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24 November 2009 TrainSafe Australia 1

Foundation Foundation LicenceLicence Training Part 1Training Part 1

Gateway to Amateur RadioGateway to Amateur RadioFred SwainstonFred Swainston

VK3DACVK3DAC

24 November 200924 November 2009 TrainSafe Australia TrainSafe Australia 22

IntroductionIntroductionThe foundation licence has been The foundation licence has been introduced to act as an entry point into introduced to act as an entry point into amateur radio.amateur radio.The study for the foundation licence The study for the foundation licence involves radio theory and practice.involves radio theory and practice.The requirements for the licence are The requirements for the licence are defined in the Licence Conditions defined in the Licence Conditions Determination (LCD). All Amateurs should Determination (LCD). All Amateurs should have a copy of the LCDhave a copy of the LCDThe content for the training is defined by The content for the training is defined by the foundation licence syllabus document.the foundation licence syllabus document.


IntroductionIntroduction

The syllabus has 9 sections. These are:The syllabus has 9 sections. These are:•• Nature of Amateur RadioNature of Amateur Radio•• Licence ConditionsLicence Conditions•• Technical BasicsTechnical Basics•• Transmitters and ReceiversTransmitters and Receivers•• Transmission Lines and AntennasTransmission Lines and Antennas•• PropagationPropagation•• InterferenceInterference•• SafetySafety•• Operating Practices and ProceduresOperating Practices and Procedures


IntroductionIntroductionTo study for the To study for the Foundation Licence Foundation Licence you should obtain the you should obtain the following documents:following documents:•• Foundation licence Foundation licence

syllabus documentsyllabus document•• The Foundation Licence The Foundation Licence

Conditions Conditions Determination (LCD)Determination (LCD)

•• The Foundation Licence The Foundation Licence Manual, that covers Manual, that covers the required radio the required radio theorytheory

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Set-up for Fox Hunting



The documentation can be obtained from The documentation can be obtained from the WIA web site the WIA web site www.wia.org.auwww.wia.org.au and and www.acma.gov.auwww.acma.gov.auYou will also need to arrange for You will also need to arrange for assessment. This is via a WIA accredited assessment. This is via a WIA accredited assessor, usually associated with a radio assessor, usually associated with a radio club. For an assessor near you look at club. For an assessor near you look at www.silvertrain.com.au/assessorswww.silvertrain.com.au/assessorsThe WIA Office will be able to assist with The WIA Office will be able to assist with the assessment details, (03)9729 0400the assessment details, (03)9729 0400

http://www.wia.org.au/

http://www.acma.gov.au/

http://www.silvertrain.com.au/assessors



This program is intended to assist those This program is intended to assist those attempting this licence, as well as to be a attempting this licence, as well as to be a guide to instructors providing the training guide to instructors providing the training for this licence.for this licence.The information in this program can be The information in this program can be found in the Foundation Licence Manualfound in the Foundation Licence ManualThe foundation licence manual should be The foundation licence manual should be studied in conjunction with this training studied in conjunction with this training programprogram


This ProgramThis Program

This program will follow the 9 sections in This program will follow the 9 sections in the foundation licence syllabus document.the foundation licence syllabus document.Questions, that are typical of the type of Questions, that are typical of the type of question asked in the theory examination, question asked in the theory examination, are included at the end of each section of are included at the end of each section of this programthis programSection 8 of the syllabus, the practical, is Section 8 of the syllabus, the practical, is not included in this presentation as it must not included in this presentation as it must be studied and then assessed be studied and then assessed ““hands onhands on””



The foundation licence exam has the The foundation licence exam has the following specifiedfollowing specified number of questions:number of questions:•• Section 1 and 2 combined Section 1 and 2 combined –– 7 questions7 questions•• Section 3 Section 3 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 4 Section 4 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 5 Section 5 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 6 Section 6 –– 2 questions2 questions•• Section 7 Section 7 –– 5 questions5 questions•• Section 8 Section 8 –– PracticalPractical•• Section 9 Section 9 –– 5 questions5 questions



The theory exam duration is 30 The theory exam duration is 30 minutes and includes both minutes and includes both regulations and theoryregulations and theoryThe theory exam consists of 25 The theory exam consists of 25 multiple choice questionsmultiple choice questionsYou must answer 18 of the 25 You must answer 18 of the 25 questions correctly to be assessed as questions correctly to be assessed as competent for the theory ie 70% competent for the theory ie 70%



The practical is covered in section 8 The practical is covered in section 8 of the Foundation Licence Syllabusof the Foundation Licence SyllabusThe duration of the practical is 30 to The duration of the practical is 30 to 40 minutes40 minutesAll sections of the practical must be All sections of the practical must be attempted and answered correctly. attempted and answered correctly. This means the candidate This means the candidate must must achieve 100%achieve 100%Practical requires Practical requires ““hands onhands on”” activityactivity


Section 1 The Nature of Amateur Section 1 The Nature of Amateur RadioRadio


Section 1 Nature of Amateur RadioSection 1 Nature of Amateur Radio

Amateur radio facilitates the hobby of Amateur radio facilitates the hobby of amateur radioamateur radioAll radio amateurs must have a licenceAll radio amateurs must have a licenceThere are other forms of licence such as There are other forms of licence such as CB, Marine, Point to Point Links and CB, Marine, Point to Point Links and BroadcastingBroadcastingAmateurs operate on bands that are Amateurs operate on bands that are allocated for amateur useallocated for amateur useAmateurs must not operate outside the Amateurs must not operate outside the allocated bandsallocated bands



The amateur service shares frequencies The amateur service shares frequencies with other band userswith other band usersOther users such as aeronautical, Other users such as aeronautical, broadcasting and maritime have bands broadcasting and maritime have bands allocated to them for their purposesallocated to them for their purposesAmateur operators must not operate on Amateur operators must not operate on bands allocated for other purposesbands allocated for other purposesThe Licence Conditions Determination The Licence Conditions Determination (LCD) indicate the bands allocated for (LCD) indicate the bands allocated for amateur operation amateur operation –– use the LCDuse the LCD’’s to look s to look up a Foundation Licence frequency up a Foundation Licence frequency allocationallocation


Amateur Band PlanAmateur Band Plan

Amateur band plans help amateurs Amateur band plans help amateurs make best use of the frequency make best use of the frequency spectrum and provide for better on spectrum and provide for better on air operating.air operating.The band plans are an agreed The band plans are an agreed position between amateurs and the position between amateurs and the WIAWIABand plans can be found in the Band plans can be found in the Foundation Licence manualFoundation Licence manual



The following is a typical question The following is a typical question you may be asked in the foundation you may be asked in the foundation licence theory exam: licence theory exam: A Radio AmateurA Radio Amateur’’s licence allows the s licence allows the amateur to operate on the:amateur to operate on the:

A. Marine bandA. Marine bandB. Broadcast bandB. Broadcast bandC. Amateur bandC. Amateur bandD. Aeronautical bandD. Aeronautical band



The answer is:The answer is:C. An amateurC. An amateur’’s licence allows them s licence allows them to operate only on the allocated to operate only on the allocated amateur bandsamateur bands


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsFoundation Licence holders are subject to Foundation Licence holders are subject to conditions that are defined in four conditions that are defined in four government documents. These government documents. These documents are:documents are:Radiocommunications Act 1992Radiocommunications Act 1992Radiocommunications Regulations 1993Radiocommunications Regulations 1993Radiocommunications Licence Conditions Radiocommunications Licence Conditions (Amateur Radio) Determination No.1 of (Amateur Radio) Determination No.1 of 1997 1997 –– as amendedas amendedRadiocommunications Licence Conditions Radiocommunications Licence Conditions (Apparatus Licence) Determination 2003(Apparatus Licence) Determination 2003


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence Conditions

The primary function of an The primary function of an Amateur Licence is to authorise a Amateur Licence is to authorise a person to:person to:

Self train in radio communicationsSelf train in radio communicationsCommunicate with other amateur Communicate with other amateur radio operatorsradio operatorsConduct technical investigations Conduct technical investigations into radio communicationsinto radio communications



