forward to basics by willem jan snel mecanoo

forward to basicswillem jan snel

mobility space is an important topic in architecture and urban planning

Justus van Effenblok Rotterdam Social Housing, 1922architect Michiel Brinkman

city blocks as networks

space for the dairyman

In the last 50 years, mobility became a dominant theme in our daily life. Car ownership dominted the spatial solutions, a trend that Reyner Banham describes as early as 1971 in his book Los Angeles, the Architecture of Four Ecologies. But the world is changing. The task for the future is to fully develop the environment, the economy and technology in the right balance with people's needs. This means the architects’ task is to come up with solutions that break new ground – to produce designs that answer the steadily growing and changing demand for mobility. This demand should not be resisted, but rather channelled along the right lines. It is vital that work be done on public transport and motorways, as well as on bike-, skate- and footpaths. Wonderful transfer junctions between train, metro, bus, car and bicycle must be designed. The landscape angle must be combined with awareness that mobility routes are public spaces with a culture, code of conduct and aesthetics of their own. Research and design must lead to the development of a new set of instruments. The current world belongs to a different kind of person with a different kind of mind. It demands new solutions in mobility towards sharpening its effectiveness and in the preparation of societies to participate in an increasingly diverse world, in which flexibility is becoming a pre-eminent skill.

The extensive experience Mecanoo gained over more than 30 years results in designs and strategies that are realized with technical expertise and great attention to detail. The broad spectrum of Mecanoo’s projects allows the office to be creative and innovative in the search for new solutions, approaching each design problem with new vigour and enthusiasm..

Pink, D., the conceptual age, 1995

preface

1800 1900 2100

2007: credit crunch

Conceptual ageInformation Age

Industrial Age

Agriculture Age

2000

1902 - 1922planning a healthy cityintroducing housing lawsocial housing projects rotterdamgood basics for daily live

mecanoomobility

7

mecanoomobility

8

The managed cityThe managed city is the old urban structure that is still present, but had become hidden from view by traffic signs, parking prevention bollards, shop displays, bike racks, rubbish containers, glass containers, advertising signs and terraces. One of the important means to recover the image of the city is to formulate rules, for example concerning pavement. In mean time the city is covered with over three million sand yellow clinkers and lines of old, glimmering granite boulders and smooth, blue cindered scoria bricks. As a result the city looks more homogeneous.

mecanoo, early yearsgroningen

mecanoomobility

9

The characteristic cityThe characteristic city is the city of the postcards. It is the city of the places that stick in the memory of residents and visitors: the Grote Markt, the Vismarkt, the ring of canals. These locations have to be emphasised in defining the public space of the city.

mecanoomobility

10

The hidden cityThe hidden city exists of the courtyards and gardens that hide from sight in the urban structure of the controlled city. They lead an introverted, ‘quiet’ life, far from the bustle and constantly changing image of the city. Little has changed in the Hidden City in the course of centuries. There is no reason at all to change any of it at the moment.

mecanoomobility

11

The expressive cityThe expressive city indicates those rare points where an exuberant, trendy design of the public space is in place. This is where the city radiates its vitality and élan. The sites have often been bottlenecks in the city for years. An example is the gradually ascending terrace in the middle of the Poelestraat. For this terrace an attractive, steel pergola has been designed. It refers to the old city gate that used to be in this spot.

mecanoomobility

1

In 1976, in his book The Joyless Economy, the economist and welfare theorist TiborScitovsky predicted that an excess of standard goods would lead to increasing socialdissatisfaction, because these goods are devoid of real sensory stimulation for humanbeings.1 Scitovsky’s predictions about a cheerless and tasteless economy leaving deeptraces throughout Europe are directly borne out in the physical planning, urban develop-ment and architecture of the last few decades. The mobility axes illustrate this clearly.Add to that more than 400 km of noise-protection barriers and you have a model of thebad taste inherent in the most visited public space in the Netherlands: the motorway.

In my book Composition, Contrast, Complexity, I submit that architecture cannotbe put into words.2 The book describes twenty projects. Ten statements – on thin,fragile Japanese paper – encapsulate the views upon which I base this proposition.Or to put it a better way, perhaps, they clarify what I am seeking. The fifth statement ison the aesthetics of mobility. The twentieth project describes ‘A room with a view’. I willattempt to explain why the architect of the Library and the Master Plan of the TechnicalUniversity of Delft is introducing a subject like the aesthetics of mobility.

