FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XX FALL 1990 NUMBER 2

MARINE BUILD-UP IN MIDDLE EAST ScRunNIzED io MAKE 1-IISIORICAL ACCOUNTS. . . THE ESTIMABLE CMEER

OF A LIFElONG MARINE, GENERAL LEMUEL C. SHEPHERD, JR DESIGNERS OF EAST'S AK-47 AND WEST'SMi6 Ci HA5 AT QUANTICO . - - MAmr4E OFFICER'S CONQOEST-OF-CALIFORNTA ERAJOURNALS PUBLISHED

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FORTITUD INEBULLETIN OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMHISTORICAL BULLETIN VOLUME XX FALL 1990 NUMBER 2

MARINE BUILD-Up IN MIDDLE EAST SCRUTINIZED 10 MAKE I-IISIORICAI. ACCOUNTS. . . THE ESIIMABLE CAREER

OF A LIFFIONG MARINE, GENERAL LEMUEL C. SHEPHERD, JR DESIGNERS OF EAST'S AK-47 AND WEST'S

Mi6 CLASP HANDS AT QUANTTCO . - - MARINE OFFICER'S CONQ(JEST-OF-CALIEORNTA ERAJOURNALS PUBLISHED

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FORTITLJD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XX Fall 1990 No. 2

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published forMarines, at the rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide educationand training in the uses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readersmay purchase single copies or one-year subscriptions (four issues) from the Superin-tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Director Remembering General Shepherd 3

Readers A/ways Write: Cover Marine Recalls His D-Day Landingswith 'Forgotten Battalion' 11

Acquisitions Corregidor POW's Letters, China Marine's Photos Given 12

Desert Shield Units Monitored for History in the Making 13

Reserves Bolstered Corps in 1940 14

Museum Honors Two World-Class Weapons Designers 16

New Books Tell Unit's Story, Relive Old California Events

Mentioned in Passing: Former Parris Island CG,Tulagi Invasion Staff Chief Die

17

18

WWII Display to Spotlight Famed Springfield '03 Rifle 20

Iwo Marine Portrait Bust, 'Just Cause' Art Added 21

Historical Foundation Moves Administrative Functions to Quantico 21

Part V of a Chrono/ogy, May 1954-May 1975:The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1968 22

New Iogo Commemorates Marines of World War II 24

THE COVER

As Marines headed for the Middle East began departing from Morehead City, NorthCarolina, and Beaufort, South Carolina, in late August, artist and retired MarineReserve Col H. Avery Chenoweth was on the scene making sketches. As a formercombat artist in both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Chenoweth knew instinctive-ly that these were going to be historically important occasions, and he has donatedthe sketches, drawings, and watercolors based on the experience to the Marine Corps'art collection. On the cover, gear-laden Marines tred a gangplank at the start oftheir long journey to the Persian Gulf. Others of Col Chenoweth's works accompa-ny a report by Chief Historian Henry I. Shaw, Jr., on activities of the History andMuseums Division in support of Marines in Operation Desert Shield, beginningon page 11. He describes how command chronologies, in which Marine units arerecording their most important activities, when sent in from the Middle East, pro-vide basic information for the official written history of the operation. In anotherarea of division concern, historical namings, one Marine command was assisted innaming its desert base in honor of recently deceased Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd,Jr., the subject of a remembrance by BGen Simmons, beginning on page 3.

Jorieiudene is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-sion. The text for Fort etudene IS set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond. The bulleurm is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

Furl jiud/ne, Fall l)O

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

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FORTITLJD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Historical Bulletin Volume XX Fall 1990 No. 2

This quarterly bulletin of the Marine Corps historical program is published forMarines, at the rate of one copy for every nine on active duty, to provide educationand training in the uses of military and Marine Corps history. Other interested readersmay purchase single copies or one-year subscriptions (four issues) from the Superin-tendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 20402.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Memorandum from the Directori Remembering General Shepherd 3

Readers A/ways Vrite: Cover Marine Recalls His D-Day Landingswith 'Forgotten Battalion' 11

Acquisitions: Corregidor POW's Letters, China Marine's Photos Given 12

Desert Shield Units Monitored for History in the Making 13

Reserves Bolstered Corps in 1940 14

Museum Honors Two World-Class Weapons Designers 16

New Books Tell Unit's Story, Relive Old California Events 17

Mentioned in Passing: Former Parris Island CG,Tulagi Invasion Staff Chief Die 18

WWII Display to Spotlight Famed Springfield '03 Rifle 20

Iwo Marine Portrait Bust, 'Just Cause' Art Added 21

Historical Foundation Moves Administrative Functions to Quantico 21

Part V of a Chrono/ogy, May 1954-May 1975:The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1968 22

New Logo Commemorates Marines of World War II 24

THE COVER

As Marines headed for the Middle East began departing from Morehead City, NorthCarolina, and Beaufort, South Carolina, in late August, artist and retired MarineReserve Col H. Avery Chenoweth was on the scene making sketches. As a formercombat artist in both the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Chenoweth knew instinctive-ly that these were going to be historically important occasions, and he has donatedthe sketches, drawings, and watercolors based on the experience to the Marine Corps'art collection. On the cover, gear-laden Marines tred a gangplank at the start oftheir long journey to the Persian Gulf. Others of Col Chenoweth's works accompa-ny a report by Chief Historian Henry I. Shaw, Jr., on activities of the History andMuseums Division in support of Marines in Operation Desert Shield, beginningon page 11. He describes how command chronologies, in which Marine units arerecording their most important activities, when sent in from the Middle East, pro-vide basic information for the official written history of the operation. In anotherarea of division concern, historical namings, one Marine command was assisted innaming its desert base in honor of recently deceased Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd,Jr., the subject of a remembrance by BGen Simmons, beginning on page 3.

Foritiudene is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-Slot). The text for Fortudne is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines ate in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond. The bulletin is printed on 70-pound, matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

Fo,iiiudinc'. Fall l')90

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

Memorandum from the Director

Remembering General ShepherdBGen Simmons

T HE GENERAL had given a lot ofthought to the ceremony. It went

well; he would have been pleased and hewould have given the commander oftroops an appropriate compliment. TheGeneral was a courtly man and he set agreat deal of store by such things asceremonies, parades, uniforms, courtesy,good manners, Christian virtues, andother such old fashioned things.

The day was hot as August afternoonsare in Washington. The sun was brightlyfierce and many attending were old,almost as old as the General. The site wasa lovely one, just down the hill from theTomb of the Unknowns and in a gladefringed with trees. Close by, almost withinarm's length was the granite headstone en-graved "Marshall" with five stars arrangedin a pentagon. That would be the restingplace of another Virginia Military Institutegraduate, General of the Army GeorgeCatlett Marshall, Class of 1901. An honorplatoon of VMI cadets in gray-and-whitedress uniforms with black-plumed shakosmarched in the funeral processional alongwith the blue-uniformed battalion of Ma-rines from Marine Barracks, Washington.That too would have pleased the General.

The cannon boomed their salute, thefiring party's three volleys cracked out inprecise unison, Taps was sounded, and thebroad-shouldered young Marine pallbear-ers took the flag from the casket and withstiff solemnity folded it into the correcttricorne, only blue field and white starsshowing. Gen Gray, today's Commandant,took the folded flag and gently presentedit to the General's daughter. Standing nextto her were the General's two sons, one ofthem stiffly erect in the uniform of a Ma-rine colonel and looking very much likehis father.

Shepherd, having arrived in 1652. Hisgrandfather, John Shepherd, served in theVirginia cavalry during the Civil War. Hisgrandfather was wounded during the siegeof Petersburg, and his grandmother, whowas pregnant, came through the Unionlines to nurse her husband. The house inwhich she was staying was hit by a Unioncannon ball. His father arrived premature-ly and was named for an uncle, LemuelCornick, killed at Chancellorsville.

His mother's maiden name was Cart-wright. She had come to Norfolk fromNantucket, Massachusetts, to teach school.Her father was a whaling captain and thewhaler's log was a family treasure.

Dr. Shepherd kept two horses in the sta-ble behind the house to draw his doctor'sbuggy, using the horses on alternate days.Young Lem Shepherd would ride the rest-ing horse. In 20 minutes he could be outof the city and cantering along an oystershell road.

Electricity interested him. He built a ra-dio set and years later he would remem-ber listening to the dot-and-dash trafficwhen the English ship Titanic went down.In 1913 he entered Virginia Military In-stitute to study electrical engineering. Hedidn't know much about the school, but

about a dozen of his friends from highschool were going there.

A T VMI he switched from electricity tocivil engineering. He had a cousin

who was working in Nicaragua as a civilengineer and that sounded exciting. Atthe end of his "Rat Year" he was made acadet corporal. His enjoyment of that rankwas short-lived. A skyrocket fired from hiswindow on New Year's Eve caused him tolose his stripes and thereafter he neverascended higher than first class private.

His intentions were to go to work forSouthern Railway, but war against Germa-ny was declared on 6 April 1917, just shortof his graduation. A year earlier VMI hadbeen allotted a quota of 10 Marine CorpsReserve commissions. Next day youngShepherd presented himself to the Su-perintendent with a request that he be putdown as an alternate on the Marine Corpslist. Shepherd had seen Marines at theNavy Yard in Norfolk and he had beenimpressed by the Major General Com-mandant, George Barnett, when he cameto VMI in his blue uniform to give thecommencement address the previous year.

The Superintendent telegraphed thelist of primary and alternate candidates to

A LMOST A CENTURY had passed sincethe birth on 10 February 1896 of

Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., in a large brickhouse on a tree-shaded avenue in Norfolk.His father was a doctor and they were aTidewater family, his ancestor, Thomas

F(,,/lIudlne, Fall I 99()

At a career hsh point, in 1952 Gen Shepherd became the first Commandant to sitregularly with the Joint Chiefs of Staff then, from left, Gen Nathan B. Twining, AdmArthur Radford Gen Matthew B. Ridgway, Gen Shepherd andAdm Robert B. Carney.

IiMemorandum from the Director

Remembering General ShepherdBGen Simmons

T HE GENERAL had given a lot ofthought to the ceremony. It went

well; he would have been pleased and hewould have given the commander oftroops an appropriate compliment. TheGeneral was a courtly man and he set agreat deal of store by such things asceremonies, parades, uniforms, courtesy,good manners, Christian virtues, andother such old fashioned things.

The day was hot as August afternoonsare in Washington. The sun was brightlyfierce and many attending were old,almost as old as the General. The site wasa lovely one, just down the hill from theTomb of the Unknowns and in a gladefringed with trees. Close by, almost withinarm's length was the granite headstone en-graved "Marshall" with five stars arrangedin a pentagon. That would be the restingplace of another Virginia Military Institutegraduate, General of the Army GeorgeCatlett Marshall, Class of 1901. An honorplatoon of VMI cadets in gray-and-whitedress uniforms with black-plumed shakosmarched in the funeral processional alongwith the blue-uniformed battalion of Ma-rines from Marine Barracks, Washington.That too would have pleased the General.

The cannon boomed their salute, thefiring party's three volleys cracked out inprecise unison, Taps was sounded, and thebroad-shouldered young Marine pallbear-ers took the flag from the casket and withstiff solemnity folded it into the correcttricorne, only blue field and white starsshowing. Gen Gray, today's Commandant,took the folded flag and gently presentedit to the General's daughter. Standing nextto her were the General's two sons, one ofthem stiffly erect in the uniform of a Ma-rine colonel and looking very much likehis father.

Shepherd, having arrived in 1652. Hisgrandfather, John Shepherd, served in theVirginia cavalry during the Civil War. Hisgrandfather was wounded during the siegeof Petersburg, and his grandmother, whowas pregnant, came through the Unionlines to nurse her husband. The house inwhich she was staying was hit by a Unioncannon ball. His father arrived premature-ly and was named for an uncle, LemuelCornick, killed at Chancellorsville.

His mother's maiden name was Cart-wright. She had come to Norfolk fromNantucket, Massachusetts, to teach school.Her father was a whaling captain and thewhaler's log was a family treasure.

Dr. Shepherd kept two horses in the sta-ble behind the house to draw his doctor'sbuggy, using the horses on alternate days.Young Lem Shepherd would ride the rest-ing horse. In 20 minutes he could be outof the city and cantening along an oystershell road.

Electricity interested him. He built a ra-dio set and years later he would remem-ber listening to the dot-and-dash trafficwhen the English ship Titanic went down.In 1913 he entered Virginia Military In-stitute to study electrical engineering. Hedidn't know much about the school, but

about a dozen of his friends from highschool were going there.

A T VMI he switched from electricity tocivil engineering. He had a cousin

who was working in Nicaragua as a civilengineer and that sounded exciting. Atthe end of his 'Rat Year" he was made acadet corporal. His enjoyment of that rankwas short-lived. A skyrocket fired from hiswindow on New Year's Eve caused him tolose his stripes and thereafter he neverascended higher than first class private.

His intentions were to go to work forSouthern Railway, but war against Germa-ny was declared on 6 April 1917, just shortof his graduation. A year earlier VMI hadbeen allotted a quota of 10 Marine CorpsReserve commissions. Next day youngShepherd presented himself to the Su-perintendent with a request that he be putdown as an alternate on the Marine Corpslist. Shepherd had seen Marines at theNavy Yard in Norfolk and he had beenimpressed by the Major General Com-mandant, George Barnett, when he cameto VMI in his blue uniform to give thecommencement address the previous year.

The Superintendent telegraphed thelist of primary and alternate candidates to

A LMOST A CENTURY had passed sincethe birth on 10 February 1896 of

Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., in a large brickhouse on a tree-shaded avenue in Norfolk.His father was a doctor and they were aTidewater family, his ancestor, Thomas

F(,r/,Iudine, Fall I )9()

At a career high point, in 1952 Gen Shepherd became the first Commandant to sitregularly with the Joint Chiefs of Staff then, from left, Gen Nathan B. Twining, AdmArthur Radford Gen Matthew B. Ridgway, Gen Shepherd andAdm Robert B. Carney.

Genera! Barnett. A!! were ordered to Ma-rine Barracks in Washington for examina-tion on 11 Apri!. Shepherd was afraid hemight not pass the physica! portion as heweighed on!y 123 pounds, 12 pounds un-der the minimum for his height, but theo!d surgeon took his b!ood pressure, askedhim two or three b!unt questions, and cer-tified him physica!!y fit for duty in thefie!d.

IT WAS ASSUMED that the candidateswere professiona!!y qua!ified if they

graduated from VMI and the president ofthe examining board was quite certain thatthey wou!d graduate, so he had them raisetheir right hands and swore them into theMarine Corps as second !Ieutenants. Thenew !ieutenants then went back to Lexing-ton to await graduation which was sched-u!ed for 27 June. A week or so !ater theSuperintendent received a te!egram fromthe Marine Corps asking if they cou!d notbe graduated ahead of time. So it was thatShepherd and his co!!eagues were simu!-taneous!y graduated and ca!!ed to activeduty on 3 May.

The Genera! wou!d a!ways find thatdate easy to remember because it was on3 May in 1863 that Stonewa!! Jacksonmade his famous flank march at Chance!-!orsvi!!e and, after noting that so many ofhis commanders were from VMI, said,"The Virginia Mi!itary Institute wi!! beheard from today."

The new second !ieutenant reported toParris Is!and on 18 May and was assignedto the Schoo! of App!ication, the equiva-!ent of what is now The Basic Schoo! atQuantico. During the two weeks of in-struction, spent most!y on the rifle range,Shepherd vo!unteered for duty with the5th Regiment of Marines, then forming inPhi!ade!phia.

En route he had two days !eave in Nor-fo!k. The new !ieutenants had been meas-ured for their officer's uniforms and justbefore !eaving Parris Is!and, Shepherdreceived his officer's khakis. His grand-mother, sti!! an unreconstructed Confeder-ate, was p!eased to see him in khaki. "Inever want to see a grandson of mine," shesaid, "wearing a Yankee b!ue uniform."

He arrived at Phi!ade!phia Navy Yardon 5 June and was given command of the4th P!atoon of the 55th Company, a bigwartime company of about 250 men, halfveterans, ha!f recruits, of the 2d Batta!ion,5th Regiment of Marines. On 14 June the

regiment !eft New York in the first con-voy of American troops to sai! for France.His officer's forest green uniforms had sti!!not arrived. Shepherd cut a wedge out ofthe bottom !egs of his en!isted trousers sothey wou!d fit into his puttees.

T HE REGIMENT arrived at St. Nazaire,France, on 27June. As a VMI-trained

civi! engineer, 2dLt Shepherd was orderedto !ay out a tent camp for the regiment.Shrewd!y, he found some o!d sergeantswho knew how to do such things and bythe time the regiment came ashore the sitewas proper!y staked out.

In France he found a tai!or who cou!dcut a proper officer's uniform. His interestin uniforms wou!d be !ife!ong. AfterWor!d War II, the Genera!, as Presidentof the Marine Corps Uniform Board, rein-stated the evening dress uniform, a uni-form whose basic design goes back to theCivi! War. Later, whi!e Commandant, hetried the green beret worn by his friendsin the Roya! Marines. He was a!so fond ofthe Sam Browne be!t which was used bythe Marines in France and continued tobe an officer's uniform requirement unti!the beginning of Wor!d War II. As Com-mandant he brought the Sam Browne be!tback as an optiona! item.

By the fa!! of 1917 the 2d Batta!ion wasin training with the French some 15 or 20mi!es south of Verdun. Their instructorswere the 115th Batta!ion ChasseursA!pins—French mountain troops who

were ca!!ed the "B!ue Devi!s" because theywore dark b!ue uniforms, inc!uding b!ueberets, rather than the horizon b!ue wornby most of the French Army. Shepherd ad-mired them as fine so!diers.

IN JANUARY 1918, new!y promoted tofirst !ieutenant, he was sent to a p!a-

toon !eader's course being run by the U.S.Army's I Corps at Gondrecourt. A greatdea! of emphasis was p!aced on front-!ineinte!!igence at Gondrecourt, a !esson thatthe Genera! never forgot. He once to!d areporter, "You can't find out how a batt!eis going sitting in a command post."

The 5th Marines were one of two Ma-rine regiments in the 4th Brigade of Ma-rines which in turn was part of the U.S.2d Infantry Division. On 27 May 1918 theGermans !aunched their !ast great offen-sive. The 2d Division, which had been ina quiet sector near Verdun, sudden!y, on1 June, found itse!f taking up positionsb!ocking the road from Metz to Paris. TheGermans attacked a!ong the axis of theroad the fo!!owing day. On 3June the 55thCompany was ho!ding at Les Mares, aFrench farm. Shepherd was out in frontof the company in an outpost with a dozenMarines and a !itt!e dog named Kiki. Amachine-gun bu!!et tore at the co!!ar ofhis uniform and cut into his throat aquarter-inch from his jugu!ar vein. He re-fused to be evacuated.

The next day the 55th Company he!dLes Mares Farm against an afternoon at-

FQ1/l/lfdl?le. Fall 1))()

In June 1918. German troops attack through a wheat field beyond Belleau Wood inFrance, as shown in this painting by Capt Harvey Dunn, USA. Resisting the advancewas wounded platoon leader IstLt Shepherd and men of the 55th Company.

General Barnett. All were ordered to Ma-rine Barracks in Washington for examina-tion on 11 April. Shepherd was afraid hemight not pass the physical portion as heweighed only 123 pounds, 12 pounds un-der the minimum for his height, but theold surgeon took his blood pressure, askedhim two or three blunt questions, and cer-tified him physically fit for duty in thefield.

IT WAS ASSUMED that the candidateswere professionally qualified if they

graduated from VMI and the president ofthe examining board was quite certain thatthey would graduate, so he had them raisetheir right hands and swore them into theMarine Corps as second lieutenants. Thenew lieutenants then went back to Lexing-ton to await graduation which was sched-uled for 27 June. A week or so later theSuperintendent received a telegram fromthe Marine Corps asking if they could notbe graduated ahead of time. So it was thatShepherd and his colleagues were simul-taneously graduated and called to activeduty on 3 May.

The General would always find thatdate easy to remember because it was on3 May in 1863 that Stonewall Jacksonmade his famous flank march at Chancel-lorsville and, after noting that so many ofhis commanders were from VMI, said,"The Virginia Military Institute will beheard from today."

The new second lieutenant reported toParris Island on 18 May and was assignedto the School of Application, the equiva-lent of what is now The Basic School atQuantico. During the two weeks of in-struction, spent mostly on the rifle range,Shepherd volunteered for duty with the5th Regiment of Marines, then forming inPhiladelphia.

En route he had two days leave in Nor-folk. The new lieutenants had been meas-ured for their officer's uniforms and justbefore leaving Parris Island, Shepherdreceived his officer's khakis. His grand-mother, still an unreconstructed Confeder-ate, was pleased to see him in khaki. "Inever want to see a grandson of mine," shesaid, "wearing a Yankee blue uniform."

He arrived at Philadelphia Navy Yardon 5 June and was given command of the4th Platoon of the 55th Company, a bigwartime company of about 250 men, halfveterans, half recruits, of the 2d Battalion,5th Regiment of Marines. On l4June the

regiment left New York in the first con-voy of American troops to sail for France.His officer's forest green uniforms had stillnot arrived. Shepherd cut a wedge out ofthe bottom legs of his enlisted trousers sothey would fit into his puttees.

T HE REGIMENT arrived at St. Nazaire,France, on 27 June. As a VMI-trained

civil engineer, 2dLt Shepherd was orderedto lay out a tent camp for the regiment.Shrewdly, he found some old sergeantswho knew how to do such things and bythe time the regiment came ashore the sitewas properly staked out.

In France he found a tailor who couldcut a proper officer's uniform. His interestin uniforms would be lifelong. AfterWorld War II, the General, as Presidentof the Marine Corps Uniform Board, rein-stated the evening dress uniform, a uni-form whose basic design goes back to theCivil War. Later, while Commandant, hetried the green beret worn by his friendsin the Royal Marines. He was also fond ofthe Sam Browne belt which was used bythe Marines in France and continued tobe an officer's uniform requirement untilthe beginning of World War II. As Com-mandant he brought the Sam Browne beltback as an optional item.

By the fall of 1917 the 2d Battalion wasin training with the French some 15 or 20miles south of Verdun. Their instructorswere the 115th Battalion ChasseursAlpins—French mountain troops who

were called the "Blue Devils" because theywore dark blue uniforms, including blueberets, rather than the horizon blue wornby most of the French Army. Shepherd ad-mired them as fine soldiers.

IN JANUARY i918, newly promoted tofirst lieutenant, he was sent to a pla-

toon leader's course being run by the U.S.Army's I Corps at Gondrecourt. A greatdeal of emphasis was placed on front-lineintelligence at Gondrecourt, a lesson thatthe General never forgot. He once told areporter, "You can't find out how a battleis going sitting in a command post."

The 5th Marines were one of two Ma-rine regiments in the 4th Brigade of Ma-rines which in turn was part of the U.S.2d Infantry Division. On 27 May 1918 theGermans launched their last great offen-sive. The 2d Division, which had been ina quiet sector near Verdun, suddenly, on1 June, found itself taking up positionsblocking the road from Metz to Paris. TheGermans attacked along the axis of theroad the following day. On 3 June the 55thCompany was holding at Les Mares, aFrench farm. Shepherd was out in frontof the company in an outpost with a dozenMarines and a little dog named Kiki. Amachine-gun bullet tore at the collar ofhis uniform and cut into his throat aquarter-inch from his jugular vein. He re-fused to be evacuated.

The next day the 55th Company heldLes Mares Farm against an afternoon at-

['Q1Il/Ifdl?IC. Fall 1))()

In June 1918. German troops attack through a wheat field beyond Belleau Wood inFrance, as shown in this painting by Capt Harvey Dunn, USA. Resisting the advancewas wounded platoon leader IstLt Shepherd and men of the 55th Company.

tack by the Germans, coming at the Ma-rines through a field of waist-high wheat.The following day the 55th Company waswithdrawn from the line to join the coun-terattack against Belleau Wood. On the se-cond day of this attack, 7 June, the captaincommanding the 55th Company waskilled. For a few hours lstLt Shepherd wasthe company commander, then he waswounded again, this time a bullet throughthe leg. Kiki followed the stretcher bear-ers to the aid station. An orderly tried toseparate him from Kiki, but Shepherd wasemphatic: "Either you take my dog or youleave me here."

E VACUATED THROUGH a series of RedCross hospitals, he was soon hobbling

about Paris on crutches, conspicuous in histin hat and blood-stained breeches, andwith Kiki on the end of a chain. In a tailorshop he found a uniform of greenish cloththat looked something like a Marine Corpsuniform so he bought it.

By great coincidence, he met a friendfrom Lexington, an officer who had goneto Washington and Lee. They were hav-ing dinner at the University Club whenShepherd grew faint with pain. He tooka taxi back to the hospital. Infection hadset in and his temperature had gone upto 104 degrees. The treatment then to pre-vent gangrene was a slow drip of Dakin'sSolution. lstLt Shepherd spent close tothree weeks flat on his back with sevenrubber tubes in his leg.

On the 4th ofJuly he felt well enoughto go see a big parade the French were hav-ing in honor of the Americans. Shepherdand Kiki found a spot on the Place de IaConcorde from which to watch. To hisdelighted surprise he saw his old platoonfrom the 55th Company marching by. Hejoined them on his crutches.