An amateur licence allows An amateur licence allows intercommunication between other intercommunication between other radio amateurs. The exception being radio amateurs. The exception being when:when:

There is an emergency or distress There is an emergency or distress situationsituationWhere authorised by a Radio Where authorised by a Radio InspectorInspector


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsRadio Amateurs are permitted to send Radio Amateurs are permitted to send ““third partythird party”” messages to other amateurs messages to other amateurs in Australia on behalf of a third person in Australia on behalf of a third person provided it is not for gain, commercial provided it is not for gain, commercial purpose an advertisement or purpose an advertisement or entertainment or relate to the business or entertainment or relate to the business or financial affairs of any person.financial affairs of any person.Australian amateurs are permitted to send Australian amateurs are permitted to send third party messages via amateurs in third party messages via amateurs in other countries unless the foreign other countries unless the foreign government has given notice of its government has given notice of its objection to such messages.objection to such messages.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

See page 56 in manual See page 71 in manual



A A ‘‘MaydayMayday’’ is a distress message and has is a distress message and has priority over all other communicationspriority over all other communicationsMayday messages must be passed to the Mayday messages must be passed to the appropriate authoritiesappropriate authoritiesUrgent messages are associated with Urgent messages are associated with ‘‘Pan Pan PanPan’’ callscalls‘‘Pan PanPan Pan’’ calls should receive priority and calls should receive priority and should be reported to the appropriate should be reported to the appropriate authorityauthority

Presenter

Presentation Notes

See page 57 in manual



Radio Amateurs must provide correct Radio Amateurs must provide correct station identification at the beginning station identification at the beginning and end of each transmissionand end of each transmissionIdentification must be given at least Identification must be given at least every 10 minutes during every 10 minutes during transmissionstransmissionsIdentification requirements apply to Identification requirements apply to all transmissions including test all transmissions including test transmissionstransmissions


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsCallsigns in the Australian Amateur Service must Callsigns in the Australian Amateur Service must be able to be identified.be able to be identified.VK = AustraliaVK = Australia0 through 9 indicates the state or territory0 through 9 indicates the state or territoryThe following letters are personal identificationThe following letters are personal identificationFoundation licence holders have a prefix plus a Foundation licence holders have a prefix plus a four letter callsign commencing with F (FXXX)four letter callsign commencing with F (FXXX)Standard licence holders have a prefix plus a Standard licence holders have a prefix plus a three letter callsign commencing with H, L, M, N, three letter callsign commencing with H, L, M, N, P or V(XX)P or V(XX)Advanced licence holders have a prefix plus a Advanced licence holders have a prefix plus a two or three letter callsign.two or three letter callsign.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Pages 69 and 70 in manual


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsTransmission of messages that are Transmission of messages that are encoded for the purpose of obscuring their encoded for the purpose of obscuring their meaning are not permitted, except for the meaning are not permitted, except for the purposes specified in the amateur LCDpurposes specified in the amateur LCDTransmissions containing any form of Transmissions containing any form of commercial entertainment are not commercial entertainment are not permittedpermittedFoundation Licence holders are only Foundation Licence holders are only allowed to use specified frequency bands allowed to use specified frequency bands and emission modes. These are specified and emission modes. These are specified in the Licence Conditions Determinationin the Licence Conditions DeterminationFoundation Licence holders are not Foundation Licence holders are not permitted to use permitted to use ““digital modesdigital modes””


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsA Foundation Licence holder is A Foundation Licence holder is limited to a maximum of 10 limited to a maximum of 10 watts peak envelope power on watts peak envelope power on SSB and 10 watts average SSB and 10 watts average power on AM, FM and CWpower on AM, FM and CWEquipment used by Equipment used by Foundation Licence holders is Foundation Licence holders is limited to commercially made limited to commercially made transmitting equipmenttransmitting equipmentFoundation licence holders are Foundation licence holders are not permitted to build or not permitted to build or modify transmitting modify transmitting equipmentequipment

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Picture is a 50kW broadcast transmitter modulator Chapter 2



Any Amateur OperatorAny Amateur Operator’’s change of s change of address must be notified to the address must be notified to the ACMAACMARadio Amateurs must not operate an Radio Amateurs must not operate an Amateur station to cause harmful Amateur station to cause harmful interference to radiocommunicationsinterference to radiocommunicationsIn order to avoid interference the In order to avoid interference the ACMA has the right to restrict the ACMA has the right to restrict the operation of an Amateur Stationoperation of an Amateur Station


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsRadio inspectors have a right to require an Radio inspectors have a right to require an Amateur to produce their licenceAmateur to produce their licenceA Foundation Licensee can allow a suitably A Foundation Licensee can allow a suitably licenced person to operate their station.licenced person to operate their station.Otherwise the station should be kept Otherwise the station should be kept locked and secure to prevent unlawful locked and secure to prevent unlawful operationoperationEvery radio amateur including foundation Every radio amateur including foundation licence holders should have a copy of the licence holders should have a copy of the Licence Conditions Determination and Licence Conditions Determination and have a general understanding of the LCD have a general understanding of the LCD contentscontents


Section 2 Licence ConditionsSection 2 Licence ConditionsFoundation licence holders are not Foundation licence holders are not permitted to operate an amateur station in permitted to operate an amateur station in an automatic mode or a computer an automatic mode or a computer controlled modecontrolled modeFoundation licence holders are not Foundation licence holders are not permitted to operate an amateur station permitted to operate an amateur station connected to the public telephone network connected to the public telephone network including internetincluding internetA foundation licence holder can operate A foundation licence holder can operate using IRLP or using IRLP or EcholinkEcholink but not permitted but not permitted set up a node for others to use.set up a node for others to use.



An amateur station An amateur station licence authorises licence authorises radio amateurs to radio amateurs to use radio use radio communication as communication as specified by the specified by the LCD LCD



The bands that radio amateurs are The bands that radio amateurs are allocated are:allocated are:

A.A. To make use of manufactured radio To make use of manufactured radio equipmentequipment

B.B. To allow use of the bands independent To allow use of the bands independent of the sun spot cycleof the sun spot cycle

C.C. To minimize the likelihood of To minimize the likelihood of interference to other servicesinterference to other services

D.D. Totally eliminate interferenceTotally eliminate interference



A Foundation Licence holder may A Foundation Licence holder may allow other persons operate their allow other persons operate their station if the person:station if the person:

A.A. Is another licenced amateurIs another licenced amateurB.B. Is an Australian citizenIs an Australian citizenC.C. Has a Commonwealth passportHas a Commonwealth passportD.D. Is a member of the same family Is a member of the same family



An amateur with a call sign An amateur with a call sign VK4NSW would indicate:VK4NSW would indicate:

A.A. A New South Wales amateurA New South Wales amateurB.B. A Victorian amateur with a full call A Victorian amateur with a full call

licencelicenceC.C. A Queensland amateur with a standard A Queensland amateur with a standard

licencelicenceD.D. A Queensland amateur with a A Queensland amateur with a

Foundation licenceFoundation licence



What authorises amateur radio What authorises amateur radio activities in Australia:activities in Australia:

A. the LCDA. the LCDB. the WIAB. the WIAC. C. certificate 3 in Electrotechnologycertificate 3 in Electrotechnology

D. an amateur licenceD. an amateur licence

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Correct answer is D



While listening to a frequency not in While listening to a frequency not in the amateur band you hear a the amateur band you hear a mayday call. You must:mayday call. You must:

A. Tune to another frequency A. Tune to another frequency B. Contact an advanced amateur B. Contact an advanced amateur C. Report and provide assistanceC. Report and provide assistanceD. Advise the person to change to D. Advise the person to change to an amateur frequencyan amateur frequency



Who can require you to produce Who can require you to produce your amateur licence:your amateur licence:

A. State policeA. State policeB. WIAB. WIAC. ACMA Radio InspectorsC. ACMA Radio InspectorsD. a person receiving interferenceD. a person receiving interference



