fortran 95 notes greek

pi Fortran 95

.

iii

1 11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2.3 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.7 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.8.1 STOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 72.1 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1.1 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1.2 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.1.3 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1.4 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1.5 pi pi . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

2.4.1 IF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.4.2 SELECT CASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

3 193.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.1.2 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.1.3 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.1.5 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

iii

iv

3.2 pi () . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.2.1 DO pi pi . . . . . . . . . . 243.2.2 DO pi pi . . . . . . . . . 283.2.3 CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283.2.4 EXIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293.2.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4 314.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.1.1 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334.2 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344.3 WHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

5 395.1 pi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395.2 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

5.2.1 FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445.2.2 FORMAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

6 pi 516.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

6.1.1 pipi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536.1.3 pipi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576.1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596.1.5 pipiRETURN . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

1

1.1

compiler pi pi ! pi . pi, pi ! pi pi pi pi pi, .

1.2

(variables) pi pi pi pi (, pi) pi. pi pipi , compiler pi , pi . - pi Fortran INTEGER, REAL, COMPLEX,LOGICAL, CHARACTER.

1.2.1

pi.. abc - :

INTEGER : : abc

pi pi.. value1, value2 :

REAL : : value1REAL : : value2

, ,

REAL : : value1 , value2

pi (pi ) 6 -.

1.2.2

, , pi, pi. pipi. az

1

2 1.

0 9 _. 31 pipi . - pi . pi _ pi pi pi .

1.2.3 pi

pi pi pi, pi pi.

READ. .. pi pi pi- a

INTEGER : : a. . . . .

READ , a, , pi ,

INTEGER : : a. . . . .

READ ( , ) a

, = [ ]

..REAL : : b. . . . . .b = 3.0

1.3

1.3.1

, pi . pi pi pi + ..., pi

3, -12, 123456

1.3.2

, pi pi ( pi) pi . pipi pi . E, pi, pi 10 pi pipi pi E :

2.034, 0.23, .44, 23., 2e 4 ( 0.0002), 2.3E2 ( 230.0) . pi pi E pi.

1.4. 3

1.4

pi (pipi pi) pi pi pi pi pi, PARAMETER. pi - ( ) ( pi, pi, pi pi, , pi., pi ). ..pi pi ,

REAL, PARAMETER : : pi = 3.14159

1.5

= [ ]

pi pi pi pi pi pi pi .

1.6

+,, , / pi pi pi, , pipi .

+,, pi pi-, , pipi . / pipi pi,pi, , pi . MOD( ) pi pipi

INTEGER : : a , b , p , y

a = 4b = 3p = a / b ! P i l i koy = MOD(a ,b ) ! Ypoloipo

. .. x3 Fortran x3.

+, pi pi pi pi , / (pi ), pi . pi pi, pi pi . pipi . ..

INTEGER : : i , j , k

i = 2 + 3 ! i = 5j = 2 3 ! j = 6i = i + j ! i = 11

4 1.

i = 2 i + j ! i = 28i = 17 / j ! i = 2k = i j / 3 ! k = 4

pi pi. ..

INTEGER : : i , j , k

i = 2j = 6k = 2 i + j ! k = 10k = 2 ( i + j ) ! k = 16k = j i / 3 ! k = 4k = j ( i / 3) ! k = 0: +,, , / -

pi (pi.. pi), pi pi ( pi ) pi. ..

INTEGER : : i , jREAL : : x , y

i = 8.3 ! i = 8j = 2y = 3.0

x = 4.0 / 3 ! > x = 4.0 / 3.0 > x = 1.33333

x = j + y! > x = 2 + 3.0 > x = 2.0 + 3.0 > x = 5.0

i = 4 / 3.0 ! > i = 4.0 / 3.0 > i = 1.33333 > i = 1

x = 4 / 3 ! > x = 1 > x = 1.0

x = 2.0 4 / 3! > x = 8.0 / 3 > x = 8.0 / 3.0 > x = 2.66667

x = 4 / 3 2.0 ! > x = 1 2.0 > x = 2.0

1.7 /

pi a pi pi , pi, READ:

READ , a

READ ( , ) a pi pi PRINT

1.8. 5

PRINT , a, pi , WRITE:

WRITE ( , ) a pipi pi pi pi -, pi. ..

INTEGER : : aREAL : : b

a = 4b = 4.5

PRINT , "Oi times einai " , a , b pi * READ(,)/WRITE(,) pi pi - pi pi . pi pi . * - pi pi pi pi pi . READ /PRINT pi pi- , , * ( pi pi pi ).

1.8

pi ( ) pi PROGRAM. . . END PROGRAM:

PROGRAM onoma

IMPLICIT NONE. . .. . .. . .END PROGRAM onoma

pi ( onoma) pipi , pipi pi . pi pi pi-pi . Fortran 90, pipi . pipi pi pi pi , pi pi 132 pi pi ,pi pi pipi pi- , pi pi pi &. ..

INTEGER : : a , b

pi , pi,

INTEGER : : a , &b

6 1.

, & pi pi ( pi ).

pi PROGRAM onoma pi. pi pi ( ) IMPLICIT NONE. , pipi , pi .

pi pi -, pi modules. pipi pi.

1.8.1 STOP

pi END PROGRAM., pi STOP pipi . pi pi pi pi - . STOP pi pi , pi pi, 5 . pipi, pi pi pi pi , STOP. pi pi pi STOP pi pi.

1.9

PROGRAM athrois i

IMPLICIT NONE

INTEGER : : a , b ! dataINTEGER : : c ! resu l t

PRINT , "Dwse dyo akeraioys "

READ ( , ) a ,b ! get data

c = a + b

PRINT , "To athroisma einai "

WRITE ( , ) c ! PRINT resul t

END PROGRAM athrois i

2

2.1 pi

pi pipi pi pipi Fortran, pi pi INTEGER, REAL.

2.1.1 pi

pi pi pi , Fortran pi pi CHARACTER. pi.. ch :CHARACTER : : ch pi pi pi pi () pi ("):ch = a ch = Dch = "R" pi , pi pi pi pi. pi, "This is a message" pi pi 17 , pi, pi pi CHARACTER . CHARACTER (17) : : ch

ch = " This is a message"

2.1.2 pi

pi (LOGICAL) pipi pi pi pi (pi.. /, /,. . . ). , pi.. a, :LOGICAL : : a pi pi pi .TRUE. .FALSE.. pi.. .TRUE. a a = .TRUE.

7

8 2.