CORRIDOR ROUTE

Mobility

A Room with a View

visioning on mobility as a whole: a room with a view

The art of integral engineering and the aesthetics of mobility (1999)

mecanoomobility

2

As a member of the VROM council, I become involved in the political discussion about the future layout of the Netherlands. 3 One of the topics is corridor development – I oppose this. Mobility is part of modern society; it is a daily pursuit, just like housing, work and recreation. Mobility is not just about traffic jams, asphalt, delays and tollgates, but also about people deriving a sensory experience from their everyday mobility. Every day, travelling along roads and railways, millions of people experience the changes of the city and countryside. For them, the train and the car are also ‘a room with a view’.

One might wonder whether the traditional methods of urban planners, in the form of future scenarios depicted statically in maps coloured red, blue, yellow and green, are truly appropriate. These maps are not merely static – they are two-dimension-al. The third dimension is missing, as are the dynamics of motion. One might be well-advised to view the Netherlands from the moving perspective of the everyday mobile person. Perhaps it is the combination of mobility, city and countryside that has given rise to the population’s increasing sense of saturation.

On the VROM council, beautifully put together when it comes to disciplines, I am the only architect. 4 To me, an architect’s task is to imagine, to be a visionary, to propose and disseminate ideas, to inspire – not to fixate on that which is wrong or ugly, but to go in search of what is in fact possible.

That is the moment the adventure begins.

December 1998

VROM council (Council for

Housing, Physical Planning

and the Environment)

mecanoomobility

3

At the invitation of the Minister for Transport, Public Works and Water Management, I give a lecture entitled ‘The Art of Integral Engineering and the Aesthetics of Mobility’. 5 Before an audience composed almost entirely of engineers and admini-strators, I propose viewing the motorway as a design brief. A brief that requires both a cultural turnaround and a new set of instruments. This is because existing urban development practice is not up to the task.

To give the aesthetics of mobility some form, I introduce six typologies that can deal with the alternation from the scale of the city to that of the countryside. Three relate to the countryside: the panoramic landscape, the eco-viaduct and the Bali model. The other three relate to the city: the Ruhr area, Las Vegas and La Défense. They form a series running from utmost rural to urban in the extreme. As a symbol for the cultural turnaround needed, the roads may be seen as routes and given names, such as the Louis Couperus Route, the Erasmus Route, the Rembrandt Route and the Zuiderzee Route. The routes need not just vision and direction, but more importantly a client to commis-sion them.

In the period that follows, administrators in the Netherlands seem to rise to the challenge and accept the responsibility of taking on the role of client in commissioning the great mobility axes. To me, this illustrates the unique architectural climate in the Netherlands, so admired abroad.

1 February 1999

The Art of Integral Engineering

and the Aesthetics of Mobility

Las Vegas

Bali

La Defense

Ecoviaduct

Ruhrgebiet

The vast landscape

Time: Zuiderzee route (1999)

mecanoomobility

6

A characteristic of the route to the north is the interplay of infrastructure lines– motorway, railway, power lines, waterways and dikes. A conspicuous feature of thepolder landscape is that the motorway network runs not quite parallel to the other lines.The railway, the motorway and the power lines play a sort of game of ‘attract and repel’with one another. As you ride along, at times you see them all and at times they suddenlydisappear. The variations in height for the magnetic suspension track – we introduce fiveheights: mole high, knee high, cow high, tree high and mast high – allow even greaterpossibilities for composition.Research into the future development and identity of various landscapes and seven cit-ies (Amsterdam, Almere, Lelystad, Emmeloord, Heerenveen, Drachten and Groningen)situated along the Zuiderzee Route provides dramatic evidence of much more extensiveuse of space in the northern provinces, compared to the Randstad, the densely builturban conglomeration in the west of the Netherlands. Our advice is to use the construc-tion of a rapid-transit Zuiderzee Route to bring about a change from extensive to moreintensive land use.

