Formation of Western Europe

800-1500 A.D.

Learning ObjectivesExplain the spiritual revival and the Church reforms which began in the 11 th century

Describe the Gothic Cathedrals of the 12th century

Analyze the causes and effects of the Crusades

Summarize the Spanish Reconquista and the resulting Inquisition

Describe the advances in agricultural that took place in Europe between 1000 and 1300 A.D.

Explain the formation and importance of Guilds

Trace the growth of trade and finance and explain their influence on the development of medieval towns

Identify the reasons for and the ways by which the Jews were persecuted during the Middle Ages

Describe the various invaders who contributed to English culture

Explain England's early steps toward democracy

Describe the Capetian Dynasty in France

Describe the bubonic plague and it’s effect on Europe

Explain the Hundred Year’s War and its impact

The Age of Faith

Problems in the Church– Increase of power– Marriage of Priests– Simony: selling

positions in the church– Lay investiture: kings

rather than church officials appointing bishops

– Indulgences: selling of forgiveness for future sins

Church Reform and RevivalChurch Reform– Enforced marriage laws– Banned simony, indulgences

Reorganization of the Church: resembles a kingdom– Curia: Pope’s advisors and church court– Diplomats– Taxation: Tithes= 10% of income

Rise of Friars– Franciscans– Dominicans

Cathedrals- Cities of God

Gothic architecture– Flying buttresses – Pointed arches

Stained Glass windows

ROMAN ARCH GOTHIC ARCH

The CrusadesPope Urban II asked by Byzantine

Emperor for help (1093)– Asks the knights of Christendom to join a

Crusade, or military expedition, to rescue

Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim

Turks or infidels.

From the confines of Jerusalem and the city of Constantinople a horrible tale has gone forth and very frequently has been brought to our ears: namely, that a race from the

kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race utterly alienated from God, a generation, forsooth, which has neither directed its heart nor entrusted its spirit to God, has invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by sword, pillage,

and fire. . . .

---Pope Urban II, Proclamation at Clermont, 1095

Over next 300 years, 8 crusades to Holy Land,

The Reconquista

Three groups fueled the CrusadesThe Church– Increase Power of Pope– Reunite Byzantine and Roman Christians– Get rid of Knights

Knights– religious zeal– win glory in battle – rich plunder – win a title

Merchants: -Hopes of opening trade routes and bringing

in expensive goods for trade

Results of each Crusade– 1st--retake Jerusalem (1097)

• Templars– 2nd-- loss of Edessa, must reclaim, in process also lose

Jerusalem (reconquered by Saladin) (1144) – 3rd--loss of Jerusalem, must reclaim, led by Richard I the

Lionhearted of England, Frederick Barbarossa of Germany and Philip II Augustus of France (1187-1192)

– 4th—Initiated by Pope Innocent III, lose sight of Crusades and conquer Constantinople (1204)

– Children’s Crusade (1212) – 5th Crusade--attempt to conquer Egypt (1218-1221)– 6th Crusade--no fighting, negotiated treaty for 10 year truce

(1228-1229)—pact with the devil (Saladin & Fred 2)– 7th Crusade (1248-1254) and 8th Crusade (1270) --failures,

all territory gained in Middle East lost, Jerusalem lost

Consequences of the Crusades

Decline of Papal prestige: – lessened the respect for the pope

Decline in the power of nobles:– Nobles died, lost land, monarchs seize power– Shift in loyalty towards a nation led by a king

Decrease in religious tolerance– Persecution of Jews and Muslims

Increase in trade:– desire for new goods spark the age of exploration

Access to new/lost knowledge

Changes in Medieval SocietyAgricultural Advances – Heavier plow, horsepower, 3 field

system

Guilds controlled crafts and trades– Guild: organization of individuals in

same business working to improve economic and social conditions

– Enforced standards, quality, and price– Trained new workers

• Apprentice, journeyman, and master craftsman

Commercial Revolution– Increase of Trade

• Crusades reopen trade routes• Surplus leads to ability to sell excess

goods• Trade takes place in towns and at

fairs• Development of merchant class

– Banking• Traders have need for Banks and

credit• Usury- lending money at interest

– Becomes occupation of many European Jews

Rise of towns– Increase in trade led to:

• demand for workers• Growing middle class (merchants and craftsman)

– The “Burghers”

– Serfs run away to towns• “Town air makes you free”

– Merchant class demands more freedoms from nobility• Purchasing of charters• Win ability of self-government

– Conditions are terrible• Diseased• Dirty• Constant Fire hazard

Revival of Learning– Muslim Connection

• Jewish scholars translated Arab versions of classical works into Latin

– Rise of Universities• Need for education by middle-class• Originally led by Church• New, secular ideas emerge• Use of Vernacular

The Reconquista

Much of Spain controlled

by Moors (Muslims)

Reconquista: long term effort to drive Muslims from Spain

In 1492 last Muslim territory (Granada) falls- want to unify Spain under Catholicism

Inquisition-church Court established to weed out heretics– Jews and Muslims expelled from