For his heroism at Belleau Wood, the21-year-old Shepherd received the ArmyDistinguished Service Cross, the NavyCross, and the French Croix de Guerre.

Transferred to a Red Cross convalescenthospital near Biarritz, he was releasedabout the middle of August, in time torejoin the 55th Company for the first all-American offensive, the big attack againstthe St. Mihiel salient. By then the 2d Di-vision was commanded by MajGen JohnA. Lejeune.

After St. Mihiel came the Meuse-Argonne offensive. The objective assignedthe 2d Division was Blanc Mont—the

"White Mountain"— a heavily fortified po-sition held by the Germans since 1914 andforming part of the Hindenberg Line. GenLejeune told the French that the 2d Divi-sion could take it. The attack began on 1October. On 3 October the company com-manderofthe 55th Company was wound-ed and lstLt Shepherd for the second timewas the acting company commander. Fivedays later, he was himself again wound-ed, this time in the leg by a fragment ofa 77mm shell.

W HILE HE WAS recovering, the Ar-mistice was signed and the 2d Di-

vision was assigned to the Army of Occu-pation. Released from the hospital inmid-December, he was given the choiceof returning to the States or rejoining hisregiment. He chose to rejoin his regiment.On the way he stopped at the paymaster'sin Paris and learned that he had beenpromoted to captain. He would remain acaptain until 1932, fourteen years in grade.He had the good fortune of being orderedto his old battalion and was given com-mand of the 55th Company which hejoined on 2 January 1919 in a small Ger-man town about 40 miles west of Coblenz.

In August 1919 the 2d Division sailedfor home. During the voyage CaptShepherd was asked if he would like tohelp make a relief map of Belleau Wood.He jumped at the chance. So it was thatafter barely enough time for a weekendwith his parents in Norfolk, he returnedto France with a small survey party. Fieldwork took three months. Making the maptook another six months. Then it wasplaced in the Smithsonian Institution. AMarine who had lost an arm at BelleauWood was assigned to describe the battle.

Meanwhile Shepherd had been namedaide-de-camp to the Commandant of theMarine Corps, who was now MajGenLejeune. The Commandant rode horse-back every morning. Shepherd by thistime had his own horse. (An aide coulddraw a forage allowance.) He particularlyenjoyed the early morning rides in RockCreek Park with Gen Lejeune whom headmired greatly.

A FTER TWO YEARS of pleasant duty inWashington, Capt Shepherd was

detailed to the command of the 83d Com-pany, 6th Marines, which was being sentto the International Exposition being heldin Rio deJaneiro in the summer of 1922.

A model camp was set up in the centerof the city.

He returned in December of that yearwith orders to Norfolk for sea duty as Ma-rine detachment commander in the bat-tleship USS Idaho. It was a very convenientassignment. He was engaged to VirginiaTunstall Driver, whose father, Dr. WilsonDriver, like Shepherd's father, was a Nor-folk physician. Their marriage was on 30December 1922 in Norfolk's St. Paul'sEpiscopal Church.

After service in the Idaho he command-ed the East Coast Sea School at Norfolkfor several years. First son Lemuel C.Shepherd III, best known as "Bo:' was bornin 1925. Bo would enlist in the MarineCorps from high school in 1943, go to Yaleunder the V-12 program, and retire as acolonel in 1973.

IN THE SPRING of 1927 the 3d MarineBrigade was sent to China. Capt

Shepherd was so insistent that he be al-lowed to join the brigade that he receiveda letter of reprimand, but he also receivedorders to China. After brief service inNorth China with the 15th Marines, atemporary regiment, he was assigned tothe 4th Marines, the garrison regiment inShanghai. Here he stayed, as regimentaladjutant, for two years.

A second son, Wilson E. D. Shepherd,was born in Shanghai in 1928 and soongained the nickname "DeeDee," derivedfrom the Chinese words for "little brother."He would attend VMI and also serve in theMarines.

The International Settlement in Shang-hai had a number of foreign garrisons.Shepherd was deeply impressed by thesmartness of the British battalions. He es-pecially enjoyed the exchange of messnights or dinings-in with the British. Asregimental adjutant he was responsible forthe conduct of the 4th Marines' parades.The 1st Battalion of the Green Howards,a Yorkshire regiment, had a fine fife anddrum corps that Shepherd set out to emu-late. The president of the ShanghaiMunicipal Council was a Mr. Fessendenwho saw to it that the 4th Marines wereprovided with the necessary instrumentsand the new musical assemblage wasnamed the Fessenden Fifes.

Marine buglers, or "field musics" as theywere then called, were taught to play thefifes and drums by the Green Howardsdrum major. Once a week the 4th Marines

Fortitudine, Fall 1990

tack by the Germans, coming at the Ma-rines through a field of waist-high wheat.The following day the 55th Company waswithdrawn from the line to join the coun-terattack against Belleau Wood. On the se-cond day of this attack, 7 June, the captaincommanding the 55th Company waskilled. For a few hours lstLt Shepherd wasthe company commander, then he waswounded again, this time a bullet throughthe leg. Kiki followed the stretcher bear-ers to the aid station. An orderly tried toseparate him from Kiki, but Shepherd wasemphatic: "Either you take my dog or youleave me here."

EVACUATED THROUGH a series of RedCross hospitals, he was soon hobbling

about Paris on crutches, conspicuous in histin hat and blood-stained breeches, andwith Kiki on the end of a chain. In a tailorshop he found a uniform of greenish cloththat looked something like a Marine Corpsuniform so he bought it.

By great coincidence, he met a friendfrom Lexington, an officer who had goneto Washington and Lee. They were hav-ing dinner at the University Club whenShepherd grew faint with pain. He tooka taxi back to the hospital. Infection hadset in and his temperature had gone upto 104 degrees. The treatment then to pre-vent gangrene was a slow drip of Dakin'sSolution. lstLt Shepherd spent close tothree weeks flat on his back with sevenrubber tubes in his leg.

On the 4th ofJuly he felt well enoughto go see a big parade the French were hav-ing in honor of the Americans. Shepherdand Kiki found a spot on the Place de IaConcorde from which to watch. To hisdelighted surprise he saw his old platoonfrom the 55th Company marching by. Hejoined them on his crutches.

For his heroism at Belleau Wood, the21-year-old Shepherd received the ArmyDistinguished Service Cross, the NavyCross, and the French Croix de Guerre.

Transferred to a Red Cross convalescenthospital near Biarritz, he was releasedabout the middle of August, in time torejoin the 55th Company for the first all-American offensive, the big attack againstthe St. Mihiel salient. By then the 2d Di-vision was commanded by MajGen JohnA. Lejeune.

After St. Mihiel came the Meuse-Argonne offensive. The objective assignedthe 2d Division was Blanc Mont—the

"White Mountain"—a heavily fortified po-sition held by the Germans since 1914 andforming part of the Hindenberg Line. GenLejeune told the French that the 2d Divi-sion could take it. The attack began on 1October. On 3 October the company com-mander of the 55th Company was wound-ed and lstLt Shepherd for the second timewas the acting company commander. Fivedays later, he was himself again wound-ed, this time in the leg by a fragment ofa 77mm shell.

W HILE HE WAS recovering, the Ar-mistice was signed and the 2d Di-

vision was assigned to the Army of Occu-pation. Released from the hospital inmid-December, he was given the choiceof returning to the States or rejoining hisregiment. He chose to rejoin his regiment.On the way he stopped at the paymaster'sin Paris and learned that he had beenpromoted to captain. He would remain acaptain until 1932, fourteen years in grade.He had the good fortune of being orderedto his old battalion and was given com-mand of the 55th Company which hejoined on 2 January 1919 in a small Ger-man town about 40 miles west of Coblenz.

In August 1919 the 2d Division sailedfor home. During the voyage CaptShepherd was asked if he would like tohelp make a relief map of Belleau Wood.He jumped at the chance. So it was thatafter barely enough time for a weekendwith his parents in Norfolk, he returnedto France with a small survey party. Fieldwork took three months. Making the maptook another six months. Then it wasplaced in the Smithsonian Institution. AMarine who had lost an arm at BelleauWood was assigned to describe the battle.

Meanwhile Shepherd had been namedaide-de-camp to the Commandant of theMarine Corps, who was now MajGenLejeune. The Commandant rode horse-back every morning. Shepherd by thistime had his own horse. (An aide coulddraw a forage allowance.) He particularlyenjoyed the early morning rides in RockCreek Park with Gen Lejeune whom headmired greatly.

A FTER TWO YEARS of pleasant duty inWashington, Capt Shepherd was

detailed to the command of the 83d Com-pany, 6th Marines, which was being sentto the International Exposition being heldin Rio deJaneiro in the summer of 1922.

A model camp was set up in the centerof the city.

He returned in December of that yearwith orders to Norfolk for sea duty as Ma-rine detachment commander in the bat-tleship USS Idaho. It was a very convenientassignment. He was engaged to VirginiaTunstall Driver, whose father, Dr. WilsonDriver, like Shepherd's father, was a Nor-folk physician. Their marriage was on 30December 1922 in Norfolk's St. Paul'sEpiscopal Church.

After service in the Idaho he command-ed the East Coast Sea School at Norfolkfor several years. First son Lemuel C.Shepherd III, best known as "Bo," was bornin 1925. Bo would enlist in the MarineCorps from high school in 1943, go to Yaleunder the V-12 program, and retire as acolonel in 1973.

IN THE SPRING of 1927 the 3d MarineBrigade was sent to China. Capt

Shepherd was so insistent that he be al-lowed to join the brigade that he receiveda letter of reprimand, but he also receivedorders to China. After brief service inNorth China with the 15th Marines, atemporary regiment, he was assigned tothe 4th Marines, the garrison regiment inShanghai. Here he stayed, as regimentaladjutant, for two years.

A second son, Wilson E. D. Shepherd,was born in Shanghai in 1928 and soongained the nickname "DeeDee," derivedfrom the Chinese words for "little brother."He would attend VMI and also serve in theMarines.

The International Settlement in Shang-hai had a number of foreign garrisons.Shepherd was deeply impressed by thesmartness of the British battalions. He es-pecially enjoyed the exchange of messnights or dinings-in with the British. Asregimental adjutant he was responsible forthe conduct of the 4th Marines' parades.The 1st Battalion of the Green Howards,a Yorkshire regiment, had a fine fife anddrum corps that Shepherd set out to emu-late. The president of the ShanghaiMunicipal Council was a Mr. Fessendenwho saw to it that the 4th Marines wereprovided with the necessary instrumentsand the new musical assemblage wasnamed the Fessenden Fifes.

Marine buglers, or "field musics" as theywere then called, were taught to play thefifes and drums by the Green Howardsdrum major. Once a week the 4th Marines

Fortitudine, Fall 1990

would parade through the streets ofShanghai to the beat of the music of theFessenden Fifes. When the Green Howardsleft Shanghai, the Fessenden Fifesmarched them down to the Bund andonto their ship.

SHEPI-IERD RETURNED from China to at-tend the nine-months-long Field

Officers Course at Quantico and whilethere his daughter, Virginia Cartwright,was born, quickly to be called "Siddie"from her young brothers' efforts to say "sis-ter." In 1951 she would marry the Gener-al's former aide, Capt (now Col, Ret)JamesB. Ord, Jr.

InJune 1930, still a captain, he was sentto Haiti. Here he served in the temporaryrank of major in the Garde d'Haiti for thenext four years. He was first given com-mand of the Caserne Dartiguenave in Portau Prince. A parade for the president ofHaiti was held every week. There was alsopolo to be played. Riding was always hisfavorite exercise. His other favorite sportwas swimming.

After a year at the Caserne he was madethe commander of a police company andlater of the whole Department of Port auPrince. He picked up the habit of carry-ing a Haitian walking stick, called a

cocomacaque, whenever he was in thefield. In his last year he spent about onemonth out of every three riding in the hillschecking Haitian guard stations, particu-larly those along the Santo Domingoborder.

Q N HIS RETURN to the United Stateshe was assigned to Marine Barracks,

Washington, and for several months, as amajor, was the acting commanding officer.He was ordered by the then-Command-ant, MajGen John Russell, to make thebarracks a more military organization. Hebegan the smartening-up process by order-ing a parade and guard mount everymorning. In addition he scheduled an af-ternoon parade once a week with guestsbeing invited to be present. He also setabout organizing a drum and bugle corpsalong the model of the Fessenden Fifes.

In 1936, Shepherd, now a lieutenantcolonel, was sent to the Naval War Col-lege in Newport, Rhode Island. On finish-ing the course in June 1937 he was givencommand of the 2d Battalion, 5th Ma-rines, his old war-time unit, which wasnow stationed at Quantico. The battalion

was part of a very small brigade, all thatthere was then to the Fleet Marine Force,Atlantic. However, this was an excitingtime to be at Quantico. A few years earli-er, as most readers of Fortitudine know,the mistakes of the Gallipoli operation inWorld War I had been examined and atentative new amphibious doctrine hadbeen written. Now that new doctrine wasbeing tested and one of the instrumentsfor the testing was Shepherd's battalion.

He recalled later that his battalion had37 projects to test, one of them beingwhether or not a night landing from boatscould be made on a hostile beach. LtColShepherd put his battalion ashore atPonce, Puerto Rico, within a hundredyards of the objective.

I N 1939 HE WAS transferred to the Ma-rine Corps Schools, also at Quantico,

and made Director of the CorrespondenceSchool. There was a great deal of re-writing of old manuals to bring them upto date. A year later, promoted to colonel,he became Assistant Commandant of theMarine Corps Schools. This is where hewas when the United States entered WorldWar II.

He immediately asked to be assigned toa combat unit. The Commandant, Maj-Gen Thomas Holcomb, told him his jobwas to train the young officers who wouldbe needed by the expanding MarineCorps. Again Col Shepherd was insistent

and in March 1942 he was given commandof the 9th Marines then forming at CampElliott, San Diego. Remembering his war-time training in France, he set up a sys-tem of regimental schools and plungedthe regiment into a rigorous program ofindividual and unit training.

In September the regiment was assignedto the new 3d Marine Division. In Febru-ary 1943 the division sailed from San Die-go for New Zealand. After extensivetraining in New Zealand the divisionmoved forward to Guadalcanal in August1943. The 9th Marines were greeted on ar-rival, as they moved into camp in a bigcoconut grove near Henderson Field, bya Japanese air raid. There was more hardtraining of the kind Shepherd always es-poused.

A PROMOTION 10 brigadier general ar-rived and this meant that he would

have to leave his regiment. His promotionbrought with it assignment as assistant di-vision commander of the 1st Marine Di-vision, which had been resting andretraining in Australia since its exhaust-ing fight at Guadalcanal. As assistant di-vision commander he made the NewBritain operation which began with alanding at Cape Gloucester. New Britain,now almost forgotten, was a hard-foughtcampaign. The General would later com-pare it to Grant's fight through TheWilderness. The 1st Marine Division at

6 Formiidine, Fall 1)()O

Newly promoted to brzgadier general and assistant commander of the 1st Marine Di-vision in fall 1943, Shepherd, left, took part in the New Britain campazgn 's Cape Glou-cester landing under Gen MacA rthu, He wears Army khaki and an Army-style bush hat.

4

—

/ —/_—

would parade through the streets ofShanghai to the beat of the music of theFessenden Fifes. When the Green Howardsleft Shanghai, the Fessenden Fifesmarched them down to the Bund andonto their ship.

SHEPHERD RETURNED from China to at-

tend the nine-months-long FieldOfficers Course at Quantico and whilethere his daughter, Virginia Cartwright,was born, quickly to be called "Siddie"from her young brothers' efforts to say "sis-ter." In 1951 she would marry the Gener-al's former aide, Capt (now Col, Ret)JamesB. Ord, Jr.

In June 1930, still a captain, he was sentto Haiti. Here he served in the temporaryrank of major in the Garde d'Haiti for thenext four years. He was first given com-mand of the Caserne Dartiguenave in Portau Prince. A parade for the president ofHaiti was held every week. There was alsopolo to be played. Riding was always hisfavorite exercise. His other favorite sportwas swimming.

After a year at the Caserne he was madethe commander of a police company andlater of the whole Department of Port auPrince. He picked up the habit of carry-ing a Haitian walking stick, called acocomacaque, whenever he was in thefield. In his last year he spent about onemonth out of every three riding in the hillschecking Haitian guard stations, particu-larly those along the Santo Domingoborder.

Q N HIS RETURN to the United Stateshe was assigned to Marine Barracks,

Washington, and for several months, as amajor, was the acting commanding officer.He was ordered by the then-Command-ant, MajGen John Russell, to make thebarracks a more military organization. Hebegan the smartening-up process by order-ing a parade and guard mount everymorning. In addition he scheduled an af-ternoon parade once a week with guestsbeing invited to be present. He also setabout organizing a drum and bugle corpsalong the model of the Fessenden Fifes.

In 1936, Shepherd, now a lieutenantcolonel, was sent to the Naval War Col-lege in Newport, Rhode Island. On finish-ing the course in June 1937 he was givencommand of the 2d Battalion, 5th Ma-rines, his old war-time unit, which wasnow stationed at Quantico. The battalion

was part of a very small brigade, all thatthere was then to the Fleet Marine Force,Atlantic. However, this was an excitingtime to be at Quantico. A few years earli-er, as most readers of Fortitudine know,the mistakes of the Gallipoli operation inWorld War I had been examined and atentative new amphibious doctrine hadbeen written. Now that new doctrine wasbeing tested and one of the instrumentsfor the testing was Shepherd's battalion.

He recalled later that his battalion had37 projects to test, one of them beingwhether or not a night landing from boatscould be made on a hostile beach. LtColShepherd put his battalion ashore atPonce, Puerto Rico, within a hundredyards of the objective.

IN i99 HE WAS transferred to the Ma-rine Corps Schools, also at Quantico,

and made Director of the CorrespondenceSchool. There was a great deal of re-writing of old manuals to bring them upto date. A year later, promoted to colonel,he became Assistant Commandant of theMarine Corps Schools. This is where hewas when the United States entered WorldWar II.

He immediately asked to be assigned toa combat unit. The Commandant, Maj-Gen Thomas Holcomb, told him his jobwas to train the young officers who wouldbe needed by the expanding MarineCorps. Again Col Shepherd was insistent

and in March 1942 he was given commandof the 9th Marines then forming at CampElliott, San Diego. Remembering his war-time training in France, he set up a sys-tem of regimental schools and plungedthe regiment into a rigorous program ofindividual and unit training.

In September the regiment was assignedto the new 3d Marine Division. In Febru-ary 1943 the division sailed from San Die-go for New Zealand. After extensivetraining in New Zealand the divisionmoved forward to Guadalcanal in August1943. The 9th Marines were greeted on ar-rival, as they moved into camp in a bigcoconut grove near Henderson Field, bya Japanese air raid. There was more hardtraining of the kind Shepherd always es-poused.

A PROMOTION 10 brigadier general ar-rived and this meant that he would

have to leave his regiment. His promotionbrought with it assignment as assistant di-vision commander of the 1st Marine Di-vision, which had been resting andretraining in Australia since its exhaust-ing fight at Guadalcanal. As assistant di-vision commander he made the NewBritain operation which began with alanding at Cape Gloucester. New Britain,now almost forgotten, was a hard-foughtcampaign. The General would later com-pare it to Grant's fight through TheWilderness. The 1st Marine Division at

6 Foii,iiidine, Fall F)9()

Newly promoted to brsadier general and assistant commander of the 1st Marine Di-vision in fall 1943, Shepherd, left, took part in the New Britain campaign's Cape Glou-cester landing under Gen MacA rthu, He wears Army khaki and an Army-style bush hat.

New Britain was under the overall com-mand of Gen Douglas MacArthur. GenMacArthur would remember the 1st Ma-rine Division.

BGen Shepherd, while still on New Bri-tain, received orders Easter morning, 1944,to return to Pearl Harbor. Here he learnedthat he was to command the 1st Provision-al Marine Brigade then being formed atGuadalcanal. The brigade would have twoinfantry regiments. He sailed from Pearla few days later with the 22d Marines,veterans of Eniwetok. The 4th Marines,made up of the old Raider battalions, wasalready at Guadalcanal. The brigade hadbeen formed to land, along with the 3dMarine Division, on Guam. It was onGuadalcanal that I first met the General.I was a captain in an engineer companythat was to form part of the Brigade ShoreParty.

LANDING DAY, called W-Day for thisoperation, was 2lJuly 1944. The 3d

Marine Division went ashore to the northof Orote Peninsula and Shepherd'sbrigade landed to the south, about fivemiles away, near Agat. The 22d and 4thMarines had their beaches separated bystubbornly defended Gaan Point. The 4thMarines objective was Alifan Ridge, thehigh ground to the front. The 22d Marinesturned north to meet 3d Marine Divisionelements at the base of Orote Peninsula.

No command post general, BGenShepherd frequently could be seen closeto the front; I occasionally got a glimpseof him, it seems to me as I remember,striding purposefully along, walking stickin hand, outdistancing his aide. By 28Ju1ythe brigade reached the blackened ruinsof the old Marine Barracks and the Ameri-can flag went up there once again. Aftera little rest, the brigade moved north on7 August to the left flank of the 3d Ma-rine Division for the final push and threedays later the island was declared secure.The Guamanians still remember theGeneral gratefully as one of theirliberators.

After Guam the brigade returned toGuadalcanal, Shepherd with a promotionto major general and the brigade, with theaddition of another regiment, the 29thMarines, becoming the 6th Marine Divi-sion. He chose LtCol Victor H. Krulak tobe his operations officer or G-3, the be-ginning of a long association. In theGeneral's words, the division was beau-

tifully trained well prepared for ourlanding on Okinawa, which took place onthe 1st of April 1945."

T HE EXPEDITIONARY Troops forOkinawa were the Tenth Army, con-

sisting chiefly of the Marines' III Amphibi-ous Corps and the Army's XXIV Corps.The III Amphibious Corps included the1st Marine Division and Shepherd's 6thMarine Division. Four divisions landedabreast across the Hagushi beaches at thenarrow waist of the island on D-Day,Easter Sunday. The 6th Marine Divisionwas on the left flank. After landing itcurled to the north to clear out northernOkinawa. Motobu Peninsula, thedominant terrain feature, was taken by 19April.

Meanwhile XXIV Corps was havinghard going in the south. First the 1st Ma-rine Division was fed into the line andthen, on the extreme right flank, the 6thDivision went in. A general advance be-gan on 11 May. The 1st Marine Division

was held up in front of Shun Castle, thekey defense of a very strong Japanesedefensive line. The 6th Division faced thewestern anchor of the Shun line, a com-plex of low, rounded hills dominated byone the Marines called Sugar Loaf."Shepherd must have been reminded ofBlanc Mont in front of the 2d Division in1918. He recommended to the corps com-mander that he push south to outflank theJapanese. In two weeks of very hard fight-ing, involving two river crossings and ham-pered by torrential spring rains,Shepherd's division took Sugar Loaf,

flanked the Shun line, and was on the out-skirts of Naha, Okinawa's capital city.

T HE SHURI LINE had been breached,but a naval garrison called the Ota

Force was still intact south of Naha onOroku Peninsula. Shepherd elected tomake a shore-to-shore landing. On 4Junehe watched from the top of an Okinawanlighthouse as the reinforced 4th Marinesled off the attack. In 10 days the last of

Fortitiidine, Fall 1990

With the Commandant in December 1952 are members of his family, from left seat-ed, son Capt Lemuel C. Shepherd III, USMC; wife Virginia, Gen Shepherd; andson-zn-law May James Ord, USMC; and from left standing, daughter Mrs. James Ord; sonLt Wilson E. D. Shepherd, USMCR; and daughter-in-law Mrs. Lemuel C. Shepherd HI.

New Britain was under the overall com-mand of Gen Douglas MacArthur. GenMacArthur would remember the 1st Ma-rine Division.

BGen Shepherd, while still on New Bri-tain, received orders Easter morning, 1944,to return to Pear! Harbor. Here he learnedthat he was to command the 1st Provision-al Marine Brigade then being formed atGuadalcanal. The brigade would have twoinfantry regiments. He sailed from Pearla few days later with the 22d Marines,veterans of Eniwetok. The 4th Marines,made up of the old Raider battalions, wasalready at Guadalcanal. The brigade hadbeen formed to land, along with the 3dMarine Division, on Guam. It was onGuadalcanal that I first met the General.I was a captain in an engineer companythat was to form part of the Brigade ShoreParty.

LANDING DAY, called W-Day for thisoperation, was 21 July 1944. The 3d

Marine Division went ashore to the northof Orote Peninsula and Shepherd'sbrigade landed to the south, about fivemiles away, near Agat. The 22d and 4thMarines had their beaches separated bystubbornly defended Gaan Point. The 4thMarines objective was Alifan Ridge, thehigh ground to the front. The 22d Marinesturned north to meet 3d Marine Divisionelements at the base of Orote Peninsula.

No command post general, BGenShepherd frequently could be seen closeto the front; I occasionally got a glimpseof him, it seems to me as I remember,striding purposefully along, walking stickin hand, outdistancing his aide. By 28 Julythe brigade reached the blackened ruinsof the old Marine Barracks and the Ameri-can flag went up there once again. Aftera little rest, the brigade moved north on7 August to the left flank of the 3d Ma-rine Division for the final push and threedays later the island was declared secure.The Guamanians still remember theGenera! gratefully as one of theirliberators.