Land is a valuable possession. The Netherlands is known for its scarcity of space.Yet land in the Netherlands is squandered because the price of land is far too low, whichobviates the need for intelligent solutions, such as dual land use, inventive combinations of,and with, infrastructure. This is the first statement in my book, cited earlier.

mecanoomobility

7

In this study we research the route from Delft to Leiden, Amsterdam, Utrecht,Gouda, Rotterdam and back to Delft – the Randstad Circuit – in terms of the relationshipbetween ecology and infrastructure. 8 On a map, colour hand symbols indicate wherezones of transition and communication between different ecosystems are needed.The motorway blocks ecological exchange between areas on either side of the road.In this way the Randstad Circuit creates a large area of inbreeding for flora and fauna.By raising the road somewhat in places, we can perforate it with ecological passages thatre-establish contact between the two sides of the road in this watery area.

Another map shows the panoramas seen by motorists along the RandstadCircuit. The minimum measure of a panorama is set at one km. The longest panorama,8,5 km, lies in the Haarlemmermeer polder. At a speed of 100 km per hour, one sees it infive minutes. We call the series of panoramas the Hollandse Meesters (Dutch Masters),after Jacob van Ruisdael, Jan van Goyen and Aelbert Cuyp, landscape painters from ourGolden Age.

The analysis shows that the panoramas and perforations can often share thesame locations. There are building commissions to advise on cityscapes and the appear-ance of villages, but there is no one to keep an eye on the appearance of entire motor-ways. A coherent administrative policy designed to protect and maintain the panoramascould make the locations of the ecological passages instantly visible to the traveller.

July 2000

Panoramas and Perforations

mecanoomobility

8

The Zuiderzee Line and the Louis Couperus Route are two of nine ‘majorprojects’ included in the government’s policy document Designing The Netherlands:Architectural Policy 2001-2004.9 This policy document is issued by four ministers:Education, Culture and Science; Housing, Physical Planning and the Environment;Transport, Public Works and Water Management; and Agriculture, Nature Managementand Fisheries. This shows that the ministers are taking on their joint responsibility.This unique cooperation means a breakthrough in the practice of physical planning.

Ocotober 2000

Les Grands Projects

(Major projects)

PANORAMA’S AND PERFORATIONS

wet corridor

gradientconservation

intensification

enhancement

Experience: Le Grand Projet

Bijlmerpark (2003)

mecanoomobility

57

Transferhub Bleizo (2010)

mecanoomobility

57

mecanoomobility

58

mecanoomobility

58


mitigating traffic through design luxemburg stad (2011)

CYCLING

WORK

MOBILITY

KNOWLEDGE

QUALITY OF LIFE

MULTIMODALITY

LANDSCAPE

BUILT

ENVIRONMENT

UtrechtAmsterdamMaastricht

EindhovenS’Hertogenbosch

A2 study (2013)

A2 study (2013)

parijs

berlijn

milaan

budapest

rome

lyon

barcelona

londen

manchester

kopenhagen

stockholm

keulen

brussel

parijs

londen

hamburg

lille

brussel

luik

HSLICEkeulen

intercitydirect

eurostar

mecanoomobility

67

The A2 highway is intersecting the diverse Dutch landscape: the low and flat lands in the west and north, and the higher lands with minor hills in the east and south.

mecanoode diagonaal

38juli 2012

urban life styles

wonen wonen werken werken

stadshart zakencentrum

recreëren

ommeland buitenwijk

buiten

Alex

Babette

Gijs

recreëren recreëren

cultuurcentrum

Weergave van leefpatroon van perso-na’s in de kenniseconomie, verspreiding van activiteit en intensiteit over stad.

A2 study (2013)different lifestyles

A2 study (2013)

1 km

€100.000.000

€1.000.000

mecanoomobility

74

November 2013

mecanoomobility

75

Januari 2014

research on cycling transition

Cycling has become both a symbol and a catalyst for the transition in mobility towards sustainable development. Cities acknowledge that a city needs people and public space and less dominance by vehicles and asphalt. People want liveable cities. They increasin-gly change their preferences regarding travel behaviour from car ownership to vehicle sharing and active transport. Cycling becomes a pleasure, even sexy. Cycling pays a significant contribution to sustainable mobility, serving the mobility needs of all people. Cycling inclusive planning makes transport interventions more effective, in social and economic terms, with less negative impact on health, the environment and the climate. Cycling evokes creative thinking on the urban fabric and health.

x billion km

54

10

6

18

30

12

6

31

work

business meetings

personal care

shopping

visits

education

leisure

socializing

50% of the car journey’s are shorten than 7,5 km

car

public transport

slow tra�c

remaining

mecanoo and cycling

mecanoo and cyclingoffice mobility

mecanoo: een kleine kenniseconomiekantoormobiliteit

mecanoo and cyclingoffice mobility

nieuwe werkelijkheidtrendbreuk

mobility is changing

family and kids (tricycles/minibikes)

WHAT´S ON A BIKE PATH?