2.1.3 pi

pi , Fortran pi pi (-) 6 . pi , , pi. pi pi -pi 16 . pi pi Fortran 90 pipi, , , pi . pi pi pi pi Fortran 77.

pi , pi.. a, :

DOUBLE PRECISION : : a

pi pi , - D E. , pi.. 500, pi Fortran 5E2 500.0, pi , pi pipi 5D2 ( , pi.. 0.5D3,50D1, 500D0). pi : pi 500.0 500E0 (REAL), 500 (INTEGER) - 500D0 (DOUBLE PRECISION). pi: pi 2.4 Fortran 2.4 pi pi pi pipi 2.4D0.

2.1.4 pi

Fortran pi pi COMPLEX pi .

COMPLEX : : z

, compiler, pi pi pi pi pi .

pi

pi Fortran pi pi

, , pi pi, (,) . pi pi- :

COMPLEX : : z

z = (1.2 , 4.56) ! z = 1.2 + i 4.56

pi pi pi pi- 0

COMPLEX : : z

z = 2 ! z = 2.0 + i 0.0z = 2.3 ! z = 2.3 + i 0.0

pi ( pi , pi pi pi):

2.1. 9

COMPLEX : : z , z1 , z2

z1 = 3 ! z1 = 3.0 + i 0.0z2 = (4.6 , 4.2) ! z2 = 4.6 i 4.2

z = z1 + z2 + 5.1 ! z = 12.7 i 4.2

pi pi pi .

pi pi pi . ..

COMPLEX : : z

READ , z

(1.6, -3.8)

(pi pi).

CMPLX( ). pi pi pi pi pi

COMPLEX : : zREAL : : x , y

x = 3.4y = 9.1

z = CMPLX( x , y ) ! z = 3.4 i 9.1

z = ( x , y )

pi pi .

pi

+,, , /, pi pi . pi

z1 = + i, z2 = + i,

z1 z2 = ( ) + i( + ) .

pi pi Fortran. /.

pi pi 1.5, 1.6, pi pi ( ), pi pi - pi, pi . pi,

10 2.

pi pi pi pi pi . pi - pi, pi pipi :

COMPLEX : : zREAL : : x

z = (2.3 ,4.5 ) ! z = 2.3 + i 4.5

x = z ! x = 2.3

pi , pi pi - pipi pipi pi :

COMPLEX : : zINTEGER : : i

z = (2.3 ,4.5 ) ! z = 2.3 + i 4.5

i = z ! i = 2

pi pi pi pi.

pi/

pi pi REAL( ) (pi pi) :


z = (1.2 ,8.7) ! z = 1.2 i 8.7x = REAL( z ) ! x = 1.2

AIMAG( ):


z = (1.2 ,8.7) ! z = 1.2 i 8.7x = AIMAG( z ) ! x = 8.7 pi

CONJG( ):

COMPLEX : : z1 , z2

z1 = (1.2 ,8.7) ! z1 = 1.2 i 8.7z2 = CONJG( z1 ) ! z2 = 1.2 + i 8.7

(pi) |z| pi ABS( ):

2.2. 11

COMPLEX : : zREAL : : norm

z = (1.2 ,8.7) ! z = 1.2 i 8.7norm = ABS( z ) ! norm = (1.22 + 8.72)0.5

2.1.5 pi pi

pi pipi pi pi pipi pi pi pi . .. pi pi

REAL : : xINTEGER : : i , j

i = 3j = 2

x = i/ j ! x = 1.0

x pi pi (1.5) pi . pi pi

REAL : : xINTEGER : : i , j

i = 3j = 2

x = real ( i )/ real ( j ) ! x = 1.5

pi pi pi pi .

pi Fortran : REAL( ), DBLE( ),INT( ), CMPLX( ). pi pi pipi pi (INTEGER, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, COMPLEX) pi : REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION, INTEGER, COMPLEX. pi pi.

2.2

pi (AIMAG( ), CONJG( ), CMPLX( )) pi pi 2.1.4, Fortran pi pi . pi - pi 2.1. pi pi pi pi pi (pi) . , pi, DOUBLE PRECISION pi DOUBLE PRECISION.

12 2.

pi

abs(x)pi

.ceiling(x)

pi

.

floor(x)

pi

.int(x)

.nint(x)

pi

.

aint(x)

pi.

anint(x)

pi

pi.real(x)

pi.

dble(x)

pipi

.sqrt(x)

.

pipi

.

cos(x).

rad.

sin(x).

rad.

tan(x)pi.

rad.

acos(x)

.

[1:1],

pi

[0:pi]

rad.asin(x)

.

[1:1],

pi

[pi/2

:pi/2]

rad.atan(x)

pi.

pi

[pi/2

:pi/2]

rad.atan2(x,y)

pi

arctan(x/y).

pi

.

pi

[pi:pi]

rad.cosh(x)

pi.

sinh(x)pi

.tanh(x)

pipi.

exp(x).

log(x)

.pi

.log10(x)

.

pi

.m

od(x,y)

pipi

x/y.

pia

int(a/p)p.a,p

pi,

pi.

max(x1,x2,...)

pi

pi.

pipi

pi.m

in(x1,x2,...)

pi

pi

.

pipi

pi.

dim(x,y)

max(x

y,0.0).

pipi

pi,

pi.

2.1:

Fortran.

2.3. 13

:

pi Fortran pi pi pi pi pi pi -:

PROGRAM r iza

IMPLICIT NONEREAL : : x

PRINT , "Dwse ena pragmatiko "READ ( , ) x

PRINT , "H tet . r iza einai "WRITE ( , ) SQRT( x )

END PROGRAM r iza

pi pi pi pi

PROGRAM imitono

IMPLICIT NONEREAL : : theta , x

PRINT , "Dwse ena pragmatiko "READ ( , ) theta

x = SIN ( theta )

PRINT , "To imitono einai "WRITE ( , ) x

END PROGRAM imitono

pi pi pi pipi pipi (pipi pi ), pi pi pi , pi pi 2.1.

2.3

Fortran pi pi ( pi -pi ) ( 2.2). pipi pi .TRUE. .FALSE.. .. 3.0>2.0 .TRUE. 2/=1+1 .FALSE.. - pi pi . , pi , ==,/= pi.

14 2.

== /= > < >= 3) .FALSE. .NOT. (4 < 3) .TRUE.

pi .AND. .TRUE. pi .TRUE.. pipi .FALSE.:

(4 > 3) .AND. ( 3.0 > 2.0) .TRUE. (4 < 3) .AND. ( 3.0 > 2.0) .FALSE.

