four medallions from the arras hoard / by agnes baldwin
TRANSCRIPT
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NUMISMATIC
NOTES
AND
MONOGRAPHS
No.
28
FOUR MEDALLIONS
FROM
THE
ARRAS
HOARD
By AGNES BALDWIN
THE
AMERICAN
NUMISMATIC
SOCIETY
BROADWAY
AT
I56TH
STREET
NEW YORK
I926
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PUBLICATIONS
The American
Journal
of
Numismatics,
1866*1920.
Monthly,
May,
1866-
April,
1870.
Quarterly, July,
1870-October, 191a.
Annually, 1913-1920.
With
many
plates,
illustrations, maps
and tables.
Less than
a dozen
complete
sets
of
the
Jour-
nal remain
on
hand.
Prices on
application.
The numbers
necessary
to
complete
broken
sets
may
in
most cases be obtained.
An
index to
the
first
fifty
volumes has
been
issued
as
part
of
Volume
LI. It
may
also
be
pur-
chased
separately
for
3.00.
The American
Numismatic
Society.
Catalogue
of the
International
Exhibition of
Contempo-
rary
Medals.
March, 1910.
New and
revised
edition.
New
York.
191
1.
xxxvi,
412
pages,
512
illustrations.
10.00.
The
American
Numismatic
Society.
Exhibition
of United
States
and Colonial Coins.
19 14.
vii,
134 pages,
40 plates.
1.00.
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NUMISMATIC
NOTES AND MONOGRAPHS
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Numismatic
Notes
and
Monographs
is devoted oessays ndtreatisesn sub-
jects
relating
to
coins,
paper
money,
medals
nd
decorations,
nd
is
uniform
with
Hispanic
Notes and
Monographs
published
by
the
Hispanic
Society
of
America,
and
with
Indian Notes
and
Monographs
ssued
by
the
Museum
f the
American
ndian
Heye
Foundation.
Publication Committee
AgnesBaldwin
Brett,
Chairman
HenryRussell
Drowne
W. Gedney
eatty
Editorial
Staff
Sydney
hilip
Noe,
Editor
Howland
Wood,
Associate
ditor
V.
E.
Earle,
Assistant
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COPYRIGHT
926
BY
THE
AMERICANUMISMATIC
OCIETY
PANDICK
RESS,NC.,
NEW
ORK
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FOUR
MEDALLIONS
FROM
THE
ARRAS
HOARD
BY
AGNES
BALDWIN
THE
AMERICAN
UMISMATIC
OCIETY
BROADWAY
T
56TH
STREET
NEW
YORK
I926
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ARRAS
HOARD
i
i
FOUR
MEDALLIONS FROM
THE
ARRAS HOARD
By
Agnes
Baldwin
The
following
our medallions
rom
theremarkable
oard
found t Beaurains-
lez-Arras
n
1922
are additions o the
nine
published
n
Arethuse,
January,
1924. They nclude wo medallions ith
associated
or
double
portraits
f
mem-
bersof
the
first
etrarchy
f Diocletianus
(Pis.
i,
iv)
which
are
unique
and un-
published,1
nd two
of
Constantius
Chlorus. One
of
the atter
PI. iii)
is a
second
xample2
f
themedallion
f
Con-
stantius illustrated
n
Arethuse PI.
viii,
7,
while
the other s a
unique
piece
and
has
already
been
published
y
Mr.
M. Schulman.3 Besides these four
medallionsfrom
the
hoard
which are
now
in
this
country,
fifth
iece
is
known
o
be
in
the
cabinet f an
Ameri-
NUMISMATIC NOTES
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2 FOUR
MEDALLIONS
can
collector.
How
many
more there
wereoriginallyn the hoard s notnow
known,
ince
the workmen
ho discov-
ered
it while
digging
n
a
clay deposit
made
away
with a
considerable
ortion
of
the
medallionsnd
aurei,*
f
which
part only
was
subsequently
ecovered.