≠ SPEED, RYTHM AND MANOEUVRABILITY!

city-commuting-folding bikes

road bikes-mountan bikes-BMX bikes

recreational cycling

tandems

walking-jogging

transport-delivery-postpolice-securitysightseeing/tour bikes

motorbikes and scootersvelomobiles

electric vehicles-segways

handbikes-secumbent bikes

wheelchairs-limited mobility

tricycles-adults bikeskick scooters-rollers-skates

cycling 2014 research on cycling transition: what is on a bike path? a variety of users

lifestyle, health, increasing amount of elderly, rise of ebikes

There is nothing like bad weather

het nieuwe reizenintergraal denken: slecht weer bestaat niet, slechte kleding wel

het nieuwe reizenintergraal denken: slecht weer bestaat niet, slechte kleding wel

new diversity - demand for new sorts of roadsnieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achternieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achternieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achter

nieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achter

nieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achternieuwe werkelijkheidsuccesvolle concepten, ruimtelijke ordening blijft achter

amsterdam, the netherlands

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota

32% of all car trips in copenhagenare shorter than 5 km

67% of all car trips in londonare shorter than 5 km

70% of all car trips in bogota are shorter than 3 kmsource : LTDS 2011/12

36% of all trips to work and education in copenhagen is done by bicycle.cycling embassy dk

8% of all car trips in amsterdamare shorter than 5 km CBS bewerking OBI

42% using their bikes for their daily commutegemeente Amsterdam

per person per day3 trips

1.66average number per home



5% of all trips in bogota is done by bicycle.(0.5% before cicloRuta)

2.2% of all trips in london is done by bicycle.

1.2average Number per home

per person per day1.28 trips


36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking

90,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin copenhagen at present rate

2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%

source : LTDS 2009/10

56% It’s faster

37% It’s my convenient

29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy

12% well-being/good way to start the day

9% new job/relocation

5% environmental/climate concerns

of all families with 2 children have a cargo bike. Of all households with a cargo bike, 17% have one in place of a car.

28%

Madrid

24% of all car trips in madridare shorter than 5 km

0.6% using their bikes for their daily commute

Car as driverCar as passengerTrainBus/tram/metroMopedBicycleWalkingOther

Amsterdam Den Haag Rotterdam Other Netherlands8%6%2%6%1%

42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%

Totaal 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%CBS bewerking OBI

400 KMof bike paths.gemeente Amsterdam390 KM

of bike paths.city of copenhagen

336 KMof bike paths.

walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metroouter London

inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%

shopping and personal business

Other

4%

36,000 TCO per year saved by cyclingin bogota at present rate


Other work related travel

9%

41%34%

bus,train, metrowalking

24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle

empty station full station

outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen city of copenhagen

gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners



seguridad vial madrid


186 KMof bike paths.seguridad vial madrid

plan director movilidad ciclista madrid

Santiago

35% of all car trips in santiagoare shorter than 5 km

3% of all trips to work and education in santiago is done by bicycle.

700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

7,5 km bike range

15 km e-bike range

Cycling along the Amsterdam canals, a normal daily activity.