.OR. pi- .TRUE. pi pi .TRUE., .FALSE.:

(4 > 3) .OR. ( 3.0 < 2.0) .TRUE. (4 < 3) .OR. ( 3.0 < 2.0) .FALSE.

pi .EQV. .TRUE. pi pipi .FALSE.:

(4 < 3) .EQV. ( 3.0 < 2.0) .TRUE. (4 < 3) .EQV. ( 3.0 > 2.0) .FALSE.

.NEQV. pi .TRUE. pi .FALSE.:

(4 < 3) .NEQV. ( 3.0 < 2.0) .FALSE. (4 < 3) .NEQV. ( 3.0 > 2.0) .TRUE.

Fortran pi - pi LOGICAL:

LOGICAL : : a , bINTEGER : : i , max

. . .

a = 3==2b = ( ( i > 0) .AND. ( i < max) )

2.4. 15

2.4

2.4.1 IF

IF pi pi-. () , pi pi. Fortran - :

IF ( condition ) THEN. . .. . . // block A

ELSE. . .. . . // block B

END IF

(condition), , . , block ELSE END IF ( ).

pi pi pi , , pi -. ..

IF ( val > 0.0) THENPRINT , "The number is posi t ive "max = val

ELSEPRINT , "The number is not posi t ive "

END IF

pi pi pipi IF. pi () . pi pi .

pipi pi ELSE , ELSE pi pi :

IF ( condition ) THEN. . .. . .

END IF

pipi ELSE IF,

IF ( condition ) THEN"command"

END IF

:

IF ( condition ) "command"

pipi THEN, END IF. IF pi pi IF, pi..

16 2.

IF ( cond1 ) THEN. . .

ELSEIF ( cond2 ) THEN

. . .ELSE

. . .END IF

END IF

pipi

IF ( cond1 ) THEN. . .

ELSE IF ( cond2 ) THEN. . .

ELSE. . .

END IF

pi. pi pipi , SELECT CASE (2.4.2) pi.

2.4.2 SELECT CASE

SELECT CASE pi pi pi-pi IF. :

SELECT CASE ( i )CASE ( value1 ). . .CASE ( value2 ). . .. . .. . .CASE ( valueN ). . .CASE default. . .

END SELECT

i pipi pi ( ). value1, value2, . . . ,valueN pipi pi ( pi).

, i pi value1,value2,. . . ,valueN. pi , pi CASE. , - pi END SELECT. value1, value2,. . . ,valueN default, pi. , END SELECT.

CASE pi pipi.

2.4. 17

: pi pi pi pi pi. 0 pi, 1 ,2 , 3 , . pi

INTEGER : : iCHARACTER ( 5 ) : : direction

READ , i

SELECT CASE ( i )CASE ( 0 )

direction = "up"CASE ( 1 )

direction = "down"CASE ( 2 )

direction = " l e f t "CASE ( 3 )

direction = " right "CASE default

direction = "none"END SELECT

PRINT , "The direction is " , direction pi pi i, pi-

pi. .. (0, 4, 8) (1, 5, 9), (2, 6) (3, 7). pi pipi

SELECT CASE ( i )CASE (0 ,4 ,8)

direction = "up"CASE (1 ,5 ,9)

direction = "down"CASE (2 ,6)

direction = " l e f t "CASE (3 ,7)

direction = " right "CASE default

direction = "none"END SELECT

, pipi pi pi , pi

:

, CASE

CASE ( 0 :9 ). . .

18 2.

[0, 9]. pi pi () Fortran. ..

SELECT CASE ( i )CASE (:1). . . ! commands for i < 0CASE ( 0 ). . . ! commands for i == 0CASE ( 1 : ). . . ! commands for i > 0

END SELECT

3

pi , pi pi , pi , , pi pi pi . pipi pi pi (array) ( ) pi TYPE pi pipi .

3.1

pi pi pipi. pi, pi - pi pi pi pi pi ; pi pi 30 365, pipi pi - pi . Fortran . , 30 pi -pi pi pi, , 30 . pi pi.. temperature

REAL : : temperature (30)

, ,

REAL, DIMENSION (30) : : temperature

pi pi , pi, pi. ..

REAL : : a , b (3 ) , c (10)

pi a, pi 3 , b, pi 10 , c, pi. , - , pi pi pi pi:

INTEGER, DIMENSION (10) : : a , b , c , d (4 )

pipi 4 pi , (a, b, c) 10 (d) 4. pi pi pipi pi, .

19

20 3.

3.1.1

pi pi -pi pi pi ( - pi ) pi, pi 1 pi pi1. , pi temperature(1), temperature(2), temperature(30). - . .. 3 pi temperature

REAL : : mo3

mo3 = ( temperature (1 ) + temperature (2 ) + temperature ( 3 ) ) / 3

3.1.2 pi

pi pi pi - , pi pi ( ). ..

REAL : : a (5 )

a (1 ) = 3.0READ ( , ) a (2 ) pi pi pi pi :

(/ /), pi pi . , pi pi, 5 , c,pi 3.0, 4.5, 2.0,1.02, 0.99 ,

REAL : : c (5 )

c = (/ 3.0 , 4.5 , 2.0 , 1.0e2 , 0.99 /)

pi pi ( pi , pi pi)...

REAL, DIMENSION ( 5 ) : : c , d

c = (/ 3.0 , 4.5 , 2.0 , 1.0e2 , 0.99 /)

d = c

pi pi pi , pi pi pi READ pi-:

REAL, DIMENSION ( 5 ) : : c

READ , c ! needs 5 reals1 pipi pi pi pi .

3.1. 21

pi pi pi RESHAPE( ), pi pi.

3.1.3 pi

pi , pipi 2 3 , pi.. pi. Fortran pi , , pipi ( 7 ). pi pi 10 20 REAL : : a(10 ,20)

, ,

REAL, DIMENSION (10 ,20) : : a

i j a(i , j ). , - pi pi pi. , pi pi pi , compiler, - pi pi pi pi, pi , pi. , pi a, 2 3, pi a(1,1), a(2,1), a(1,2), a(2,2), a(3,1),a(3,2).

3.1.4

pi pi, pi pi, pi PARAMETER, 1.4, pi ( ) :

REAL, DIMENSION( 3 ) , PARAMETER : : coe f f i c i ents = (/2.0 , 2.0 , 4.0/)

pi pipi pi pi pi pi pi- , pi , pi pi 1. .. pi pi pi pi 6 2 (20,21, 22,. . . ,25) pi pi pi 0 5. pi pi pi . ..