After Guam the brigade returned toGuadalcanal, Shepherd with a promotionto major general and the brigade, with theaddition of another regiment, the 29thMarines, becoming the 6th Marine Divi-sion. He chose LtCol Victor H. Krulak tobe his operations officer or G-3, the be-ginning of a long association. In theGeneral's words, the division was "beau-

tifully trained . . . well prepared for ourlanding on Okinawa, which took place onthe 1st of April 1945."

T HE EXPEDITIONARY Troops forOkinawa were the Tenth Army, con-

sisting chiefly of the Marines' III Amphibi-ous Corps and the Army's XXIV Corps.The III Amphibious Corps included the1st Marine Division and Shepherd's 6thMarine Division. Four divisions landedabreast across the Hagushi beaches at thenarrow waist of the island on D-Day,Easter Sunday. The 6th Marine Divisionwas on the left flank. After landing itcurled to the north to clear out northernOkinawa. Motobu Peninsula, thedominant terrain feature, was taken by 19April.

Meanwhile XXIV Corps was havinghard going in the south. First the 1st Ma-rine Division was fed into the line andthen, on the extreme right flank, the 6thDivision went in. A general advance be-gan on 11 May. The 1st Marine Division

was held up in front of Shun Castle, thekey defense of a very strong Japanesedefensive line. The 6th Division faced thewestern anchor of the Shun line, a com-plex of low, rounded hills dominated byone the Marines called "Sugar Loaf."Shepherd must have been reminded ofBlanc Mont in front of the 2d Division in1918. He recommended to the corps com-mander that he push south to outflank theJapanese. In two weeks of very hard fight-ing, involving two river crossings and ham-pered by torrential spring rains,Shepherd's division took Sugar Loaf,

flanked the Shun line, and was on the out-skirts of Naha, Okinawa's capital city.

T HE SHURI LINE had been breached,but a naval garrison called the Ota

Force was still intact south of Naha onOroku Peninsula. Shepherd elected tomake a shore-to-shore landing. On 4 Junehe watched from the top of an Okinawanlighthouse as the reinforced 4th Marinesled off the attack. In 10 days the last of

Fortiiiidine, Fall 199()

With the Commandant in December 1952 are members of his family. from left seat-ed son Capt Lemuel C. Shepherd III, USMC; wife Virginia; Gen Shepherd; and son-in-law May James Ord, USMC; and from left standing, daughter Mrs. James Ord; sonLi' Wilson E. D. Shepherd, USMCR; and daughter-in-law Mrs. Lemuel C. Shep herd III.

the defenders of Oroku Peninsula wereeliminated. A week later all organizedresistance on Okinawa had ceased.

At the wars end the III Marine Am-phibious Corps was ordered to move fromOkinawa to North China as an occupationforce. The assigned mission was to disarmand repatriate the Japanese. Shepherds6th Division landed at Tsingtao at the tipof Shantung Peninsula on 10 October. On25 October the Japanese garrison surren-dered at an elaborate ceremony staged bythe General at the Tsingtao race track.

The Japanese commander was MajGenEiji Nagano, who had 15,000 troops in-cluding the 5th Independent MixedBrigade. Gen Shepherd required that GenNagano hand over his sword as a symbolof his defeat. On the day of the surrenderNagano wrote Shepherd, "I hope that youtreasure this sword with honor and respect,because it has always been carried in thecause of virtue. It has been in my family350 years, and it is my most prized pos-session

Gen Shepherd allowed the Japanese tokeep their weapons, including some ar-tillery, with limited ammunition and as-signed them to the outer defenses ofTsingtao against any move by the ChineseCommunists and, most particularly, tokeep open the Tsingtao-Tsinan rail line.This they did very efficiently. Some yearslater, during the Korean War, GenShepherd wrote to Gen Nagano offeringto return his sword. The Japanese generalwrote back: "I am now an old man. I recallvery vividly my surrender to you, and yourkindness to me upon my surrender. ButI surrendered that sword to you as a sold-ier. I cannot take it back.

The sword and the articles of surrenderare on display in the Marine Corps Muse-um in Washington.

G EN SHEPHERD WAS detached fromcommand of the 6th Marine Divi-

sion at Tsingtao the day after Christmas1945. Four days later he arrived inWashington and reported to Gen Alex-ander A. Vandegrift, who was now theCommandant, to get his next assignment.In March he was sent to Little Creek nearNorfolk to organize Troop Training Unit,Atlantic, to teach both Army and MarineCorps units amphibious techniques.

This assignment was brief. In Novem-ber 1946 he returned to Washington to beVandegrift's Assistant to the Commandant

and Chief of Staff. He did not find theorganization of the Headquarters, a

departmental system basically unchangedsince the Spanish-American War, entirelysatisfactory.

These were also the days of the so-calledunification fight." The largest problem

facing the Marine Corps was gaining statu-tory recognition as a separate air-groundservice. This was partially but not com-pletely achieved in the National SecurityAct of 1947. The Act recognized that theMarine Corps included "fleet marineforces of combined arms, together withsupporting air components," but failed togive the Corps a seat on the Joint Chiefsof Staff and left it vulnerable in otherrespects.

During this Washington tour theGeneral first met the sculptor Felix deWeldon. He visited De Weldon's studioand was greatly impressed by the modelof a proposed monument inspired byJoeRosenthal's famed photograph of the fiveMarines and one Navy hospital corpsmanraising the flag over Mount Suribachi onIwo Jima.

V ANDEGRIFT WAS DUE tO retire on 1January 1948. Shepherd was a lead-

ing contender to be the next Comman-dant, but so was MajGen Clifton B. Cates,at that time the commanding general atQuantico. Their careers had been remark-ably parallel. Both had heroic records asplatoon leaders and company commandersin World War I. Both had been distin-guished regimental and division com-manders in World War II. The choice wasPresident Truman's. He called them to theWhite House and said, "Cates is seniorand three years older. I am going to makehim Commandant this time and willmake Shepherd Commandant afterCates."

Shepherd, still a major general, leftHeadquarters Marine Corps in April 1948to become Commandant of Marine CorpsSchools at Quantico. This brought me un-der his command for a second time. I wasthen the managing editor of the MarineCorps Gazette. Gen Shepherd's arrival atQuantico caused a sudden and enthusias-tic revival of interest in horseback riding.The Post Stable at that time was across theparking lot from Breckinridge Hall nearthe railroad underpass. I had been ridinga gray named "Gracias," but it developedthat 'Gracias" was Gen Shepherd's favorite

horse and I had to settle for a lessermount. "Gracias" is buried near the backgate, the place marked with a bronzeplaque.

G EN SHEPHERD STAYED at Quanticountil June 1950 when he was

promoted to lieutenant general and givencommand of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific,with headquarters in Hawaii. He hadagain asked that Krulak, newly promotedto colonel, be his G-3. He was just takingover this new post when the Korean Warbegan so suddenly with the North KoreanPeople's Army invasion of South Korea on25 June. The first two weeks of the warwere a series of unrelieved disasters for theSouth Koreans and their American allies.

On 10 July Gen Shepherd, accompa-nied by Col Krulak, met with Gen MacAr-thur, the Commander-in-Chief, Far East,at his headquarters in the Dai Ichi build-ing in Tokyo. MacArthur, after reminisc-ing for a bit about the New Britainoperation, went to a wall map of Korea,stabbed at the port of Inchon with thestem of his corn cob pipe, and said:

'1cm, if I only had the 1st Marine Di-vision under my command again, I wouldland them here."

Shepherd answered that if MacArthurcould get JCS approval for the assignmentof the 1st Marine Division, he could haveit ready by 1 September.

MacArthur says in his Reminiscences:"The target date, because of the great

tides at Inchon, had to be the middle ofSeptember. This meant that the stagingfor the landing at Inchon would have tobe accomplished more rapidly than thatof any other large amphibious operationin modern warfare

T HE LANDING AT Inchon, under verydifficult hydrographic conditions, was

made on 15 September 1958. MacArthurwatched from the command ship MountMcKinley with Shepherd at his side as hisamphibious advisor. MacArthur had acti-vated the X Corps for the operation andhad given its command to his chief ofstaff, MajGen Edward M. Almond, VMI1915. Most Marines and many senior Armyofficers thought the command shouldhave gone to the more senior and vastlymore experienced LtGen Shepherd.

The landing force was, of course, the 1stMarine Division. After getting ashore, theMarines fought their way toward Seoul andby 27 September had secured that city.

1ori,i,idine. Fall I))()

the defenders of Oroku Peninsula wereeliminated. A week later all organizedresistance on Okinawa had ceased.

At the war's end the III Marine Am-phibious Corps was ordered to move fromOkinawa to North China as an occupationforce. The assigned mission was to disarmand repatriate the Japanese. Shepherd's6th Division landed at Tsingtao at the tipof Shantung Peninsula on 10 October. On25 October theJapanese garrison surren-dered at an elaborate ceremony staged bythe General at the Tsingtao race track.

The Japanese commander was MajGenEiji Nagano, who had 15,000 troops in-cluding the 5th Independent MixedBrigade. Gen Shepherd required that GenNagano hand over his sword as a symbolof his defeat. On the day of the surrenderNagano wrote Shepherd, "I hope that youtreasure this sword with honor and respect,because it has always been carried in thecause of virtue. It has been in my family350 years, and it is my most prized pos-session

Gen Shepherd allowed the Japanese tokeep their weapons, including some ar-tillery, with limited ammunition and as-signed them to the outer defenses ofTsingtao against any move by the ChineseCommunists and, most particularly, tokeep open the Tsingtao-Tsinan rail line.This they did very efficiently. Some yearslater, during the Korean War, GenShepherd wrote to Gen Nagano offeringto return his sword. The Japanese generalwrote back: "I am now an old man. I recallvery vividly my surrender to you, and yourkindness to me upon my surrender. ButI surrendered that sword to you as a sold-ier. I cannot take it back.

The sword and the articles of surrenderare on display in the Marine Corps Muse-um in Washington.

G EN SHEPHERD WAS detached fromcommand of the 6th Marine Divi-

sion at Tsingtao the day after Christmas1945. Four days later he arrived inWashington and reported to Gen Alex-ander A. Vandegrift, who was now theCommandant, to get his next assignment.In March he was sent to Little Creek nearNorfolk to organize Troop Training Unit,Atlantic, to teach both Army and MarineCorps units amphibious techniques.

This assignment was brief. In Novem-ber 1946 he returned to Washington to beVandegrift's Assistant to the Commandant

and Chief of Staff. He did not find theorganization of the Headquarters, a

departmental system basically unchangedsince the Spanish-American War, entirelysatisfactory.

These were also the days of the so-called"unification fight." The largest problemfacing the Marine Corps was gaining statu-tory recognition as a separate air-groundservice. This was partially but not com-pletely achieved in the National SecurityAct of 1947. The Act recognized that theMarine Corps included "fleet marineforces of combined arms, together withsupporting air components," but failed togive the Corps a seat on the Joint Chiefsof Staff and left it vulnerable in otherrespects.

During this Washington tour theGeneral first met the sculptor Felix deWeldon. He visited De Weldon's studioand was greatly impressed by the modelof a proposed monument inspired byJoeRosenthal's famed photograph of the fiveMarines and one Navy hospital corpsmanraising the flag over Mount Suribachi onIwo Jima.

V ANDEGRIFT WAS DUE to retire on 1January 1948. Shepherd was a lead-

ing contender to be the next Comman-dant, but so was MajGen Clifton B. Cates,at that time the commanding general atQuantico. Their careers had been remark-ably parallel. Both had heroic records asplatoon leaders and company commandersin World War I. Both had been distin-guished regimental and division com-manders in World War II. The choice wasPresident Truman's. He called them to theWhite House and said, "Cates is seniorand three years older. I am going to makehim Commandant this time and willmake Shepherd Commandant afterCates."

Shepherd, still a major general, leftHeadquarters Marine Corps in April 1948to become Commandant of Marine CorpsSchools at Quantico. This brought me un-der his command for a second time. I wasthen the managing editor of the MarineCorps Gazette. Gen Shepherd's arrival atQuantico caused a sudden and enthusias-tic revival of interest in horseback riding.The Post Stable at that time was across theparking lot from Breckinridge Hall nearthe railroad underpass. I had been ridinga gray named "Gracias," but it developedthat "Gracias" was Gen Shepherd's favorite

horse and I had to settle for a lessermount. "Gracias" is buried near the backgate, the place marked with a bronzeplaque.

G EN SHEPHERD STAYED at Quanticountil June 1950 when he was

promoted to lieutenant general and givencommand of Fleet Marine Force, Pacific,with headquarters in Hawaii. He hadagain asked that Krulak, newly promotedto colonel, be his G-3. He was just takingover this new post when the Korean Warbegan so suddenly with the North KoreanPeople's Army invasion of South Korea on25 June. The first two weeks of the warwere a series of unrelieved disasters for theSouth Koreans and their American allies.

On 10 July Gen Shepherd, accompa-nied by Col Krulak, met with Gen MacAr-thur, the Commander-in-Chief, Far East,at his headquarters in the Dai Ichi build-ing in Tokyo. MacArthur, after reminisc-ing for a bit about the New Britainoperation, went to a wall map of Korea,stabbed at the port of Inchon with thestem of his corn cob pipe, and said:

"Lem, if I only had the 1st Marine Di-vision under my command again, I wouldland them here."

Shepherd answered that if MacArthurcould get JCS approval for the assignmentof the 1st Marine Division, he could haveit ready by 1 September.

MacArthur says in his Reminiscences:"The target date, because of the great

tides at Inchon, had to be the middle ofSeptember. This meant that the stagingfor the landing at Inchon would have tobe accomplished more rapidly than thatof any other large amphibious operationin modern warfare

T HE LANDING AT Inchon, under verydifficult hydrographic conditions, was

made on 15 September 1958. MacArthurwatched from the command ship MountMcKinley with Shepherd at his side as hisamphibious advisor. MacArthur had acti-vated the X Corps for the operation andhad given its command to his chief ofstaff, MajGen Edward M. Almond, VMI1915. Most Marines and many senior Armyofficers thought the command shouldhave gone to the more senior and vastlymore experienced LtGeri Shepherd.

The landing force was, of course, the 1stMarine Division. After getting ashore, theMarines fought their way toward Seoul andby 27 September had secured that city.

1ori,iiidine. Fall 199()

Two days later President Syngman Rhee,escorted by MacArthur, made a triumphalre-entry into his capital. Shepherd wasamong those present.

The Inchon landing quite literallychanged the direction of the war. TheNorth Koreans, their lines of communi-cations cut and the X Corps at their back,gave up their siege of the U.S. EighthArmy in the Pusan Perimeter and retreat-ed in disorder to the north. The pursuitof the broken North Korean Army, the so-called "Race to the Yalu," then began. Aspart of this pursuit, the X Corps was sentto the east coast of Korea. The 1st MarineDivision landed at Wonsan against noresistance on 26 October.

T HE NORTH KOREAN Army had beenbroken, but Red China now entered

the war, something unexpected by MacAr-thur. Huge Chinese field armies cameacross the Yalu and the Eighth Army andX Corps were sent reeling backward. Thisled to the epic withdrawal in December1950 of the 1st Marine Division from Cho-sin Reservoir to the port of Hungnam.Almond commanded the corps, butShepherd considered that he had a spe-cial responsibility to oversee the withdraw-al and evacuation of the 1st MarineDivision and he several times visited XCorps during this critical period. Carryingout his old principle of personal frontlinereconnaissance, he was a frequent visitorto the division's forward command posts.

There was, however, something of a con-flict in command. Relations between thedivision commander, MajGen Oliver P.Smith, and the corps commander,Almond, were acrimonious. Others foundAlmond overbearing and his tactical de-cisions dubious at best, but Shepherdnever had a critical word for his fellow Vir-ginian. He, in turn, was always received

most courteously by his old schoolmate,Ned Almond. As for MacArthur, GenShepherd regarded him as the greatestAmerican military figure of the 20thCentury.

Shepherd continued as CommandingGeneral, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, foranother year. Then, on lJanuary 1952, aspromised by President Truman, hereceived his fourth star as Commandantof the Marine Corps. He was now in a po-sition to do something about the anti-quated organization of the Headquarters.Once again he had asked Col Krulak toserve under him. Legend has it that Kru-lak arrived in Washington with the planfor the transformation of the headquart-ers in his briefcase.

Q N 2.JANUARY, one day after becom-ing Commandant, Shepherd an-

nounced his plan to reorganize the Head-quarters along general staff lines with aG-1 (Personnel), G-2 (Intelligence), G-3(Operations and Training), and G-4(Logistics). The old departments werereduced to special staff sections. Col Kru-lak was assigned to the new post of Secre-tary of the General Staff.

T HE POLITICAL BATTLES on Capitol Hillhad continued. In January 1951, Se-

nator Paul Douglas of Illinois and Con-gressman Mike Mansfield of Montana(both former Marines) had introducedinto their respective houses of Congressthe Douglas-Mansfield Bill. After variousamendments and as signed by PresidentTruman, it became Public Law 416, 82dCongress. It provided for three Marine di-visions and three Marine air wings in theactive structure, and co-equal status for theCommandant with the Joint Chiefs ofStaff when matters of direct concern to theMarine Corps were under consideration.Thus Gen Shepherd was the first Com-mandant to sit regularly with the JCS.

The Commandant's House is at thenorth end of the quadrangle in SoutheastWashington occupied by the Marine Bar-racks. The troops at Marine Barracks werestill doing the parades he had originated20 years earlier. Far from satisfied, he sentthe drum major to England to learn howto do a proper slow march and to put moreflair into the drumming. He charged thebarracks commander to not only improvethe evening parade but also to institute aBritish-style mess night. Both objectiveswere accomplished smartly. The ritual ofthe mess night is now followed through-out the Marine Corps and, indeed, has in-fluenced the dinings-in as practiced by theother Services, and the Friday night pa-rades during the summer season are nowa stellar Washington attraction.

Ceremonies, tradition, and history werealways closely linked in the General'smind. Early in his tenure as Commandanthe brought back to active duty LtCol (laterCol)John H. Magruder III to create a Ma-rine Corps Museum out of the moribundcollection of exhibits and artifacts gather-ing dust at Quantico.

Foriziz,dzne, Fall 1990 9

At Andrews Air Force Base in mid-August Gen A/fredM. Gray anda Marine honorguard met the C-9 transport which brought the Genera/s remains, and the ashes ofhis wife to be buried with him, escorted by members of the family from c'a/sfornia.

Horse drawn caisson bearing the casket makes a s/ow progress through Ar/ington Na-tiona/ Cemetery to the buria/ site. Gen Shep herd is interred near the grave of Genera/of the Army George C. Marsha//, /ike Shepherd a Virginia Military Institute graduate.

//

Two days later President Syngman Rhee,escorted by MacArthur, made a triumphalre-entry into his capital. Shepherd wasamong those present.

The Inchon landing quite literallychanged the direction of the war. TheNorth Koreans, their lines of communi-cations cut and the X Corps at their back,gave up their siege of the U.S. EighthArmy in the Pusan Perimeter and retreat-ed in disorder to the north. The pursuitof the broken North Korean Army, the so-called "Race to the Yalu," then began. Aspart of this pursuit, the X Corps was sentto the east coast of Korea. The 1st MarineDivision landed at Wonsan against rioresistance on 26 October.

T HE NORTH KOREAN Army had beenbroken, but Red China now entered

the war, something unexpected by MacAr-thur. Huge Chinese field armies cameacross the Yalu and the Eighth Army andX Corps were sent reeling backward. Thisled to the epic withdrawal in December1950 of the 1st Marine Division from Cho-sin Reservoir to the port of Hurignam.Almond commanded the corps, butShepherd considered that he had a spe-cial responsibility to oversee the withdraw-al and evacuation of the 1st MarineDivision and he several times visited XCorps during this critical period. Carryingout his old principle of personal frontlinereconnaissance, he was a frequent visitorto the division's forward command posts.

There was, however, something of a con-flict in command. Relations between thedivision commander, MajGen Oliver P.Smith, and the corps commander,Almond, were acrimonious. Others foundAlmond overbearing and his tactical de-cisions dubious at best, but Shepherdnever had a critical word for his fellow Vir-ginian. He, in turn, was always received

most courteously by his old schoolmate,Ned Almond. As for MacArthur, GenShepherd regarded him as the greatestAmerican military figure of the 20thCentury.

Shepherd continued as CommandingGeneral, Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, foranother year. Then, on iJanuary 1952, aspromised by President Truman, hereceived his fourth star as Commandantof the Marine Corps. He was now in a po-sition to do something about the anti-quated organization of the Headquarters.Once again he had asked Col Krulak toserve under him. Legend has it that Kru-lak arrived in Washington with the planfor the transformation of the headquart-ers in his briefcase.

Q N iJANUARY, one day after becom-ing Commandant, Shepherd an-

nounced his plan to reorganize the Head-quarters along general staff lines with aG-1 (Personnel), G-2 (Intelligence), G-3(Operations and Training), and G-4(Logistics). The old departments werereduced to special staff sections. Col Kru-lak was assigned to the new post of Secre-tary of the General Staff.

T HE POLITICAL BATTLES on Capitol Hill

had continued. In January 1951, Se-nator Paul Douglas of Illinois and Con-gressman Mike Mansfield of Montana(both former Marines) had introducedinto their respective houses of Congressthe Douglas-Mansfield Bill. After variousamendments and as signed by PresidentTruman, it became Public Law 416, 82dCongress. It provided for three Marine di-visions and three Marine air wings in theactive structure, and co-equal status for theCommandant with the Joint Chiefs ofStaff when matters of direct concern to theMarine Corps were under consideration.Thus Gen Shepherd was the first Com-mandant to sit regularly with the JCS.

The Commandant's House is at thenorth end of the quadrangle in SoutheastWashington occupied by the Marine Bar-racks. The troops at Marine Barracks werestill doing the parades he had originated20 years earlier. Far from satisfied, he sentthe drum major to England to learn howto do a proper slow march and to put moreflair into the drumming. He charged thebarracks commander to not only improvethe evening parade but also to institute aBritish-style mess night. Both objectiveswere accomplished smartly. The ritual ofthe mess night is now followed through-out the Marine Corps and, indeed, has in-fluenced the dinings-in as practiced by theother Services, and the Friday night pa-rades during the summer season are nowa stellar Washington attraction.

Ceremonies, tradition, and history werealways closely linked in the General'smind. Early in his tenure as Commandanthe brought back to active duty LtCol (laterCol)John H. Magruder III to create a Ma-rine Corps Museum out of the moribundcollection of exhibits and artifacts gather-ing dust at Quantico.

Forlllz,dive. Fall 1990 9

At Andrews Air Force Base in mid-August Gen Alfred M. Gray and a Marine honorguard met the C-9 transport which brought the General's remains, and the ashes ofhis wife to be buried with him, escorted by members of the family from California.

Horse-drawn caisson bearing the casket makes a slow progress through Arlington Na-tional Cemetery to the burial site. Gen Shep herd is interred near the grave of Generalof the Army George C. Marshall, like Shepherd a Virginia Military Institute graduate.

He renewed his acquaintance withsculptor Felix de Weldon and learned thatprogress on the Iwo Jima statue was stalledfor a lack of money. He invigorated thecollection process. The necessarymoney—$850,000—was raised by solicit-ing the members and friends of the Ma-rine Corps. No government funds wereused.

De Weldon and Shepherd decided thatthe best site for the statue would be at theedge of Arlington Cemetery at thesouthern end of Memorial Bridge and inline with the Lincoln Memorial and theWashington Monument. To get this su-perb site required months of negotiationand adroit pressure by friends of the Ma-rine Corps close to the White House. Themonument was dedicated on 10 Novem-ber, the Marine Corps' birthday, 1954.President Eisenhower was present. GenShepherd made the presentation speechand Vice President Nixon responded, ac-cepting the statue for the United States.

Gen Shepherd also decided that thereshould be a suitable Marine Corps monu-ment in the American Cemetery atBelleau Wood. His friend Felix de Weldonsculpted a bas relief in bronze of a WorldWar I Marine charging with fixed bayonet.In November 1955, a month before hisretirement as Commandant, the Generalreturned to his first battlefield and dedi-cated the Belleau Wood Monument.

Some months earlier he had beennominated to serve as chairman of theInter-American Defense Board and inMarch 1956 he was recalled to active dutyto serve in this capacity. He could havetreated the chairmanship as a well-earnedhonorary position, but he tackled the jobwith all his usual vigor. All 21 nations thatbelonged to the Organization of Ameri-can States had military representatives on

the Inter-American Defense Board at thattime. The mission of the board was toform a general defense plan for all thecountries of South America and CentralAmerica. The board had been meeting ev-ery two weeks. Shepherd changed that totwo meetings a week, but still the proceed-ings moved very slowly. Gen Shepherdwould remember, rather wryly, thatwhether or not there should be a commaafter a word could take a half-hour of dis-cussion. But he enjoyed the post and whenhe was asked to accept a second term oftwo years he agreed.

He visited all the Central and SouthAmerican countries, some of them sever-al times. He received a particularly warmwelcome when he returned to Haiti. Al-together he served three years and eightmonths and when he left the board it waswith the solid feeling that the nations ofthe hemisphere had been brought into acloser military relationship than they hadever had before.

