Formation of Western Europe (Part 2)

Section 3: England & France Develop

Main Idea: As the kingdoms of England and France began to develop into nations, certain democratic traditions evolved

Why it matters now? Modern concepts of jury trials, common law, and legal rights developed during this period

Setting the StageBy early 800s, small Anglo-Saxon (used to describe the invading Germanic tribes in the south and east of Great Britain from the early 5th century AD ) kingdoms covered former Roman province of BritainBreakup of feudal system was leading to changed in government and the development of nations

England Absorbs Waves of Invaders

For centuries invaders from various regions in Europe landed on English shoresMany stays, bringing their ways and changing English culture

Early Invasions800s- Britain was hit by Viking attacks

Only ALFRED THE GREAT was able to turn the Vikings backAlfred then united the kingdom under one rule- calling it ENGLAND (“land of the Angles”)Angles= one of the Germanic tribes that invaded Britain

1016- Danish king was conquered England and molded Angle-Saxons and Vikings into one people1066- King Edward the Confessor, died without an heir

The Norman ConquestWilliam the Conqueror= duke of Normandy (land already conquered by the Vikings), King Edwards cousin Harold Godwinson= William’s rival, Anglo-Saxon Battle of Hastings= 1066, battle fought between Normans and Saxons for the throne of England

Result= Harold was killed by an arrow to the eye, Normans won, William declared all England his personal propertyResult 2: Harold laid the foundation for centralized government

England’s Evolving Government

William’s descendants owned land in both Normandy and EnglandHenry II= married Eleanor of Aquitane (French)2 Goals:

1. Hold and add on to their French lands2. Strengthen their own power over the nobles and the Church

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Common Law

Eleanor of Aquitaine- wife of 2 king (Henry 2) s and mother to 2 kings (Richard the Lion- Hearted, John)Henry 2- held land in France while ruling England

Established:Royal JudgesUse of a jury and trial by juryCases decided by England’s judges formed a common law (unified body of law)

The Magna CartaWhen Henry died, his much softer younger brother, John, took the throne (lost much of Henry’s French land)John was mean to his subjects and tried to raise taxes, so the nobles forced him to sign the MAGNA CARTA (guaranteed certain basic political rights)Magna Carta included: no taxation without representation, jury trial, and the protection of the law

The Model ParliamentParliament= 2 burgesses (people of wealth) from every borough and 2 knights from every country served on this legislative groupModel Parliament= was made up of commoners, or non-nobles, as well as lords)House of Commons (lower house) & House of the Lords (upper house)

Capetian Dynasty Rules France

Many kings looked for ways to increase their powerFrance was divided into 30 feudal territoriesLast member of the Carolingian family died Capet Family took over (from Paris) Capetian Dynasty of French kings (987-1328)

France Becomes a Separate Kingdom

Caput Family had weak rulers, but a great trading locationEventually the Caput family would increase their power outward from Paris

Philip II Expands His Power

Philip II= aka Philip Augustus, one of the most powerful Capetians, saw his father lose power to English kingsPhilip had little success with his first attempts with English kings, but when King John came along it changed.

Philip II Expands His Power (2)

End Result: By the end of Philip’s reign, he had tripled the lands under his control and for the first time, a French king had become the more powerful than any of his vassalsAccomplishments: established royal bailiffs (presided over courts and collected king’s taxes)

Philips II’s HeirsLouis IX=saintly, known as the ideal king, made a saint by the Catholic ChurchCreated a French appeals court, which could overturn the decisions of local courts

Philip II’s HeirsPhilip IV had a quarrel with the pope (Philip didn’t think the pope had the right to govern church affairs in his kingdom)First Estate- Church leadersSecond Estate- great lordsThird Estate (called by Philip IV)- commonersEstates General= meeting of all 3 estates

Section 4: A Century of Turmoil

Main Idea: During the 1300s, Europe was torn apart by religious strife, the bubonic plague, and the Hundred Years War

Why it matters now? Events of the 1300s led to a change in attitudes toward religion and the state, a change reflected in modern attitude

Setting the StageBetween 1200s and 1300s, church and state seem to be in good shape, but trouble was brewing

A Church DividedAt the beginning of the 1300s, the papacy seemed in some ways strong, but pope and Church were in trouble

Pope & King Collide Pope Boniface VIII= stubborn Italian, attempted to enforce papal authority on kings as previous popes hadWhen a king, King Philip IV of France asserted his authority over French bishopsBoniface responded by ordering a PAPAL BULL (an official document issued by the pope) which said that kings must obey popesResult: King arrested Pope, Pope was rescued but died a month later.

