Founders & Initiators of the 3 Studies

Dr James W B Douglas

Professor Neville Butler

Dr Mia Kellmer Pringle

Professor Eva Alberman

Professor Geoffrey Chamberlain

Periods & ages of data collection in the 3 studies

Age at data collection

3rd – 9th March 1946

(N=5,362)

3rd – 9th March 1958

(N=17,414)

5th – 11th April 1970

(N=17,198)

Birth 1946 1958 1970 1-5 yrs 1946-51 1958-63 1970-75 6-16 yrs 1952-62 1964-74 1976-86 Early adulthood 17-30 yrs

1963-76 1975-88 1987-2000

Early & middle adulthood 31-50 yrs

1977-66 1989-2008 2001-2020

Later middle adulthood 51-65 yrs

1997-2011 2009-2023 2021-2035

Later life 66+ 2012- 2024- 2036-

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Fathers, 1946 cohort - 1950

Fathers, 1958 cohort - 1965

Fathers, 1970 cohort - 1975

Sons born 1946 in 1978

Sons, born 1958, 1991

Sons, born 1970 in 2000

I Professional II Intermediate III-non Junior White Collar

III-man Skilled Manual IV Semi skilled manual V Unskilled Manual

The changing social class structure of jobs

Periods & ages of data collection in the 3 studies

Age at data collection

3rd – 9th March 1946

(N=5,362)

3rd – 9th March 1958

(N=17,414)

5th – 11th April 1970

(N=17,198)

Birth 1946 1958 1970 1-5 yrs 1946-51 1958-63 1970-75 6-16 yrs 1952-62 1964-74 1976-86 Early adulthood 17-30 yrs

1963-76 1975-88 1987-2000

Early & middle adulthood 31-50 yrs

1977-66 1989-2008 2001-2020

Later middle adulthood 51-65 yrs

1997-2011 2009-2023 2021-2035

Later life 66+ 2012- 2024- 2036-

Percentage gaining degrees or other tertiary qualifications

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Age 32 in 1978 Age 33 in 1991 Age 30 in 2000

1946 1958 1970

Pe

rce

nta

ge

men

women

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

I II III nm III m IV V No father

Father's class in childhood

Per

cent

age

1970 men

1970 women

1958 men

1958 women

1946 men

1946 women

Percentage with tertiary qualifications by father's class

Percentage of sons in same occupation as fathers

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1946cohortat 32

1958cohortat 33

1970cohortat 30

1946cohortat 43

1958cohortat 42

Pe

rce

nta

ge

I

II

III-n

III-m

IV

V

Total

Intermediate

Skilled Manual

Total

Professional

Semi-skilled manual

Junior non-manual

Unskilled

Women labour market states 16-30

1958 COHORT

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29Age

1970 COHORT

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Age

Unemployed

Out of the labour force

Part time work

Full time work

Government training

Full time education

0

20

40

60

80

1946 atage 32

1958 atage 33

1970 atage 30

1946 atage 43

1958 atage 42

Cohort and age

Per

cent

age

Part-time

Full-time

Employment rates of mothers with a child under 5

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

born 1946 (32) born 1958 (33) born 1970 (30)

£ p

er

ho

ur,

20

01

pri

ce

s

MenWomen

Average hourly pay

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

born 1946 (32) born 1958 (33) born 1970 (30)

Ra

tio Men

Women

Pay gap: 90/10 ratio

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0 5 10 15 20 25

£ per hour, 2001 prices

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f s

am

ple

Men

Women

Raw pay gap: 49%

Gender pay gap: born 1946

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0 5 10 15 20 25

£ per hour, 2001 prices

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f s

am

ple

Men

Women

Raw pay gap: 37%

Gender pay gap: born 1958

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.12

0 5 10 15 20 25

£ per hour, 2001 prices

Pro

po

rtio

n o

f s

am

ple

Men

Women

Raw pay gap: 20%

Gender pay gap: born 1970

MEN

0

25

50

75

100

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30Age

Per

cen

tage

WOMEN

0

25

50

75

100

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30Age

Per

cen

tage

1946 cohort

1958 cohort

1970 cohort

Age at first birth

MEN

0

25

50

75

100

1970 cohort 1958 cohort 1946 cohort

Pe

rce

nta

ge

WOMEN

0

25

50

75

100

1970cohort

1958cohort

1946cohort

Per

cen

tage

Own

Shared own

Rent LA/HA

Rent private

Rent free

Other

Tenure in the early 30s

Mean birth weight (kg) in the three cohorts

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

1946 1958 1970

We

igh

t (k

g)