INTEGER, PARAMETER : : powersOf2 (0 :5 ) = (/1 ,2 ,4 ,8 ,16 ,32/)

pipi , pi pi 6 , powersOf2[0],powersOf2[1], . . . , powersOf2[5]. ,

REAL : : a (M:N)

, ,

REAL, DIMENSION (M:N) : : a

M,N , pipi a (-+1) , a(M), a(M+1), . . . , a(N).

powersOf2, pi - pi [ (,) (/, /)] pi pi pi pipi:

22 3.

INTEGER : : a (0 :5 )INTEGER : : i

a = (/ (2 i , i =0 ,5) /) pi powerOf2, a pi pi, a, pi pi, pi (pi 100 pi;). pi pi .

, pi pi pi, pi pi pi . Fortran pi SIZE( ) pi pi. , pi

REAL, DIMENSION(10 ,10 ,30) : : a

pi SIZE(a), pi SIZE(a,1) , SIZE(a,2) SIZE(a,3) .

pi . pi pi a LBOUND(a,1), LBOUND(a,2), pi. UBOUND(a,1), UBOUND(a,2),pi.

4.2.

3.1.5 pi

pi pi pipi , pi. Fortran pi pi , pi ,, pi. .. pipi pi pi , pi - pi . pi pi pi pi pi , pi pipi pi.

REAL, ALLOCATABLE : : a ( : )

pi pi a. . pi N , pi N pi, , pipi

ALLOCATE( a (N ) )

pi pi pipi - pi

DEALLOCATE( a )

pi , pi pi a(M) a(N) pi M,N pi pi-,

3.2. () 23

ALLOCATE( a (M:N) )

(, , pi) pi pi

REAL, ALLOCATABLE : : b ( : , : )

ALLOCATE( b (M,N) )

pi M,N pi pi INTEGER. pi pi

DEALLOCATE( b )

ALLOCATE/DEALLOCATE pi pi pipi :

PROGRAM al locIMPLICIT NONEREAL, DIMENSION ( : ) , ALLOCATABLE : : a , bREAL, DIMENSION ( : , : ) , ALLOCATABLE : : cINTEGER : : M,N, K, P

READ ( , ) M, N, K, P

ALLOCATE ( a (M) , b (N) , c (K,P ) )

! give values to a , b , c! use a , b , c

DEALLOCATE( a )DEALLOCATE( b , c )

END PROGRAM al loc

3.2 pi ()

pi pi pi pi pipipi , . Fortranpi DO FORALL pi pipi. FORALL pi pi pipi pi pi, , pipi pi. , pi, pi . pi pi pi DO. pi FORALL.

DO pi Fortran pipi , - pi. pi :1. , , pi, 2. pi, pi pi.

24 3.

3.2.1 DO pi pi

pi DO, pi: pi

REAL : : a (5 )

pi pi pi pi, , pi

READ ( , ) a (1 ) , a (2 ) , a (3 ) , a (4 ) , a (5 )

REAL : : sum_a

sum_a = a (1 ) + a (2 ) + a (3 ) + a (4 ) + a (5 )

pipi pi pi .pi pipi pipi pi. , pi

READ ( , ) a (1 )READ ( , ) a (2 )READ ( , ) a (3 )READ ( , ) a (4 )READ ( , ) a (5 ), ,

INTEGER : : i

i =1READ ( , ) a ( i )

i =2READ ( , ) a ( i )

i =3READ ( , ) a ( i )

i =4READ ( , ) a ( i )

i =5READ ( , ) a ( i )

, pi pi

INTEGER : : iREAL : : sum_a

sum_a = 0.0

i=1sum_a = sum_a + a ( i )

3.2. () 25

i =2sum_a = sum_a + a ( i )




pi pi pi pi 1. DO pipi

INTEGER : : i

DO i = 1,5READ ( , ) a ( i )

END DO

INTEGER : : iREAL : : sum_a

sum_a = 0.0

DO i = 1,5sum_a = sum_a + a ( i )

END DO

DO

DO = , , ........END DO

pi -. , , pi . pi-pi ( (,) pi pi) 1. , pipi 0.

:

1. pi .

2. :

26 3.

, pi . ,

pi .

, pi pi pi pi .

3. 2 , (, pi) pi pi DO, END DO.

4. 2 , pi pi END DO, pi pi.

5. pi 2 ( ).

pi pipi ( pi pipi ) pi, + pi pi pi pi .

pi pipi pi , , pi, pi pi pi pi .

pipi , pi pi-,

= + ( pi ,

pi ).

pi , pi pipi pipi pi DO. . . END DO.

:

pi 100 , pi 1 100, pi- :

INTEGER : : sum, i

sum = 0DO i = 1 , 100

sum = sum + iEND DO

[0, 1000] pi- :

3.2. () 27

INTEGER : : sum, i

sum = 0DO i = 0 , 1000, 2

sum = sum + iEND DO

pi 99, 97, 95,. . . , 3, 1, , pi

INTEGER : : i

DO i = 99, 1 , 2PRINT , i

END DO

pi 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, . . . 999.9, 1000.0 INTEGER : : i

DO i = 0 , 10000PRINT , 0.1 i

END DO

pi pi piREAL: : a (10)

INTEGER : : k

DO k = 1, SIZE ( a )READ , a (k )

END DO

pi pi pi pi pi DO:

INTEGER : : i

PRINT , (0.1 i , i =0, 10000)

INTEGER : : k

READ , ( a (k ) , k=1, SIZE ( a ) ) DO pi

pi a

28 3.

INTEGER : : i

PRINT , ( a ( i ) , i =1,SIZE ( a ) ,2 ), pi ,

INTEGER : : i

PRINT , ( a ( i ) , i =LBOUND(a ,1 ) ,UBOUND(a ,1 ) ,2 )pi pi pi pi, pi DO pi pi pi pi , pi () .

3.2.2 DO pi pi

pi pi - pi pi pi. .. pi , pi pi pi -pi pi . pipi pi , -. pi pi . pi pi Fortran DO . pi:

DO. . . .. . . .END DO

DO pi pi DO. . . END DO pi. , pipi pi pi pi pi pi. Fortran pi EXIT (3.2.4) pi .

3.2.3 CYCLE

CYCLE pi DO. . . END DO. , pi pi DO pi pi pipi, pi, pi . pi pipi DO . pipi DO , 3.2.2, pi.

:

INTEGER : : iREAL : : x

DO i =1,100

READ , xIF ( x < 0.0) CYCLE ! r e j e c t x

3.2. () 29

PRINT , "Square root is " , SQRT( x )END DO

3.2.4 EXIT

EXIT pi DO. . . END DO - . , pi pi pi pi. pi pi pi END DO.