H E RETIRED 10 "Leeton Forest," a

wonderful old house in Warrentonin the heart of Virginia hunt country. Herehe did a good deal of riding until he tooka bad fall. His rugged constitution sawhim through his recovery from his inju-ries and in 1967 he left his beloved Vir-ginia to move to La Jolla.

He was soon a very familiar figure at thenearby Recruit Depot, San Diego, alwaysone of his favorite Marine Corps posts.Long after his dimming eyesight made itimpossible for him to drive, the premierparking space by Depot Headquarters con-tinued to be marked with his name andfour stars.

T HE GENERAL ENLISTED Felix deWeldon's help in several other

cherished projects. The Marine Corpsemblem—the familiar eagle, globe, andanchor adopted by the Marine Corps in1868—was well known, but he felt that itshould be embodied in an official MarineCorps seal. With De Weldon's help hedesigned that seal, essentially the bronzeeagle, globe, and anchor set against a redfield and framed by a circle of corded ropesymbolizing the Corps' sea-going charac-ter. He gained for this seal President Eisen-hower's personal approval.

10 Eormi,dine. Fall 1990

Pallbearers from Marine Barracks, Washington prepare to fold the flag coveringthe casket. Mourners with the family at the graveside service included all five of theliving former Commandants: Gens Greene, Chapman, Wilson, Barrow, and Kelley.

The Commandant, Gen Gray, presents the flag to Mrs. James Ord, Gen Shepherd'sdaughter A platoon of VMJ cadets anda battalion of Marines marched in the funeralprocession, cannon and rifle salutes were fired and Taps was sounded during the service.

- y_— —:•

I

c.

L1t371

He renewed his acquaintance withsculptor Felix de Weldon and learned thatprogress on the Iwo Jima statue was stalledfor a lack of money. He invigorated thecollection process. The necessarymoney—$850,000—was raised by solicit-ing the members and friends of the Ma-rine Corps. No government funds wereused.

De Weldon and Shepherd decided thatthe best site for the statue would be at theedge of Arlington Cemetery at thesouthern end of Memorial Bridge and inline with the Lincoln Memorial and theWashington Monument. To get this su-perb site required months of negotiationand adroit pressure by friends of the Ma-rine Corps close to the White House. Themonument was dedicated on 10 Novem-ber, the Marine Corps' birthday, 1954.President Eisenhower was present. GenShepherd made the presentation speechand Vice President Nixon responded, ac-cepting the statue for the United States.

Gen Shepherd also decided that thereshould be a suitable Marine Corps monu-ment in the American Cemetery atBelleau Wood. His friend Felix de Weldonsculpted a bas relief in bronze of a WorldWar I Marine charging with fixed bayonet.In November 1955, a month before hisretirement as Commandant, the Generalreturned to his first battlefield and dedi-cated the Belleau Wood Monument.

Some months earlier he had beennominated to serve as chairman of theInter-American Defense Board and inMarch 1956 he was recalled to active dutyto serve in this capacity. He could havetreated the chairmanship as a well-earnedhonorary position, but he tackled the jobwith all his usual vigor. All 21 nations thatbelonged to the Organization of Ameri-can States had military representatives on

the Inter-American Defense Board at thattime. The mission of the board was toform a general defense plan for all thecountries of South America and CentralAmerica. The board had been meeting ev-ery two weeks. Shepherd changed that totwo meetings a week, but still the proceed-ings moved very slowly. Gen Shepherdwould remember, rather wryly, thatwhether or not there should be a commaafter a word could take a half-hour of dis-cussion. But he enjoyed the post and whenhe was asked to accept a second term oftwo years he agreed.

He visited all the Central and SouthAmerican countries, some of them sever-al times. He received a particularly warmwelcome when he returned to Haiti. Al-together he served three years and eightmonths and when he left the board it waswith the solid feeling that the nations ofthe hemisphere had been brought into acloser military relationship than they hadever had before.

H E RETIRED io "Leeton Forest," a

wonderful old house in Warrentonin the heart of Virginia hunt country. Herehe did a good deal of riding until he tooka bad fall. His rugged constitution sawhim through his recovery from his inju-ries and in 1967 he left his beloved Vir-ginia to move to La Jolla.

He was soon a very familiar figure at thenearby Recruit Depot, San Diego, alwaysone of his favorite Marine Corps posts.Long after his dimming eyesight made itimpossible for him to drive, the premierparking space by Depot Headquarters con-tinued to be marked with his name andfour stars.

T HE GENERAL ENLISTED Felix deWeldon's help in several other

cherished projects. The Marine Corpsemblem—the familiar eagle, globe, andanchor adopted by the Marine Corps in1868—was well known, but he felt that itshould be embodied in an official MarineCorps seal. With De Weldon's help hedesigned that seal, essentially the bronzeeagle, globe, and anchor set against a redfield and framed by a circle of corded ropesymbolizing the Corps' sea-going charac-ter. He gained for this seal President Eisen-hower's personal approval.

10 Foriiii,d,ne. Fall 1990

Pallbearers from Marine Barracks, Washington prepare to fold the Jiag coveringthe casket. Mourners with the family at the graveside service included all five of theliving former Commandants: Gens Greene, Chapman, Wilson, Barrow, and Kelley.

The Commandant, Gen Gray, presents the flag to Mrs. James Ord, Gen Shepherd'sdaughter A platoon of VMJ cadets and a battalion of Marines marched in the funeralprocession, cannon and rifle salutes were fired and Taps was sounded during the service.

For many years he returned East at leastannually and usually in the fall to visitVMI and in Washington. He ordinarilywould stay at the Army-Navy town clubwhere he was both the pride and despairof the dining room staff. Almost alwayshe would visit the Marine Corps Histori-cal Center.

T HE LAST TIME I saw the General was in

June 1988 in San Diego. I was on avisit to the new San Diego Recruit DepotMuseum. The General invited me to havelunch with him. MajGen DonaldJ. Ful-ham, then the Depot's commandinggeneral, deftly turned this into a smallluncheon he would himself host. Our ta-ble at the Officers Club was near an ex-panse of windows overlooking the water.The General was nearly blind and quitefeeble, but still his usual courtly, thought-ful, and inspiring self. He led the conver-sation which was far-ranging. Hereminisced about Belleau Wood and spokefondly of his dog, Kiki. He talked of hislater-life pilgrimages to Belleau Wood andof De Weldon's bas relief. He recalled tak-ing part in MajGen Smedley D. Butler'sCivil War ("War Between the States" in theGeneral's lexicon) re-enactments of the1920s. He reviewed the creation of the Ma-rine Corps Museum at Quantico and won-dered whatever had happened to theBelleau Wood exhibit that had been donefor the Smithsonian. He deplored thepassing of the khaki uniform and dis-missed camouflage utilities as somethingthat should be worn only in the jungle."

Mrs. Shepherd died in 1989. She wascremated and her ashes held to join theGeneral's remains in Arlington on a daythat could not be too far in the future.

This left the General alone in the houseon Avenida Cresta, fiercely independentand insisting that he could make do withthe help of a part-time housekeeper. Hisolder son, Col Bo" Shepherd, lived closeby as did his longtime associate, LtGen"Brute" Krulak. Younger son Wilson wasin Coronado. Daughter Virginia and herhusband were living in retirement onNantucket, a kind of symbolic return tothe General's mother's birthplace.

In those last years, Cdr Victor H. "Nick-ie" Krulak,Jr., ChC USN, acted almost asa personal chaplain, coming to the houseto give communion to the General and,while she still lived, Mrs. Shepherd.

The General's 94th birthday was

celebrated in February at the Avenida

Cresta residence. There was, of course, acake. MajGen John S. Grinalds, the com-manding general at San Diego RecruitDepot, read letters of congratulation fromPresident Bush and all five of the otherliving former Commandants—GeneralsGreene, Chapman, Wilson, Barrow, andKelley. The General also received whatwould be the last of his many awards: theMarine Corps Historical Foundation's Dis-tinguished Service Award "for numerousand substantial contributions to the his-tory of the Marine Corps that span morethan seventy years."

The General died on 6 August 1990.Although blind and bed-ridden he re-mained alert and lucid almost to the end.One of his last actions was to ask Bo to doan inventory of his wine cellar. His last let-ter, dictated about ten days before hisdeath, was to VMI and apologized for histardiness in replying to an earlier letter ashe had been 'temporarily ill."

A Marine Corps C-9 transport took theGeneral's remains and the ashes of hiswife, which were to be buried with him,and the immediate members of his fami-ly, to Andrews Air Force Base outside ofWashington. The present Commandant,Gen Gray, and an honor guard of Marineswere there to meet the party.

B UT OTHER CEREMONIES had alreadytaken place at San Diego. There was

a funeral plan in place at MCRD, San Die-go, first written when MajGen Joseph C.Fegan, Jr., one time his aide, was the com-mander, and then passed along in theturn-over file of each succeeding com-manding general. The General had snort-ed that the plan was thicker than hisoperation plan for the landing of the 6thMarine Division at Okinawa.

MajGen Grinalds saw to it that the plan

Readers Always Write

FROM TULAGI TO IWO JIMAI am the Marine portrayed on the cover

(Fortitudine, Spring 1990). . Six years

with the Marine Corps, July 16, 1940 toJuly 16, 1946, I was with the ForgottenBattalion for about four and one-half years[and madel D-Day landings on five beach-heads: Tulagi, Guadalcanal, Saipan,Guam, and Iwo Jima. Semper Fi.

Donald W. SchillerMonterey Park, California

was executed to the last detail. A funeralservice was held at the St. James By-the-Sea Episcopal Church with the Bishop ofthe San Diego Diocese participating andChaplain Krulak delivering the homily.The hymns that were sung were thosechosen by the General. As the pallbear-ers bore his casket from the churchthrough a cordon of Marine drill instruc-tors to the hearse, the San Diego MarineCorps Band softly played "Carry Me Backto 01' Virginny." Ji1775E

CORRECTIONMT Chester J. Yatcak of U7estminster

California, a well-known medals collectorhas pointed out that Father Henri

Jankowski is wearing the Order of the Pol-ish Catholic Church rather than theOrder of the U'/hite Eagle on his habit inthe photograph on P. 17, Fortitudine.Summer 1990, with the article, 'US. Mili-tary Historians Find U'arm U'/elcome inPoland HIS

Fori,iud,ne, Fall 1)9O II

Fes tschriftPrincipal sources for this bio-

graphical profile of Gen Shepherdare his own oral history, as inter-viewed by Mr. Benis M. Frank in1967, his official biographical file,his personal papers as held in theMarine Corps Historical Center, theoral histories and recollections ofothers who served with the General,and the recollections of members ofhis family and of the writer.

An earlier version of this profilewas given by the writer at the Vir-ginia Military Institute at the inau-guration of the General Lemuel C.Shepherd, Jr., '17 Distinguished Lec-ture Series on 22 October 1986 andsubsequently published, with fur-ther revision, in the Winter 1987 is-sue of the VMI Alumni Review.

Readers are encouraged to sendtheir own recollections of GenShepherd to the Editor for possiblepublication in Fortitudine and as anaddition to the Shepherd biographi-cal files. A length of not more than300 words is suggested.—EHS

Cover Marine Recalls His D-Day Landings with 'Forgotten Battalion'

For many years he returned East at leastannually and usually in the fall to visitVMI and in Washington. He ordinarilywould stay at the Army-Navy town clubwhere he was both the pride and despairof the dining room staff. Almost alwayshe would visit the Marine Corps Histori-cal Center.

T HE LAST TIME I saw the General was inJune 1988 in San Diego. I was on a

visit to the new San Diego Recruit DepotMuseum. The General invited me to havelunch with him. MajGen Donald J. Ful-ham, then the Depot's commandinggeneral, deftly turned this into a smallluncheon he would himself host. Our ta-ble at the Officers Club was near an ex-panse of windows overlooking the water.The General was nearly blind and quitefeeble, but still his usual courtly, thought-ful, and inspiring self. He led the conver-sation which was far-ranging. Hereminisced about Bel!eau Wood and spokefondly of his dog, Kiki. He talked of hislater-life pilgrimages to Belleau Wood andof De Weldon's bas relief. He recalled tak-ing part in MajGen Smedley D. Butler'sCivil War ("War Between the States" in theGeneral's lexicon) re-enactments of the1920s. He reviewed the creation of the Ma-rine Corps Museum at Quantico and won-dered whatever had happened to theBel!eau Wood exhibit that had been donefor the Smithsonian. He deplored thepassing of the khaki uniform and dis-missed camouflage utilities as somethingthat should be worn "only in the jungle."

Mrs. Shepherd died in 1989. She wascremated and her ashes held to join theGeneral's remains in Arlington on a daythat could not be too far in the future.

This left the General alone in the houseon Avenida Cresta, fiercely independentand insisting that he could make do withthe help of a part-time housekeeper. Hisolder son, Col "Bo" Shepherd, lived closeby as did his longtime associate, LtGen"Brute" Krulak. Younger son Wilson wasin Coronado. Daughter Virginia and herhusband were living in retirement onNantucket, a kind of symbolic return tothe General's mother's birthplace.

In those last years, Cdr Victor H. "Nick-ie" Krulak,Jr., ChC USN, acted almost asa personal chaplain, coming to the houseto give communion to the General and,while she sti11 lived, Mrs. Shepherd.

The General's 94th birthday was

celebrated in February at the Avenida

Cresta residence. There was, of course, acake. MajGenJohn S. Grinalds, the com-manding general at San Diego RecruitDepot, read letters of congratulation fromPresident Bush and a!! five of the otherliving former Commandants — GeneralsGreene, Chapman, Wilson, Barrow, andKelley. The Genera! also received whatwould be the last of his many awards: theMarine Corps Historical Foundation's Dis-tinguished Service Award "for numerousand substantial contributions to the his-tory of the Marine Corps that span morethan seventy years."

The General died on 6 August 1990.Although blind and bed-ridden he re-mained alert and lucid almost to the end.One of his last actions was to ask Bo to doan inventory of his wine cellar. His last let-ter, dictated about ten days before hisdeath, was to VMI and apologized for histardiness in replying to an earlier letter ashe had been "temporarily ill."

A Marine Corps C-9 transport took theGeneral's remains and the ashes of hiswife, which were to be buried with him,and the immediate members of his fami-ly, to Andrews Air Force Base outside ofWashington. The present Commandant,Gen Gray, and an honor guard of Marineswere there to meet the party.

B UT OTHER CEREMONIES had alreadytaken place at San Diego. There was

a funeral plan in place at MCRD, San Die-go, first written when MajGen Joseph C.Fegan,Jr., one time his aide, was the com-mander, and then passed along in theturn-over file of each succeeding com-manding general. The General had snort-ed that the plan was thicker than hisoperation plan for the landing of the 6thMarine Division at Okinawa.

MajGen Grinalds saw to it that the plan

Readers Always Write

FROM TULAGI TO IWO JIMAI am the Marine portrayed on the cover

(Fortitudine, Spring 1990). . . . Six yearswith the Marine Corps, July 16, 1940 toJuly 16, 1946, I was with the ForgottenBattalion for about four and one-half years[and madel D-Day landings on five beach-heads: Tulagi, Guadalcanal, Saipan,Guam, and Iwo Jima. Semper Fi.

Donald W. SchillerMonterey Park, California

was executed to the last detail. A funeralservice was held at the St. James By-the-Sea Episcopal Church with the Bishop ofthe San Diego Diocese participating andChaplain Krulak delivering the homily.The hymns that were sung were thosechosen by the General. As the pallbear-ers bore his casket from the churchthrough a cordon of Marine drill instruc-tors to the hearse, the San Diego MarineCorps Band softly played "Carry Me Backto 0!' Virginny." Ji1775E

CORRECTIONMr. Chester J. Yatcak of WestminsterCalifornia, a well-known medals collectorhas pointed out that Father HenriJankowski is wearing the Order of the Pol-ish Catholic Church rather than theOrder of the White Eagle on his habit inthe photograph on p. 17, Fortitudine,Summer 1990, with the article, "US. Mili-tary Historians Find Warm Welcome inPoland '— HIS

Fori,iudine, Fall I)9O II

Fes tschriftPrincipal sources for this bio-

graphical profile of Gen Shepherdare his own oral history, as inter-viewed by Mr. Benis M. Frank in1967, his official biographical file,his personal papers as held in theMarine Corps Historical Center, theoral histories and recollections ofothers who served with the Genera!,and the recollections of members ofhis family and of the writer.

An earlier version of this profilewas given by the writer at the Vir-ginia Military Institute at the inau-guration of the General Lemuel C.Shepherd, Jr., '17 Distinguished Lec-ture Series on 22 October 1986 andsubsequently published, with fur-ther revision, in the Winter 1987 is-sue of the VMI Alumni Review.

Readers are encouraged to sendtheir own recollections of GenShepherd to the Editor for possiblepublication in Fort itudine and as anaddition to the Shepherd biographi-cal files. A length of not more than300 words is suggested.—EHS

Cover Marine Recalls His D-Day Landings with 'Forgotten Battalion'

Acquisitions

Corregidor POW's Letters, China Marine's Photos Given

L ETfERS A YOUNG MARINE sent tohis wife and family while a prisoner of

the Japanese in World War II have beendonated to the Marine Corps Museum byhis widow. Mrs. Betty J. Wilkening ofCrawford, Colorado, provided the letters,along with retired MSgt Clifford Wilken-ing's tattered service record book and a setof cased chopsticks he used in prisoncamp.

Wilkening enlisted in April 1939 andafter boot camp at San Diego was sent onboard the SS President Harrison to Shang-hai, China. Subsequently he was assignedto the 4th Marines unit at Fort Mills onCorregidor, Philippine Islands. In May1942, as Corregidor was about to fall tothe Japanese, then-Cpl Wilkening washelping to burn official records near theMalinta Tunnel. Mrs. Wilkening says thather husband told her that his servicerecord book, then among the files he wasgiven to destroy, 'jumped out of the fire."He kept the record book with him for allof the three years he was a prisoner, from1942 to 1945.

The messages that Cpl Wilkening wroteto his family from prison camp near Tokyoconvey little, since he was not allowed toreveal much of his personal condition. Inmost he says he is in good health, wisheshis family well, and asks them not to worryand to say hello to everyone. Some have aheading, Imperial Japanese Army" andare fill-in-the-blanks postcards designedfor the POWs to use: "I am interned at

I am uninjured; sick in hospital; un-der treatment; not under treatment .

and Please give my best regards toIncluded with the donation is a tele-

gram dated 13 May 1942 to Wilkening'smother stating that Cpl Wilkening 'wasperforming his duty in the service of hiscountry in the Manila Bay area when thatstation capitulated. He will be carried onthe records of the Marine Corps as miss-ing pending further investigation."Another telegram, dated 28 September1945, informs her that Cpl Wilkening wasliberated from Japanese custody on 13September 1945 and "he sends the follow-ing message to you, Safe and well, see yousoon, love Clifford.'

by Jennifer L. GoodingRegistrar

A World War II Japanese bugle, madeof brass and decorated with a red rope andtassel, is part of a donation which includesa Japanese canteen of the same period,both in excellent condition, received fromEdward Andrusko of Boulder, Colorado.

Andrusko took the bugle and canteenfrom the body of aJapanese soldier killedin action. Andrusko was a corporal andscout-sniper with Company I, 3d Battal-ion, 7th Marines, and on patrol in Novem-ber 1942 on Guadalcanal. The canteen wasstandard issue for the Japanese armedforces. It is aluminum which was painteddrab green at one time, with a web carrier.

A DDING 1D THE MUSEUM'S growingcollection of photographs of Marines

on China duty is a set of contact printsmade from negatives of snapshots taken bythen-PFC James M. Weidner in Tientsinin 1939, during a great flood of the city.

Now a retired colonel living in Olym-pia, West Virginia, Weidner recalls hisservice with a detachment of about 250Marines and six sailors, coexisting in Tient-sin with a Japanese occupying force num-bering in the tens of thousands. Theflooding was believed to have been causedby the Chinese themselves, who were saidto have opened a floodgate outside thecity. PFC Weidner took many photographs

of the deluge, which reached about fourfeet in the commercial and governmentalcenter of the city, including the U.S.compound.

M OST OF THE MARINE officers andsenior noncommissioned officers

lived away from the barracks, in differentparts of the city with their families. En-listed Marines were sent out on "home-going" details in sampans launched fromthe main gate to move these stranded fa-milies to the compound. Since refrigera-tion was lost as the flood water causedelectrical malfunctions, perishable provi-sions beyond the Marines' immediateneeds were shared with Chinese neigh-bors. Many of the prints show Marines andChinese citizens walking about in chest-high water, or floating in small boats andsampans through the streets past stalledautomobiles.

Weidner left Tientsin in 1941, prior tothe Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7December. He says that the 40 or so Ma-rines then left in the city were imprisoned.He remembers that the Japanese com-mander in Tientsin at the time, LtGenMasaharu Homma, was the same officerwho later led the Japanese invasion of thePhilippines and captured Bataan and Cor-regidor in 1942. LIJI775LIIJ

12 /uriiiudine. Fall 199()

Marines and Chinese residents ford the rising waters outside the US. compound inTientsin in 1939, in a snapshot taken by then-PFC James M. U'/eidner. At the time,the city was occupied by a large Japanese force; the US. guard included 250 Marines.

Acquisitions

Corregidor POW's Letters, China Marine's Photos Given

L ETfERS A YOUNG MARINE sent tohis wife and family while a prisoner of

the Japanese in World War II have beendonated to the Marine Corps Museum byhis widow. Mrs. Betty J. Wilkening ofCrawford, Colorado, provided the letters,along with retired MSgt Clifford Wilken-ing's tattered service record book and a setof cased chopsticks he used in prisoncamp.

Wilkening enlisted in April 1939 andafter boot camp at San Diego was sent onboard the SS President Harrison to Shang-hai, China. Subsequently he was assignedto the 4th Marines unit at Fort Mills onCorregidor, Philippine Islands. In May1942, as Corregidor was about to fall tothe Japanese, then-Cpl Wilkening washelping to burn official records near theMalinta Tunnel. Mrs. Wilkening says thather husband told her that his servicerecord book, then among the files he wasgiven to destroy, "jumped out of the fire."He kept the record book with him for allof the three years he was a prisoner, from1942 to 1945.

The messages that Cpl Wilkening wroteto his family from prison camp near Tokyoconvey little, since he was not allowed toreveal much of his personal condition. Inmost he says he is in good health, wisheshis family well, and asks them not to worryand to say hello to everyone. Some have aheading, "Imperial Japanese Army" andare fill-in-the-blanks postcards designedfor the POWs to use: "I am interned at• .

. ; I am uninjured; sick in hospital; un-der treatment; not under treatment .

and "Please give my best regards toIncluded with the donation is a tele-

gram dated 13 May 1942 to Wilkening'smother stating that Cpl Wilkening "wasperforming his duty in the service of hiscountry in the Manila Bay area when thatstation capitulated. He will be carried onthe records of the Marine Corps as miss-ing pending further investigation."Another telegram, dated 28 September1945, informs her that Cpl Wilkening wasliberated from Japanese custody on 13September 1945 and "he sends the follow-ing message to you, 'Safe and well, see yousoon, love Clifford.'

by Jennifer L. GoodingRegistrar

A World War II Japanese bugle, madeof brass and decorated with a red rope andtassel, is part of a donation which includesa Japanese canteen of the same period,both in excellent condition, received fromEdward Andrusko of Boulder, Colorado.

Andrusko took the bugle and canteenfrom the body of ajapanese soldier killedin action. Andrusko was a corporal andscout-sniper with Company I, 3d Battal-ion, 7th Marines, and on patrol in Novem-ber 1942 on Guadalcanal. The canteen wasstandard issue for the Japanese armedforces. It is aluminum which was painteddrab green at one time, with a web carrier.

A DDING 1D THE MUSEUM'S growingcollection of photographs of Marines

on China duty is a set of contact printsmade from negatives of snapshots taken bythen-PFC James M. Weidner in Tientsinin 1939, during a great flood of the city.

Now a retired colonel living in Olym-pia, West Virginia, Weidner recalls hisservice with a detachment of about 250Marines and six sailors, coexisting in Tient-sin with a Japanese occupying force num-bering in the tens of thousands. Theflooding was believed to have been causedby the Chinese themselves, who were saidto have opened a floodgate outside thecity. PFC Weidner took many photographs

of the deluge, which reached about fourfeet in the commercial and governmentalcenter of the city, including the U.S.compound.

M OST OF THE MARINE officers andsenior noncommissioned officers

lived away from the barracks, in differentparts of the city with their families. En-listed Marines were sent out on "home-going" details in sampans launched fromthe main gate to move these stranded fa-milies to the compound. Since refrigera-tion was lost as the flood water causedelectrical malfunctions, perishable provi-sions beyond the Marines' immediateneeds were shared with Chinese neigh-bors. Many of the prints show Marines andChinese citizens walking about in chest-high water, or floating in small boats andsampans through the streets past stalledautomobiles.

Weidner left Tientsin in 1941, prior tothe Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7December. He says that the 40 or so Ma-rines then left in the city were imprisoned.He remembers that the Japanese com-mander in Tientsin at the time, LtGenMasaharu Homma, was the same officerwho later led the Japanese invasion of thePhilippines and captured Bataan and Cor-regidor in 1942. LIJI775LIIJ

12 Furti/udine. Fall 199()

Marines and Chinese residents ford the rising waters outside the US. compound inTientsin in 1939, in a snapshot taken by then-PFC James M. Weidner At the time,the city was occupied by a large Japanese force; the US. guard included 250 Marines.