The transmitting equipment that a The transmitting equipment that a Foundation Licence holder should use is:Foundation Licence holder should use is:

A. A. commercial equipment, unmodifiedcommercial equipment, unmodified

B. surplus military equipmentB. surplus military equipmentC. equipment that meets a commercial C. equipment that meets a commercial specificationspecificationD. Mains operated equipment onlyD. Mains operated equipment only


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical Basics


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsThe universe is made up of The universe is made up of mattermatterAll matter is made of All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are made up atoms. Atoms are made up of electrically charged of electrically charged particles called protons and particles called protons and electrons.electrons.These charged particles These charged particles give rise to electricity as give rise to electricity as we understand it, and we understand it, and apply in today's electronic apply in today's electronic applications including applications including Amateur RadioAmateur Radio

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Electrons move when a force is applied Electrons are negative Atoms are always seeking to become discharged



Static ElectricityStatic ElectricityStatic electricity is produced by Static electricity is produced by moving electrons from one place to moving electrons from one place to another by applying a forceanother by applying a forceWe often see or feel the result of We often see or feel the result of static electricity such as:static electricity such as:

•• The slight electric shock when we cross a The slight electric shock when we cross a carpet or get out of a carcarpet or get out of a car

•• LightningLightning



When two bodies When two bodies are charged to are charged to different potentials different potentials there is an electric there is an electric potential between potential between the bodiesthe bodiesLike charges repelLike charges repelUnlike charges Unlike charges attractattract

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Law of electric charges



Electric CurrentElectric CurrentAn electric current is an ordered An electric current is an ordered movement of electrons from the movement of electrons from the negative terminal to the positive negative terminal to the positive terminal of an electricity source, such terminal of an electricity source, such as a battery.as a battery.

Current is measured in amperes Current is measured in amperes (amps).(amps).



The battery The battery produces an produces an abundance of abundance of electrons from a electrons from a chemical reactionchemical reactionThe battery The battery produces a voltage produces a voltage called an called an electromotive force electromotive force (EMF)(EMF)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Conductors are metal, usually copper



Conductors and InsulatorsConductors and Insulators•• Metal wires that join circuits are Metal wires that join circuits are

conductorsconductors•• Most metals are good conductors in Most metals are good conductors in

particular aluminium and copperparticular aluminium and copper•• A small amount of electrical pressure A small amount of electrical pressure

(voltage) can make electrons move (voltage) can make electrons move along a conductoralong a conductor


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsConductors and InsulatorsConductors and Insulators•• Insulators do not allow electric current to Insulators do not allow electric current to

pass easilypass easily•• Insulators are plastics, dry wood, ceramic, Insulators are plastics, dry wood, ceramic,

porcelain, glass etcporcelain, glass etc•• Very large electrical pressure (very high Very large electrical pressure (very high

voltage) must be applied to move voltage) must be applied to move electrons in insulatorselectrons in insulators

•• These voltages usually damage the These voltages usually damage the insulating materialinsulating material


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsDirect current (DC) Direct current (DC) electrons flow in one electrons flow in one direction, direct direction, direct current comes from a current comes from a batterybatteryAlternating current Alternating current (AC) the electrons (AC) the electrons flow in one direction flow in one direction stop and then flow in stop and then flow in the other direction. the other direction. Alternating current Alternating current comes from an comes from an alternator and is the alternator and is the type of electricity that type of electricity that is the 240v mains is the 240v mains powerpower

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Sometimes alternators are called AC generators.


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsThe amount of electrons that can move The amount of electrons that can move down a wire is dependent on how thick down a wire is dependent on how thick the wire is and how long it is.the wire is and how long it is.The thicker the wire the lower the The thicker the wire the lower the resistance to the electronsresistance to the electronsThe longer the wire the higher the The longer the wire the higher the resistance to the electrons.resistance to the electrons.If the electrical pressure is increased more If the electrical pressure is increased more electrons can be made to flow along a electrons can be made to flow along a given conductorgiven conductor

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Resistance is the opposition to current flow



Current is measured in Current is measured in Amperes (Amps), abbreviation Amperes (Amps), abbreviation A symbol IA symbol IElectrical pressure is measured Electrical pressure is measured in Volts, abbreviation V or Ein Volts, abbreviation V or EElectrical resistance is Electrical resistance is measured in Ohms, the measured in Ohms, the symbol is the Greek capital symbol is the Greek capital letter Omegaletter Omega


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsMathematically:Mathematically:

where: where: I = the I = the currentcurrent in amperesin amperesE = the EMF in voltsE = the EMF in volts

R = resistance in ohmsR = resistance in ohms ..Formula transposition:Formula transposition:

E = I x RE = I x RIf I is unknown, cover I and find If I is unknown, cover I and find

remaining. remaining. Therefore,Therefore, I = E/R I = E/R

If R is unknown, cover R and find If R is unknown, cover R and find remaining.remaining.

Therefore,Therefore, R = E/IR = E/I

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Need to complete several problems with group in relation to ohms law Provide a hand out sheet of problems


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsSymbolsSymbols

Cell or batteryCell or batteryFuseFuseOpen and closed Open and closed switchswitchResistorResistorAntennaAntennaEarthEarthMicrophoneMicrophoneSpeakerSpeaker

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Demonstrate other symbol for resistance



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Schematic circuit


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsResistance is the Resistance is the opposition to opposition to current flowcurrent flowResistors are Resistors are components that components that exhibit resistanceexhibit resistanceResistor colour Resistor colour codecodeSize related to Size related to power dissipationpower dissipation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Size relates to power dissipation



Power is the rate at which energy is Power is the rate at which energy is changed from one form to another or work changed from one form to another or work is doneis doneThere are three power formulasThere are three power formulas



Unit of power is Unit of power is the wattthe watt1 volt applied to a 1 volt applied to a circuit causing 1 circuit causing 1 amp of current to amp of current to flow will cause 1 flow will cause 1 watt of power to be watt of power to be dissipateddissipated

Presenter

Presentation Notes

How 240v AC gets to our home of work – relate this to power


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical Basics22kV = 22000 Volts22kV = 22000 Volts2mV = two thousandths of a volt2mV = two thousandths of a volt22kOhms = 22 thousand Ohms22kOhms = 22 thousand Ohms1MOhm= One million Ohms1MOhm= One million Ohms15mA= 15 thousandths of an amp15mA= 15 thousandths of an amp120micro amp= 120 millionths of an amp120micro amp= 120 millionths of an ampNote that there a number of multiple and submultiple units. Note that there a number of multiple and submultiple units. Those most often used in radio and electronics are shown Those most often used in radio and electronics are shown below.below.


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsFrequency is measured in Hertz Frequency is measured in Hertz abbreviation Hzabbreviation HzHertz is the number of cycles an AC has Hertz is the number of cycles an AC has per secondper secondThe 240 volt electricity supply is 50 HzThe 240 volt electricity supply is 50 HzAudible frequency range 20Hz to 15kHzAudible frequency range 20Hz to 15kHzVoice frequency for radiotelephony 300Hz Voice frequency for radiotelephony 300Hz to 3kHzto 3kHz



Radio FrequenciesRadio Frequencies

•• 300kHz to 3MHz Medium frequency (MF)300kHz to 3MHz Medium frequency (MF)•• 3MHz to 30MHz High frequency (HF)3MHz to 30MHz High frequency (HF)•• 30MHz to 300 MHz Very high frequency 30MHz to 300 MHz Very high frequency

(VHF)(VHF)•• 300MHz to 3000MHz Ultra high frequency 300MHz to 3000MHz Ultra high frequency

(UHF)(UHF)


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsFrequencyFrequencyPeriodPeriodWavelength Wavelength CycleCycleRadio waves travel at the speed of light, Radio waves travel at the speed of light, abbreviation C, which is 300 million metres per abbreviation C, which is 300 million metres per secondsecond


Section 3 Technical BasicsSection 3 Technical BasicsConverting frequency to wavelength and Converting frequency to wavelength and vice versa vice versa

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Give frequencies and ask group for wavelength Give wavelength and ask group for frequency