: pi pi pi pi

REAL : : x

DOREAD , xIF ( x > 0.0) EXIT

END DO

3.2.5

pi DO. ( pi :) pi DO, , pi pi END DO, pi pipi:

onoma: DO i =1, 10. . . .. . . .

END DO onoma

pi , 1.2.2. DO EXIT CYCLE.

pi pi pi pi pi-, pi pi. , ,pi , ,

CYCLE onoma

EXIT onoma

onoma. , pi.., pi

outer : DO i =1,10DO j =1,10

DO k=1,20. . .. . .

30 3.

IF ( k > i+ j ) EXIT outerEND DO

END DOEND DO outer

pipi pi, pi EXIT ( ) pi END DO outer.

4

pi Fortran 90 - pi Fortran 95 pi , pi pi (elemental).

4.1

=,+,, , /, 2.1 pi pi pi ( ). Fortran 90 pi pi pi - pi . pi, pi REAL : : x

x = 3.4 pi pi REAL : : a (10)INTEGER : : i

DO i =1,SIZE ( a )a ( i ) = 3.4

END DO

, pi pi REAL : : a (10)

a = 3.4 (=) pipi a. pi pi, pi pi -, pi DO.

pi pi, 3.1.2. a = b, pi a, b pi pi , b a.

31

32 4.

pi pi pi pi - pipi pi pi. pipi

REAL, DIMENSION (10) : : a , b , cINTEGER : : i. . . . . . ! apodosi timwn se a ,b

DO i =1,SIZE ( a )c ( i ) = a ( i ) + b ( i )

END DO

REAL, DIMENSION (10) : : a , b , c. . . . . . ! apodosi timwn se a ,b

c = a + b

pi pi pi pi, pi pi DO. pipi pipi pi, pi

REAL, DIMENSION (10) : : a , b , c. . . . . . ! apodosi timwn se a ,b

c = a b

REAL, DIMENSION (10) : : a , b , cINTEGER : : i. . . . . . ! apodosi timwn se a ,b

DO i =1,SIZE ( a )c ( i ) = a ( i ) b ( i )

END DO

.pi , pi pi, pi

pi pi pi pi .

REAL : : lambda, a (10) , b(20)

a = lambda a

b = lambda b : pipi lambda a,b, . ,

a = a b

4.1. 33

. pi , -

pi pi pi pi . .. REAL : : x , y. . . . . ! apodosi t imis sto x

y = SQRT( x )pi x y. pi pi a pi pi b:INTEGER : : a (20) , b(20). . . . . ! apodosi t imis sto a

b = SQRT( a ) pi INTEGER : : a (20) , b(20) , i. . . . . ! apodosi t imis sto a

DO i =1,SIZE ( a )b ( i ) = SQRT( a ( i ) )

END DO

4.1.1 pi

pi pi Fortran pi... a pi 10 , 3,4,5,6,7 a(3:7) pi pi, 5 SIZE(a(3:7)) pi 5. pi pi pipi pi pi 5 ., pi REAL : : a (10) , b(20)

a = b(1:10) ( 10 pi b a), a=b . ,

a a(1:SIZE(a)) pi a (pi pi 1).

pi, pi pi - pi , . , pi, ,pipi pi a pi pi 4. pi a(1:7:2). pi - , pi pi . , pi pi a pi ,

34 4.

a( : : )

pipi, pi 1. pipi pi pi . , pipi pipi .

a(:10) a(1:10)a(4:) a(4:SIZE(a))a(:) a(1:SIZE(a)) a

pipi : pi. pi

REAL : : a(100) , tempINTEGER : : i

DO i = 1 , SIZE ( a)/2temp = a (SIZE ( a ) i + 1)a (SIZE ( a ) i + 1) = a ( i )a ( i ) = temp

END DO

pipi pi pi pi pi a(i ), a(SIZE(a)i+1). pi pi pi, pi

a = a (SIZE ( a):1:1) pi a pi pi pi pi a.

pi pi. a pi10 20, INTEGER : : a(10 ,20)

a(1:5,1:6) pi 5 6 pi pi 5 pi 6 pi .

pi pi (pi.. ) (pi.. pipi) pi a a(3,:) a(:,5). pi .

4.2 pi

Fortran 90 pi pi pi pi - pi pi. (3.1.4) SIZE( ), LBOUND( ),UBOUND( ). :

SUM( ): SUM( ) pi pi ( , pi pi). ..

4.2. 35

INTEGER : : a (10) , s

a = (/ 1, 5 , 4 , 2 , 12, 9 , 8 , 2 , 4, 7 /)

s = SUM(a ) ! s = 32

PRODUCT( ): PRODUCT( ) pi pi ( , pi pi). ..

INTEGER : : a (10) , p

a = (/ 1, 5 , 4 , 2 , 12, 9 , 8 , 2 , 4, 7 /)

p = PRODUCT(a ) ! p = 1935360

DOT_PRODUCT( ): DOT_PRODUCT( ) pi pi pi pi. DOT_PRODUCT(a,b) pi

i aibi pi a pi. i ai bi pi a pi COMPLEX.

pi a,b pi LOGICAL, DOT_PRODUCT(a,b) pi.TRUE. pi .TRUE., pi .FALSE.

MATMUL( ): MATMUL( ) pi pi pi- . pi pipi - pi . pipi , pipi pi pi. pi - pi pi pipi pi pi.pi, pi C = A B A,B,C pi C=MATMUL(A,B).pi pi , pi A, B pi C

Cij =k

aikbkj .

MATMUL( ) pi pi

INTEGER : : i , j , kREAL : : s

DO i = 1 ,SIZE (A,1 )DO j = 1 ,SIZE (B,2 )

s = 0.0DO k = 1, SIZE (A,2 )

s = s + a ( i ,k ) b (k, j )END DO

36 4.

c ( i , j ) = sEND DO

END DO

TRANSPOSE( ): TRANSPOSE( ) pi pi .

REAL : : a(10 , 20) , at (20 ,10)

at = TRANSPOSE(a )

pi at (i, j) (j, i) pi a.

COUNT( ): COUNT( ) pi - pi, pi pi pi pi -pi . .. COUNT(A > 10) pi () pi a pi pi 10.

MAXVAL( )/MINVAL( ): MAXVAL( ) MINVAL( ) pi , , pi pi pi pi .