Desert Shield Units Monitored for History in the Makingby Henry I. Shaw, Jr

Chief Historian

N o FIELD UNIT of Marines in themodern era of enhanced communi-

cations has ever welcomed the flood ofreporting requirements that descendsupon it during a crisis deployment. I amsure Marine commanders feel as harassedby "paperwork" today in Saudi Arabia astheir predecessors did when they landedat Da Nang and Chu Lai 25 years ago. Yet,there is an urgent need to know what ishappening, what problems have arisen,and what solutions have been found. Thefunction of higher headquarters is to pro-vide and support the deployed troops inthe most effective way possible, and ulti-mately to account for the activities of theMarines at the cutting edge.

That accounting process is in essencewhat the whole history and museums ef-fort of the Marine Corps is all about. Itinvolves artwork, oral histories, personalpapers, artifacts collection, and a myriadof related activities, but mostly it concerns

official records, the core of any historicalaccount. The essential historical report forthe Marine Corps is the command chro-nology, which every battalion, squadron,separate company and battery, detach-ment, barracks, base, and station sends toHeadquarters Marine Corps periodically,usually on a semi-annual or annual basis,monthly when deployed in crises. Eachhigher command level in the chain simi-larly reports. When the first troopsmounted out for Operation Desert Shield,this division messaged FMFPac andFMFLant in the name of the Commandantto increase report frequency from deployedunits.

T HE COMMANDANT in AlMar 222-90(19 September 90) called attention to

the need for information collection andanalysis from Operation Desert Shield,specifically citing command chronologiesamong normal channels of reporting and

indicating he had no wish to "burden thefield" with new reporting requirements.

This immediate reaction to the Mideastcommitment of Marines was not a first forus. Every major crisis deployment since theVietnam War has generated a similar re-quirement for more timely commandchronologies. Most recently the actions ofMarines in Panama and off the coast andashore in Liberia have been similarly ac-counted. This past August in a follow-onto the chronologies we received fromOperation just Cause in Panama, the 6thMarine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) sentus its records relating to the whole of thePanama involvement of Marines in thepast two years. This massive infusion ofreports came our way mainly through theinterest of the former 6th MEB com-mander, BGen Michael P. Downs, in ademonstration of a real sense of the valueof historical reporting now and for thefuture.

Retired Marine Reservist Co/H, Avery Chenoweth has donated16 sketches, drawings, and watercolors of Desert Shield embar-kation activities he witnessed as a volunteer artist at Beaufort,

Fortitudine, Fall 1990

South Carolina, and Morehead City, North Carolina. Here. ColChenoweth brought his sketchpad to the flightline at MCASBeaufort to record fighter aircraft departing near midnight.

Desert Shield Units Monitored for History in the Makingby Henry I. Shaw, Jr

Chief Historian

N O FIELD UNIT of Marines in themodern era of enhanced communi-

cations has ever welcomed the flood ofreporting requirements that descendsupon it during a crisis deployment. I amsure Marine commanders feel as harassedby "paperwork" today in Saudi Arabia astheir predecessors did when they landedat Da Nang and Chu Lai 25 years ago. Yet,there is an urgent need to know what ishappening, what problems have arisen,and what solutions have been found. Thefunction of higher headquarters is to pro-vide and support the deployed troops inthe most effective way possible, and ulti-mately to account for the activities of theMarines at the cutting edge.

That accounting process is in essencewhat the whole history and museums ef-fort of the Marine Corps is all about. Itinvolves artwork, oral histories, personalpapers, artifacts collection, and a myriadof related activities, but mostly it concerns

official records, the core of any historicalaccount. The essential historical report forthe Marine Corps is the command chro-nology, which every battalion, squadron,separate company and battery, detach-ment, barracks, base, and station sends toHeadquarters Marine Corps periodically,usually on a semi-annual or annual basis,monthly when deployed in crises. Eachhigher command level in the chain simi-larly reports. When the first troopsmounted out for Operation Desert Shield,this division messaged FMFPac andFMFLant in the name of the Commandantto increase report frequency from deployedunits.

T HE COMMANDANT in AlMar 222-90(19 September 90) called attention to

the need for information collection andanalysis from Operation Desert Shield,specifically citing command chronologiesamong normal channels of reporting and

indicating he had no wish to "burden thefield" with new reporting requirements.

This immediate reaction to the Mideastcommitment of Marines was not a first forus. Every major crisis deployment since theVietnam War has generated a similar re-quirement for more timely commandchronologies. Most recently the actions ofMarines in Panama and off the coast andashore in Liberia have been similarly ac-counted. This past August in a follow-onto the chronologies we received fromOperation Just Cause in Panama, the 6thMarine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB) sentus its records relating to the whole of thePanama involvement of Marines in thepast two years. This massive infusion ofreports came our way mainly through theinterest of the former 6th MEB com-mander, BGen Michael P. Downs, in ademonstration of a real sense of the valueof historical reporting now and for thefuture.

Retired Marine Reservist CoIH, Avery Chenoweth has donated16 sketches, drawings, and watercolors of Desert Shield embar-kation activities he witnessed as a volunteer artist at Beaufort.

Fortitudine, Fall 1990

South Carolina, and Moreh cad City, North Carolina. Here, ColChenoweth brought his sketchpad to the f/ightline at MCASBeaufort to record fighter aircraft departing near midnight.

Reserves Bolstered Corps in 1940by Col William P McC'ahil/ USMCR (Ret)

M ARINE COMMANDANT Gen Alfred M. Gray has stated many times thattoday's Marine Corps is ready to go anywhere and stay there for 60 days.

The Corps is doing just that in the Middle East as this is written. Speaking toa Congressional Marine Breakfast group at the Marine Corps Memorial in Sep-tember, Gen Gray contrasted the desert emergency with previous call-up times,saying it had not been necessary to mobilize the Reserve although 3,000 volun-teers had been authorized in certain categories. He said some volunteers are al-ready on duty and that the Corps will bring up more units." He spoke withpride of the successful mobilization in 1950 at the time of Korea, but did notgo back to the World War II mobilization which ballooned the Corps withhundreds of thousands of Reservists.

With 1950 behind us in recent memory and 1990 still ahead, it is instructiveto go back into the history of the 1940 call-up just 50 years ago, as units suchas the 5th Reserve Officers' Class plan 50th reunions in 1991. The story of theReserve call-up is covered in the The Marine Corps Reserve, 1916-1966, publishedby the Government Printing Office but unfortunately now out of print.

On 5 October 1940 a dispatch signed by Navy Secretary Frank Knox put bat-talions and squadrons of the Organized Marine Reserve on alert for call-up: 'Putall organized reserve divisions and aviation squadrons on short notice for callto active duty, call fleet reservists as necessary, call retired enlisted men who maybe usefully employed and who volunteer. Active duty for other than fleet andorganized reserves still on voluntary basis. No volunteer reservists will be sentto active duty for less than a year. Call as many Class V (3) reserves as may volun-teer. Commandants authorized call local defense divisions when needed andquarters available. Fleet divisions and squadrons will be called on departmentorders. Commandants recommend order in which these divisions and squadronsshould be called."

T HE CORPS ISSUED GENERAL MOBILIZATION ORDERS on 15 October in Circu-

lar Letter 396 which directed the 23 Reserve battalions to report to unit homestations on 9 November. Upon reporting in, the units were directed to reportto their initial duty stations (Quantico, San Diego, Mare Island, and Navy yardsat Philadelphia, Norfolk, and Puget Sound). Air Reservists were called up almostimmediately and in November 1940 the Major General Commandant's orderto commanding officers of all Reserve squadrons read: "The officers and enlist-ed men of your squadron are assigned to active duty on 16 December 1940, atthe Naval Reserve Aviation Base to which your squadron is attached, and willproceed as soon as transportation is available

The call-up was the result of President Roosevelt's Limited National Emer-gency proclaimed on 8 September 1939. In the memory of many now living in

T HE DIVISION is exploring ways that itcan best highlight the breadth of Ma-

rine activities in Saudi Arabia and on theships offshore. A natural thought is to re-juvenate the combat art program, and thepossibilities of assigning qualified active-duty Marines to serve as combat artistswith the senior Marine field command, IMarine Expeditionary Force (I MEF), arebeing pursued. In the meantime, by for-tuitous circumstance, an experienced com-

bat artist residing in South Carolina,retired Reservist Col H. Avery Chenoweth,had the time, the interest, and the incli-nation to use his talents to cover the lift-out and load-out of Marines and theirequipment from Beaufort, South Caroli-na, and Morehead City, North Carolina.Col Chenoweth, whose paintings celebrat-ing the 75th anniversary of Marine avia-tion are now on display at the MarineCorps Museum, did his drawings of the

mounting-out process on a volunteer ba-sis. Some of his works are used to illustratethis article.

Initially, the Marine Corps had beenable to execute its massive build-up in theMiddle East without resort to use of itsReserve forces. The few Reservists who wereon active duty were all volunteers fillingspecialist billets. Fortunately, we had onesuch in our fold and immediately gave hera timely assignment that is a natural for

F,iiii,/ine, Fall 1))O

Marines line up to sign out personalweapons from crates dockside at More headCity in late August. in this drawing by ColChenoweth. The colonel is a veteran com-bat artirt of the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

Each of the other service historical agen-cies also has taken steps to ensure that itreceives enhanced reporting from deploy-ed units in the Middle East. And all hada hand in a recent temporary augmenta-tion of the historical offices of CentralCommand (CentCom), the overall Ameri-can headquarters for units involved inDesert Shield. In mid-August, the JointStaff asked that a historian from each serv-ice be sent to MacDill Air Force Base,Florida, to assess, evaluate, and assist theinitial CentCom historical reporting effortfor the operation. Maj Charles D. Melson,who recently retired and returned to ac-tive duty to complete work on the 1971-73Vietnam history, was our representative forthe project. He spent about two weeks atMacDill, and together with his other serv-ice counterparts, all experienced militaryhistorians, answered the Joint Staff re-quirements by assisting CentCom head-quarters in developing and regularizing ahistorical reporting routine suitable forDesert Shield. Maj Melson returned witha briefcase full of interesting documents,including copies of the briefing pamph-lets being given to the troops deployingto the Middle East.

(Continued on page 15)

Reserves Bolstered Corps in 1940by Col William P Mc('ahil. USMCR (Ret)

M ARINE COMMANDANT Gen Alfred M. Gray has stated many times thattoday's Marine Corps is ready to go anywhere and stay there for 60 days.

The Corps is doing just that in the Middle East as this is written. Speaking toa Congressional Marine Breakfast group at the Marine Corps Memorial in Sep-tember, Gen Gray contrasted the desert emergency with previous call-up times,saying it had not been necessary to mobilize the Reserve although 3,000 volun-teers had been authorized in certain categories. He said some volunteers are al-ready on duty and that the Corps "will bring up more units." He spoke withpride of the successful mobilization in 1950 at the time of Korea, but did notgo back to the World War II mobilization which ballooned the Corps withhundreds of thousands of Reservists.

With 1950 behind us in recent memory and 1990 still ahead, it is instructiveto go back into the history of the 1940 call-up just 50 years ago, as units suchas the 5th Reserve Officers' Class plan 50th reunions in 1991. The story of theReserve call-up is covered in the The Marine Corps Reserve, 1916-1966, publishedby the Government Printing Office but unfortunately now out of print.

On 5 October 1940 a dispatch signed by Navy Secretary Frank Knox put bat-talions and squadrons of the Organized Marine Reserve on alert for call-up: "Putall organized reserve divisions and aviation squadrons on short notice for callto active duty, call fleet reservists as necessary, call retired enlisted men who maybe usefully employed and who volunteer. Active duty for other than fleet andorganized reserves still on voluntary basis. No volunteer reservists will be sentto active duty for less than a year. Call as many Class V (3) reserves as may volun-teer. Commandants authorized call local defense divisions when needed andquarters available. Fleet divisions and squadrons will be called on departmentorders. Commandants recommend order in which these divisions and squadronsshould be called."

T HE CORPS ISSUED GENERAL MOBILIZATION ORDERS on 15 October in Circu-

lar Letter 396 which directed the 23 Reserve battalions to report to unit homestations on 9 November. Upon reporting in, the units were directed to reportto their initial duty stations (Quantico, San Diego, Mare Island, and Navy yardsat Philadelphia, Norfolk, and Puget Sound). Air Reservists were called up almostimmediately and in November 1940 the Major General Commandant's orderto commanding officers of all Reserve squadrons read: "The officers and enlist-ed men of your squadron are assigned to active duty on 16 December 1940, atthe Naval Reserve Aviation Base to which your squadron is attached, and willproceed as soon as transportation is available

The call-up was the result of President Roosevelt's Limited National Emer-gency proclaimed on 8 September 1939. In the memory of many now living in

T HE DIVISION is exploring ways that itcan best highlight the breadth of Ma-

rine activities in Saudi Arabia and on theships offshore. A natural thought is to re-juvenate the combat art program, and thepossibilities of assigning qualified active-duty Marines to serve as combat artistswith the senior Marine field command, IMarine Expeditionary Force (I MEF), arebeing pursued. In the meantime, by for-tuitous circumstance, an experienced com-

bat artist residing in South Carolina,retired Reservist Col H. Avery Chenoweth,had the time, the interest, and the incli-nation to use his talents to cover the lift-out and load-out of Marines and theirequipment from Beaufort, South Caroli-na, and Morehead City, North Carolina.Col Chenoweth, whose paintings celebrat-ing the 75th anniversary of Marine avia-tion are now on display at the MarineCorps Museum, did his drawings of the

mounting-out process on a volunteer ba-sis. Some of his works are used to illustratethis article.

Initially, the Marine Corps had beenable to execute its massive build-up in theMiddle East without resort to use of itsReserve forces. The few Reservists who wereon active duty were all volunteers fillingspecialist billets. Fortunately, we had onesuch in our fold and immediately gave hera timely assignment that is a natural for

F,iiti,/ine, Fall 1))()

Marines line up to sign out personalweapons from crates dockside at MoreheadCity in late August. in this drawing by ColChenoweth. The colonel is a veteran com-bat artlct of the Korean and Vietnam Wars.

Each of the other service historical agen-cies also has taken steps to ensure that itreceives enhanced reporting from deploy-ed units in the Middle East. And all hada hand in a recent temporary augmenta-tion of the historical offices of CentralCommand (CentCom), the overall Ameri-can headquarters for units involved inDesert Shield. In mid-August, the JointStaff asked that a historian from each serv-ice be sent to MacDill Air Force Base,Florida, to assess, evaluate, and assist theinitial CentCom historical reporting effortfor the operation. Maj Charles D. Melson,who recently retired and returned to ac-tive duty to complete work on the 197 1-73Vietnam history, was our representative forthe project. He spent about two weeks atMacDill, and together with his other serv-ice counterparts, all experienced militaryhistorians, answered the Joint Staff re-quirements by assisting CentCom head-quarters in developing and regularizing ahistorical reporting routine suitable forDesert Shield. Maj Melson returned witha briefcase full of interesting documents,including copies of the briefing pamph-lets being given to the troops deployingto the Middle East.

(Continued on page 15)

one of her talents. Maj (LtCol sel) DonnaJ. Neary is on active duty for a year to de-velop a series of paintings of historic Ma-rine Corps Band occasions, emphasizinguniforms of different eras. She now hasbeen tasked with a Desert Shield paint-ing of contemporary uniforms similar informat to those she did for the series, "U.S.Marine Corps Uniforms, 1983." (See For-titudine, Winter 1983.) The central figurewill be a Marine general officer in desert

camouflage with surrounding figures of aMarine in full desert combat equipment,another in night camouflage, another inchemical protection clothing, another inaviation gear, and a woman Marine in ap-propriate desert uniform. Maj Neary, whoworks on such figures from actual equip-ment, models, and photographs, has apenchant for accuracy that will surelydelight six Marines, who will have a por-trait of themselves, although the person

Marines disembark buses at MoreheadCity and are reunited with their heavy gearprior to loading out for the Middle East,in this Chenoweth pen-and-ink sketch.

wearing the chemical protective uniform,complete with headgear, will probablyneed an affidavit of identity, and, simi-larly, the Marine in night camouflage ma'not be instantly recognizable by hisfriends.

W OMEN MARINES HAVE deployed on

duty with expeditionary units forthe first time in history in Desert Shield,serving primarily in combat support units.This experience undoubtedly will be co-vered in all the reporting efforts we initiateand monitor. It will be interesting to seewho becomes the exemplar woman Marinedesert warrior in Maj Nearv's painting.

Our Reference Section, which, amongits man other responsibilities, handles theMarine Corps Commemorative NamingProgram, also recently had a hand inDesert Shield operations. Two of the majorMarine bases which have developed havebeen named Camp Shepherd, in honor ofthe recently deceased former Comman-dant, Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., andCamp Daly, honoring SgtMaj Daniel 5.Dan" Daly, recipient of two Medals of

Honor. The naming process, which re-quires the personal approval of the Com-mandant, was handled very expeditiouslyfrom requirement to signature in abouta day's time.

T HE SCOPE OF MARINE involvement inDcsert Shield is so pervasive that a

prediction from the historical standpointcan be made already. The operation willgenerate at least one major history on ourpart and it is safe to say its cover color willbe desert tan. 11177511

Eorii/iidine, Fall 1990 5

'v—v

Corps Strengthened for WWII by Reserves(Continued from page 14)

their 70s, things moved fast as war appeared inevitable. Accelerated recruitingwas authorized to a strength of 36,000 men, which was almost double the 30June 1939 reported strength of 1,380 officers and 18,052 enlisted men. The Or-ganized Reserve swelled this total by another 5,000. Only 10 days after generalmobilization orders, the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (enlisted men honorablydischarged from active duty after 16 years service and transferred to the FMCR)were recalled to active duty. Volunteer Reservists, those not in organized units,were ordered to duty on 14 December 1940 and 12 May 1941.

On the fateful 7 December 1941 the Corps' total strength was 66,139. As warprogressed, many units were largely made up of Reservists, but no Reserve unitwas put into service as the Corps integrated officers and men to fill out unitssuch as the 2d Brigade into division strength. Charles L. Cogswell, a Reservistwho reached flag status post war, commented on the initial turmoil when menand officers of the 5th Battalion from Washington, D.C., were assigned to vari-ous units in the 1st Brigade: "As you can imagine, confusion was rampant withcompany commanders separated from first sergeants, and first sergeants sepa-rated from company clerks, and company clerks separated from muster rolls, pay-rolls, service record books, etc."

T HE WISDOM OF THE CORPS was apparent as integration blended ta-lents of Reservists with regulars. BGen Edwin D. Partridge, in 1965 com-

menting on the mobilization of the western battalions, said: 'The Reserve Bat-talions lost their identities when they merged with the brigade units. Individuals,also, quickly lost their identities as Reserves, becoming indistinguishable fromcareer Marines with whom they trained side by side. It was at this point thatthe history of the Organized Marine Corps Reserves passed into a state of hiber-nation until the end of WW II."

On the Marine Corps Birthday, 10 November 1940, the then-Director of theMarine Corps Reserve, Col Joseph C. Fegan, who as a major general later sawa son become a Marine, issued a "Farewell Message." It read in part: "It is quitea striking coincidence that on the 165th birthday of the Marine Corps we findits Reserve mobilizing. This act involves three steps: first, the changing of profes-sional status; second, the closing of official homes; and third, the reporting forfield service with the colors. Such service may take you beyond the seas; however,this call should be no news to you, as you have been trained for and are equalto such occasions. I will follow with pride your service! Such steps create bothpersonal hardship and domestic anxiety. When our national entity is beingchallenged, then is the time when real Americans volunteer to serve in defenseof homeland and families. You constitute this class of Americans."

On the Marine Corps birthday of 1990, 50 years from the day of Col Fegan'smessage, no one will be surprised if we end up saying "deja vu."

one of her talents. Maj (LtCol Se!) DonnaJ. Neary is on active duty for a year to de-velop a series of paintings of historic Ma-tine Corps Band occasions, emphasizinguniforms of different eras. She now hasbeen tasked with a Desert Shield paint-ing of contemporary uniforms similar informat to those she did for the series, "U.S.Marine Corps Uniforms, 1983:' (See For.titudine, Winter 1983.) The central figurewill be a Marine general officer in desert

camouflage with surrounding figures of aMarine in full desert combat equipment,another in night camouflage, another inchemical protection clothing, another inaviation gear, and a woman Marine in ap-propriate desert uniform. Maj Neary, whoworks on such figures from actual equip-ment, models, and photographs, has apenchant for accuracy that will surelydelight six Marines, who will have a por-trait of themselves, although the person

Marines disembark buses at MoreheadCity andare reunited with their heavy gearprior to loading out for the Middle East,in this Chenoweth pen-and-ink sketch.

wearing the chemical protective uniform,complete with headgear, will probablyneed an affidavit of identity, and, simi-larly, the Marine in night camouflage maynot be instantly recognizable by hisfriends.

W OMEN MARINES HAVE deployed on

duty with expeditionary units forthe first time in history in Desert Shield,serving primarily in combat support units.This experience undoubtedly will be co-vered in all the reporting efforts we initiateand monitor. It will be interesting to seewho becomes the exemplar woman Marinedesert warrior in Maj Neary's painting.

Our Reference Section, which, amongits mans' other responsibilities, handles theMarine Corps Commemorative NamingProgram, also recently had a hand inDesert Shield operations. Two of the majorMarine bases which have developed havebeen named Camp Shepherd, in honor ofthe recently deceased former Comman-dant, Gen Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., andCamp Daly, honoring SgtMaj Daniel J.'Dan" Daly, recipient of two Medals ofHonor. The naming process, which re-quires the personal approval of the Com-mandant, was handled very expeditiouslyfrom requirement to signature in abouta day's time.

T HE SCOPE OF MARINE involvement inDesert Shield is so pervasive that a

prediction from the historical standpointcan be made already. The operation willgenerate at least one major history on ourpart and it is safe to say its cover color willbe desert tan. 11 7751

&,riiiudine, Fall 1990 5

'v—v

Corps Strengthened for WWII by Reserves(Continued from page 14)

their 70s, things moved fast as war appeared inevitable. Accelerated recruitingwas authorized to a strength of 36,000 men, which was almost double the 30June 1939 reported strength of 1,380 officers and 18,052 enlisted men. The Or-ganized Reserve swelled this total by another 5,000. Only 10 days after generalmobilization orders, the Fleet Marine Corps Reserve (enlisted men honorablydischarged from active duty after 16 years service and transferred to the FMCR)were recalled to active duty. Volunteer Reservists, those not in organized units,were ordered to duty on 14 December 1940 and 12 May 1941.

On the fateful 7 December 1941 the Corps' total strength was 66,139. As warprogressed, many units were largely made up of Reservists, but no Reserve unitwas put into service as the Corps integrated officers and men to fill out unitssuch as the 2d Brigade into division strength. Charles L. Cogswell, a Reservistwho reached flag status post war, commented on the initial turmoil when menand officers of the 5th Battalion from Washington, D.C., were assigned to vari-ous units in the 1st Brigade: "As you can imagine, confusion was rampant withcompany commanders separated from first sergeants, and first sergeants sepa-rated from company clerks, and company clerks separated from muster rolls, pay-rolls, service record books, etc."

T HE WISDOM OF THE CORPS was apparent as integration blended ta-lents of Reservists with regulars. BGen Edwin D. Partridge, in 1965 com-

menting on the mobilization of the western battalions, said: "The Reserve Bat-talions lost their identities when they merged with the brigade units. Individuals,also, quickly lost their identities as Reserves, becoming indistinguishable fromcareer Marines with whom they trained side by side, It was at this point thatthe history of the Organized Marine Corps Reserves passed into a state of hiber-nation until the end of WW II."

On the Marine Corps Birthday, 10 November 1940, the then-Director of theMarine Corps Reserve, Col Joseph C. Fegan, who as a major general later sawa son become a Marine, issued a "Farewell Message." It read in part: "It is quitea striking coincidence that on the 165th birthday of the Marine Corps we findits Reserve mobilizing. This act involves three steps: first, the changing of profes-sional status; second, the closing of official homes; and third, the reporting forfield service with the colors. Such service may take you beyond the seas; however,this call should be no news to you, as you have been trained for and are equalto such occasions. I will follow with pride your service! Such steps create bothpersonal hardship and domestic anxiety. When our national entity is beingchallenged, then is the time when real Americans volunteer to serve in defenseof homeland and families. You constitute this class of Americans."

On the Marine Corps birthday of 1990, 50 years from the day of Col Fegan'smessage, no one will be surprised if we end up saying "deja vu."

A MEETING OF historical significancein the field of small arms design and

development took place at Quantico thisspring. Designers of the M16 series of riflesand of the AK-47 met, shook hands, em-braced, chatted, and presumably tradeddesign tips.

Eugene M. Stoner, 67, former WorldWar II Marine aviation ordnanceman, andMikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov, 71,

Great Patriotic War tankist, toured the fa-cilities of Weapons Training Battalion andthen were offered an evening reception atthe Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum on22 May.

Aside from remarks by the guests ofhonor and general socializing, the highpoint of the evening in the World War IIhangar of the Air-Ground Museum wasthe display of 35 weapons by the twodesigners from the Museum's collection.Stoner was represented by his AR-is, var-ious M16s, the Stoner-63 system, and hisAR-18. Kalashnikov was represented byAK-47 variants from nine differentcountries.

