientist to rate the hazard level of an object moving toward Earth. It ranges from 0 10. Zero is a very small change and 10 a definite strike.The scale also has color codes White = 0, Green = 1, Yellow = 2, 3, 4, Orange = 5, 6, 7 and Red = 8, 9, 10.

Section ReviewExplain the difference in meteor and meteoriteMeteor is streak of light because it has burned up in the atmosphere meteorites reach the surface Why do a comets two tails point in different direction?The ion tail is blown away from the Sun by the solar winds but the dust tail is not.How can cosmic impact affect life on Earth?It can change the global climate, destroy cities, etc.Where is the asteroid belt located?Between Mars and Jupiter.What is the Torino scale?A system that enables scientist to rate the hazard level of an object moving toward Earth.