Electric current is:Electric current is:

A. The voltage applied to a conductorA. The voltage applied to a conductorB. The opposition offered to electrons B. The opposition offered to electrons

in a circuitin a circuitC. Movement of electrons from negative C. Movement of electrons from negative

to positiveto positiveD. The rate at which electrical energy is D. The rate at which electrical energy is

changed to light energychanged to light energy

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is C



Good conductors are:Good conductors are:

A. Silicon and germaniumA. Silicon and germaniumB. Glass and porcelainB. Glass and porcelainC. Wood and CeramicC. Wood and CeramicD. Copper and AluminiumD. Copper and Aluminium

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is D



If 10 volts is applied to a circuit If 10 volts is applied to a circuit consisting of a resistance of 5 ohms consisting of a resistance of 5 ohms the resultant current will be:the resultant current will be:

A. 0.5 ampA. 0.5 ampB. 2 ampB. 2 ampC. 15 ampC. 15 ampD. 20 ampD. 20 amp

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is B



1000 volts is often represented as:1000 volts is often represented as:

A. 1mVA. 1mVB. 1MVB. 1MVC. 1nVC. 1nVD. 1kVD. 1kV

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is D


Section 4 Transmitters and Section 4 Transmitters and ReceiversReceivers

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Typical amateur radio station set-up Transceiver, SWR meter and ATU with hand held


Section 4 Transmitters and Section 4 Transmitters and ReceiversReceivers

Foundation licence holders are not Foundation licence holders are not permitted to build or modify permitted to build or modify transmitters transmitters Radio transmitters generate high Radio transmitters generate high frequency electrical energyfrequency electrical energyThe generated energy is radiated by The generated energy is radiated by the antenna as an electromagnetic the antenna as an electromagnetic wavewave


Section 4 Transmitter and ReceiverSection 4 Transmitter and Receiver

The basis of the transmitter is the The basis of the transmitter is the oscillator oscillator The oscillator generates radio The oscillator generates radio frequency energy at a specific frequency energy at a specific frequencyfrequencyThe radio frequency is called the The radio frequency is called the carriercarrierTurning the oscillator on and off with Turning the oscillator on and off with a key allows Morse Code to be senta key allows Morse Code to be sent



ModulationModulationVoice over radio is Voice over radio is ““Radio TelephonyRadio Telephony””Superimposing the voice frequencies on to Superimposing the voice frequencies on to the carrier wave is called modulationthe carrier wave is called modulationSuperimposing the voice onto the Superimposing the voice onto the amplitude of the carrier is called amplitude amplitude of the carrier is called amplitude modulationmodulationSuperimposing the voice frequency onto Superimposing the voice frequency onto the frequency of the carrier is called the frequency of the carrier is called frequency modulationfrequency modulation



Single Sideband (SSB) is a form of Single Sideband (SSB) is a form of amplitude modulationamplitude modulationThe power transmitted on SSB is The power transmitted on SSB is dependent of the volume of the dependent of the volume of the operators voiceoperators voiceThe level of the voice signal fed into The level of the voice signal fed into the transmitter is controlled by the the transmitter is controlled by the microphone gain control microphone gain control



Foundation licence holders are Foundation licence holders are permitted to transmit no more than permitted to transmit no more than 10 watts on SSB10 watts on SSBOn SSB the voice peaks (loudest On SSB the voice peaks (loudest volume) should not cause the volume) should not cause the transmitter to exceed 10 watts.transmitter to exceed 10 watts.This power is 10 watts peak This power is 10 watts peak envelope power (PEP)envelope power (PEP)



With With FrequencyFrequency Modulation (FM) the Modulation (FM) the output power remains constant output power remains constant independent of voice level.independent of voice level.A 10 watt FM transmitter will transmit 10 A 10 watt FM transmitter will transmit 10 watts at all timeswatts at all timesThe The frequencyfrequency of the carrier changes when of the carrier changes when voice signals are fed into the transmittervoice signals are fed into the transmitterThe amount of The amount of frequencyfrequency change is called change is called deviationdeviationDeviation is FM modulationDeviation is FM modulation



The amount the carrier deviates is The amount the carrier deviates is dependent on the level (volume) of the dependent on the level (volume) of the voice signalvoice signalThe more deviation the greater the The more deviation the greater the bandwidth required to transmit the signalbandwidth required to transmit the signalEither AM or FM carriers that are over Either AM or FM carriers that are over modulated may cause distorted output modulated may cause distorted output and interference to adjacent frequenciesand interference to adjacent frequencies

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Page 18 of manual


Crystal ReceiverCrystal Receiver


Capacitance and ResonanceCapacitance and Resonance This is additional informationThis is additional information

The symbol in the The symbol in the crystal set consisting crystal set consisting of two parallel lines is of two parallel lines is a capacitor.a capacitor.The capacitors with The capacitors with the arrow are variablethe arrow are variableThe capacitor is two The capacitor is two plate separated by an plate separated by an insulating material insulating material called a dielectriccalled a dielectric

The capacitor can The capacitor can store electrical energy store electrical energy in electric lines of in electric lines of force the form of a force the form of a chargechargeThis charge behaves This charge behaves like a small batterylike a small batteryAs the capacitor As the capacitor discharges the energy discharges the energy is depletedis depleted


Capacitance and ResonanceCapacitance and Resonance This is additional informationThis is additional information

Resonance is a very Resonance is a very special electrical special electrical conditionconditionResonance occurs at a Resonance occurs at a specific frequencyspecific frequencyA resonant circuit A resonant circuit consists of a capacitor consists of a capacitor and a coil (inductor)and a coil (inductor)At resonance energy At resonance energy is transferred between is transferred between the capacitor and the the capacitor and the inductorinductor

The capacitor stores The capacitor stores the energy in its the energy in its electric field and the electric field and the inductor in its inductor in its magnetic fieldmagnetic fieldAt resonance current At resonance current and voltages can be and voltages can be very high very high –– many many times higher than the times higher than the supply voltagesupply voltageMany radio circuits are Many radio circuits are tuned to resonance.tuned to resonance.



The receiver is designed to select the The receiver is designed to select the required signal, detect the modulation and required signal, detect the modulation and amplify the voice signalamplify the voice signalThe receiver converts the voice signal The receiver converts the voice signal back to the way it was when spokenback to the way it was when spokenA simple receiver is the tuned radio A simple receiver is the tuned radio frequency receiverfrequency receiverThe circuit that converts the modulated The circuit that converts the modulated signal back into audio is called a detectorsignal back into audio is called a detectorFM detectors are called discriminatorsFM detectors are called discriminators



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Tuned radio frequency receiver Discuss inductor and capacitor symbols – note that they are not in the Foundations Syllabus. Discuss resonance in terms of selectivity – i.e. a filter at the resonate frequency



Receiver sensitivity is the ability of the Receiver sensitivity is the ability of the receiver to receive weak signalsreceiver to receive weak signalsReceiver selectivity is the ability of the Receiver selectivity is the ability of the receiver to select between stations that receiver to select between stations that are close together in frequencyare close together in frequencyStability is the ability of the receiver to Stability is the ability of the receiver to stay on the same frequency over long stay on the same frequency over long periods of time where there are significant periods of time where there are significant changes in temperature.changes in temperature.