Pedestrians en cyclist vondelpark, Amsterdam

copenhagen, denmark

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

7,5 km bike range

15 km e-bike range

from car to peoples place



london, uk

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

7,5 km bike range

15 km e-bike range

safety first, with a helmet and fluorescent jacket

blue bike paths, the fasest route from a to b

bogotá, colombiaAmsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

7,5 km bike range

15 km e-bike range

before after

the cycling roads transits through all neighborhoods

Every Sunday 120km of Bogotá’s roads are closed for cars

santiago, chile

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

Amsterdam

Copenhagen

LondonBogota
















36%

33%

25%

6%bicyclecar

walking


2

42%

8%

33%

bicycle

bus,train, metro

cycling embassy dk

39.8%

28%

30%

2.2%


56% It’s faster


29% It’s cheap

26% It’s healthy





28%

Madrid





42%33%1%

18%8%2%7%1%

32%31%2%

15%10%1%9%1%

25%38%1%

22%11%1%1%1%

39%23%1%

21%11%1%2%1%

39%24%1%





walking

bus,train, metro

14%

car

other

2%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi


inner London

27%

7%

35%

Commute to work

Education

Leisure

19%


Other

4%




9%

41%34%


24,4%

car/motor

0.6%

bicycle


outer London

inner London

outer London

inner London

cycling embassy dk

city of copenhagen

city of copenhagen


gemeente Amsterdam

gemeente Amsterdam

CBS bewerking OBI


NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

2

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners

NYC Global Partners







Santiago



700KMof bike paths.

22%

33%

37%

3%

bicycle

walkingcar, taxi

bus,train, metro

sectra 2008

sectra 2001,

sectra 2008

5%

other

7,5 km bike range

15 km e-bike range

Dangerous mix of traffic

High ambitions

Receptive culture for cycling

The Golden Ribbon, Jiaozuo, China

design of the route profile 车道设计之横断面

design of the route profile variations车道设计之横断面设计变化

The Golden Ribbon, Jiaozuo, China

University Campus 1969Delft University of Technology

rethinking a lot

Future taskPlanning the accesible city

Planning the accesible cityMekelpark / Delft University of Technology2009

Planning the accesible cityDelft Train station and municipal offices

cargobikes could have a large effect on the cityscape:

- street profiles- urban network

How cargobikes could change the city

| 7

shifted to trip chains e.g. bike and train, we were able to identify the share of trips that could be shifted from mo-torised vehicles to the bicycle. We see that 25% out of the 49% of all urban motorised trips with goods transport could be shifted to cycling.

Basline

FACT:in an average european city halF oF all Motorised trips related to goods transport could be shiFted to bicycle or cargo bike.

| 9

in an average european city with 240.000 inhabitantsthere are about 1.000.000 trips per day.

1,000,000 400,000 600,000 490,000

All tripsBicycle, pedestrian,

Public TransportMotor vehicle trips

Motorised trips related to goods transport

nuMber oF trips per day

nuMber oF trips to shiFt to

bicycle & cargobike

relative % oF shiFt within Mot. trips rela-

ted to goods

Motorised trips related to goods

transport490,000 250.000 51%

Delivery 100,000 25.000 25%

Service and business 110,000 55.000 50%

Shopping 130,000 100.000 77%

Leisure 90,000 40.000 44%

Commuter 60,000 30.000 50%

Basline

How CycleLogistics can changethe traffic in an average city

FACT:cyclelogistics can FundaMentally change the Face oF a city and can contribute to Making it a better place For people.

source: cyclelogistics.eu

Internet shopping is expanding, mobility changes

46 EconomiE 7 fEbruari 2015 ElsEviEr 47ElsEviEr 7 fEbruari 2015

START

Consument ontvangt pakje liefst thuisOp de deurmat

BRON: ABN AMRO

2011

1013

8790

2014

Alternatieve locatie

Thuis% %

Groei aantal onlinekopersOnlineklanten

BRON: CBS EN BLAUW RESEARCH I.S.M. THUISWINKEL.ORG

10

8

6

4

2

0

miljoen

2005 2013

BRON: THUISWINKEL MARKT MONITOR

Overig

Reizen

Boodschappen

Elektronica &witgoed

Boeken, cd's,DVD's, games

KledingHard- & softwareTelecom

Wat mensen via internet kopen (2013)

Huis, tuin en keuken

Totaal10,7

miljardeuro

�10,8 miljoen onlinekopers (2013)�Gemiddeld online besteed bedrag per jaar 982 euro (2013)�Totale onlinebestedingen 13,7 miljard euro (verwacht 2014)

Consument


3,9

0,80,9

0,7

0,8

0,5

1,6

1.5

Top-5 omzet webwinkels

Grote jongens

BRON: TWINKLE (2014)

Ahold (bol.com en ah.nl)RFS Holland (Wehkamp)ZalandoCoolblueThuisbezorgd.nl

1

2

3

4

5

Webwinkel20

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

Aantal webwinkels

Meer concurrentie

BRON: ING ECONOMISCH BUREAU

20072013

0

3

6

9

12

15


miljard euro

20052014

Omzet online winkelenExplosieve groei

1

’Ik vind heteen sport omzo veel moge-

lijk pakjes wegte douwen’

pakketmarkt / Dankzij de populariteit van online winkelen, groeit de pakketmarkt. Bezorgers proberen de concurrentie voor

te blijven. Straks vliegen drones de straat in om uw pakjes af te leveren of laat u ze bezorgen in de kofferbak van uw auto.