Spain

Europe and the Jews

Pograms-violent mob attacks directed against a particular group

Jewish pograms result of:– Greed– Superstition

• Blood Libel- use of blood of Christian’s blood in worship service

– The Crusades – The Black Death

Expulsion from Western Europe:– England: 1290– France: 1394– Italy: 1514– Spain:1492– Portugal: 1497– Germany: individual districts

expel Jews, pockets remain

Jews resettle in Poland, Slavic countries

The High Middle Ages

“All good things must end…”

England and France Emerge

England

England’s early inhabitants:– Angles/Saxons (Germanic tribes)– Native Islanders (Welsh, Scots)

Viking Raids (9th Century)– Alfred the Great- “Land of the Angles”

1016 Danes (King Canute) Conquer England– Molds English and Vikings together– In 1042, King Edward I dies without

leaving Heir

The Norman Conquest – William the Conqueror vs. Harold Godwinson

• William is Duke of Normandy (North-man)– Viking descendants but French Speaking

• Edward’s Cousin• Harold Godwinson is Anglo-Saxon who claims

the throne

– Battle of Hastings: Oct. 14, 1066• William wins-declares all of England his• Gave land back to 200 Norman lords who swore

allegiance to William– Laid foundation for centralized government

England’s Steps Toward Democracy

vHenry I:

§ William’s son.

§ set up a court system.

§trial by jury.

v Henry II:

§ established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.

§ grand jury.

Magna Carta, 1215Magna Carta, 1215

The Great Charter

Nobles revolted against King John I

Forced to sign charter that guaranteed certain basic rights: Protection from the

law Right to a jury trial No taxation without

representation Established idea that

Monarch was not above the law

The Beginnings of the British Parliament

The Beginnings of the British Parliament

v Great Council composed of :

§ Middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.

§Knights and high ranking clergy

§ eventually called Parliament.

§ by 1400, two chambers evolved:

o House of Lords nobles & clergy.

o House of Commons knights and burgesses.

The Rise of the French Monarchy

The Rise of the French Monarchy

With Feudal system Lords rule the territories of France.

Hugh Capet is duke from lands around Paris.

Is given title of King in name only

Starts Capetian Dynasty in 987.

Queens continually provided healthy male heirs, allowing the Capetians to SURVIVE!

Eventually, the growth of royal power would later unite France.

Evolution of French Government

French Kings worked to lessen power of Lords and gain more power for themselves

Established royal courts with Bailiffs

Established “councils” to help make decisions for France– 1st Estate: Clergy– 2nd Estate: Lords– 3rd Estate: Wealthy merchants and landowners

The last Capetian King died without leaving heir:– The French nobility selected Philip of

Valois (a cousin of the last king through the male line.)

– Chosen in preference to King Edward III of England (mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV)

In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”

1. Controversy Over French Succession

1. Controversy Over French Succession

2. Fr. Land Belonging to Br. Kings

A longer standing issue was the status of lands within France that belonged to English kings.

Edward was actually a vassal of Philip’s, holding sizable French territories as fiefs from the king of France [it went back to the Norman conquest].

3. Conflict Over Flanders

Wool industry.

Flanders wants its independence from French control.

Asks England for help

The ‘dagger’ pointing at the

‘heart’ of England!

4. A Struggle for National Identity

France was NOT a united country before the war began.

The French king only controlled about half of the country.

Edward III starts the 100 Years War

Makes claim to the French throneBrings about: Nationalism: a feeling of loyalty and pride in ones own land or people.

Major Battles/Events of the WarBattle of Crecy (1346)– English Victory

Battle of Poitiers (1356)– English Victory (but English

King captured)

Battle of Agincourt Oct. 25, 1415– English Victory

Treaty of Troyes (1420) – Both sides exhausted

2 new weapons helped end the Middle Ages

The longbow– Nullified the French

cavalry and armor– English foot soldiers,

mere commoners were the victors

– End of Feudalism

The cannon– Made the castle

obsolete

Joan of Arc saves FrancePeasant girl who believed in miraclesVisits the dauphin in Feb. 1429 to ask for soldiers to lift the siege of Orleans.May 7, 1429: broke the siege of OrleansOn July 17, 1429 she guides the dauphin to Reims to be crowned Charles VII. Captured by the English in 1430 and burned at the stake as a heretic on May 30,1431. In 1920, the church retracted its judgment and declared her a saint.Inspires French Nationalism!!!!

The site where she was burned at the stake

Joan’s tower in Rouen

Results of 100 Years War

1. Rise of Nationalism

2. Power of French Monarchy increased

3. Led to civil war in England (War of the Roses)

4.End of the Middle AgesEnd of religious

devotionDeath of Chivalry

War of the Roses – English civil war 1455-1485– Yorks (white rose) vs. Lancasters

(red rose) – Battle of Bosworth Field

Henry VII begins the Tudor dynasty– Created local govt. called justice

of the peace– Use tonnage and poundage to

collect taxes– Avoided war and paying an army– Outlawed having a private army.– The Court of the Star Chamber

Rise of SpainThere were 5 kingdoms on the Iberian peninsula

– Castile, Aragon, Granada, Navarre, Portugal

The marriage of Ferdinand de Aragon and Isabella de castile. – Reconquista to expel the

Muslims from Granada.– Successful in 1492