FM stands for:FM stands for:

A. Frequency modulationA. Frequency modulationB. Fine modulationB. Fine modulationC. Forced modulationC. Forced modulationD. Flat modulationD. Flat modulation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is A



The device that generates the carrier The device that generates the carrier in a transmitter is the:in a transmitter is the:

A. Audio amplifierA. Audio amplifierB. ModulatorB. ModulatorC. Power supplyC. Power supplyD. OscillatorD. Oscillator

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The answer is D



If a transmitter is over modulated it If a transmitter is over modulated it is likely to:is likely to:

A. Get hotA. Get hotB. Generate FM instead of AMB. Generate FM instead of AMC. Generate SSBC. Generate SSBD. Cause interferenceD. Cause interference

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is D



The ability of a receiver to receive The ability of a receiver to receive weak signals is called the receivers:weak signals is called the receivers:

A. sensitivityA. sensitivityB. selectivityB. selectivityC. stabilityC. stabilityD. superD. super--heterodyneheterodyne

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is A


Section 5 Antennas and Section 5 Antennas and Transmission Lines Transmission Lines

Presenter

Presentation Notes

144 MHz earth moon earth antenna array


Section 5 Antennas and Section 5 Antennas and Transmission LinesTransmission Lines

The transmission line connects the The transmission line connects the transmitter to the antennatransmitter to the antennaThe transmission line is sometimes The transmission line is sometimes called a called a ““feederfeeder”” because it feeds the because it feeds the radio frequency to the antennaradio frequency to the antennaThe size of the antenna is dependent The size of the antenna is dependent on the frequency to be transmittedon the frequency to be transmitted



There are two basic There are two basic types of feedline. types of feedline. These are coaxial and These are coaxial and parallel.parallel.Coaxial cable used in Coaxial cable used in radio is unbalanced radio is unbalanced and is usually 50 ohm and is usually 50 ohm impedanceimpedanceParallel line is Parallel line is balanced transmission balanced transmission line usually 300 or line usually 300 or 600 ohm impedance600 ohm impedanceImpedance can be Impedance can be considered as considered as resistance to ACresistance to AC

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain the word impedance as resistance to AC Explain balanced and unbalanced transmission lines Explain that the longer the feedline the more loss it has Explain the parallel feeders are effected by proximity to ground and metallic objects whereas coaxial is not.



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Top left PL259 or UHF female and male Bottom Left BNC Male and female Top right N Type female Bottom Right N type male



The The balbalunun is a type of transformer that is a type of transformer that can connect a can connect a balbalanced antenna to an anced antenna to an ununbalanced transmission line balanced transmission line The balun can also be used to match The balun can also be used to match impedances of transmission lines and impedances of transmission lines and antennasantennas

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Example TV antenna 300 folded dipole to 75 ohm coaxial cable



The antenna (aerial) couples power from The antenna (aerial) couples power from the transmitter to the space around the the transmitter to the space around the antennaantennaThe antenna radiates an electromagnetic The antenna radiates an electromagnetic wave by converting electrical signals to wave by converting electrical signals to radio waves and vice versaradio waves and vice versaThe antenna should be resonant at the The antenna should be resonant at the frequency to be transmitted/received frequency to be transmitted/received The antenna that radiates well also The antenna that radiates well also receives wellreceives wellAntenna are affected by their height Antenna are affected by their height above ground and proximity to buildings, above ground and proximity to buildings, trees etctrees etc

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain resonate Explain the size of the antenna in relation to transmitted frequency



The electromagnetic wave The electromagnetic wave radiated from an antenna is made radiated from an antenna is made up of electric lines of force and up of electric lines of force and magnetic lines of forcemagnetic lines of forceGenerally the orientation of the Generally the orientation of the antenna with respect to the antenna with respect to the ground will indicate the ground will indicate the polarisationpolarisationGenerally vertical antennas Generally vertical antennas produce vertically polarised produce vertically polarised signals and horizontal antennas signals and horizontal antennas produce horizontally polarised produce horizontally polarised signalssignalsTransmitter and receiver antenna Transmitter and receiver antenna should be the same polarisation should be the same polarisation for best resultsfor best results

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain polarisation



The dipole is a half The dipole is a half wavelength long and wavelength long and fed at the centrefed at the centre

This is a broadside This is a broadside antennaantenna(bi(bi--directional)directional)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain bidirectional



The quarter wave The quarter wave antenna is the antenna is the shortest of the full shortest of the full size antennassize antennasThe driven element is The driven element is a quarter wavelength a quarter wavelength longlongThe inner of the The inner of the coaxial cable is coaxial cable is connected to the connected to the driven element and driven element and the braid connected to the braid connected to the ground plane the ground plane

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain omni-directional antenna



The folded dipole The folded dipole has the has the characteristic of characteristic of being a broad band being a broad band antennaantennaFed with 300 ohm Fed with 300 ohm TV ribbonTV ribbon

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain broadband in terms of frequency coverage


Section 5 Antennas and Section 5 Antennas and Transmission LineTransmission Line

A Yagi antenna is A Yagi antenna is unidirectional and unidirectional and sends signals and sends signals and receives signals in receives signals in the direction the the direction the antenna is pointed.antenna is pointed.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Gain, ERP and polarisation of the antenna



Antennas such as YagiAntennas such as Yagi’’s have gain, and s have gain, and are unidirectional. This means the are unidirectional. This means the electromagnetic wave is concentrated into electromagnetic wave is concentrated into one directionone directionGain of antennas is measured in decibelsGain of antennas is measured in decibelsThe directivity of antennas has a similar The directivity of antennas has a similar effect as using a higher powered effect as using a higher powered transmitter transmitter The effective radiated power (ERP) of the The effective radiated power (ERP) of the transmitting system is increasedtransmitting system is increased

Presenter

Presentation Notes

The gain of an antenna is measured in db gain over a dipole antenna or a single point theoretical antenna. 3db is twice the ERP



End fed antennas are usually fed with End fed antennas are usually fed with open wire transmission line and require an open wire transmission line and require an antenna tuning unit to match the antenna antenna tuning unit to match the antenna to the output of the transmitter.to the output of the transmitter.


Section 5 Antennas and Transmission LinesSection 5 Antennas and Transmission Lines Antenna SchematicsAntenna Schematics



Antenna impedance is measured in ohmsAntenna impedance is measured in ohmsImpedance can be considered AC resistance Impedance can be considered AC resistance Most modern transmitting equipment has an Most modern transmitting equipment has an output impedance of 50 or 75 ohmsoutput impedance of 50 or 75 ohmsThe output impedance of the transmitter should The output impedance of the transmitter should be matched (have the same impedance) as the be matched (have the same impedance) as the transmission line and the antenna.transmission line and the antenna.Mismatched transmitter outputs, transmission Mismatched transmitter outputs, transmission line and antenna will cause power to be reflected line and antenna will cause power to be reflected back and forth along the transmission lineback and forth along the transmission lineThe reflected wave is called a standing waveThe reflected wave is called a standing wave



A standing wave ratio (SWR) meter is A standing wave ratio (SWR) meter is used to measure how well the antenna used to measure how well the antenna system is matched.system is matched.SWR meter is connected between the SWR meter is connected between the output of the transmitter and the antennaoutput of the transmitter and the antennaSWR should be checked each time you SWR should be checked each time you change frequencychange frequencyChecking the SWR on a transmission line Checking the SWR on a transmission line using a SWR meter is a component of the using a SWR meter is a component of the practical for the Foundation Licencepractical for the Foundation Licence



Checking SWR allows for the adjustment Checking SWR allows for the adjustment of your antenna to bring the antenna of your antenna to bring the antenna closer to resonance by lengthening or closer to resonance by lengthening or shortening the antennashortening the antennaAn SWR of more than 2:1 is likely to An SWR of more than 2:1 is likely to indicate a fault in the antenna systemindicate a fault in the antenna systemA good SWR on an antenna system is A good SWR on an antenna system is 1.5:1 or less1.5:1 or lessAn SWR greater than 1.5:1 may indicate An SWR greater than 1.5:1 may indicate the antenna needs tuning or a fault the antenna needs tuning or a fault condition is developingcondition is developing



An Antenna Tuning Unit (ATU) sometimes An Antenna Tuning Unit (ATU) sometimes called a Transmatch can be used to called a Transmatch can be used to provide the correct operating impedance provide the correct operating impedance for the transmitter.for the transmitter.The ATU tunes the antenna system The ATU tunes the antenna system allowing operation on multiple bands using allowing operation on multiple bands using the one antennathe one antennaAdjusting the ATU is Adjusting the ATU is notnot a requirement for a requirement for the practical component of the Foundation the practical component of the Foundation Licence but knowing its purpose and Licence but knowing its purpose and location between the transmitter output location between the transmitter output and the antenna is a requirementand the antenna is a requirement



Presenter

Presentation Notes

See manual page 28 Transmitter with typical 50 ohm output. SWR meter next to the transmitter to measure SWR at the transmitter output/input Low pass filter to remove and unwanted frequencies high than the transmitted frequency. The ATU to match the antenna system to the output of the transmitter. Many transmitters have internal SWR meters and ATU’s The order of equipment must be understood as the Foundation Licence requires the candidate to correctly assemble a station with discreete components



A dummy load is a resistor typically A dummy load is a resistor typically the same output impedance as the the same output impedance as the transmitter ie 50 ohmstransmitter ie 50 ohmsThe dummy load allows the The dummy load allows the transmitter to be tested with minimal transmitter to be tested with minimal radiation ie not tested radiation ie not tested ““on airon air”” via via the aerial.the aerial.The dummy load also allows the The dummy load also allows the output power of the transmitter to be output power of the transmitter to be adjusted.adjusted.