De pakketmarkt wordt in Nederland gedomineerd door enkele grote spelers. Absolute marktleider is PostNL. Volgens Thuiswinkel.org, de brancheorganisatie voor webwinkels, heeft PostNL circa 70 procent van de markt in handen. Waar de postmarkt in het derde kwartaal van 2014 met 11 procent kromp ten opzichte van een jaar eerder, groeide het aantal pakketten dat PostNL bezorgde met 8 procent. De omzet uit de pakketbezorging bedroeg in 2013 803 miljoen

euro. ‘De pakkettendivisie wordt steeds belangrijker. De bezorging van pakketjes moet een deel van het wegvallen van de post compenseren,’ zegt Gerrit Mastenbroek, algemeen directeur PostNL Pakketten Benelux. ‘We verwachten dat de groei van de pakketmarkt doorzet. Er komen steeds nieuwe categorieën

van producten bij die mensen online kopen. Je ziet nu dat onlinelevensmiddelen aan een opmars bezig zijn.’

Grootste concurrent van PostNL is DHL Parcel Benelux, onderdeel van Deutsche Post DHL. De omzet uit de pakketbezorging bedroeg afgelopen jaar in de Benelux zo’n 500 miljoen euro. ‘We moeten blijven sleutelen aan onze infrastructuur om de groei van pakketten te kunnen blijven bijbenen,’ zegt Wouter van Benten (50), CEO van DHL Parcel Benelux. Naast deze twee grote spelers zijn er pakketbedrijven, zoals GLS, DPD, UPS en TNT Express, die in Nederland een

Nederland bij consumenten werden thuisbezorgd. In dat jaar waren dat er ruim90 miljoen. De Autoriteit Consument &Markt – opvolger van de OPTA – houdt dezegegevens niet meer bij.

De belangrijkste impuls voor de florerende pakketmarkt is de snelle groei vanwebwinkels. Het aantal consumenten datonline winkelt, neemt razendsnel toe. In deeerste drie kwartalen van 2014 besteeddenNederlanders 9,8 miljard euro online. Naarverwachting zal afgelopen jaarde totale onlineomzet 13,7 miljard bedragen. In 2013 was dat10,6 miljard.

Pakketbedrijven profiterenvan de stijgende populariteitvan webwinkels en van de veleretourzendingen. Consumenten kopen vaak verscheideneproducten en sturen sommigedaarvan terug. Dat levert de pakjesbezorgers een hoop extra inkomsten op.

ConcurrentieDe concurrentie, die in de pakketmarkt altijd al groot was, wordt alleen maar groter.Bedrijven voeren een felle machtsstrijd. Wiezijn de belangrijkste spelers? En hoe proberen zij de concurrentie voor te blijven? Eénding is zeker: de consument is de baas. Pakjes worden steeds sneller bezorgd en opmeer verschillende plekken. De tijd datde klant thuis moet zitten wachten, is voorbij.

Iedereen wiluw pakje

Het begint net licht te worden alsAndré Meure, bezorger voorPostNL, een steegje in de binnenstad van Haarlem inrijdt voorzijn eerste ‘stop’. Hij parkeert

zijn busje achter dat van concurrenten DHLen UPS. De bezorgers groeten elkaar.

Meure heeft 186 pakketten achter in zijnbestelbusje liggen. De bezorger belt aan bijeen monumentaal pand met drie pakjes inzijn armen. Er wordt niet opengedaan. ‘Ikvind het een sport om zo veel mogelijk pakjes weg te douwen. Per dag probeer ik erniet meer dan tien mee terug te nemen,’zegt Meure (52). Dus belt hij aan bij de buurvrouw, in de hoop dat hij de pakjes daarkan afleveren. Die doet open in haar ochtendjas, haren in de war. Ze vraagt hoopvolof hij het vogelhuisje komt afleveren dat zeonline heeft besteld. Meure moet haar teleurstellen. Maar ze neemt de pakjes voorde buren van hem over.