Men

Women

Average (mean) childhood height (cm) in relation to father’s social class

Father’s social class1946 cohort at 7

years (1951)1958 cohort at 7

years (1965)1970 cohort at 10

years (1980)

MALES

I 123 124 140

II 121 124 140

IIInm 121 123 138

IIIm 119 123 138

IV 119 123 138

V 117 121 138

All classes 120 123 139FEMALES

I 122 124 139

II 121 123 139

IIInm 120 123 139

IIIm 118 122 138

IV 118 122 138

V 117 121 137

All classes 119 112 139

Cohort differences in breast-feeding: % breast-fed for 1 month or more

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Per

cen

tag

e

1946 cohort1958 cohort1970 cohort

Age in years 1946 study 1958 study 1970 study

MALES

15 0.3 (1961)

16 0.9 (1974) 1.6 (1986)

30 12.0 (2000)

33 12 (1991)

36 5.0 (1982)

43 10.0 (1984)

53 23.0 (1999)

FEMALES

15 1.6 (1961)

16 1.3 (1974) 2.1 (1986)

30 11.0 (2000)

33 12.0 (1991)

36 7.0 (1982)

43 14.0 (1984)

53 27.0 (1999)

% obesity (BMI30)

1946

cohort (36 years 1982)

1946

cohort (43 years 1989)

1958

cohort (33 years 1991)

1958

cohort (42 years 2000)

1970

cohort (30 years 2000)

MEN

Asthma 3 6 8 10 13

High blood pressure

3 9 5 11 5

WOMEN

Asthma 3 6 10 12 14

High blood pressure

5 13 6 12 10

Reports (%) of physical illnesses

1946 Cohort

(36 years 1992)

1946 Cohort

(43 years 1989)

1958 Cohort

(33 years 1991)

1958 cohort

(42 years 2000)

1970 cohort

(30 years 2000)

MEN

Depression & anxiety*

8 10 7 14 14

Trouble with nerves etc

8 15 7 15 13

WOMEN

Depression & anxiety*

18 16 12 21 20

Trouble with nerves etc

16 28 19 29 29

*PSE and PSF in 1946 cohort, Malaise in 1958 and 1970 cohorts

Reports (%) of mental illness

14

4

17

5

16

8

17

8

0

10

20

Men Women

1989 (1946 cohort age 43)

1991 (1958 cohort age 33)2000 (1958 cohort age 42)

2000 (1970 cohort age 30)

Mean number of alcohol units consumed by men and women in a week

Percentage of drug use by men and women

10

6

26

13

40

26

64

45

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Men Women

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Current use 2000 (1958 cohortage 42)

Current use 2000 (1970 cohortage 30)

Ever used 2000 (1958 cohortage 42)

Ever used 2000 (1970 cohortage 30)

Current membership of an organisation in three cohorts by occupation group: women

0

20

40

60

80

I II III nm III m IV VSocial class (own occupation)

Per

cen

tag

e

1946 cohort age 36

1958 cohort age 33

1958 cohort age 42

1970 cohort age 30

Political Apathy

0

20

40

60

I II III nm III m IV V

Social class (own occupation)

Per

cen

tag

e

1958 cohort age 331958 cohort age 421970 cohort age 30

Belief that ‘I never really seem to get what I want out of life’ in 3 cohorts by occupation group: men

0

10

20

30

40

50

I II III nm III m IV V

Social class (own occupation)

Per

cen

tag

e

1958 cohort age 331958 cohort age 421970 cohort age 30

Type of contact with the police in 3 cohorts: men

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Mov

ed o

n

Stopp

ed a

nd ques

tioned

Let o

ff with

a w

arnin

g

Arrest

ed

Form

ally c

autio

ned

Guilty

by a

cou

rt

Type of police contact (data for 1946 cohort combines those formally cautioned and found guilty by court of

law)