MAXLOC( )/MINLOC( ): MAXLOC( ) MINLOC( ) pipi pi pi pi / ... a pi pi (2, 3) , MINLOC(a) pi - pi 2 (pi ), 3 ( ). , pi pipi pi .

ALL( ): ALL( ) , pi -, pi pi. pi , pi .TRUE.. pipipi .FALSE..

ANY( ): ANY( ) , pi , pi pi. pi , pi .TRUE.. pipi pi .FALSE..

pipi pi pipi .

4.3 WHERE

WHERE pi IF, pi pi, IF pi. , WHERE

WHERE ( condition ). . . .. . . .

ELSEWHERE

4.3. WHERE 37

. . . .

. . . .END WHERE

condition, , pi , pi pipi. WHERE pipi pi pi pi pi . pi pi pi , pi ELSEWHERE. pi , ELSEWHERE. .., pi pi a pib, b a .

DO i = 1 ,SIZE ( a )IF ( a ( i ) > 0.0) THEN

b( i ) = a ( i )ELSE

b ( i ) = 0.0END IF

END DO

WHERE ( a > 0.0)b = a

ELSEWHEREb = 0.0

END WHERE

pipi pi pipi ELSEWHERE. , pipi, , pi WHERE. , pi pi a b

WHERE ( a>=0.0) b = SQRT( a )

b pi a pipi.

5

5.1 pi

pi , pi pi , pi, pi pi pi pi . , , pi pi pi. , pi .

, pi pi pi pipi. .. pi pi pi pi pi, pipi pi , - pi , pipi pi, pi. , pi, - (pi pi , pi , , , pi.), pi (pi pi , , -, , pi.), pi pi . pi pi pi pi pi pi pi . , 500 3000

INTEGER, PARAMETER : : N = 500 ! number of studentsINTEGER, PARAMETER : : M = 3000 ! number of books

CHARACTER(30) : : studentName (N)CHARACTER(50) : : bookAuthor (M)CHARACTER(60) : : bookTitle (M)INTEGER : : studentAM(N) , studentYear (N) , bookYear (M)

pi pipi pi ( ) pi pi, pipi , pi pi pi pi . - pi pi , compiler pi . pi pipi pi ( ,

39

40 5.

, pi. , , pi , -, , pi.) , , , , pi. , pi, pipi , pi pi pi pi pi pi.

, pi pi pi pipi pi pi -. pi pi pi pi: pi, pi pi !

Fortran 90 , pi. pi TYPE pi

TYPE onoma ......END TYPE onoma

TYPE pi pi pi TYPE. . . END TYPE . pi pi pi pi pi pi pi TYPE. pi pi :

TYPE (onoma) : : x

pi pi pi , pi pi-.

pipi, pi pi pi pipi, pi pi pi, pi pi :

TYPE studentCHARACTER(30) : : studentNameINTEGER : : studentAM, studentYear

END TYPE student

TYPE bookCHARACTER(50) : : bookAuthorCHARACTER(60) : : bookTitleINTEGER : : bookYear

END TYPE book

pi pi pi pi . pi, pi

TYPE studentCHARACTER(30) : : name

5.1. 41

INTEGER : : am, yearEND TYPE student

TYPE bookCHARACTER(50) : : authorCHARACTER(60) : : t i t l eINTEGER : : year

END TYPE book

pi . pi pi

TYPE ( student ) : : sTYPE ( book ) : : b

INTEGER, PARAMETER : : N = 500 ! number of studentsINTEGER, PARAMETER : : M = 3000 ! number of books

TYPE ( student ) : : students (N)TYPE ( book ) : : books (M)

, s b, pipi student book.

pi , pi pi %. , pi pi

TYPE ( book ) : : b

b%t i t l e = " Fortran 95/2003 explained "b%author = " Michael Metcalf , John Reid , Malcolm Cohen"b%year = 2004

pi pi pi - , pi pi pi pi . pi.., pi

PRINT , b%t i t l ePRINT , b%author

IF ( b%year > 2003) THEN. . . . .

END IF

pi ,pi . pi , pi pi

TYPE ( book ) : : b , c

b%t i t l e = " Fortran 95/2003 explained "b%author = " Michael Metcalf , John Reid , Malcolm Cohen"b%year = 2004

42 5.

c = b pi pi pi :TYPE ( book ) : : b

b = book ( "Michael Metcalf , John Reid , Malcolm Cohen" , &" Fortran 95/2003 explained " , &2004)

pi - pi pi pi, . pi pi . pipi, pi pi, pi pi pi pi , pi , pi pi READ :TYPE ( book ) : : b

READ , b

pi pipi pi pi pi pi , pi , pi pi pi , pi pipi pi pi.

, pi.., 70 (, , ) pi. pi pi INTEGER, PARAMETER : : N = 70INTEGER, DIMENSION (N) : : day , month, yearREAL : : temperature (N)pi pi, pi pi pi . ( !) INTEGER, PARAMETER : : N = 70INTEGER, DIMENSION (3 ,N) : : dateREAL : : temperature (N) pipi date pipi pi date(1,j) j , date(2,j) date(3,j) . ( pi pi, pi !). -pi (date) pi pi (temperatu-re), , pipi, : date(1,5), date(2,5), date(3,5), date(1,8) pipi pi pi .

pi pi, - (date):

5.2. / 43

TYPE dateINTEGER : : day , month, year

END TYPE date

pi, (measurement):

TYPE measurementTYPE ( date ) : : dREAL : : temperature

END TYPE measurement

pipi, pi

TYPE (measurement ) : : meas(70)

pi j pi

meas( j )%date%day = 21meas( j )%date%month = 3meas( j )%date%year = 2006meas( j )%temperature = 24.5

5.2 /

, pi READ/WRITE ( PRINT) , pi pi pi pi pi - . pi , pi pi pi pi pi, pi, pi. pi pipi pi pi /- pi . pi pi / , 2.1.1, FORMAT. pi FORMAT pi pi.

pi pi FORMAT

READ ( , " ( . . . . . . ) " ) a , b , iWRITE ( , " ( . . . . . . ) " ) f , g , hhhh, ,

READ " ( . . . . . . ) " , a , b , iPRINT " ( . . . . . . . ) " , f , g , hhhh

pi, * READ(,)/WRITE(,) * READ /PRINT pi pi pi - pi . pi pi.

, pi pi - FORMAT. pi pi FORMAT pi

44 5.