Waar de traditionele postmarkt krimpt,explodeert de markt van de pakketbezorging. Alleen al de grootste speler in Nederland PostNL bezorgde in 2013 zo’n 131 miljoen pakketten aan klanten, met een topdrukte van meer dan één miljoen pakjes opeen dag. Dat was op 2 december, vlak voorSinterklaas. Afgelopen jaar bezorgden pakketvervoerders in Nederland naar schattingmeer dan 190 miljoen pakketten. Exacte gegevens zijn niet bekend. Tot 2010 hield deOnafhankelijke Post en TelecommunicatieAutoriteit (OPTA) bij hoeveel pakketten in

Floortje Gunst Graphics rené van asselt

48 EconomiE 7 fEbruari 2015 ElsEviEr 49ElsEviEr 7 fEbruari 2015

KoerierTot 500 kilogram geen vergunning nodigOmzetgroei 9% (derde kwartaal 2014)

Groei aantal koeriersStrijd om pakjes

BRON: CBS0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

20072014

Kluisjes DHL

Hoeveel: 25 bij tank- en treinstations

Pakketautomaten PostNL

Hoeveel: 9 op treinstations (onder meer

Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag, Utrecht)

Kluisjeswanden pakketservice De Buren

Hoeveel: 50 in Citybox, winkelcentra

Kluisjes

Hoe consumenten pakjes terugsturenPer post

BRON: ABN AMRO

48

18

20

14 % per postfysiekewinkel

servicepunt

ophaIen door

postbode/bezorgservice

Er zijn 2.100 postkantoren

Consument stuurt 13% van pakjes terug

Postkantoor

BRON: ABN AMRO

Wat stuurt consument terug?

Bestelling retour

BRON: ABN AMRO

ModeSchoenen

SportGemiddeld

Doe-het-zelfWonen

Elektronica

13%

5%

11%

16%

16%

14%

9%

Omzetcijfers van PostNL

0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5 miljard euro

2011 20132012

post pakjes internationaal

Meer pakjes

4

Overdag wordt 31% van de pakjes

afgeleverd bij de buren

Buren5

Niet thuis

BRON: E-SHARP/ABN AMRO

70% van de pakjes kan bij de

consument thuis worden afgeleverd

Zijn de buren thuis? Dan kan 95%

van de pakjes worden afgeleverd

Postbedrijf in cijfersGrootste speler PostNL

Zes grote spelers in Nederland

18 pakketdepots

Groei volume pakketdivisie 8% in 2014

131 miljoen pakjes in 2013

Record: ruim 1 miljoen, 2 december 2014

Pakketbedrijf3

BRON: POSTNL

BRON: POSTNL

PostNL, DHL Parcel, GLS, DPD, UPS en TNT

BRON: CBS

Naar afleverpunten

’Voor nieuw-komers is hetlastig om zich

staande tehouden’

relatief klein marktaandeel hebben. ‘Het isvoor nieuwkomers lastig om zich staande tehouden in de hevige concurrentiestrijd,’zegt Peter Jonkers (51), secretaris koeriersen expresbedrijven bij brancheorganisatieTransport en Logistiek Nederland (TLN).‘PostNL en DHL werken met gigantische volumes, waardoor de marges klein zijn.’ OokPostNL merkt dat er een grote prijsdruk is.De volumegroei vertaalt zich niet in eeneven grote omzetgroei (zie ‘Meer pakjes’ oppagina 48).

LokaalDe grootste klanten zijn bovendien al vergeven. PostNL sloot bijvoorbeeld een langdurig contract met bol.com. Op lokaalniveau zijn er wel initiatieven. Een voorbeeld is het NoordBrabantse Delvry, eendienst voor de bezorging van boodschappen. Klanten kunnen via de app bestellingen doen bij de slager of bakker. Concurrentie kan ook uit een andere hoek komen. Inde Verenigde Staten en GrootBrittannië nemen webwinkels de bezorging – of een deelervan – voor eigen rekening. In GrootBrittannië bezorgt Amazon bijvoorbeeld eenklein deel van de pakjes zelf.

