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I. The respiratory and circulatory systems The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to maintain ______________

1. The circulatory system transports blood and other materials. a. brings supplies to cells carries away wastes separates oxygen-poor and

oxygen-rich blood 2. The respiratory system is where

_____________________________________________.b. picks up____________________ from inhaled air expels

__________________________________3. respiratory system moves gases into and out of the blood.

a. The lungs contain the __________________________________________.

b. Millions of alveoli give the lungs a huge surface area. The _______________________________________ absorb oxygen from the air you inhale.

4. Breathing involves the diaphragm and muscles of the rib cage. a. Air flows from areas of_____________________ pressure

to______________________ pressureII. The circulatory system moves blood to all parts of the body.

1. The system includes the _______________________________________________________________a. heart pumps blood throughout body ___________________ move blood

away from heart _______________________ move blood back to heart __________________________ get blood to and from cells

2. There are three major functions of the circulatory system.a. transporting blood, gases, nutrients b. collecting waste materialsc. ___________________________

1. Gas

exchange occurs in the __________________ of the lungs. a. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried by the blood to and from the alveoli.

i. oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillary ii. oxygen binds to______________________ in red blood cells

iii. carbon dioxide diffuses from capillary into alveoli

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2. Respiratory diseases interfere with gas exchange.a. Lung diseases reduce airflow and oxygen absorption.

i. _____________destroys alveoli.ii. ____________________ constricts airways.

iii. __________________ produces sticky mucusIII. The heart is a muscular pump that moves the blood through two pathways

1. Cardiac muscle tissue works continuously without tiring.

2. The heart has four chambers: two atria, two ventricles.3. _______________________________ in each chamber prevent backflow of

blood4. Muscles squeeze the chambers in a powerful pumping action. 5. The heartbeat consists of two contractions

a. ______________________________, or pacemaker, stimulates atria to contract

b. ______________________________ stimulates ventricles to contract

6. Blood flows through the heart in a specific pathway.a. _____________________________b. oxygen-rich blood from lungs enters left atrium, then

left ventricle c. _____________________________d. oxygen-poor blood enters right atrium, then right

ventricle

7. The heart pumps blood through two main pathways. a. ________________________________ occurs between the

heart and the lungs.i. oxygen-poor blood enters lungs excess carbon dioxide and water

expelled blood picks up oxygen oxygen-rich blood returns to heart

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___________________________ occurs between the heart and the rest of the body.

i. oxygen-rich blood goes to organs, extremities,ii. oxygen-poor blood returns to heart

8. Arteries, veins, and

capillaries transport blood to all parts of the body.

a. _________________ carry blood away from the heart.

i. blood under great pressure

ii. thicker, more muscular walls

b. __________________ carry blood back to the heart.

– blood under less pressure

– thinner walls, larger diameter

– valves prevent backflow

c. Capillaries move blood between veins, arteries, and cells.

9. Blood pressure is a measure of the force of blood pushing against artery walls. a. ________________

____________: left ventricle contracts

b. ____________________________: left ventricle relaxes

A. ___________________________ lack of oxygen to the heart

B. ___________________ lack of oxygen to the brainC. Tissue damage due to lack of oxygen

Blood is a complex tissue that transports materials. 1. Blood is composed mainly of cells, cell fragments, and plasma. 2. Whole blood is made up of different materials.

a. ________________________b. ________________________c. _________________________________d. _________________________________

3. Plasma is a key factor in maintaining homeostasis. a. molecules diffuse into and out of plasmab. contains proteins that stabilize blood

volume

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c. contains clotting factors

d. contains immune proteins

4. Platelets and different types of blood cells have different functions.

a. The _________________________________ manufactures most of the blood components.

b. Red blood cells make up 40-45 % of all blood cells.i. transport oxygen to cells and carry away carbon dioxide

ii. have no nuclei and contain hemoglobin

c. White blood cells fight pathogens and destroy foreign matter.

d. _____________________________ help form clots that control bleeding.

IV. The ____________________________________________ provides another type of circulation in the body.

1. The lymphatic system is a major part of the immune system.a) tonsils filter

bacteria and virusesb) thymus develops

white blood cells c) spleen filters

lymph, contains immune cells

2. ____________________________________ help destroy pathogens, parasites, and foreign matter.

3. White blood cells attack infections inside the body.a. Phagocytes engulf

and destroy pathogens.

b. ______________________ destroy infected cells.

c. ______________________ produce antibodies.

4. Functions of the Immune System

a. ________________________________________________b. ________________________________________________

____________________________ any non-self substance capable of triggering an immune response An antigen can be a whole non-self cell, a bacterium, or a virus. Even allergens and cancerous cells_____________________________: Protein that recognize and bind to pathogens. Once the body has been exposed to a pathogen, the body creates memory B cells, reducing the chance of being infected again!

ANATOMY OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM1. immune cells develop in the _______________________________ 2. immune responses occur in the secondary organs

__________________: filters and removes old and damaged red blood cells removes infectious agents and uses them to activate cells called lymphocytes____________________: tissue insides bones that produces blood cells B cells and T cells are types of white blood cells____________________: T cells mature here (learn their job)____________________ small organs that filter out dead cells, antigens, and other “stuff” to present to lymphocytes____________________ collects fluid (lymph) “leaked” from blood into the tissues and returns it to circulation_____________________________________________________________________

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3 pairs masses of lymphoid tissue- helps protect against bacteria around the throat

______________________________: “safe house” for the beneficial bacteria living in the human gut

The Immune ResponseNonspecific Defense Mechanisms Specific Defense

Mechanisms

First Line of Defense Second Line of DefenseGoal:

Details:

Goal:

Details:

Two types of cells are involved:B cells: provide immunity against antigens and pathogens in the body fluids by making antibodiesThis is called _____________________________________________Vaccines cause _______________________________ to produce _____________________________________

T cells: provide defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside living cells

In___________________________________ diseases, white blood cells attack the body’s healthy cells.