* /. FORMAT pi pipi pi (pi END CONTAINS) - pi pi. FORMAT pi pi , pi READ/WRITE, , pi pi pi pi( , pi, MODULE). pipi pi

READ ( , 12) a , b , i12 FORMAT ( . . . . . . )

WRITE ( , 25) f , g , hhhh25 FORMAT ( . . . . . . . )

READ 12, a , b , i12 FORMAT ( . . . . . . )

PRINT 25, f , g , hhhh25 FORMAT ( . . . . . . . )

FORMAT pi (pi pi pi pi).

5.2.1 FORMAT

pi pi pi pi FORMAT pi pi READ/WRITE.

pi pi pi , pipi pi- FORMAT pi pi , pi, , .

pi,

pi pi I pi - pi w, pi . Iw.

WRITE ( , " I ( 5 ) " ) 12

pi

12

pi pi - . pi pi ,pi pi, pi -. , pi pi w *. pi pi 0, I0 pi pi pi pi .

5.2. / 45

, pipi pi pi pi pi. ,

-345

, pipi FORMAT 7, :

READ ( , " ( I7 ) " ) i

pi pi pi pi pi pi, n FORMAT Iw.n. n , pi 0.

WRITE ( , " ( I5 .3 ) " ) 99

pi

099

pi pi pi E EN ES F pi pi, w, pi , d, Fw.d. w pi - pi, pi . d . FORMAT pi pi. F pi . ,

WRITE( , " (F9.2 ) " ) 146.29pi

-146.29

E, EN, ES FORMAT pi pi pi pi pi E pi 10. , E pi 0.xxxxE yy 0.xxxxE yyy 0.xxxx yyy ( pi 99).

WRITE ( , " (E10.2 ) " ) 123E5

pi

0.12E+08

ES pi pi E pi E pi 1 10.

WRITE ( , " (ES10.2 ) " ) 123E5

pi

1.23E+07

46 5.

EN pi pi E pipi 3 pi E pi 1 1000.

WRITE ( , " (EN10.2 ) " ) 123E5

pi

12.30E+06

pi

9.3729

pi READ:

READ ( , " (F8.2 ) " ) x ! or E8.2 or EN8.2 or ES8.2

93.729E-1

READ pi pipi 10

READ ( , " (F10.1 ) " ) x ! or E10.1 or EN10.1 or ES10.1

pi , pi pi - F , pi 0 pi .

pi pi FORMAT pi, - . ..

WRITE ( , " (F6.1 ,E8.1 ) " ) (0.1 , 100.0)

pi

0.1 0.1E+03

FORMAT (pi pi ) pi pi pi, pi FORMAT , , pi FORMAT. ..

WRITE ( , " (F6.1 , , ,E8.1 ) " ) (0.1 , 100.0)

pi

0.1, 0.1E+03

pi pi L pi pi, w. pi .TRUE. .FALSE. T F . pi .

5.2. / 47

pi A, pi pi pi. pi- , pi pi pi . ..

WRITE ( , " (A) " ) " This is a statement "

pi

This is a statement

pipi pi pi pi - G pi pi, w, pi , d, Gw.d. pi , - Iw, Lw, Aw pi Ew.d pi pi pi F.

pi pi pi pi pi pi , pi, -, FORMAT , pi TYPE.

pi pi pi pi, pi FORMAT . FORMAT pipi pipi , pi pi:

100 FORMAT ( I4 , I4 , I4 )

100 FORMAT (3 I4 )

200 FORMAT ( I4 ,F4.2 , I4 ,F4.2 )

pi

200 FORMAT ( 2 ( I4 ,F4 . 2 ) )

5.2.2 FORMAT

pi pi pi pi, FORMAT pi pi ( )

pi pi , / pi pi , nX pi n . FORMAT pi

pi n .

pi pi , , pi 1X, pi pipi pi pi.

48 5.

5.2.3

pipi pi pi pi,pi WRITE advance="no". pi pi FORMAT pi ( pi *). ..

WRITE ( , " ( a ) " , advance="no" ) " Give number: "READ ( , ) x

5.3

, pi pi . pi, , pi .

pipi.

5.3.1

pi pi pi pi . pi pi pipi . OPEN .

OPEN( unit = u, f i l e = fname, status = stat , position= pos , &action = act )

unit= pi . u pi , , pi pi . pi , 99. pi , file= pipi pipi. , . , pi "input.dat" 12, pipi

OPEN( unit = 12, f i l e = " input . dat " )

pi pi

OPEN(12 , f i l e = " input . dat " )

pi pi pi pipi. pipi , pi, pi pi

. :

status= pi "old", "new", "replace", "scratch", "unknown".

1. pi (pi),2. ( pi ),3. pi -

,

5.3. 49

4. pi ( pipi file=),

5. .

pi pi pi , status="unknown".

position= pi

1. "rewind", pi pi ,

2. "append", pi pi ,

3. "asis" pi , pi OPEN. pi pi position=.

action= "read", "write" "readwrite" -pi , ,.

.. , 34, "data" pi pi pi

OPEN ( unit = 34, f i l e ="data " , status = " old " , action = " read " )

pi READ WRITE , pi pi *,

READ(34 , " (F8.2 ) " ) x

, ,

READ( unit = 34, fmt = " (F8.2 ) " ) x

pipi pi. pi-

CLOSE(u)

pi u . pi, pi .

pi pi pi pi pi . 5 6 . 0 pi pi ( ).

pi pi .

50 5.

5.3.2

pi pi pi pi pi. pi pi pi ,pi . - pi, . pipi READ/WRITE, pi *. , ,

CHARACTER(50) : : strINTEGER : : ii = 3WRITE( str , " (A, I0 ,A) " ) " fname_" , i , " . dat "! s t r is " fname_3 . dat "

pi FORMAT str. pi pi pi pi pi OPEN.

6

pi

6.1

pi pi pi pi Fortran, pi pi-pi . , , pi-, , , -, . pi pi pi pi, , . pi pi pi, pi, , , pi pi - pi pi (PROGRAM. . . END PROGRAM) pipi-, pi . pipi pi pi pi, pi. pi, pipi.

pi pipi pi pipi pipi pi , pi, pi pi. pi.., pi pi, - pi , pi pipi ,pi, pi pi pi pi-. pi pi pi pi , pipi pi pi pipi pi pipi pi pi .

pi pi pi (structured) (procedural) pi-.

pi pi FORTRAN pipi pi , , pi, PROGRAM. . . END PROGRAM. pi pi pi pipi, pi pi pi pi pi . pipi pi pi pi, pi -

51

52 6.

pipi pipi.