Avignon & the Great SchismKing Philip IV failed to keep

Pope Boniface captive, so he persuaded the College of Cardinals to choose a French archbishop as the new pope (Clement V)Moved the pope to Avignon from Rome, lived there for 67 yearsThe move to Avignon weakened the Church

Avignon & the Great Schism (2)Reformers tried to move back to

Rome, but the result was worseWhile visiting Rome, Pope Gregory XI, diedCollege of Cardinals then met in Rome to choose a successor- choose an Italian, Pope Urban VIFrench cardinals also choose a pope- Clement VIIEach claimed to be the pope, excommunicating the otherGreat Schism= split or division of the Church, the papacy

Avignon & the Great Schism (3)Council of Constance

had the task of resolving the matterNow, there was a total of 3 popesWith the help of the Holy Roman Emperor, the council forced all 3 popes to resignNew Pope- Martin V

A Scholarly Challenge to Church Authority

Jan Hus= a professor from Czech Republic

Authority of the Bible is above the popeHus was excommunicated, tried as a heretic and burned at the stake

John Wycliffe= English professor, preached Jesus Christ and not the pope, was the head of the Church

Believed that the clergy shouldn’t own any land and were living in luxuryBible was the final word, not the popeSpread the idea of an English translation of a Bible

The Bubonic PlagueApproximately 1/3 of the population died from the bubonic plague

Origins & Symptoms of the Plague

Began in AsiaTraveled along trade lanesFirst arrived in Sicily around 1347Became known as the Black Death because of the blackish spots its produced on the skin

Black Death “Hollaback”

SymptomsPainful swelling called buboes in the lymph nodes (armpits and groin)Sometimes a purplish or blackish spots on the skinExtremely high fever, chills, delirium and in most cases, death

Origins & Symptoms of Plague (2)

Frightened people looked for a scapegoat: Jews (reason- they poisoned the wells)Result: Jews were driven from their homes or massacred

Plague took 4 years to spread throughout Europe

Effects of the Plague1. Social Effects: Population decrease2. Economic Effects- less people less living in towns less trading prices rise

Farmland abandoned, serfs left manors for higher paying jobs

3. Religious Effects: Church suffered a loss of prestige

The Crusades

The 100 Years’ War= a conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337- 1453Why? For the throneResult: French are able to finally drive the English out

The Battle of CrecyAlthough the French won, the English won 3 important battles in France1. Battle of Crecy (English were outnumbered, French knights attacked, victory because of English archers- longbows)

Poitiers & Aguincourt2. Battle of Poitiers (French believed they had surprised British, British attacked with longbows, captured the French king and his son and held them for ransom)3. Battle of Aguincourt (English outnumbered, led by King Henry V, English archers again won)*The longbow was putting an end to heavily mounted medieval knights

Joan of ArcAfter Aguincourt, the French and British signed a treaty that the next king would be Henry V, after the death of the French kingThe French lost hopeJOAN OF ARC= French peasant girl, felt inspired by God to rescue France from its English conquerors, led the French army into battle, wanted Charles VI’s son to be the next king

Joan of ArcIt looked like Joan and her French army were going to lose on the roads to Orleans- Joan acted like she was retreated and then charged the fort (her soldiers followed)Joan helped persuade Charles to go on and be crowned kingShe was later captured in battle, Charles did not help her, she was condemned as a witch and heretic, tied to a stake and burned to death

Joan of Arc Deathhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5EIsrZuczk&feature=related

The Impact of the 100s War

1. Sense of nationalism for both countries2. Strengthened the English Parliament3. Age of Faith/Middle Ages died out4. Raised the prestige of the monarchs