T HE VISIT TO THE United States ofKalashnikov and the bringing to-

gether of Kalashnikov and Stoner was initi-ated by Dr. Edward C. Ezell, head of theArmed Forces History Division, NationalMuseum of American History, Smthsoni-an Institution.

Ezell had corresponded with bothdesigners and interviewed them in thepast, with books about each and his riflesthe result. Ezell's final act was to bring thetwo together for joint videotaped in-depthinterviews stressing interaction betweenthe two premier arms designers of the late20th century.

The project began the previous weekwith the interview taping. The weekendsaw the pair at the Blue Ridge Mountainsretreat and range of the Northern VirginiaRod and Gun Club, where they enjoyedhunting, shooting skeet, and firing vari-ous small arms.

The visit to Quantico began at theWeapons Training Battalion where theywere met by LtCol William R. Melton, theexecutive officer. LtCol Melton is a form-er wdter in the Historical Branch, where

by Col Brooke NihartDeputy Director for Museums

he was co-editor of US. Marines in Viet-nam: Vietnamization and Redeployment,1970-1971. Melton, in welcoming the two,expressed his pleasure and honor at hav-ing them visit and said that it was a spe-cial day for all at the unit. Kalashnikovresponded through his interpreter that hehad heard about the Marines all his lifeand was happy finally to meet them.

The four-hour tour took the armsmento the rifle team equipment repair shop,range and ammunition test facilities, anda display of Marine Corps small arms.Great interest by both was displayed in theRTE shop where Marines operate the latestin machine tools to convert standard riflesfor competition and for sniping.

The Marine armorers were impressed byKalashnikov's quick grasp of the designand mechanical principles of the weaponshe was shown. As for the Russian visitor,Kalashnikov speaking through an inter-preter said, "It's very impressive here

the shooting ranges and the work-shops. What I liked most was the exact-ness and preciseness of the answers theMarine demonstrators gave."

Mikhail T. Kalashnikov is a small man,as are most Russian tank-crewmen, withflowing gray hair. In the Russian fashionhe wore on his civilian suit the two goldHero of the Soviet Union medals award-ed for his weapon developments. Invitedby Dr. Ezell to address the reception

guests, Kalashnikov spoke at length at hispleasure in visiting the United States andin meeting Stoner. He enjoyed the pro-gram arranged for them and spoke approv-ingly of the relaxing of tensions betweenthe two superpowers which made it all

possible. As for Stoner, he was content tolet the foreign guest receive the bulk ofthe attention. His remarks were brief andgenerous in thanks for the opportunity toparticipate in the occasion.

D R. EZELL HAILED the two inventors asthe most important arms designers

of the second half of the 20th century.Their weapons armed not only the twomost powerful nations of the world buttheir allies as well, not to mention guer-rillas, freedom fighters, and terrorists ofall breeds.

The AK-47 and its clones are manufac-tured in 17 countries with 35 to 50 mil-lion produced in the past 40 years. It isin use in 78 different countries. Stoner'sM16 series of rifles is produced in sevencountries with 8.5 million made. It is usedin 67 different countries.

Nearly 200 guests from Quantico, theSmithsonian Institution, the NorthernVirginia Rod and Gun Club, and the Vir-ginia Gun Collectors Association met andchatted with the famous armsmen and ex-amined the Museums collection of theircreations. L111775L11

I () f,ri,i,efme, Fall I)O

Museum Honors Two World-Class Weapons Designers

Eugene lvi. Stoner left, and Mskhail T Kalashnikov hold rifles that made them famous.

4.

A MEETING OF historical significancein the field of small arms design and

development took place at Quantico thisspring. Designers of the M16 series of riflesand of the AK-47 met, shook hands, em-braced, chatted, and presumably tradeddesign tips.

Eugene M. Stoner, 67, former WorldWar II Marine aviation ordnanceman, andMikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov, 71,

Great Patriotic War tankist, toured the fa-cilities of Weapons Training Battalion andthen were offered an evening reception atthe Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum on22 May.

Aside from remarks by the guests ofhonor and general socializing, the highpoint of the evening in the World War IIhangar of the Air-Ground Museum wasthe display of 35 weapons by the twodesigners from the Museum's collection.Stoner was represented by his AR-IS, var-ious M16s, the Stoner-63 system, and hisAR-18. Kalashnikov was represented byAK-47 variants from nine differentcountries.

T HE VISIT TO THE United States ofKalashnikov and the bringing to-

gether of Kalashnikov and Stoner was initi-ated by Dr. Edward C. Ezell, head of theArmed Forces History Division, NationalMuseum of American History, Smithsoni-an Institution.

Ezell had corresponded with bothdesigners and interviewed them in thepast, with books about each and his riflesthe result. Ezell's final act was to bring thetwo together for joint videotaped in-depthinterviews stressing interaction betweenthe two premier arms designers of the late20th century.

The project began the previous weekwith the interview taping. The weekendsaw the pair at the Blue Ridge Mountainsretreat and range of the Northern VirginiaRod and Gun Club, where they enjoyedhunting, shooting skeet, and firing vari-ous small arms.

The visit to Quantico began at theWeapons Training Battalion where theywere met by LtCol William R. Melton, theexecutive officer. LtCol Melton is a form-er writer in the Historical Branch, where

by Col Brooke NihartDeputy Director for Museums

he was co-editor of US. Marines in Viet-nam: Vietnamization and Redeployment,1970-1971. Melton, in welcoming the two,expressed his pleasure and honor at hav-ing them visit and said that it was a spe-cial day for all at the unit. Kalashnikovresponded through his interpreter that hehad heard about the Marines all his lifeand was happy finally to meet them.

The four-hour tour took the armsmento the rifle team equipment repair shop,range and ammunition test facilities, anda display of Marine Corps small arms.Great interest by both was displayed in theRTE shop where Marines operate the latestin machine tools to convert standard riflesfor competition and for sniping.

The Marine armorers were impressed byKalashnikov's quick grasp of the designand mechanical principles of the weaponshe was shown. As for the Russian visitor,Kalashnikov speaking through an inter-preter said, "It's very impressive here

the shooting ranges and the work-shops. What I liked most was the exact-ness and preciseness of the answers theMarine demonstrators gave."

Mikhail T. Kalashnikov is a small man,as are most Russian tank-crewmen, withflowing gray hair. In the Russian fashionhe wore on his civilian suit the two goldHero of the Soviet Union medals award-ed for his weapon developments. Invitedby Dr. Ezell to address the reception

guests, Kalashnikov spoke at length at hispleasure in visiting the United States andin meeting Stoner. He enjoyed the pro-gram arranged for them and spoke approv-ingly of the relaxing of tensions betweenthe two superpowers which made it allpossible. As for Stoner, he was content tolet the foreign guest receive the bulk ofthe attention. His remarks were brief andgenerous in thanks for the opportunity toparticipate in the occasion.

D R. EZELL HAILED the two inventors asthe most important arms designers

of the second half of the 20th century.Their weapons armed not only the twomost powerful nations of the world buttheir allies as well, not to mention guer-rillas, freedom fighters, and terrorists ofall breeds.

The AK-47 and its clones are manufac-tured in 17 countries with 35 to 50 mil-lion produced in the past 40 years. It isin use in 78 different countries. Stoner'sM16 series of rifles is produced in sevencountries with 8.5 million made. It is usedin 67 different countries.

Nearly 200 guests from Quantico, theSmithsonian Institution, the NorthernVirginia Rod and Gun Club, and the Vir-ginia Gun Collectors Association met andchatted with the famous armsmen and ex-amined the Museum's collection of theircreations. L111775L11

I () 1,,/,/,e/ine, Fall I)X)

Museum Honors Two World-Class Weapons Designers

Eugene lvi. Stoner left, and Mikhail T Kalashnikov hold nj/es that made them famous.

New Books Tell Unit's Story, Relive Old California Events

by Char/es R. SmithHistorian

A NEW REGIMENTAL HISTORY and a

new transcription of an importanthistorical manuscript have just been pub-lished by the History and Museums Divi-sion and sent to Marine Corps organiza-tions and service and public libraries. The103-page Brief History of the /4th Mz-rines, by LxCol RonaldJ. Brown, USMCR,and the Journa/s of Marine Second Lieu-tenant Herny Bu//s Vatson, /845-1848, arenot available for public sale by the Su-perintendent of Documents, but are avail-able to interested institutions, organiza-tions, and libraries.

ItCol Brown, an alumnus of EasternMichigan University, is a member ofMobilization Training Unit (History)DC-7, an organization composed entirelyof Reservists tasked with augmenting theactivities of the History and Museums Di-vision. While on active duty from 1967 to1971, he served as an infantry officer in theRepublic of Vietnam and was also sta-tioned at Quantico, Camp Pendleton, andCamp Lejeune. His Reserve activities havetaken him to Korea, Japan, Okinawa,Twentynine Palms, and back to CampPendleton and Quantico. He is currentlya high school history teacher and footballcoach in Southfield, Michigan.

In the new history, ItCol Brown tracesthe artillery regiment from its formationat Quantico in 1918 to its deactivation ayear later, its reactivation in 1943 as part

of the 4th Marine Division, its deactiva-tion in 1945, and its reactivation in 1962as a regiment in the Reserve. He covers thecombat activities of the regiment duringWorld War II in detail, devoting chaptersto the campaigns to recapture Roi-Namur,Saipan, Tinian, and IwoJima. In his dis-cussion of Reserve activities, [tCol Brownnot only covers the numerous training ex-ercises, but also the introductions of newweapons and equipment. Throughout thevolume, he keeps sight of developmentswithin the Marine Corps as a whole, bothactive and Reserve, and the place of the14th Marines in the force structure.

As for all such History and Museum Di-vision publications, hCol Brown's historyhas benefited from the comments of keyfigures in the narrative. The history, illus-trated with photographs and maps, has anindex and useful appendices.

T HE LONG-AWAITED 1.Vatson Jour-mi/s was edited by Charles R. Smith

of the Center's staff, and is the most re-cent addition to the Occasional Papers ser-ies. Mr. Smith has transcribed the originalmanuscript journals which form a portionof the papers of Henry B. Watson, donat-ed to the Marine Corps Museum severalyears ago by a descendant.

Watson, a North Carolina native, joinedthe Marine Corps in 1836, and after serv-ing at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.,with the ship of the line Ohio in theMediterranean, and at Marine Barracks,Gosport, Virginia, was assigned to com-inand the Marine guard on board theSloop of War Portsmouth on a cruise tothe Pacific in January 1845. During thiscruise, [t Watson meticulously kept a jour-nal, noting shipboard activities, describingthe different ports of call, and comment-ing on the cultures and individuals withwhom he came into contact. However, hismost important observations concern theAmerican conquest of California andblockade of Mexico's west coast.

Watson, with his detachment, took pos-session of Yerba Buena (San Francisco) andraised the American flag over the smalland largely deserted town in July 1846.

Iater he was given command of the Ma-rine and volunteer force garrisoning thetown. While he did not participate in thefamous battle of San Pasqual, It Watsondid command a portion of the force un-der the joint command of Commo RobertStockton and BGen Stephen Kearny,which marched from San Diego inJanu-ary 1847 to recapture Los Angeles. Whileoff the west coast of Mexico, he led Ma-rines ashore on a number of occasions toenforce the American blockade.

The Journals provides not only a vividaccount of shipboard and shore activitiesof a Marine guard in the mid-1840s, butalso a picture of such important individu-als of the period as John C. Fremont,Robert Stockton, and Stephen Kearny. Inaddition, Watson offers a fresh, if some-what unfavorable view of that controver-sial Marine hero, Archibald Gillespie.

T HE PUBLICATION, 420 typescriptpages in length, is illustrated with

rare sketches, engravings, and maps, andhas several useful appendices. As withother volumes in the Occasional Papersseries, distribution of the Watson Journa/sis limited to Marine Corps and Navy or-ganizations and libraries, and to universi-ty and public libraries, in order to makeMarine Corps historical evidence availableto their specialist users. El 775E

Fortitudine, Fall 1990 iT

THE iOURNM OFMARINE SECOND LIEUTENANT

HENRY BULLS WATSON1845184$

F4d

Chatles K Stmt,

New Books Tell Unit's Story, Relive Old California Events

by Charles R. SmithHistorian

A NEW REGIMENTAL HISTORY and a

new transcription of an importanthistorical manuscript have just been pub-lished by the History and Museums Divi-sion and sent to Marine Corps organiza-tions and service and public libraries. The103-page Brief History of the 14th AIa-rines, by LtCol RonaldJ. Brown, USMCR,and the Journals of Marine Second Lieu-tenant Heniy Bulls lVatson, 1845-1848, arenot available for public sale by the Su-perintendent of Documents, but are avail-able to interested institutions, organiza-tions, and libraries.

LtCol Brown, an alumnus of EasternMichigan University, is a member ofMobilization Training Unit (History)DC-7, an organization composed entirelyof Reservists tasked with augmenting theactivities of the History and Museums Di-vision. While on active duty from 1967 to1971, he served as an infantry officer in theRepublic of Vietnam and was also sta-tioned at Quantico, Camp Pendleton, andCamp Lejeune. His Reserve activities havetaken him to Korea, Japan, Okinawa,Twentynine Palms, and back to CampPendleton and Quantico. He is currentlya high school history teacher and footballcoach in Southfield, Michigan.

In the new history, LtCol Brown tracesthe artillery regiment from its formationat Quantico in 1918 to its deactivation ayear later, its reactivation in 1943 as part

of the 4th Marine Division, its deactiva-tion in 1945, and its reactivation in 1962as a regiment in the Reserve. He covers thecombat activities of the regiment duringWorld War II in detail, devoting chaptersto the campaigns to recapture Roi-Namur,Saipan, Tinian, and Iwo Jima. In his dis-cussion of Reserve• activities, LtCol Brownnot only covers the numerous training ex-ercises, but also the introductions of newweapons and equipment. Throughout thevolume, he keeps sight of developmentswithin the Marine Corps as a whole, bothactive and Reserve, and the place of the14th Marines in the force structure.

As for all such History and Museum Di-vision Pu blications, L.tCol Brown's historyhas benefited from the comments of keyfigures in the narrative. The history, illus-trated with photographs and maps, has anindex and useful appendices.

T HE LONG-AWAITED l.Vatson Jour-mils was edited by Charles R. Smith

of the Center's staff, and is the most re-cent addition to the Occasional Papers ser-ies. Mr. Smith has transcribed the originalmanuscript journals which form a portionof the papers of Henry B. Watson, donat-ed to the Marine Corps Museum severalyears ago by a descendant.

Watson, a North Carolina native, joinedthe Marine Corps in 1836, and after serv-ing at Marine Barracks, Washington, D.C.,with the ship of the line Ohio in theMediterranean, and at Marine Barracks,Gosport, Virginia, was assigned to com-inand the Marine guard on board theSloop of War Portsmouth on a cruise tothe Pacific in January 1845. During thiscruise. Lt Watson meticulously kept a jour-nal, noting shipboard activities, describingthe different ports of call, and comment-ing on the cultures and individuals withwhom he came into contact. However, hismost important observations concern theAmerican conquest of California andblockade of Mexico's west coast.

Watson, with his detachment, took pos-session of Yerba Buena (San Francisco) andraised the American flag over the smalland largely deserted town in July 1846.

Later he was given command of the Ma-rine and volunteer force garrisoning thetown. While he did not participate in thefamous battle of San Pasqual, Lt Watsondid command a portion of the force un-der the joint command of Commo RobertStockton and BGen Stephen Kearny,which marched from San Diego injanu-ary 1847 to recapture Los Angeles. Whileoff the west coast of Mexico. he led Ma-rines ashore on a number of occasions toenforce the American blockade.

The Journals provides not only a vividaccount of shipboard and shore activitiesof a Marine guard in the mid-1840s. butalso a picture of such important individu-als of the period as John C. Fremont,Robert Stockton, and Stephen Kearny. Inaddition, Watson offers a fresh, if some-what unfavorable view of that controver-sial Marine hero, Archibald Gillespie.

T HE PUBLICATION, 420 typescriptpages in length, is illustrated with

rare sketches, engravings, and maps, andhas several useful appendices. As withother volumes in the Occasional Papersseries, distribution of the WatsonJournalsis limited to Marine Corps and Navy or-ganizations and libraries, and to universi-ty and public libraries, in order to makeMarine Corps historical evidence availableto their specialist users. El 775E

Fortitudine, Fall 1990 17

MajGen Thomas G. EnnisMajGen Thomas G. Ennis, USMC

(Ret), 85, a veteran Marine aviator, diedon 7 Juiy at his home in Tequesta, Flori-da. Following graduation from a Hartford,Connecticut, high school, he enlisted inthe Marine Corps. Two ears later he wasappointed to the Naval Academy andgraduated in 1928, when he was commis-sioned in the Marine Corps. He enteredflight training in 1929 and received hiswings the following year. On Guadalcanalhe was the executive officer of MAG-14and later was G-1 of the 1st MAW. Aftera short stay in the States, Col Ennisreturned to the Pacific as ExO of MAG-32in the recovery of the Philippines. Afterthe Japanese surrender, he took the groupto Tsingtao during the Marine occupationof North China. In 1952, Col Ennis as-sumed command of the Marine Air Sta-tion, Miami, and remained there untilassigned as assistant wing commander ofthe 2d MAW at Cherry Point, where heremained until early 1955. In 1960, hetook comniand of Parris Island, and re-tired there two ears later. Gen Ennis wasburied in Tequesta on 11 July.

BGen Robert C. Kilmartin, Jr.BGen Robert C. "Killy" Kilmartin, Jr.,

USMC (Ret), 93, died 12 August at his1Ll/Gen Enrns in 1962

by Benis M. FrankHead Oral History Section

home in Vinson Hall, McIean, Virginia.Although born in Petersburg, Virginia, onthe day of the Marine Corps Birthday in1896. he was raised and educated inWashington, D.C. He was a law studentin his final year when the United Statesdeclared war on the Central Powers inApril 1917. He was commissioned inJunethat year and assigned to the First OfficersTraining Course at Quantico together withother second lieutenants who were to gainfame in the Marine Corps—Clifton B.Cates, Graves B. Erskine, IeRoy P. Hunt,and Merritt A. Edson, among others. Be-cause of his age —20— 2d[t Kilmartin wasretained in the States for duty at theWashington Navy Yard as a guard and le-gal officer. In May 1919, he was assignedto the office of the Navy Judge AdvocateGeneral, and while in this billet complet-ed his legal training at George Washing-ton University, as well as a year ofpostgraduate study in international law.His legal background was to follow GenKilmartin throughout his career. In 1921,he was assigned to the 2d Brigade in San-to Domingo as brigade legal officer as wellas legal aide to the military governor,responsible for advising the governor onimportant issues concerning the occupa-tion and government. From Santo Domin-go, [t Kilmartin was transferred toQ uantico to become base adjutant andaide to BGen Dion Williams. WhenBGen Smedley D. Butler took commandof the base, [t Kilmartin became his ad-jutant and worked very closely with himfor several years, as he did with then-MajAlexander A. Vandegrift, for whom hewould be D-1 of the 1st Marine Divisionin 1942. He was an instructor at BasicSchool in Philadelphia and served at seaas well as at Marine posts and stations bothstateside and overseas in subsequent years.He was serving as commanding officer ofthe 2d Battalion, 5th Marines at Quanti-co, when a cyclone temporarily closeddown Parris Island in August 1940. Anemergency recruit depot was establishedat Quantico which he commanded. InJune 1941, he was assigned to the 1st Ma-rine Division and went to war and the in-vasion of Guadalcanal with it. In the

invasion itself, he was assigned as chief ofstaff to BGen William H. Rupertus' Tula-gi invasion group. Together with someother senior lieutenant colonels onGuadalcanal he was promoted to colonel,and then was transferred to the Divisionof Plans and Policies at Headquarters Ma-rine Corps, remaining there until early1944, when he assumed command of theMarine Barracks, Washington Navy Yard.He returned to the Pacific in June 1945,remaining with FMFPac until 1947, whenhe once again was assigned to Washing-ton and duty with the Public RelationsOffice of the Navy. Gen Kilmartin retiredin June 1949 and was advanced to the rankof brigadier general for having been spe-cially commended in combat. Followingretirement, Gen Kilmartin was a stock-broker in Washington for 20 years andthen became staff attorney for the RetiredOfficers Association. He was secretary andtreasurer of the Army and Navy Club inWashington and, in the 1950s, he was aboxing judge on the District of ColumbiaBoxing Commission. Gen Kilmartin's firstwife, Alice, died in 1977, and he remar-ried. Among his survivors is his secondwife, Dolores [. Kilmartin. Gen Kilmar-tin was interred in Arlington NationalCemetery on 20 August with full militaryhonors.

ThenCo/ Ki/martin in 1944

I,/,/,i/i,ie. Fall I )O

Mentioned in Passing

Former Parris Island CG, Tulagi Invasion Staff Chief Die

MajGen Thomas C. EnnisMajGen Thomas G. Ennis, USMC

(Ret), 85, a veteran Marine aviator, diedon 7 July at his home in Tequesta, Flori-da. Following graduation from a Hartford,Connecticut, high school, he enlisted inthe Marine Corps. Two ears later he wasappointed to the Naval Academy andgraduated in 1928, when he was commis-sioned in the Marine Corps. He enteredflight training in 1929 and received hiswings the following year. On Guadalcanalhe was the executive officer of MAG-14and later was G-1 of the 1st MAW. Aftera short stay in the States, Col Ennisreturned to the Pacific as ExO of MAG-32in the recovery of the Philippines. Afterthe Japanese surrender, he took the groupto Tsingtao during the Marine occupationof North China. In 1952, Col Ennis as-sumed command of the Marine Air Sta-tion, Miami, and remained there untilassigned as assistant wing commander ofthe 2d MAW at Cherry Point, where heremained until early 1955. In 1960, hetook command of Parris Island, and re-tired there two 'ears later. Gen Ennis wasburied in Tequesta on 11 July.

BGen Robert C. Kilmartin, Jr.BGen Robert C. "Killy" Kilmartin, Jr..

USMC (Ret), 93, died 12 August at hisl1aGen Ferns in 1962

by Benis M. FrankHead Oral History Section

home in Vinson Hall, McLean, Virginia.Although born in Petersburg, Virginia, onthe day of the Marine Corps Birthday in1896, he was raised and educated inWashington, D.C. He was a law studentin his final year when the United Statesdeclared war on the Central Powers inApril 1917. He was commissioned in Junethat year and assigned to the First OfficersTraining Course at Quantico together withother second lieutenants who were to gainfame in the Marine Corps—Clifton B.Cares, Graves B. Erskine, LeRoy P. Hunt,and Merritt A. Edson, among others. Be-cause of his age—20—2dLt Kilmartin wasretained in the States for duty at theWashington Navy Yard as a guard and le-gal officer. In May 1919, he was assignedto the office of the Navy Judge AdvocateGeneral, and while in this billet complet-ed his legal training at George Washing-ton University, as well as a year ofpostgraduate study in international law.His legal background was to follow GenKilmartin throughout his career. In 1921,he was assigned to the 2d Brigade in San-to Domingo as brigade legal officer as wellas legal aide to the military governor,responsible for advising the governor onimportant issues concerning the occupa-tion and government. From Santo Domin-go, [,t Kilmarrin was transferred toQ uantico to become base adjutant andaide to BGen Dion Williams. WhenBGen Smedley D. Butler took commandof the base, Lt Kilmartin became his ad-jutant and worked very closely with himfor several years, as he did with then-MajAlexander A. Vandegrift, for whom hewould be D-1 of the 1st Marine Divisionin 1942. He was an instructor at BasicSchool in Philadelphia and served at seaas well as at Marine posts and stations bothstateside and overseas in subsequent years.He was serving as commanding officer ofthe 2d Battalion, 5th Marines at Quanti-co, when a cyclone temporarily closeddown Parris Island in August 1940. Anemergency recruit depot was establishedat Quantico which he commanded. InJune 1941, he was assigned to the 1st Ma-rine Division and went to war and the in-vasion of Guadalcanal with it. In the

invasion itself, he was assigned as chief ofstaff to BGen William H. Rupertus' Tula-gi invasion group. Together with someother senior lieutenant colonels onGuadalcanal he was promoted to colonel,and then was transferred to the Divisionof Plans and Policies at Headquarters Ma-rine Corps, remaining there until early1944, when he assumed command of theMarine Barracks, Washington Navy Yard.He returned to the Pacific in June 1945,remaining with FMFPac until 1947, whenhe once again was assigned to Washing-ton and duty with the Public RelationsOffice of the Navy. Gen Kilmartin retiredin June 1949 and was advanced to the rankof brigadier general for having been spe-cially commended in combat. Followingretirement, Gen Kilmartin was a stock-broker in Washington for 20 years andthen became staff attorney for the RetiredOfficers Association. He was secretary andtreasurer of the Army and Navy Club inWashington and, in the 1950s, he was aboxing judge on the District of ColumbiaBoxing Commission. Gen Kilmartin's firstwife, Alice, died in 1977, and he remar-ried. Among his survivors is his secondwife, Dolores L. Kilmartin. Gen Kilmar-tin was interred in Arlington NationalCemetery on 20 August with full militaryhonors.