6.1.1 pipi

pipi Fortran . pi

f(x) = x2 + 5x 2 .

pi, x2 + 5x 2, pi , f , pi pi pi pi- . pi , x, pi, pi pi. f(x) pi f pi, pi , pi x. x pi , pi- . pi pi x2 + 5x 2 pi x pi pi ( ) - f pi , x. , pi.., y = f(2.5) pi y = 2.52 + 5 2.5 2. pi pi x, , , pi x. pi pi (pi) pi pi pi-. pi pi pi (pi). pi pi pi pi . , pi pi.

Fortran, pi : pi pi pi . pi pi , pi pi. pipi pi pi pi pi pi. pipi pi - pi pi . pi pi pi. - pipi pi pi pipi pi . pi pi pi pi pi , , pi pi, pi pi.

pi_pi FUNCTION (, ,. . . )pi__ :: pi__ ::

pi :: , ...

! ......

6.1. 53

......END FUNCTION

, pi pi (pi, -, pi ):

FUNCTION (, ,. . . )pi_pi :: pi__ :: pi__ ::

pi :: , ...

! ............END FUNCTION

pi , pipi, pi.

pi pi pipi pi (5.1). pi pi pi pi pi. pi, pi pi, pi pipi pi pi , pi, , pipi pi ( pi-). pi pi pi .

pipi pi

SUBROUTINE (, ,. . . )pi__ :: pi__ ::

pi :: , ...

! ............END SUBROUTINE

pipi pi pi pi pipi .

6.1.2

pipi pi pi:

pi pi pi- x2+x9 x = 1.3, x = 2.7, x = 0.5. pi :

54 6.

PROGRAM funIMPLICIT NONE

REAL : : x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3

x1 = 1.3y1 = x12 + x1 9.0

x2 = 2.7y2 = x22 + x2 9.0

x3 = 0.5y3 = x32 + x3 9.0

! . . . . . .! . . . . . .END PROGRAM fun

pi , , pi. pi pi , pipi pi pi pi pi pi pipi pi . ,pi pipi

FUNCTION polynomial ( x )IMPLICIT NONE

REAL, INTENT ( in ) : : xREAL : : polynomial

polynomial = xx + x 9.0END FUNCTION polynomial

, polynomial, pi pi pi -, 1.2.2. pi , , x pi pi. pi pi pi. pipi pi pi , pi, pi pi pi pi pi pipi . pipi , pi , , pi ,

REAL FUNCTION polynomial ( x ). . . . .. . . . .

END FUNCTION polynomial

pi-, pi pi, . pi pi pipi . -

6.1. 55

, pipi pi pi pi .

pi pi. , pi pi pi , pipi , - x pi . pipi, pi pi INTENT (in). - pi pi pi . pipi pi pipi- . pipi pi pi pi , , ( ) pi INTENT (out). pipipi pi pipi pi ,pi INTENT (inout). , pi pi pi .

pi pi pi, . , pi .

pi pi pipi, , pi , pi:

pi

ln(1 + x) = k=1

(x)kk

, 1 x 1 .

pi ln(1.05) pi (log). , pi pi pi pi pi pipi .

PROGRAM logarithmIMPLICIT NONEREAL : : sum, y , x , termINTEGER : : k

! PART A! READ

DOREAD , yx = y 1.0IF ( (1.0

56 6.

IF (ABS( term ) < 1e6) EXITsum = sum + termk = k + 1

END DO

! PART C! PRINT

PRINT , " ln ( " , y , " ) = " , sum, log ( y )END PROGRAM logarithm

pi pi :

1. pi ,

2. pi pi pi

3. pi pi.

pi pi pi pipi-.

pi sum ( ) pi !PART A !PART B. pi - pi pi pi sum:

FUNCTION sumseries ( x )IMPLICIT NONE

REAL, INTENT ( in ) : : xREAL : : sumseries

REAL : : term , sumINTEGER : : k

k = 1sum = 0.0DO

term = (x )k / kIF (ABS( term ) < 1e6) EXITsum = sum + termk = k + 1

END DOsumseries = sum

END FUNCTION sumseries

pi pi, ,pi

REAL FUNCTION sumseries ( x ). . . . .. . . . .


6.1. 57

pi pi- .

, pi pi pi pi, pi . pi pi pi pipi pi.pi pi pi ( , , ) pi pi . FUNCTION readxy ( y )

IMPLICIT NONEREAL, INTENT ( out ) : : yREAL : : readxy

REAL : : x

DOREAD , yx = y 1.0IF ( (1.0

58 6.

pi pi, - , , pi pi pi pi pipi . , pi.. polynomial() pi pi-pi pi pi :

y = polynomial (1 .3 )

y = polynomial (2 .4 ) + 2.0 polynomial (3 .5 ) + 4.0, ,

PRINT , polynomial (4 .6 ), , pi , pi 2:

polynomial (3 .4 ) ! errorpolynomial (3 .4 ) = 4.0 ! errory=polynomial ! error

pi pi. pipi pi pi , pi, . , pi CALL pi . pireadxy() pi pipi pi ( !)

REAL : : x , y

CALL readxy ( x , y )

. pi pipi pi , pi pi. , x,y pi pi pi.

pi pi pipi - , pi, pipi(, , )3. , pi pi , pipi pi pi , , ,pi , pi pi pipi , - , pi , pi . pi pi : - pi pipi pi pi,pi interface () pi-pi pi . interface , pi pi pipi pi pi pi pi pi pi . pi, pipi pi (pi pipi), ( END). .. interface polynomial() pi pipi :

2 .3 pi pi pi.

6.1. 59

FUNCTION polynomial ( x )IMPLICIT NONE

REAL, INTENT ( in ) : : xREAL : : polynomial

END FUNCTION polynomial

pi readxy() :

SUBROUTINE readxy ( x , y )IMPLICIT NONEREAL, INTENT ( out ) : : x , y

END SUBROUTINE readxy

interfaces pipi pi pi pipi pi INTERFACE. . . END INTERFACE.

6.1.4

pipi pipi pi (lo-garithm), 6.1.2, 55. , , pi- sumseries() pipi readxy(). pi, pi:

FUNCTION sumseries ( x )IMPLICIT NONE

REAL, INTENT ( in ) : : xREAL : : sumseries

REAL : : term , sumINTEGER : : k

k = 1sum = 0.0DO

term = (x )k / kIF (ABS( term ) < 1e6) EXITsum = sum + termk = k + 1

END DOsumseries = sum


SUBROUTINE readxy ( x , y )IMPLICIT NONEREAL, INTENT ( out ) : : x , y

DOREAD , yx = y 1.0

60 6.

IF ( (1.0

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