Pe

rce

nta

ge

1946 cohort

1958 cohort

1970 cohort

0

10

20

30

40

50

NVQ 4 – NVQ6

NVQ 2 Noqualifications

Highest qualification

Per

cen

tag

e 1958 cohort

1970 cohort

Experience of ever been arrested in two cohorts by highest qualification: men

 

Personal identity

Qualifications

Knowledge

Skills

Civic Participation

Health

Plans / goals

Friends / Networks

Family

Attitudes and values(e.g. trust)

Self concept

Motivation to learn

Enjoyment

Human capital Social capital

1. Other forms of capital:-Cultural capitalEconomic capitalEmotional capital

2. Structural constraints

CAPITALS IN MOTION

Take-up of learning between 33 and 42P

rop

ort

ion

number of courses 0 3 6 9 12 15

0

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

Percentages participating in types of courses

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

acad.accr.

voc.accr.

wk-rel.

leis. acc. basicskills

govt.train.

course type

Associations between participation in learning (number of courses taken) and changes in health outcomes

Outcome Estimate P-value Mean change Estimate/mean

Gave up smoking

.003 .197 .28 1%

Change in units drunk

.044 .151 -.71 -6%

Increased exercise

.004 .006 .41 1%

Change in life-sat.

.007 .007 -.22 -3%

Became depressed

.001 .409 .09 1%

Exited from depression

.002 .752 .41 0%

Associations between participation in learning (number of courses taken) and changes in social capital and cohesion outcomes

Outcome Estimate P-value Mean change Estimate/mean

Change race tolerance

.013 .000 .19 7%

Change pol. Cynicism

-.002 .150 .44 0%

Change support auth

-.009 .000 .26 -3%

Increased pol. Int .003 .008 .19 2%

Increased no. mbrshps

.003 .000 .12 3%

Voted in 97 abstd 87

.007 .036 .5 1%

General trust and memberships

DEN

NL

SW

IRL

FIN

CAN

PO

UK

B

POR

NWD

SZ

AU

US

.00

.20

.40

.60

.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00

General trust

Mem

bers

hips

Test score ratio and income inequality

NL

DENSW

FIN

AU

D

B

CAN

PORUSA

IRL

UKNW

POSZ

1.00

1.10

1.20

1.30

1.40

1.50

1.60

20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

Test score ratio

Inco

me

ineq

ualit

y

Income inequality and general trust

US

POR

UK

PO

SZ

AU

IRL

D

CAN

NL

B

FIN

SWDEN

NW

20.00

25.00

30.00

35.00

40.00

45.00

50.00

55.00

60.00

65.00

70.00

20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

Income inequality

Gen

eral

trus

t

Income inequality and violent crime

SW

DEN

B NW

FIN

SZ AU

PO

D

POR

CAN

IRL

NL

UK

US

.00

50.00

100.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00

Income inequality

Viole

nt cr

ime

Social capital and income inequality

NL

AU

ECANSK

FR TUUKIRL

POR

B

I

FINJA

DSWNW

SZ

INDNI

CHI

BRZ

MXSA

USA

DEN

.00

.20

.40

.60

.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

1.80

20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00

Gini coefficient

Soci

al c

apita

l

   

Figure 1. Relationship between Social Cohesion and Education Inequality

Fi Swe Au Ca Pol

Ir Be

Ge

UK US

Por

Swt Ne

De

Nw

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

Education Inequality

Social Cohesion Index

Learning effects on social capital (joining, volunteering and engagement)  

  Learning Joining

volunteering civic engagement

   Cognitive resources (knowledge, skills etc)   Adapted from R. Nie

Status Network centrality

 

Learning effects on social cohesion  

  Labour market structures:

Union density and compassReach of collective agreementsMinimum wage

  

Income dispersal 

  Dispersal of outcomes Social Cohesion

TrustCivic cooperation

 Learning

Socialization 

1970 BRITISH COHORT STUDY1970 BRITISH COHORT STUDY

0 5 10 16 21 26 30