The power for SSB is The power for SSB is 10 watts PEP. For CW, 10 watts PEP. For CW, FM and AM average FM and AM average power is not to exceed power is not to exceed 10 watts10 wattsSome power meters Some power meters can be very can be very inaccurate. Care must inaccurate. Care must be taken in the be taken in the selection of a power selection of a power meter to measure meter to measure output power.output power.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Page 58 of manual


The purpose of an antenna is to:The purpose of an antenna is to:A. A. Let people know you are a Let people know you are a

radio amateurradio amateurB.B. Provide a convenient place for Provide a convenient place for

birds to landbirds to landC.C. Allow balanced transmission Allow balanced transmission

lines to be usedlines to be usedD.D. Convert electrical signals into Convert electrical signals into

radio waves and visa versa.radio waves and visa versa.


Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is D



The longer the antenna:The longer the antenna:

A. The higher the frequency of A. The higher the frequency of operationoperation

B. The lower the frequency of B. The lower the frequency of operationoperation

C. The better the antenna will workC. The better the antenna will workD. The more vertical polarisation will D. The more vertical polarisation will

be obtainedbe obtained

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is B



The reason the antenna and transmission The reason the antenna and transmission line are matched in impedance to the line are matched in impedance to the transmitter output is to:transmitter output is to:

A. Increase the SWRA. Increase the SWRB. Eliminate the use of a dummy B. Eliminate the use of a dummy loadloadC. Keep SWR to a minimumC. Keep SWR to a minimumD. Keep the transmitted power to 10 D. Keep the transmitted power to 10

watts.watts.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is C



An antenna with a 3 dB gain An antenna with a 3 dB gain operating with at 10 watt transmitter operating with at 10 watt transmitter will result in and effective radiated will result in and effective radiated power (ERP) of:power (ERP) of:

A. 3 wattsA. 3 wattsB. 10 wattsB. 10 wattsC. 20 wattsC. 20 wattsD. 30 wattsD. 30 watts


Section 6 PropagationSection 6 Propagation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Parkes Radio Telescope tracking the moon


Section 6 PropagationSection 6 PropagationRadio waves are electromagnetic wavesRadio waves are electromagnetic wavesHow these waves travel from the How these waves travel from the transmitting antenna to the receiving transmitting antenna to the receiving antenna is called propagationantenna is called propagationRadio waves travel in straight lines Radio waves travel in straight lines although they can be reflected, refracted although they can be reflected, refracted or diffractedor diffractedThe further the radio wave gets from the The further the radio wave gets from the transmitting antenna the weaker it transmitting antenna the weaker it becomesbecomesAny time a radio wave travels through Any time a radio wave travels through anything other than anything other than ““free Spacefree Space”” it will it will travel slower and lose strengthtravel slower and lose strength


Section 6 PropagationSection 6 PropagationThe height of the The height of the ionospheric layers is ionospheric layers is approximateapproximateThe sun ionises or The sun ionises or charges the air charges the air particlesparticlesWhen radio waves hit When radio waves hit the ionosphere they the ionosphere they can be bent back to can be bent back to earthearthThe bending is The bending is dependent on the dependent on the layer, its density and layer, its density and the frequency of the frequency of operationoperation


Section 6 PropagationSection 6 PropagationThe ionosphere refracts The ionosphere refracts the radio wavethe radio waveThe amount of The amount of refraction is dependent refraction is dependent on:on:

Sun spot activitySun spot activityTime of dayTime of dayThe seasonThe season

The ionosphere is The ionosphere is reliant on ultraviolet reliant on ultraviolet radiation from the sunradiation from the sunSunspots are in an 11 Sunspots are in an 11 year cycleyear cycle



A signal travelling from the transmitter to the A signal travelling from the transmitter to the receiver via two paths can cause multipath fadingreceiver via two paths can cause multipath fadingSelective fading occurs when the frequency Selective fading occurs when the frequency components that make up the signal are components that make up the signal are refracted by different amountsrefracted by different amounts


Section 6 PropagationSection 6 PropagationVHF, UHF and frequencies above UHF are VHF, UHF and frequencies above UHF are dependent on an almost clear line of sight dependent on an almost clear line of sight path from transmitter to receiverpath from transmitter to receiverVHF and UHF are generally obstructed by VHF and UHF are generally obstructed by hills and other large structureshills and other large structuresVHF and UHF signals can be bent or VHF and UHF signals can be bent or diffracted over some obstaclesdiffracted over some obstaclesTemperature changes in the troposphere Temperature changes in the troposphere results in ducts that can cause VHF and results in ducts that can cause VHF and UHF signals to be propagated over long UHF signals to be propagated over long distancesdistances

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain troposphere



As a radio wave is radiated from the As a radio wave is radiated from the antenna. As the wave travels further antenna. As the wave travels further it becomes:it becomes:

A. A. StrongerStrongerB.B. WeakerWeakerC.C. IonisedIonisedD.D. DuctedDucted

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is B



Long distance HF propagation is a Long distance HF propagation is a result of:result of:

A. A. Ground waveGround waveB. B. Knife edge diffractionKnife edge diffractionC.C. Tropospheric ductingTropospheric ductingD. D. Ionospheric refractionIonospheric refraction

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is D



VHF and UHF signals can be VHF and UHF signals can be obstructed by:obstructed by:

A.A. Large obstaclesLarge obstaclesB. B. Transmission during night Transmission during night

timetimeC.C. Strong north windsStrong north windsD.D. Transmission over waterTransmission over water

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is A


PropagationPropagation

VHF and UHF long distance VHF and UHF long distance communication is possible mainly communication is possible mainly due to:due to:

A.A. Magnetosphere conditionsMagnetosphere conditionsB.B. Atmospheric conditionsAtmospheric conditionsC.C. F1 or F2 layer ionisationF1 or F2 layer ionisationD.D. VHF or UHF waves skipping off the VHF or UHF waves skipping off the

upper atmosphereupper atmosphere


Section 7 InterferenceSection 7 Interference



Interference can generally be resolved by Interference can generally be resolved by introducing technical solutions, however introducing technical solutions, however these can be complex and a qualified these can be complex and a qualified person should be sought to resolve these person should be sought to resolve these problems.problems.Electronic equipment can operate within Electronic equipment can operate within an electromagnetic field without an electromagnetic field without interference. This is called interference. This is called Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) or Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) or radio frequency immunityradio frequency immunity


Section 7 InterferenceSection 7 InterferenceAn amateur station must not cause harmful An amateur station must not cause harmful interference to radio communications including:interference to radio communications including:•• Other usersOther users•• Other servicesOther services

EMC issues are likely to cause neighbourhood EMC issues are likely to cause neighbourhood disputes. To resolve a dispute:disputes. To resolve a dispute:•• Discuss the problem with the person concerned, obtain Discuss the problem with the person concerned, obtain

dates and times of interferencedates and times of interference•• Try and identify the source of interferenceTry and identify the source of interference•• Seek advice and where necessary involve the ACMASeek advice and where necessary involve the ACMA

It may be necessary to shut down your station It may be necessary to shut down your station for a time to identify the interference source but for a time to identify the interference source but this is this is notnot mandatory, unless the interference is mandatory, unless the interference is deemed to be harmful, in which case deemed to be harmful, in which case transmission must cease until the problem is transmission must cease until the problem is resolved.resolved.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Harmful interference is when interference is caused to a licenced radio communication service and may effect navigation beacons, emergency services etc. Interference to domestic TV and radio is not considered harmful but is objectionable.