De vraag is of Nederlandse webwinkelsals bol.com en Coolblue deze trend volgen.Volgens Marjolein Verkerk (29), woordvoerder van bol.com, zal de webwinkel de bezorging aan consumenten voorlopig niet vooreigen rekening nemen. Verkerk: ‘Wij krijgenop topdagen zo’n 200.000 bestellingen binnen, PostNL verwerkt soms wel 1 miljoenpakketten op een dag. Wij profiteren van demiddelen die PostNL ter beschikking heeftom enorme volumes te verwerken.’

De bezorgers die af en aan rijden om pakjes bij de klanten thuis af te leveren, zijn veelal zelfstandigen ingehuurd door grote spelers alsPostNL. Iedereen kan een koeriersdienst beginnen, voor hetvervoer van goederen tot 500kilo is geen vergunning nodig.‘Omdat de drempel zo laag is, zieje dat er afgelopen jaren eenwildgroei aan koeriers is ont

staan,’ zegt Jonkers van TLN. In 2014 stonden er ruim zesduizend koeriersbedrijvenbij de Kamer van Koophandel ingeschreven,bijna twee keer zo veel als in 2007.

De bedrijven hebben de zelfstandige ondernemers hard nodig om de stroom pakjeste kunnen verwerken. Tegelijkertijd is er eenfelle strijd gaande over tarieven en contracten tussen de onderaannemers – zoals dekoeriers worden genoemd – en hun opdrachtgevers. ‘De tarieven worden steedsverder teruggeschroefd. Het is voor koeriersmoeilijk geworden om te overleven,’ zegtMaurice Jacobs (44) van SubcoPartners, de

source: elsevier.nl

what if

A CARGOBIKE DELIVERS YOUR GOODS

family and kids (tricycles/minibikes)

WHAT´S ON A BIKE PATH?

≠ SPEED, RYTHM AND MANOEUVRABILITY!

city-commuting-folding bikes

road bikes-mountan bikes-BMX bikes

recreational cycling

tandems

walking-jogging

transport-delivery-postpolice-securitysightseeing/tour bikes

motorbikes and scootersvelomobiles

electric vehicles-segways

handbikes-secumbent bikes

wheelchairs-limited mobility

tricycles-adults bikeskick scooters-rollers-skates

diversification of mobility as a whole

lifestyle, health, increasing amount of elderly, rise of ebikes

100 km / hour

highway as an inspiration?

20 km / hour

100 km/h truck lane

120 km/h car lane

15 km/h cargo bike

25 km/h elec. bike

different speeds

highway new bike path

impact on urban planning: example: street in old city center, supplying shops

doorsteproadcarparking

doorstep and bike parkingbike lane

what if: all delivery is done by cargobike?

delivering goods

impact on suburban area's: delivering to homes

what if: all delivery is done by cargobike?

doorstep

bike lane (slow)

parallel road with parking on both sidescar road

bike lane (fast)

bike parking

distribution center

empty shop

DISTRIBUTION CENTER

DISTRIBUTION CENTER

DISTRIBUTION CENTER

impact of cargobikes on the existing delivery network

what if

A CARGOBIKE DELIVERS YOUR GOODS

SMALL DISTRIBUTION CENTER

a new distribution model?

back to basics, fine network

Leegstand periferie 40%Bijna veertig procent van de 2,4 miljoen vierkante meter winkelleeg-stand in Nederland is te vinden op decentrale retaillocaties.

Winkelleegstand heeft consequenties voor de vitaliteit en leefbaarheid van centrumgebieden in heel Nederland maar kent grote lokale variaties. De leegstand is in de periode 2008-2013 vooral gegroeid in middel-grote steden. In de periferie van Nederland worden vooral de stedelijke kernen getroffen, meer dan de rurale en suburbane gebieden. Binnen de Randstad worden juist rurale gebieden relatief harder getroffen.

source: NRW en brancheorganisatie INretail

reactivating the periphery

space for cargobikes

doorstep

bike lane (slow)

road with car parking on both sides

bike lane (fast)

bike parking

distribution center

empty shop

forward to basics: cycling and cargobikes can fundamentally

change the face of a city and can contribute to making it a better place for people.

space for the dairyman

forward to basics

forward to basics by willem jan snel mecanoo

Documents