Then-Col Kilmartin in 1944

(I/hO/hit'. Fall I )O

Mentioned in Passing

Former Parris Island CG, Tulagi Invasion Staff Chief Die

BGen Montgomery in 1956

BGen Edward A. MontgomeryBGen Edward A. Montgomery, USMC

(Ret), 82, a longtime Marine aviator, diedin Augusta, Georgia, on 8 September andwas buried in the family plot in Augustaon 11 September. He graduated from theNaval Academy with the Class of 1930. Hewent through flight training and receivedhis wings in early 1933. During the pre-World War II period, he served with anumber of Marine squadrons both ashoreand with the fleet on board carriers. Hewas one of a small group of Marines sentto England in 1943 to learn night fightertechniques from the Royal Air Force. Hereturned to MCAS, Cherry Point to takecommand of Marine Night Fighter Group53, a training organization. He joined thewar in the Pacific in 1944 and was assignedas operations officer of Aircraft, NorthernSolomons on Bougainville. He was trans-ferred to the Philippines to take commandof MAG-14, and from Luzon took thegroup to Okinawa for the last stages of thecampaign there. Following World War II,he received a mix of assignments—toHQMC, with the JCS, and to the Nation-al War College. He was promoted tobrigadier general in 1956, and his lasttours were as commanding general ofCherry Point and on the staff ofCommander-in-Chief, Pacific, from whichcommand he retired in April 1960.

Capt Paul J. Redmond, ChC, USNCapt Paul J. Redmond, ChC, USN

(Ret), died at the age of 91 on 2 June inMonterey, California. A native of NewHaven, Connecticut, he enlisted in theNavy in 1917 and served for two years. He

was ordained in 1930, and was commis-sioned as a chaplain in 1942. Father Red-mond initially served at Quantico and in1943 was assigned to the 4th Raider Bat-talion. He was regimental chaplain of the1st Raider Regiment in the battle for NewGeorgia, where his actions earned him anArmy Legion of Merit. Following the war,he moved to the Monterey-Fresno areawhere he became director of CatholicCharities. He was buried on 6 June inMonterey.

Col Douglas B. Drysdale, DSO, OBECol Douglas B. Drysdale of the Royal

Marines, who was decorated by his govern-ment with the Distinguished Service Ord-er and the Order of the British Empire,died at the age of 73 in England. Duringthe Korean War, then-LtCol Drysdalecommanded 41 (Independent) Comman-do, Royal Marines, which was initially en-gaged in raids on the eastern coast ofKorea. During the withdrawal of the 1stMarine Division from the Chosin Reser-voir, the British commando unit was at-tached to the division. For its operationswith the division, Drysdale's unit wasawarded the U.S. Presidential Unit Cita-tion and he was decorated personally withthe U.S. Silver Star Medal. Following histour in Korea, Col Drysdale served at Ma-rine Corps Schools, Quantico, as the Roy-al Marines Liaison Officer.

LtCol Curtis Gene ArnoldLtCol Curtis Gene Arnold, 58, a former

member of the History and Museums Di-vision, died on 26 September following aheart attack. Funeral services were held inWashington on 28 September, followingwhich his remains were flown to Ozark,Alabama for burial. A native Alabamian,LtCol Arnold enlisted in the Marine Corps

Then-ILdr Redmond in 1943

Col Drysdale in 1952in 1950 and served with the 1st Marine Di-vision in Korea. Discharged n 1953, heenlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve andremained on inactive duty while he at-tended Auburn University. Followinggraduation, LtCol Arnold completed Of-ficers' Candidate Course and was commis-sioned in January 1958. Following BasicSchool, he attended Commu nicationOfficers Orientation Course at Quantico,and served as a communications officer formuch of his career and in Vietnam, 1966to 1967. He was aide to Assistant Com-mandant of the Marine Corps Gen LewisW. Walt from 1968 to 1969. He joined theHistory and Museums Division in 1973 tobegin the chronological history of the Ma-rines in Vietnam, 1971-73, and to collectinformation on the Marine advisory effortin Vietnam. LtCol Arnold retired in 1975.

LtCol Philip J. YeckelLtCol Philip J. Yeckel. USMCR (Ret),

80, died in Dallas, Texas, on 7June. A na-tive ofSt. Louis, Missouri, LtCol Yeckel wasgraduated from the University of Missou-ri and was commissioned in the MarineCorps at the beginning of World War II.Following his release from active duty, heremained active with the Reserve program,and in 1959, he established a fund to givethe honor graduates of each Officer Can-didate School class a watch. The prize hasbeen called the "Phil Yeckel Award." Formany years, LtCol Yeckel supported theMarine Military Academy in Harlingen,Texas, serving on the Board of Trustees asmember and chairman. He also was amember and chairman of the Academy'sH. M. Smith Fellowship Foundation. LtColYeckel was buried in Arlington NationalCemetery with full military honors on 13June 1990. 1775E

Fori,i,idzne, Fall 1))O I)

.

BGen Montgomery in 1956

BGen Edward A. MontgomeryBGen Edward A. Montgomery, USMC

(Ret), 82, a longtime Marine aviator, diedin Augusta, Georgia, on 8 September andwas buried in the family plot in Augustaon 11 September. He graduated from theNaval Academy with the Class of 1930. Hewent through flight training and receivedhis wings in early 1933. During the pre-World War II period, he served with anumber of Marine squadrons both ashoreand with the fleet on board carriers. Hewas one of a small group of Marines sentto England in 1943 to learn night fightertechniques from the Royal Air Force. Hereturned to MCAS, Cherry Point to takecommand of Marine Night Fighter Group53, a training organization. He joined thewar in the Pacific in 1944 and was assignedas operations officer of Aircraft, NorthernSolomons on Bougainville. He was trans-ferred to the Philippines to take commandof MAG-14, and from Luzon took thegroup to Okinawa for the last stages of thecampaign there. Following World War II,he received a mix of assignments—toHQMC, with theJCS, and to the Nation-al War College. He was promoted tobrigadier general in 1956, and his lasttours were as commanding general ofCherry Point and on the staff ofCommander-in-Chief, Pacific, from whichcommand he retired in April 1960.

Capt Paul J. Redmond, ChC, USNCapt Paul J. Redmond, ChC, USN

(Ret), died at the age of 91 on 2 June inMonterey, California. A native of NewHaven, Connecticut, he enlisted in theNavy in 1917 and served for two years. He

was ordained in 1930, and was commis-sioned as a chaplain in 1942. Father Red-mond initially served at Quantico and in1943 was assigned to the 4th Raider Bat-talion. He was regimental chaplain of the1st Raider Regiment in the battle for NewGeorgia, where his actions earned him anArmy Legion of Merit. Following the war,he moved to the Monterey-Fresno areawhere he became director of CatholicCharities. He was buried on 6 June inMonterey.

Co/Douglas B. Drysdale, DSO, OBECol Douglas B. Drysdale of the Royal

Marines, who was decorated by his govern-ment with the Distinguished Service Ord-er and the Order of the British Empire,died at the age of 73 in England. Duringthe Korean War, then-LtCol Drysdalecommanded 41 (Independent) Comman-do, Royal Marines, which was initially en-gaged in raids on the eastern coast ofKorea. During the withdrawal of the 1stMarine Division from the Chosin Reser-voir, the British commando unit was at-tached to the division. For its operationswith the division, Drysdale's unit wasawarded the U.S. Presidential Unit Cita-tion and he was decorated personally withthe U.S. Silver Star Medal. Following histour in Korea, Col Drysdale served at Ma-rine Corps Schools, Quantico, as the Roy-al Marines Liaison Officer.

LtCol Curtis Gene ArnoldLtCol Curtis Gene Arnold, 58, a former

member of the History and Museums Di-vision, died on 26 September following aheart attack. Funeral services were held inWashington on 28 September, followingwhich his remains were flown to Ozark,Alabama for burial. A native Alabamian,LtCol Arnold enlisted in the Marine Corps

Then-ILdr Redmond in 1943

Col Drysdale in 1952in 1950 and served with the 1st Marine Di-vision in Korea. Discharged in 1953, heenlisted in the Marine Corps Reserve andremained on inactive duty while he at-tended Auburn University. Followinggraduation, LtCol Arnold completed Of-ficers' Candidate Course and was commis-sioned in January 1958. Following BasicSchool, he attended CommunicationOfficers Orientation Course at Quantico,and served as a communications officer formuch of his career and in Vietnam, 1966to 1967. He was aide to Assistant Com-mandant of the Marine Corps Gen LewisW. Walt from 1968 to 1969. He joined theHistory and Museums Division in 1973 tobegin the chronological history of the Ma-rines in Vietnam, 1971-73, and to collectinformation on the Marine advisory effortin Vietnam. LtCol Arnold retired in 1975.

LtColPhil:pJ. YeckelLtCol Philip J. Yeckel, USMCR (Ret),

80, died in Dallas, Texas, on 7June. A na-tive of St. Louis, Missouri, LtCol Yeckel wasgraduated from the University of Missou-ri and was commissioned in the MarineCorps at the beginning of World War II.Following his release from active duty, heremained active with the Reserve program,and in 1959, he established a fund to givethe honor graduates of each Officer Can-didate School class a watch. The prize hasbeen called the "Phil Yeckel Award." Formany years, LtCol Yeckel supported theMarine Military Academy in Harlingen,Texas, serving on the Board of Trustees asmember and chairman. He also was amember and chairman of the Academy'sH. M. Smith Fellowship Foundation. LtColYeckel was buried in Arlington NationalCemetery with full military honors on 13June 1990. 1775E

Fori,i,idzne, Fall 19)O I')

WWII Display to Spotlight Famed Springfield '03 Rifleby Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas

Curator of Material History

T HE MODEL io .30-caliber Spring-field rifle, known to the Marines of

the pre-1943 era as the ''03," holds a placein the Museum collection as one of themost visible reminders of the "Old Corps'When the staff started selecting artifactsfor our exhibits in 1991-1995 com-memorating the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II (see Fortitudine, Summer 1990),there were differing opinions as to whichexhibit would be the most appropriate tofeature this rifle, since it figured promi-nently in the early actions of the war.

The '03 was the literal constant compan-ion of nearly all enlisted Marines from theearly days of this century. Based on a Ger-man Mauser design, the rifle was deve-loped at the U.S. arsenal at Springfield,Massachusetts, and was formally adoptedin 1903. It soon proved to be a great im-provement over the obsolescent Krag-Jorgensen rifle which it replaced. Firing amore powerful cartridge, the '03 had a su-perior sighting system and, most impor-tantly, could be loaded quickly with fivecartridges using a stripper clip. It was alsoone of the world's first "universal length"rifles which could be carried by all arms,thus dispensing with the need for a

separate carbine version. Modified to car-ry a knife bayonet at President TheodoreRoosevelt's direction in 1905, the rifle wasfirst issued to Marines in 1909. (The Presi-dent was a firm believer in a substantialbayonet and strongly objected to the flim-

sy rod bayonet of the original design.)With the new rifle, Marines were able

to achieve a much higher level of marks-manship. Coincidental to its adoption wasthe increased attention to shooting skillswhich had been emerging since theSpanish-American War. By the FirstNicaraguan Campaign of 1912, Marineswere carrying it into the field and were alsostarting to win interservice competitionswith it. The '03 was used throughout theCaribbean campaigns in the period justprior to World War I, and was exclusivelycarried by Marines fighting in France withthe American Expeditionary Force. Whilemost of the U.S. Army troops in Francewere armed with the M1917 Enfield rifle,only a few Marines trained with this stop-gap weapon at Quantico.

T HE SPRINGFIELD '03 continued toreap honors on the battlefield and on

the rifle range after the Armistice. In Hai-ti, Santo Domingo. and Nicaragua, Ma-rines quelled rebellious bandit uprisingswith well-aimed rapid fire from theirSpringfields while the Marine competitionrifle teams were winning match aftermatch. B the outbreak of World War II,the '03 had become legendary.

However, advancements in semi-automatic arms design had continued inthe interwar years, despite the pacifisticleanings of much of the world. In the late1930s, John C. Garand, a small armsdesigner employed by the government at

CplJohn H. Pruitt reloads his Springfieldrifle during the battle Jr Blanc Mont inFrance in October 1918, in this paintingby Col Charles H. W/aterho use, USMCR.

the Springfield Arsenal, successfully de-veloped an infantry rifle which semi-automatically fired eight .3006 cartridgeswith an acceptable level of accuracy. Thisrifle, the Ml Garand, was adopted by theMarine Corps at the outbreak of WorldWar II and by early 1943 had supplantedthe Springfield '03. Before the Ml cameinto universal issue, however, Marines werefighting the Japanese using their '03s,from Pearl Harbor through the Guadal-canal Campaign.

W HEN THE Marine Corps Museumopened a major exhibit on the

40th anniversary of World War II, theSpringfield '03 rifle was prominently dis-played in the exhibit on Guadalcanal,since its major usage during the war wasby the 1st Marine Division during thatcampaign. For the 50th anniversary ex-hibits, the staff considered placing the ri-fle in any of several different displays:"Iceland" (echoing the "habitat" displayat the Air-Ground Museum at Quantico),"Opening Moves," "The Philippines," oragain in 'Guadalcanal." As had been donebefore, the staff wanted to spread the var-ious small arms of World War II through-out the component displays, so that eachweapon could be shown without redun-

Foui,i,,d,ne. Fall 1990

Marines Jre i141903 Springfield rzjie.r on Winthrop. Maryland range in October 1913.

• •

.—

I>iI1

4

lv'

4

WWII Display to Spotlight Famed Springfield '03 Rifleby Kenneth L. Smith-Christmas

Curator of Material History

T HE MODEL io .30-caliber Spring-field rifle, known to the Marines of

the pre-1943 era as the ''03," holds a placein the Museum collection as one of themost visible reminders of the "Old Corps."When the staff started selecting artifactsfor our exhibits in 1991-1995 com-memorating the 50th anniversary of WorldWar II (see Fortitudine, Summer 1990),there were differing opinions as to whichexhibit would be the most appropriate tofeature this rifle, since it figured promi-nently in the early actions of the war.

The '03 was the literal constant compan-ion of nearly all enlisted Marines from theearly days of this century. Based on a Ger-man Mauser design, the rifle was deve-loped at the U.S. arsenal at Springfield,Massachusetts, and was formally adoptedin 1903. It soon proved to be a great im-provement over the obsolescent Krag-Jorgensen rifle which it replaced. Firing amore powerful cartridge, the '03 had a su-perior sighting system and, most impor-tantly, could be loaded quickly with fivecartridges using a stripper clip. It was alsoone of the world's first "universal length"rifles which could be carried by all arms,thus dispensing with the need for a

separate carbine version. Modified to car-ry a knife bayonet at President TheodoreRoosevelt's direction in 1905, the rifle wasfirst issued to Marines in 1909. (The Presi-dent was a firm believer in a substantialbayonet and strongly objected to the flim-

sy rod bayonet of the original design.)With the new rifle, Marines were able

to achieve a much higher level of marks-manship. Coincidental to its adoption wasthe increased attention to shooting skillswhich had been emerging since theSpanish-American War. By the FirstNicaraguan Campaign of 1912, Marineswere carrying it into the field and were alsostarting to win interservice competitionswith it. The '03 was used throughout theCaribbean campaigns in the period justprior to World War I, and was exclusivelycarried by Marines fighting in France withthe American Expeditionary Force. Whilemost of the U.S. Army troops in Francewere armed with the M1917 Enfield rifle,only a few Marines trained with this stop-gap weapon at Quantico.

T HE SPRINGFIELD '03 continued toreap honors on the battlefield and on

the rifle range after the Armistice. In Hai-ti, Santo Domingo. and Nicaragua, Ma-rines quelled rebellious bandit uprisingswith well-aimed rapid fire from theirSpringfields while the Marine competitionrifle teams were winning match aftermatch. B' the outbreak of World War II,the '03 had become legendary.

However, advancements in semi-automatic arms design had continued inthe interwar years, despite the pacifisticleanings of much of the world. In the late1930s, John C. Garand, a small armsdesigner employed by the government at

CplJohn H. Pruitt reloads his Springfieldrifle during the battle fr Blanc Mont inFrance in October 1918, in this paintingby Col Charles H. W/aterhouse, USMCR.

the Springfield Arsenal, successfully de-veloped an infantry rifle which semi-automatically fired eight .3006 cartridgeswith an acceptable level of accuracy. Thisrifle, the Ml Garand, was adopted by theMarine Corps at the outbreak of WorldWar II and by early 1943 had supplantedthe Springfield '03. Before the Ml cameinto universal issue, however, Marines werefighting the Japanese using their '03s,from Pearl Harbor through the Guadal-canal Campaign.

W HEN THE Marine Corps Museumopened a major exhibit on the

40th anniversary of World War II, theSpringfield '03 rifle was prominently dis-played in the exhibit on Guadalcanal,since its major usage during the war wasby the 1st Marine Division during thatcampaign. For the 50th anniversary ex-hibits, the staff considered placing the ri-fle in any of several different displays:"Iceland" (echoing the "habitat" displayat the Air-Ground Museum at Quantico),"Opening Moves," "The Philippines," oragain in "Guadalcanal." As had been donebefore, the staff wanted to spread the var-ious small arms of World War II through-out the component displays, so that eachweapon could be shown without redun-

Fori,iud,ne. Fall 1990

Marines fire MI 903 Springfield rifles on Winthrop. Maryland range in October 1913.

dancy. However, this decision did not haveto be made, because of a new acquisitionreceived by the Museum this summer.

Curator of Special Projects Richard A.Long undertook a research trip throughthe northeastern states this summer to ex-amine records in several repositories.While in Vermont, he dropped in on anold friend and former colleague, MSgt Ge-orge E. "Mac" McGarry, USMC (Ret), andduring the course of the evening, men-tioned the work which was being done onthe new exhibits. One of Mr. Long's long-time research interests has been thedefense of Wake Island, so naturally he isworking on this portion of the exhibit.MSgt McGarry showed Mr. Long one ofMcGarry's prized possessions, a M1903Springfield rifle which was captured by theJapanese when they took Wake Island andsubsequently surrendered to the Marineswhen they took theJapanese surrender onWake at the end of the war.

The rifle, serial number 285930, is in

T WO ARTISTS— one practicing for morethan half a century—recently gave

works to the Marine Corps art collection.Alice Morrey Bailey, an author, poet,

musician, and artist and sculptor of na-tional repute who lives in Salt Lake City,Utah, has presented the Museum a por-trait bust she completed 45 years ago.

The 14½'high bronze bust is of MarinePvt Tyndale Llewellyn Lloyd, who waskilled in action on IwoJima on 20 Febru-ary 1945. His parents commissioned theoriginal plaster bust in 1945, and aftertheir recent deaths relatives asked the ar-tist if she was interested in purchasing it.She was, and subsequently arranged for alimited edition of two bronze castings.Mrs. Bailey offered one of the castings to

perfect condition and came complete witha Japanese sling, marked with Japanesekanji ideographs. Thus far, the best trans-lation available indicates that, after cap-ture, the rifle was issued to a seaman firstclass, number 5404, who was in a moun-tain artillery battery of the Special NavalLanding Force which garrisoned the island.MSgt McGarry acquired the rifle when heserved in the detail which enforced theJapanese surrender on Wake in 1945. Hehad the rifle throughout the time heworked for the Museum from the late1950s through the 1960s, but had neverconsidered donating it, as the existingmuseum did not mount special exhibits.

Now in full retirement, MSgt McGarrydecided to donate the rifle to the Muse-um for this new exhibit. The staffs ques-tion as to where to display an '03 in a 50thanniversary exhibit has been answered, asthe staff also tries to answer the question:Who was the Marine who carried this ri-fle in the defense of Wake Island?L11775L1

the Marine Corps, and made a trip toWashington, D.C., to present it formallyto the Museum on 31 May.

Mrs. Bailey trained as a nurse (and dis-creetly sketched at the nursing school'sanatomy class) and is the recipient of morethan 400 awards for creative efforts span-ning a career of more than 50 years.

Marine Vietnam War veteran AnthonyF. "Tony" Stadler, now a civilian architect-ural artist, in May of this year volunteeredto visit Panama and—with the permissionand support of FMFLant — reconstructfrom eyewitness accounts the events of Op-erationJust Cause in December 1989. Sta-dler also has volunteered for assignment tocover the Marines of Operation DesertShield. He is by no means alone. Nineother civilian artists, plus two Marine Re-servists and two retired Marine Reservists,also have offered to record activities in theMideast—as have two active-duty Marines.

Orders to the I Marine ExpeditionaryForce have been requested for artist SgtCharles Grow, currently stationed at ParrisIsland, South Carolina. Sgt Grow recentlycompleted an assignment to produce"portrait" renditions of land vehicles in thecurrent inventory. L111775L11

Historical Foundation

Moves Administrative

Functions to Quantico

by Charles R. SmithSecretary. Marine Corp.cHistorical Foundation

While the Marine Corps Histori-cal Foundation's "flag" remains atthe Marine Corps Historical Center,its administrative functions weremoved to the Marine Corps Associ-ation building at Quantico on 29August. The move was prompted bythe desire of the Board of Directorsto further reduce operating expensesand to upgrade service to the mem-bership. The move does not affectthe Museum Gift Shop which theFoundation sponsors as a service tothe Historical Center. The Histori-cal Center Executive Offlcer, LtColSteven M. Hinds, now serves as theCenter's point-of-contact for Foun-dation matters.

For those wishing to join or con-tact the Foundation, the new ad-ministrative address is: Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, P.O. Box 420,Quantico, Virginia 22134. New tele-phone numbers are the same as forthe Marine Corps Association: toll-free, 1-800-336-0291; commercial,703-640-6167; and autovon,278-2854 (ask the MCA receptionistfor the Historical Foundation). TheMCA switchboard operates from0800 to 1630, Monday throughFriday.

The Foundation move hasprompted a number of physicalchanges within the Center. Thelarge Foundation conference roomwill now be occupied by the Curatorof Special Projects. A portion of thespace previously occupied by theFoundation's administrative officeswill house the Historical CenterLibrary's rare book collection. Thespace vacated by the Special ProjectsCurator will be turned over to theReference Section and will permitexpansion of research areas for themany visitors to the Center.

Fortitudene. Fall 1990 21

Iwo Marine Portrait Bust, 'Just Cause' Art Addedby John T Dyer Jr

Curator of Art

dancy. However, this decision did not haveto be made, because of a new acquisitionreceived by the Museum this summer.

Curator of Special Projects Richard A.Long undertook a research trip throughthe northeastern states this summer to ex-amine records in several repositories.While in Vermont, he dropped in on anold friend and former colleague, MSgt Ge-orge E. "Mac" McGarry, USMC (Ret), andduring the course of the evening, men-tioned the work which was being done onthe new exhibits. One of Mr. Long's long-time research interests has been thedefense of Wake Island, so naturally he isworking on this portion of the exhibit.MSgt McGarry showed Mr. Long one ofMcGarry's prized possessions, a M1903Springfield rifle which was captured by theJapanese when they took Wake Island andsubsequently surrendered to the Marineswhen they took the Japanese surrender onWake at the end of the war.

The rifle, serial number 285930, is in

T WO ARTISTS — one practicing for morethan half a century—recently gave

works to the Marine Corps art collection.Alice Morrey Bailey, an author, poet,

musician, and artist and sculptor of na-tional repute who lives in Salt Lake City,Utah, has presented the Museum a por-trait bust she completed 45 years ago.

The 14½'high bronze bust is of MarinePvt Tyndale Liewellyn Lloyd, who waskilled in action on Iwo Jima on 20 Febru-ary 1945. His parents commissioned theoriginal plaster bust in 1945, and aftertheir recent deaths relatives asked the ar-tist if she was interested in purchasing it.She was, and subsequently arranged for alimited edition of two bronze castings.Mrs. Bailey offered one of the castings to

perfect condition and came complete witha Japanese sling, marked with Japanesekanji ideographs. Thus far, the best trans-lation available indicates that, after cap-ture, the rifle was issued to a seaman firstclass, number 5404, who was in a moun-tain artillery battery of the Special NavalLanding Force which garrisoned the island.MSgt McGarry acquired the rifle when heserved in the detail which enforced theJapanese surrender on Wake in 1945. Hehad the rifle throughout the time heworked for the Museum from the late1950s through the 1960s, but had neverconsidered donating it, as the existingmuseum did not mount special exhibits.

Now in full retirement, MSgt McGarrydecided to donate the rifle to the Muse-um for this new exhibit. The staffs ques-tion as to where to display an '03 in a 50thanniversary exhibit has been answered, asthe staff also tries to answer the question:Who was the Marine who carried this ri-fle in the defense of Wake Island?L1J1775L1

the Marine Corps, and made a trip toWashington, D.C., to present it formallyto the Museum on 31 May.

Mrs. Bailey trained as a nurse (and dis-creetly sketched at the nursing school'sanatomy class) and is the recipient of morethan 400 awards for creative efforts span-ning a career of more than 50 years.

Marine Vietnam War veteran AnthonyE "Tony" Stadler, now a civilian architect-ural artist, in May of this year volunteeredto visit Panama and—with the permissionand support of FMFLant—reconstructfrom eyewitness accounts the events of Op-eration Just Cause in December 1989. Sta-dler also has volunteered for assignment tocover the Marines of Operation DesertShield. He is by no means alone. Nineother civilian artists, plus two Marine Re-servists and two retired Marine Reservists,also have offered to record activities in theMideast — as have two active-duty Marines.