There are many sources of potential There are many sources of potential RF noise generation that can RF noise generation that can interfere with broadcast radio and interfere with broadcast radio and television receivers. These sources television receivers. These sources of man made noise include:of man made noise include:

Power toolsPower toolsComputersComputersArc WeldersArc WeldersPower lines etcPower lines etc

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain broadcast radio and television in terms of domestic receiving equipment.



Interference can be caused to:Interference can be caused to:•• Telephones Telephones –– mobile and fixedmobile and fixed•• TelevisionTelevision•• Radio receptionRadio reception•• Audio equipmentAudio equipment•• ComputersComputers•• Vehicle electronic equipmentVehicle electronic equipment•• Blasting devicesBlasting devices


Section 7 InterferenceSection 7 InterferenceThere are sources of natural There are sources of natural noise that can cause noise that can cause interference such as interference such as lightning, electrostatic lightning, electrostatic buildbuild--up etc.up etc.Amateur stations can cause Amateur stations can cause interference to other radio interference to other radio communication services and communication services and television services. television services. The cause of the The cause of the interference from an interference from an amateur station is often as amateur station is often as a result of incorrect a result of incorrect operation of amateur operation of amateur transmitting equipmenttransmitting equipment



Potential reasons for interference Potential reasons for interference from an amateur station is:from an amateur station is:•• Over modulation Over modulation ---- excessive excessive

microphone gainmicrophone gain•• Incorrectly tuned antennas Incorrectly tuned antennas –– high SWRhigh SWR•• Breakthrough on FM or SSB Breakthrough on FM or SSB –– close close

proximity of transmit antenna to proximity of transmit antenna to receiving antennareceiving antenna

•• Mains fed interference Mains fed interference –– signals fed by signals fed by the 240 volt mains supplythe 240 volt mains supply



Interference as a result of EMC Interference as a result of EMC issues is dependent on:issues is dependent on:•• Transmitted powerTransmitted power•• Frequency of operationFrequency of operation•• Type of emission from the transmitter ie Type of emission from the transmitter ie

AM, SSB, FM etcAM, SSB, FM etc•• Distance the transmitter is from the Distance the transmitter is from the

affected equipment affected equipment –– selection and selection and location of antennas can significantly location of antennas can significantly reduce the likelihood of interference.reduce the likelihood of interference.


Section 7 InterferenceSection 7 InterferenceFilters can be used to Filters can be used to reduce the likelihood reduce the likelihood of interferenceof interferenceOther filters can be Other filters can be used in the power used in the power supply or supply or interconnections interconnections between the between the equipmentequipmentFilters must be fitted Filters must be fitted as close to the as close to the affected device as affected device as possiblepossible

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Low pass filter in the output of transmitter, ATU as a filter



Ferrite rods with Ferrite rods with wire wound onto wire wound onto them can be used them can be used to make effective to make effective RF filtersRF filtersThese filters are These filters are sometimes call sometimes call coils or chokes coils or chokes

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain ferrite as a granulated magnetic material compacted into a form required by radio and exhibit specific RF characteristics.


Section 7 InterferenceSection 7 InterferenceToroids can also be Toroids can also be used as RF filtersused as RF filtersFor the practical For the practical you will be you will be required to make required to make an RF filter using a an RF filter using a toroid or a ferrite toroid or a ferrite rodrodThe RF is blocked The RF is blocked by the filterby the filter

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Explain toroid


Section 7 InterferenceSection 7 InterferenceAn RF earth connection in an amateur An RF earth connection in an amateur station is to provide a path to minimise RF station is to provide a path to minimise RF ground currents entering the mains earth ground currents entering the mains earth system and causing interferencesystem and causing interferenceNote the earth symbolNote the earth symbol

Power SupplyPower Supply

RF Earth

Mains Earth

240v Mains



EMC problems are dependent on EMC problems are dependent on four factors; transmitted power, four factors; transmitted power, frequency and type of emission the frequency and type of emission the fourth is:fourth is:A. Brand of radio transmitterA. Brand of radio transmitterB. WeatherB. WeatherC. Distance from the affected C. Distance from the affected

equipmentequipmentD. Sun spot cycleD. Sun spot cycle

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is C


InterferenceInterference

Objectionable interference from Objectionable interference from your amateur station to domestic your amateur station to domestic television reception can vary with:television reception can vary with:

A.A. The zodiac cycleThe zodiac cycleB.B. The solar cycleThe solar cycleC.C. WeatherWeatherD.D. Mode of operationMode of operation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Mode of operation is the correct answer D



Interference to domestic equipment Interference to domestic equipment may be reduced by:may be reduced by:

A.A. Changing the transmission modeChanging the transmission modeB.B. OvermodulatingOvermodulating the transmitterthe transmitterC.C. Reducing your receivers RF gain Reducing your receivers RF gain

controlcontrolD.D. Waiting until after dark to transmit Waiting until after dark to transmit

when the D layer has dispersedwhen the D layer has dispersed

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Changing the transmission mode can reduce interference to equipment, the answer is A


InterferenceInterferenceYou amateur station is causing harmful You amateur station is causing harmful interference to other radio services, you interference to other radio services, you must:must:

A.A. Stop transmitting until the problem is Stop transmitting until the problem is resolvedresolved

B.B. Transmit during the hours that the affected Transmit during the hours that the affected station if off airstation if off air

C.C. Contact ACMA and tell them that they have a Contact ACMA and tell them that they have a problemproblem

D.D. Advise the affected station that you have a Advise the affected station that you have a licence to transmit and they should contact licence to transmit and they should contact ACMAACMA

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is A when the interference is harmful



One way interference can be fed into One way interference can be fed into nearby electronic equipment via:nearby electronic equipment via:

A. The 240 volt mainsA. The 240 volt mainsB. Moist atmosphereB. Moist atmosphereC. PVC gas pipesC. PVC gas pipesD. RF chokes wound on toroidsD. RF chokes wound on toroids

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is A



Interference resulting in EMC Interference resulting in EMC problems can be minimised by:problems can be minimised by:

A. Only using dipolesA. Only using dipolesB. Using vertically polarised antennasB. Using vertically polarised antennasC. Careful selection and locating of C. Careful selection and locating of

antennasantennasD. Only operating from a base D. Only operating from a base

stationstation

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is C


Section 7 InterferenceSection 7 InterferenceInterference resulting in EMC problems can be Interference resulting in EMC problems can be minimised by:minimised by:

A. operating at different times of the day or nightA. operating at different times of the day or nightB. Reducing power and increasing the distance B. Reducing power and increasing the distance between the transmitter and affected equipmentbetween the transmitter and affected equipmentC. Changing from lower to upper sideband on C. Changing from lower to upper sideband on 80m80mD. Reducing power and reducing the distance D. Reducing power and reducing the distance between the transmitter and the affected between the transmitter and the affected equipmentequipment

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is D


Section 8 Operating Practices and Section 8 Operating Practices and ProceduresProcedures

This is the practical This is the practical section and will be section and will be covered by your covered by your you instructor you instructor where you will be where you will be required to required to compete practical compete practical exercises.exercises.See practical See practical assessment assessment checklist checklist

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Note the practical checklist is a public domain document and should be made available to all candidates


Section 9 SafetySection 9 Safety


Section 9 SafetySection 9 SafetyThe dangers in amateur radio include:The dangers in amateur radio include:•• High voltagesHigh voltages•• High currentsHigh currents•• Electromagnetic fieldsElectromagnetic fields•• High sound levelsHigh sound levels•• Working at heightsWorking at heights•• Working with chemicalsWorking with chemicalsThe Foundation licence does not permit The Foundation licence does not permit modification to your transmitting modification to your transmitting equipment.equipment.Foundation licence transmitting equipment Foundation licence transmitting equipment must be commercially manufactured.must be commercially manufactured.


