MARINE BIO-DETERIORATION:FOULING AND BORING ORGANISMS

BY-POOJA P KAMBLEM.Sc.-II,SEM-IV

SYLLABUS

• PSZOOCN404:PLANKTOLOGY, FISH, FISHERY SCIENCE AND AQUACULTURE

• UNIT I-PLANKTOLOGY

• SUB-UNIT-1.3-MARINE BIO-DETERIORATION:FOULING AND BORING ORGANISMS.

CONTENT• WHAT IS BIO-DETERIORATION• INTRODUCTION OF BIO-DETERIORATION• WHAT IS FOULING• WHAT ARE FOULING ORGANISMS• TYPES OF FOULING• FORMATION OF BIOFOULING• IMPACT OF FOULING• CONTROL MEASURES• WHAT IS BORING• BORING ORGANISMS• FORMATION OF BORING• IMPACT OF BORING• CONTROL MEASURES• WHY DOES FOULING OR BORING TAKES PLACE• CONCLUSION• REFRENCE

WHAT IS BIO-DETERIORATION• Bio-deterioration is defined as any undesirable

change in the properties of a material caused by the vital activities of biological organisms.

INTRODUCTION OF BIO-DETERIORATION

• In India around 1,80,000 crafts comprising of catamarans, dug out canoes plank built boats and modern mechanized boats are employed for fishing.

• Of these majority are of wood.• And a loss of millions of rupees occur annually due to bio-deterioration of

these boats.• There are two main reasons of marine bio-deterioration • a)bio-deterioration by fouling organisms. • b)bio-deterioration by boring organisms.

WHAT IS FOULING• Fouling does not destroy materials directly.• It is the settlement of marine fouling

organisms on wood , steel , aluminium .• The fouling material consist of either living

organisms or non-living substances.

FOULING ORGANISMS

• There are two main types of fouling organisms• 1)plant fouling organisms-like

bacteria,fungi,algae,diatoms• 2)animal fouling organisms-like

clams,oysters,mussels,tube worms.

TYPES OF FOULING

• BIOFOULING• PRECIPITATE FOULING• PARTICULATE FOULING• CORROSION FOULING• CHEMICAL REACTION FOULING

FORMATION OF BIOFOULING• In the aquatic environment any submerged solid surface gets coated by a

complex layer initially consisting of an organic conditioning film.• Formation of this film is immediately followed by an accumulation of

micro organisms(eg-bacteria,fungi,diatoms,and other organisms)• Due to the availability of nutrients and secretions the bioflim allows the

secondary colonizers(protozoans,algae)• Within few weeks tertiary colonizers are attracted and attached

(macrofoulers).they are are of two types a)soft foulers-invertebrates like soft corals,sponges,anemones.b)hard foulers-barnacles,mussels,tube worms etc

IMPACT OF FOULING

• It causes huge material and economic loss in maintance of mariculture facilities,shipping facilities,vessels,seawater pipelines.

• Biofouling increases weight and frictional resistance of the ship thus affecting its hydrodynamics & speed.

• Biofouling is everywhere even the parts of the ship thus affected like heat exchangers,water-cooling pipes etc.biofouling is also present on the heating and cooling system of power stations or factories.

• In aquacultures biofouling is of 2 types a)on-infrastructure-ie.on immersed mesh cages and trawls.b) b)on-stock organisms-particularly mussels,oysters,pearl oysters.

CONTROL MEASURES• Control measures of biofouling are of 3 types.• a)physical method• b)chemical method• c)biological method• • a)physical method-the simplest method for treatment of fouling is simply to remove by mechnical cleaning ie.by

high pressure water jets. And scraping.• • b)chemical method-using of oxiising and non-oxidising antimicrobials.• Chlorination• UV-radiation• Proper waste water disposal• Use of anti-fouling paints• Use of copper based coating and TBT Tributyl tin is however restricted.• • c)biological method-several kinds of natural anti-fouling agents that inhibit the growth of fouling organisms have

been isolated from marine organisms like sponges,coelenterates,holothurians,ascidians etc.

WHAT IS BORING

• Destruction of wood,rocks,by marine borer is of great economic concern.

• These marine borers attack ships,logs,rocks,hard clay, coral reefs and wooden materials available in sea.

• They cause structural damage by boring deep into the wood and making them unservicable.

• The marine borers that cause the greatest amount of damage are of 2 types a)molluscs b)crustaceans.

• BORING ORGANISMS• a)molluscs-they consists of 2 types of borers wood

borers eg.-teredo-shipworm.and Rock borers-pholadidae.

• b)crustaceans-the important crustaceans borers are of two types

• limnoria and sphaeroma belonging to order amphipoda and isopoda.

FORMATION OF BORINGMOLLUSCANS• The larvae make very small entrance holes on the surface of the wood.• But once inside the wood they increase rapidly in size and develop the

characteristic worm like bodies.• As the animal advances into the wood it secertes a proctective linning

the burrow thus reducing the strength of wood.• The young attack wood by boring small entrance holes and once within

the wood or rock they continue their boring to accommodate the growth of their body.they remain imprisioned and holes do not open to exterior.

CRUSTACEANS-

• They do not bore deep like molluscans.• They make narrow gallaries and do not remain but move

about• The animals make extensive network of tunnels in the wood

like the honeycomb.• The important crustacean borers are of two types limoria

and sphaeroma belonging to order amphipoda and isopoda.•

IMPACT OF BORERS

• Boring leads great loss of the timber wood• It results in the structural damage to the wooden bridgee,plank

boats,vessels.• It results in the loss of the nail holding property.• It results in the spongyness of the wood,decreases the durability of

the wood and its strength.• In aquaculture practice of pearl oysters,clams it results in death of

organism as they bore and does not allow the oyster to open the shell some times they even cement the opening some carnivorous and preying on oysters.

CONTROL MEASURES

• Physical barriers such as metals,concrete and plastic have been used to achieve protection.

• Tradionally use of crude oil,coconut oil,black tar,fuel oil etc singly or in combination were used for protection.

• Chemical preservatives such as use of creosote an oil borne preservative was used. Water borne preservative such as copper-chrome-arsenic compounds are effective against borers.

• Dual treatment is very effective

WHY DOES FOULING AND BORING TAKES PLACE

• The fouling take place due to settelement of fouling organisms on wood,steel,aluminium.

• It does not destroy the material directly because it gets the substratum for growth of varios colonizers.

• Wheras boring takes place due to the shelther acquring activity of borers or for food as these molluscs and crustaceans depend upon the planktons which settles on the submerged or wetted woods or rocks thus they bore either for protection,shelter or for scrapping planktons or some even have cellulase enzyme in their liver which feeds on the fresh timber,wood thus they carryout boring.Research is still being done to findout whether borers feed on wood or scrap the algae,planktons.

CONCLUSION

• It helps us to understand various communities of marine foulers and borers.

• It helps us to study the causes or economic loss generated by these organisms.

• It shows the impact on marine environment• It helps us to study the impacts of controling

foulers and borers.• Which preventive measure or remedial procedures

to be followed to overcome bio-deterioration

REFRENCEMARINE MICRBIOLOGY-BY C.AUSTINEBOOK-MARINE BIO-DETERIORATION BY J.D.COSTLOW.

WEB PAGES-Eprints of CMFRI.

Central institute of fishery technology-marine biotechnology

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