Orders to the I Marine ExpeditionaryForce have been requested for artist SgtCharles Grow, currently stationed at ParrisIsland, South Carolina. Sgt Grow recentlycompleted an assignment to produce"portrait" renditions of land vehicles in thecurrent inventory. L111775E1

Historical Foundation

Moves Administrative

Functions to Quantico

by Charles R. SmithSecretary. Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation

While the Marine Corps Histori-cal Foundation's "flag" remains atthe Marine Corps Historical Center,its administrative functions weremoved to the Marine Corps Associ-ation building at Quantico on 29August. The move was prompted bythe desire of the Board of Directorsto further reduce operating expensesand to upgrade service to the mem-bership. The move does not affectthe Museum Gift Shop which theFoundation sponsors as a service tothe Historical Center. The Histori-cal Center Executive Officer, LtColSteven M. Hinds, now serves as theCenter's point-of-contact for Foun-dation matters.

For those wishing to join or con-tact the Foundation, the new ad-ministrative address is: Marine CorpsHistorical Foundation, P0. Box 420,Quantico, Virginia 22134. New tele-phone numbers are the same as forthe Marine Corps Association: toll-free, 1-800-336-0291; commercial,703-640-6167; and autovon,278-2854 (ask the MCA receptionistfor the Historical Foundation). TheMCA switchboard operates from0800 to 1630, Monday throughFriday.

The Foundation move hasprompted a number of physicalchanges within the Center. Thelarge Foundation conference roomwill now be occupied by the Curatorof Special Projects. A portion of thespace previously occupied by theFoundation's administrative officeswill house the Historical CenterLibrary's rare book collection. Thespace vacated by the Special ProjectsCurator will be turned over to theReference Section and will permitexpansion of research areas for themany visitors to the Center.

Fortitudene. Fall 1990 21

Iwo Marine Portrait Bust, 'Just Cause' Art Addedby John T Dyer Jr

Curator of Art

P art V of Fortitit dine's continuing chronological series on theVietnam War focuses upon the year 1968, and events fol-

lowing the late-January to February Communist Tet Offensiveof that year. The History and Museums Division volume in theVietnam War operational history series which will focus upon1968 is currently in the research and writing stage of develop-ment. Meanwhile, a good overview of Marine Corps activities andoperations in Vietnam during 1968 is contained in The Marinesin Vietmirn, 1954 1973: An Anthology andAnnotated Bibliography, also a division publication.

1Jan_Gen Jeonard F. Chapman Jr.. became the 24th Com-mandant of the Marine Corps.1 Jan —There were 298,498 Marines in the Corps, with 81,249of them serving in Vietnam.3Jan — Operation Auburn, a combined search and destroy oper-ation which began on 28 December 1967, was terminated. Theoperation, which was conducted by the 5th Marines, centeredaround the area southwest of Hoi An, including Go Noi Island,and resulted in 37 enemy killed. Marine Corps casualties wereheavy, with 23 Marines killed and more than 60 wounded.20 Jan—The second battle for Khe Sanh began when Marinesfrom the 3d Battalion, 26th Marines attacked a North Vietnamesebattalion between Hills 881 North and South. More than 100of the enemy were killed. Heavy fighting throughout the endof the month along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), temporari-ly forced the closing of the Cua Viet port facility.29-31J'an—North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces launchedattacks against some 105 cities and towns throughout South Viet-nam. Enemy ground assaults were launched against five SouthVietnamese provincial capitals. Ultimately, more than 80,000

On 9 Februzry. men of Compzny A, 1st Battalion, 1st Marinesinspect ruins of a church they had earlier cleared of enemy troopsduring the house-to-house battle for Hue south of the PerfumeRiver More than 1,000 of the enemy u'ere killed in the lighting.

Return fire from the dug-in positions of the 2d Battalion, 5thMarines is directed across the Perfume River into the north ofHue on 24 Februaiy, as the 25-day battle for the city nears its end

North Vietnamese regulars and Viet Cong guerrillas were com-mitted to the enemy Tet Offensive.1-9 Feb—Elements of the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines and 1st Bat-talion, 1st Marines cleared enemy forces from Hue south of thePerfume River. In a house-to-house battle, they were able toretake the province headquarters, jail, and hospital. By 9 Febru-ary, the last organized resistance in the city south of the riveended with more than 1,000 of the enemy killed.5 Feb—A North Vietnamese battalion attempted an assault onthe western slope of Hill 861A, near Khe Sanh, but was drivenback by a counterattack by Company E, 2d Battalion, 26th Ma-rines. The enemy lost 109 killed and the Marines suffered sevenkilled in action.6 Feb —The 66th North Vietnamese Regiment, 3 04th Division,captured the U.S. Special Forces camp at Jang Vei, six milessouthwest of Khe Sanh. Marine helicopters rescued 14 of the 20"Green Berets" and more than 70 Vietnamese at the camp.12 Feb—The 1st Battalion, 5th Marines entered the Citadel inHue to help secure the old imperial capital. The resulting fight-ing caused heavy Marine casualties.17 Feb—The 27th Marines arrived in Vietnam, and immediate-ly began operations in the "rocket belt" area south of Da Nang.23 Feb—The Khe Sanh Combat Base received more than 1,300rounds of rocket and artillery fire. During the entire month ofFebruary, the enemy fired more than 4,000 rounds at Khe Sanh.24 Feb—The city of Hue was declared secure after a 25-day bat-tle. A combined force of Marines, Army, and South Vietnameseforces had accounted for more than 4,500 Communists killedand the capture of large amounts of supplies.1-7 Mar—Sharp fighting broke out in several areas along theDMZ. At Khe Sanh, the enemy began digging trenches near the26th Marines' perimeter. Fighting broke out northeast of ConThien and near Cua Viet on the South China Sea.31 Mar—Operation Scotland, codename for Khe Sanh opera-tions, ended in Quang Tn Province with 1,561 enemy dead and204 Marines killed. The operation, which began on 31 October

Ioriiiiidiiie. Fall 19)O

Part Vofa Chronology, May 1954-May 1975

The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1968by Robert V Aquilina

Assistant Head Reference Section

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P art V of Fortitudine's continuing chronological series on theVietnam War focuses upon the year 1968, and events fol-

lowing the late-January to February Communist Tet Offensiveof that year. The History and Museums Division volume in theVietnam War operational history series which will focus upon1968 is currently in the research and writing stage of develop-ment. Meanwhile, a good overview of Marine Corps activities andoperations in Vietnam during 1968 is contained in The Marinesin Vietnam, 1954-1973: An Anthology andAnnotatedBibliog-raphy, also a division publication.

1 Jan—Gen Leonard F. Chapman. Jr.. became the 24th Com-mandant of the Marine Corps.1 Jan—There were 298,498 Marines in the Corps, with 81,249of them serving in Vietnam.3Jan —Operation Auburn, a combined search and destroy oper-ation which began on 28 December 1967, was terminated. Theoperation, which was conducted by the 5th Marines, centeredaround the area southwest of Hoi An, including Go Noi Island,and resulted in 37 enemy killed. Marine Corps casualties wereheavy, with 23 Marines killed and more than 60 wounded.20 Jan—The second battle for Khe Sanh began when Marinesfrom the 3d Battalion, 26th Marines attacked a North Vietnamesebattalion between Hills 881 North and South. More than 100of the enemy were killed. Heavy fighting throughout the endof the month along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), temporari-ly forced the closing of the Cua Viet port facility.29-31 Jan—North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces launchedattacks against some 105 cities and towns throughout South Viet-nam. Enemy ground assaults were launched against five SouthVietnamese provincial capitals. Ultimately, more than 80,000

On 9 February. men of Company A, 1st Battalion, 1st Marinesinspect ruins of a church they had earlier cleared of enemy troopsduring the house-to-house battle for Hue south of the PerfumeRiver More than 1,000 of the enemy u'ere killed in the fighting.

Return fire from the dug-in positions of the 2d Battalion, 5thMarines is directed across the Perfume River into the north ofHue on 24 Februaiy, as the 25-day battle for the city nears its end

North Vietnamese regulars and Viet Cong guerrillas were com-mitted to the enemy Tet Offensive.1-9 Feb—Elements of the 2d Battalion, 5th Marines and 1st Bat-talion, 1st Marines cleared enemy forces from Hue south of thePerfume River. In a house-to-house battle, they were able toretake the province headquarters, jail, and hospital. By 9 Febru-ary, the last organized resistance in the city south of the riveended with more than 1,000 of the enemy killed.5 Feb—A North Vietnamese battalion attempted an assault onthe western slope of Hill 861A, near Khe Sanh, but was drivenback by a counterattack by Company E, 2d Battalion, 26th Ma-rines. The enemy lost 109 killed and the Marines suffered sevenkilled in action.6 Feb—The 66th North Vietnamese Regiment, 304th Division,captured the U.S. Special Forces camp at Lang Vei, six milessouthwest of Khe Sanh. Marine helicopters rescued 14 of the 20"Green Berets" and more than 70 Vietnamese at the camp.12 Feb—The 1st Battalion, 5th Marines entered the Citadel inHue to help secure the old imperial capital. The resulting fight-ing caused heavy Marine casualties.17 Feb—The 27th Marines arrived in Vietnam, and immediate-ly began operations in the 'rocket belt" area south of Da Nang.23 Feb—The Khe Sanh Combat Base received more than 1,300rounds of rocket and artillery fire. During the entire month ofFebruary, the enemy fired more than 4,000 rounds at Khe Sanh.24 Feb—The city of Hue was declared secure after a 25-day bat-tle. A combined force of Marines, Army, and South Vietnameseforces had accounted for more than 4,500 Communists killedand the capture of large amounts of supplies.1-7 Mar—Sharp fighting broke out in several areas along theDMZ. At Khe Sanh, the enemy began digging trenches near the26th Marines' perimeter. Fighting broke out northeast of ConThien and near Cua Viet on the South China Sea.31 Mar—Operation Scotland, codename for Khe Sanh opera-tions, ended in Quang Id Province with 1,561 enemy dead and204 Marines killed. The operation, which began on 31 October

lOTI/li/ti/ilt. Fall 19)()

Part Vofa Chronology, May 1954-May 1975

The U.S. Marine Corps and the Vietnam War: 1968by Robert V Aquilina

Assistant Head, Reference Section

1967, was under the control of the 26th Marines, reinforced byelements of the 9th Marines.31 Mar—President Johnson announced that he would neitherseek nor accept the nomination of the Democratic Party foranother term as President.I Apr—The relief of Khe Sanh, called Operation Pegasus, be-gan by a combined Army, Marine, and ARVN force.6 Apr—The siege at Khe Sanh ended when 1st Air Cavalry Di-vision troops linked up with the 26th Marines and conductedan official relief at the combat base.29 Apr-4 May—In a bitter, six-day action at Dai Do hamletnortheast of Dong Ha, the 320th NVA Division attacked ele-ments of the 3d Marine Division. Heavy fighting continuedthroughout most of May.4 May—Operation Allen Brook was begun by the 2d Battalion,7th Marines when it moved onto Go Noi Island. Three days laterthe Marines made contact with the enemy, and killed 30 NorthVietnamese regulars.18 May—The 7th Marines launched Operation Mameluke Thrustsouthwest of Da Nang.22 May— MajGen Raymond G. Davis assumed command of the3d Marine Division. MajGen Rathvon McC. Tompkins, former-ly CG of the 3d Marine Division, became Deputy Commander,III Marine Amphibious Force.lJun—LtGen Victor H. Krulak retired after a 34-year career inthe Marine Corps. Gen Krulak was relieved in command of theFleet Marine Force, Pacific, by LtGen Henry W. Buse, Jr.26Jun—It was announced that Khe Sanh Combat Base wouldbe dismantled and that other combat bases to the east wouldbe built up. These bases were Landing Zone Stud and the hilltopcamps of Hawk, Cates, and Mike. There were heavier MarineCorps casualties in the Khe Sanh area, between April and June1968 than during the siege.21 Aug—PFCJames Anderson, Jr., was posthumously awardedthe Medal of Honor by Secretary of the Navy Paul R. Ignatiusfor gallantry in action in Vietnam during February 1967. An-derson was the first black Marine to be awarded the Medal ofHonor.

24 Aug—Operation Allen Brook, which began on 4 May on thewestern edge of Go Noi Island was terminated. The operation,which involved the 7th Marines and the 27th Marines, was asearch and clear mission to neutralize enemy forces and instal-lations. The enemy lost 1,017 killed while Marine casualties were172 killed and 1,124 wounded.

9 Sep—Operation Sussex Bay, which began on 29 August, end-ed in an area nine miles west of Hoi An. The operation was un-der the control of the 5th Marines. The enemy lost 65 killed,while Marine losses were 12 killed and 24 wounded in the scat-tered action.

9 Sep—The 9th Marines captured Dong Tien Mountain fromenemy forces northwest of the Rockpile, as 3d Marine Divisionunits prevented the 320th NVA Division from crossing the DMZ.

10 Sep—The first unit of the 27th Marines left Vietnam for CampPendleton, California. It was the first Marine unit to leave Viet-nam since the build-up of troops in 1965, other than rotationof units to Okinawa and Japan.16 Sep—The 26th Marines suffered heavy casualties when NorthVietnamese troops fired 200 mortar rounds into Marine posi-

Foriii,idine, Fall I9)O

tions near the Rockpile artillery base. During the shelling 25 Ma-rines were killed and 126 wounded.19 Oct—Operation Maui Peak, a combined operation involv-ing the 7th Marines and 51st ARVN Regiment, which began on6 October, ended in an area 11 miles northwest of An Hoa. Theoperation entailed the relief of Thuong Duc and claimed 203enemy killed. Marines lost 28 killed and 148 wounded.23 Oct—Operation Mameluke Thrust, conducted by elementsof the 1st Marine Division and the 26th Marines, ended 25 milessouthwest of Da Nang. The operation began on 18 May, andaccounted for 2,730 enemy killed.31 Oct—President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that at 8 a.m.EST, 1 November, all air, naval, and artillery bombardment ofNorth Vietnam would cease.16 Nov— Operation Garrard Bay, a battalion-sized search andclear operation conducted by elements of the 26th Marines, end-ed southeast of Da Nang. The operation resulted in 19 enemykilled and more than 1,700 suspects detained.28 Nov—Operation Dawson River was launched in Quang TnProvince by elements of the 9th Marines. It was a multi-battalionsearch and clear operation.7 Dec—Operation Taylor Common, a massive search and clearoperation, began 10 miles west of An Hoa. The operation in-volved six Marine infantry battalions under the control of the1st Marine Division.9 Dec—Operation Napoleon/Saline, a search and clear opera-tion under the control of the 3d Marine Division, was terminat-ed southeast of Gio Linh. The operation began on 5 November1967, and was combined with Operation Saline which began on26 January. The operation accounted for 3,495 enemy killed, 106prisoners of war, and 631 individual and 200 crew-served weaponscaptured. Friendly casualties were 396 killed and 2,134 wounded.9 Dec—Operation Meade River was terminated 15 miles southof Da Nang. The operation began on 20 November under thecontrol of the 1st Marine Division and accounted for 841 enemykilled and 71 members of the Viet Cong infrastructure captured.The Marines lost 95 killed and 306 wounded.28 Dec—Camp Carroll, a major Marine combat base in north-ern Quang Tn Province, was deactivated after being in existencefor more than two years. E1775E

Patrol member of3d Battalion. 27th Marines, 1st Marine Divi-i/on pokes into a haystack in an abandoned and shelled villagein search of concealed enemy during a sweep mission on 16 April.

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1967, was under the control of the 26th Marines, reinforced byelements of the 9th Marines.31 Mar—President Johnson announced that he would neitherseek nor accept the nomination of the Democratic Party foranother term as President.I Apr—The relief of Khe Sanh, called Operation Pegasus, be-gan by a combined Army, Marine, and ARVN force.6 Apr—The siege at Khe Sanh ended when 1st Air Cavalry Di-vision troops linked up with the 26th Marines and conductedan official relief at the combat base.29 Apr-4 May—In a bitter, six-day action at Dai Do hamletnortheast of Dong Ha, the 320th NVA Division attacked ele-ments of the 3d Marine Division. Heavy fighting continuedthroughout most of May.4 May— Operation Allen Brook was begun by the 2d Battalion,7th Marines when it moved onto Go Noi Island. Three days laterthe Marines made contact with the enemy, and killed 30 NorthVietnamese regulars.18 May—The 7th Marines launched Operation Mameluke Thrustsouthwest of Da Nang.22 May— MajGen Raymond G. Davis assumed command of the3d Marine Division. MajGen Rathvon McC. Tompkins, former-ly CG of the 3d Marine Division, became Deputy Commander,III Marine Amphibious Force.lJun—LtGen Victor H. Krulak retired after a 34-year career inthe Marine Corps. Gen Krulak was relieved in command of theFleet Marine Force, Pacific, by LtGen Henry W. Buse, Jr.26Jun—It was announced that Khe Sanh Combat Base wouldbe dismantled and that other combat bases to the east wouldbe built up. These bases were Landing Zone Stud and the hilltopcamps of Hawk, Cates, and Mike. There were heavier MarineCorps casualties in the Khe Sanh area, between April and June1968 than during the siege.21 Aug—PFCJames Anderson, Jr., was posthumously awardedthe Medal of Honor by Secretary of the Navy Paul R. Ignatiusfor gallantry in action in Vietnam during February 1967. An-derson was the first black Marine to be awarded the Medal ofHonor.

24 Aug—Operation Allen Brook, which began on 4 May on thewestern edge of Go Noi Island was terminated. The operation,which involved the 7th Marines and the 27th Marines, was asearch and clear mission to neutralize enemy forces and instal-lations. The enemy lost 1,017 killed while Marine casualties were172 killed and 1,124 wounded.

9 Sep—Operation Sussex Bay, which began on 29 August, end-ed in an area nine miles west of Hoi An. The operation was un-der the control of the 5th Marines. The enemy lost 65 killed,while Marine losses were 12 killed and 24 wounded in the scat-tered action.

9 Sep—The 9th Marines captured Dong Tien Mountain fromenemy forces northwest of the Rockpile, as 3d Marine Divisionunits prevented the 320th NVA Division from crossing the DMZ.

10 Sep—The first unit of the 27th Marines left Vietnam for CampPendleton, California. It was the first Marine unit to leave Viet-nam since the build-up of troops in 1965, other than rotationof units to Okinawa and Japan.16 Sep—The 26th Marines suffered heavy casualties when NorthVietnamese troops fired 200 mortar rounds into Marine posi-

Foriiiudine, FaIl 19)0

tions near the Rockpile artillery base. During the shelling 25 Ma-rines were killed and 126 wounded.19 Oct—Operation Maui Peak, a combined operation involv-ing the 7th Marines and 51st ARVN Regiment, which began on6 October, ended in an area 11 miles northwest of An Hoa. Theoperation entailed the relief of Thuong Duc and claimed 203enemy killed. Marines lost 28 killed and 148 wounded.23 Oct—Operation Mameluke Thrust, conducted by elementsof the 1st Marine Division and the 26th Marines, ended 25 milessouthwest of Da Nang. The operation began on 18 May, andaccounted for 2,730 enemy killed.31 Oct—President Lyndon B. Johnson announced that at 8 a.m.EST, 1 November, all air, naval, and artillery bombardment ofNorth Vietnam would cease.16 Nov—Operation Garrard Bay, a battalion-sized search andclear operation conducted by elements of the 26th Marines, end-ed southeast of Da Nang. The operation resulted in 19 enemykilled and more than 1,700 suspects detained.28 Nov—Operation Dawson River was launched in Quang TnProvince by elements of the 9th Marines. It was a multi-battalionsearch and clear operation.7 Dec—Operation Taylor Common, a massive search and clearoperation, began 10 miles west of An Hoa. The operation in-volved six Marine infantry battalions under the control of the1st Marine Division.9 Dec—Operation Napoleon/Saline, a search and clear opera-tion under the control of the 3d Marine Division, was terminat-ed southeast of Gio Linh. The operation began on 5 November1967, and was combined with Operation Saline which began on26January. The operation accounted for 3,495 enemy killed, 106prisoners of war, and 631 individual and 200 crew-served weaponscaptured. Friendly casualties were 396 killed and 2,134 wounded.9 Dec—Operation Meade River was terminated 15 miles southof Da Nang. The operation began on 20 November under thecontrol of the 1st Marine Division and accounted for 841 enemykilled and 71 members of the Viet Cong infrastructure captured.The Marines lost 95 killed and 306 wounded.28 Dec—Camp Carroll, a major Marine combat base in north-ern Quang Tn Province, was deactivated after being in existencefor more than two years. E1775E

Patrol member of3d Battalion. 27th Marines, 1st Marine Diz'i-sion pokes into a haystack in an abandoned and shelled villagein search of concealed enemy during a sweep mission on 16 April.

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

lorietuclene, Fall 19.)O

BULK RATE

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

USMC

PERMIT NO. G-63

New Logo Commemorates Marines of World War IIby Henry I. Shczw. Jr

Chief Histor-icin

reality has fallen mainly on our graphicartist, W. Stephen Hill.

Q NE IDEA THAT took hold firmlywith everyone concerned was that

we needed a symbol or logo that wouldunmistakably signify Marine Corps,

'T HE GENERAL OUTLINE of the divi-sion's efforts to celebrate the 50th

anniversaries of significant Marine Corpsactivities in World War II was reportedin this past summer's issue of Fortitu-dine. Since that time, a number of ex-perienced Marine authors have volun-teered or have been approached to joinothers already on board as the writer-researchers of the series of brief, popularhistories envisioned. All of the division'shistorians have opted to write about atleast one topic or campaign that in-terests them, although most would bewilling to defer to a qualified "outside"volunteer with close personal experienceor a research specialty in the topic.

During the periodic committee meet-ings of those people most involved inthe planning of commemorative events,the layout and appearance of the histo-ries has been thoroughly discussed. Theraft of ideas for illustrations, formats,and the like have been turned over tothe Publications Production Section,and the task of turning concept into

mis' i

94ll WWIIII "945

argument by various partisans. Not toolong ago, however, Mr. Hill showed the"judges" a logo that met all the criter-ia. After minor refinements of type andimage size, it was enthusiastically ap-proved. The new symbol shows a sil-houette of the Marine Corps Memorialset against large outlined numerals,"50th," with the legend '1941 WWII1945" in reverse outlined letters reminis-cent of incising, on the statue's base.

Letter envelopes for the History andMuseums Division, to be introduced inJanuary 1991, will bear the new logo. Italso will appear on all relevant materialthat concerns the anniversary, supple-menting but not displacing the familiardivision logo reproducing the insigniaon Marine Corps buttons, 1804 version.Although the new logo was developedspecifically for the Marine Corps histor-ical program, a clipsheet with four dif-ferent sizes of it for use in reproductionis being printed and will be providedto Marine Corps activities on request tothe Historical Center (Code HDS-1).

World War II, and the 50th anniversary.Mr. Hill came up with a number of al-ternatives, all turned down by the com-mittee members, although not without

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVYHEADQUARTERS U.S. MARINE CORPS

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20380

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

lorijiudine, Fall 19.)O

BULK RATE

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

USMC

PERMIT NO. G-63

New Logo Commemorates Marines of World War IIby Henry I. Shaw Jr

Chief Historian

reality has fallen mainly on our graphicartist, W. Stephen Hill.

Q NE IDEA THAT took hold firmlywith everyone concerned was that

we needed a symbol or logo that wouldunmistakably signify Marine Corps,

'T HE GENERAL OUTLINE of the divi-sion's efforts to celebrate the 50th

anniversaries of significant Marine Corpsactivities in World War II was reportedin this past summer's issue of Fortitu-dine. Since that time, a number of ex-perienced Marine authors have volun-teered or have been approached to joinothers already on board as the writer-researchers of the series of brief, popularhistories envisioned. All of the division'shistorians have opted to write about atleast one topic or campaign that in-terests them, although most would bewilling to defer to a qualified "outside"volunteer with close personal experienceor a research specialty in the topic.

During the periodic committee meet-ings of those people most involved inthe planning of commemorative events,the layout and appearance of the histo-ries has been thoroughly discussed. Theraft of ideas for illustrations, formats,and the like have been turned over tothe Publications Production Section,and the task of turning concept into

mis' i

94ll WWIIJI "945

argument by various partisans. Not toolong ago, however, Mr. Hill showed the"judges" a logo that met all the criter-ia. After minor refinements of type andimage size, it was enthusiastically ap-proved. The new symbol shows a sil-houette of the Marine Corps Memorialset against large outlined numerals,"50th," with the legend "1941 WWII1945" in reverse outlined letters reminis-cent of incising, on the statue's base.

Letter envelopes for the History andMuseums Division, to be introduced inJanuary 1991, will bear the new logo. Italso will appear on all relevant materialthat concerns the anniversary, supple-menting but not displacing the familiardivision logo reproducing the insigniaon Marine Corps buttons, 1804 version.Although the new logo was developedspecifically for the Marine Corps histor-ical program, a clipsheet with four dif-ferent sizes of it for use in reproductionis being printed and will be providedto Marine Corps activities on request tothe Historical Center (Code HDS-1).

World War II, and the 50th anniversary.Mr. Hill came up with a number of al-ternatives, all turned down by the com-mittee members, although not without