Section 9 SafetySection 9 SafetyElectrical safetyElectrical safety•• 12mA of current can 12mA of current can

killkill•• 240v mains can 240v mains can

provide the voltage provide the voltage and current to and current to electrocute a personelectrocute a person

•• Vacuum tube Vacuum tube equipment will have equipment will have high voltages high voltages presentpresent

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Valve equipment has high voltages.


Section 9 SafetySection 9 SafetyAlways treat the circuit as if it is liveAlways treat the circuit as if it is liveNever remove the covers from any Never remove the covers from any equipmentequipmentBeware of old equipment, it may not be up Beware of old equipment, it may not be up to current safety standardsto current safety standardsLook up and live when installing antennasLook up and live when installing antennasNever remove an earth from a piece of Never remove an earth from a piece of equipmentequipmentAlways replace fuses with exactly the Always replace fuses with exactly the same type and rating of fuse, as per the same type and rating of fuse, as per the manufacturers specificationsmanufacturers specifications


Section 9 SafetySection 9 SafetyProtective EarthProtective Earth•• The Australian 240 volt mains system has The Australian 240 volt mains system has

an earth (ground) to protect against an earth (ground) to protect against electric shock, short circuits and faults.electric shock, short circuits and faults.

•• The earth wire is usually green/yellow or The earth wire is usually green/yellow or green in some older installations.green in some older installations.

•• The protective earth shall never be The protective earth shall never be removed other than by a qualified removed other than by a qualified electricianelectrician



Power supplies have a protective Power supplies have a protective earth via a standard 3 pin plugearth via a standard 3 pin plugSome power supplies such as plug Some power supplies such as plug packs are double insulated and the packs are double insulated and the earth pin is not connectedearth pin is not connectedNever connect earths to gas pipesNever connect earths to gas pipes



Switch OffSwitch OffOrOr

RemoveRemoveFrom From TheThe

PowerPower



Electric ShockElectric ShockCheck for danger Check for danger –– hazards, risks, safetyhazards, risks, safetyResponsive Responsive –– if not call 000if not call 000Open Airway Open Airway –– look for signs of lifelook for signs of lifeGive 2 initial breathsGive 2 initial breathsGive 30 chest compressions then 2 Give 30 chest compressions then 2 breathsbreathsDefibrillate as soon as possibleDefibrillate as soon as possibleContinue CPR until qualified person arrives Continue CPR until qualified person arrives or life signs returnor life signs return

Australian Resuscitation CouncilAustralian Resuscitation Council



FusesFuses•• Fuses are to protect from high Fuses are to protect from high

currentscurrents•• Fuses have a predetermined current Fuses have a predetermined current

melt and open the circuitmelt and open the circuit•• High currents can burnHigh currents can burn•• Replacement fuses must always be Replacement fuses must always be

the same type and current rating as the same type and current rating as per the manufacturers specificationsper the manufacturers specifications


Section 9 SafetySection 9 SafetyEarth leakage breakers are sensitive to Earth leakage breakers are sensitive to fault conditions and will tripfault conditions and will tripMost often installed in switchboardsMost often installed in switchboardsApproved mains operated appliances in Approved mains operated appliances in Australia will have a manufacturers labelAustralia will have a manufacturers labelAll states have regulations for All states have regulations for maintenance of mains operated equipment maintenance of mains operated equipment and the requirements in relation to the and the requirements in relation to the qualifications of those who can work on qualifications of those who can work on such equipment. such equipment.



BatteriesBatteries•• Some batteries have toxic or corrosive Some batteries have toxic or corrosive

chemicals or produce gaseschemicals or produce gases•• Never short circuit a batteryNever short circuit a battery•• Never dispose of a battery in a fireNever dispose of a battery in a fire•• Use protective fuses with batteriesUse protective fuses with batteries•• Children should not play with batteriesChildren should not play with batteries



Radiation SafetyRadiation SafetyElectromagnetic radiation may be Electromagnetic radiation may be harmful if concentrated into a narrow harmful if concentrated into a narrow beam of very high powerbeam of very high powerElectromagnetic radiation may burn Electromagnetic radiation may burn or heat parts of the human body or or heat parts of the human body or organsorgansKeep distance between you and Keep distance between you and electromagnetic radiationelectromagnetic radiation



Other safety issues:Other safety issues:Slips trips and fallsSlips trips and fallsLightningLightningHeadphones and loud tonesHeadphones and loud tonesVoltages and currents on antennasVoltages and currents on antennasRF earthingRF earthing



Fuses are placed in circuits to protect Fuses are placed in circuits to protect against:against:

A. High currentsA. High currentsB. High voltageB. High voltageC. High resistanceC. High resistanceD. High frequencyD. High frequency

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer is A



Batteries should be disposed of correctly Batteries should be disposed of correctly because of the environmental issues the because of the environmental issues the chemicals in them can cause. Batteries chemicals in them can cause. Batteries can also:can also:A. Produce electromagnetic radiationA. Produce electromagnetic radiationB. Go flat very quickly if unusedB. Go flat very quickly if unusedC. Make loud noisesC. Make loud noisesD. Explode or emit fumes if puncturedD. Explode or emit fumes if punctured

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Answer D


Section 9 SafetySection 9 SafetyProtective mains earths:Protective mains earths:

A. Should be removed during fault A. Should be removed during fault findingfinding

B. Are not necessary in amateur B. Are not necessary in amateur radio radio stationsstations

C. Can only be removed or replaced by C. Can only be removed or replaced by qualified personsqualified persons

D. Are always represented by a purple D. Are always represented by a purple wirewire

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Answer is C


InterferenceInterferenceAs well as EMR risk when working around As well as EMR risk when working around functioning antennas another significant functioning antennas another significant danger is:danger is:

A. A person falling while working A. A person falling while working at heightsat heightsB. Potential high voltages and B. Potential high voltages and currentscurrentsC. Sharp objects that can cause C. Sharp objects that can cause lacerationslacerationsD. Ice on antenna elements can make D. Ice on antenna elements can make them fallthem fall

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As the antennas are working the risk is associated with high voltages and currents. Answer B



High voltages and currents can be High voltages and currents can be present around operating antennas. present around operating antennas. It is important that:It is important that:

A.A. Earth mats are used at the antenna Earth mats are used at the antenna basebase

B.B. All wiring is insulatedAll wiring is insulatedC.C. People and animals are kept at a safe People and animals are kept at a safe

distancedistanceD.D. Earth straps are used to conduct Earth straps are used to conduct

lightning awaylightning away


IRLPIRLP

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Mention echolink Cover DTMF


Continuous Tone Coded Squelch Continuous Tone Coded Squelch System (CTCSS)System (CTCSS)

This system is designed to reduce This system is designed to reduce annoying signals and will assist in masking annoying signals and will assist in masking coco--channel interferencechannel interferenceA tone is transmitted each time the press A tone is transmitted each time the press to talk button is pressed that is detected to talk button is pressed that is detected in the receiver and allows the mute (or in the receiver and allows the mute (or squelch) to open.squelch) to open.The transmitted tone is in the 67 to 257Hz The transmitted tone is in the 67 to 257Hz range and often referred to as a subrange and often referred to as a sub--audible toneaudible tone


Dual Tone Multiple Frequency Dual Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF)(DTMF)

DTMF is used for telephone signaling over DTMF is used for telephone signaling over a medium such as a telephone line or a medium such as a telephone line or radio linkradio linkDTMF is the signal produced by your DTMF is the signal produced by your mobile phone keypadmobile phone keypadTwo voice frequency tones of different Two voice frequency tones of different frequencies are transmitted frequencies are transmitted simultaneouslysimultaneouslyOften used to switch on or off and control Often used to switch on or off and control remote equipment.remote equipment.


Repeater OperationRepeater Operation

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Cover CTCSS

foundation licence theory - wireless institute of · pdf filehave a copy of the lcd the...

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