Rumor
arries
he number
f
medallions
found,
o
as
high
a
figure
s
fifty.
t
is even
reported
hat several
of
them
were shownto a dealer
n
Ghent,
who
melted hem
up, believing
hem to
be
spurious.Thusthehoardwas notexam-
ined and
studied ntact.
According
o
M.
Duquènoy,
urator
f
the Arras
Museum,
the
treasure
was
buried
n
two vases
one
of
silver,
of
which
fragments
ave been
recovered,
and
the otherof
clay.
The silvervase
was
presumably
ontained ithin
he
lay
pot.5
It is
suggested
y
M.
Duquènoy
that he hoardwas
perhaps
tolen
n
an-
cient imes nd buried n the lay deposit
at
Beaurains-lez-Arras,
s
there re
no
traces
f
walls or
buildings
ndicating
n
ancient
ettlementt
the
find
pot.
Most
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS HOARD
Fig.
i
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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4
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
of
the
gold
coins
nd medallions
re
dis-
colored with a dull, silverish oating,
probably
ue to chemical eaction f
the
aluminum
onstituentf the
clay
soil
in
which
hey
ong lay
buried.
The thirteen medallions
thus
far
known
were issued
by
the
following
emperors:
iocletianus
2);
Maximianus
Herculius
1)
;
Constantius
hlorus
7)
;
Constantius
nd
Galerius
Maximianus
(
i
; Diocletianus,
Herculius,
Constan-
tius and
Galerius
(1);
Constantinus
Magnus (1).
The latest medallion s
that
of Con-
stantine he Great
s
Augustus
with
he
Principi
iuventutis
reversefrom
he
mint
of
Trêves,
Fig.
1.
The
gold
unit
whichwas
struck
ontemporaneously
ith
this
medallions
the oin hown
n
Fig.
2.
6
The
reverse
ype,
igure
f
Constantine
in
military
ress and
cloak,
tanding
o
r. with
pear
and
globe,
he
inscription,
Principi iuventutis,andthemint-mark
PTR
Percussa
Trevirorum
re
identical
with
those
of
the
medallion;
while
the
obverse
differs
only
in
bearing
the
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
5
head
aureate
nstead f
thebust
aureate,
draped,withcuirass, s on the medal-
lion,
and a briefer
nscription.
This
coin,
which
was
in
the
hoard,
s
a
solidus,
and hence annot
e earlier han
309-310,
Fig.
2
when
monetary
eform as effected
y
Constantine
hrough
he
substitutionf
the
solidas
of
c.
4.55 gr.,
or
seventy-two
to
the
gold pound,
or
the ureus
weigh-
ing
c.
5.45
gr.,
or
sixty
to the
pound.
According
o
Maurice,
t
belongs
o the
third ssue
of theTrêves
mint,
amely
o
the
period
etween
May, 309,
dateof the
recognition
f Constantine
nd
Maxi-
minus
I
Daza
as
Augustiby
Galerius,
andJune, 13,dateofthedeath fDaza.
Another
xample
f this
type
of
solidus
was
present
n
the
hoard,
f
slightly
if-
ferent everse ie.7 Another
olidusof
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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6 FOUR
MEDALLIONS
Constantine,
ig.
3,
with
reverse
ype,
threemilitarytandards,nd inscription
s. p.
Q.
R. óptimo
principi,
and
mint-
mark PTR
and obverse
imilar to the
above
piece
was also in
the
hoard.
This
latter
coin
is classified
y
Maurice
as
belonging
ikewise o
the third ssue
of
Constantine
t
Trêves,
09-313.
The re-
verse
inscription,
. p.
q.
r.
optimo
principi,
is
explained
by
Maurice
(Nam.
Const.
,
204,
bronze oins
of the
Roman
mint struck
imultaneously
or
Constantine, icinius and Maximinus
Daza),
as
referring
o
the
rapprochement
of
Constantine
nd
the
Roman
Senate,
after
he defeat
nd
deathof Maxentius
in
the battle
f the
Mulvian
bridge
nd
the
entry
f
Constantine
nto Rome
on
October
26,
312.
On
this
occasion
the
Senate
decreed
o Constantine
he titulus
primi
ordinis,
r
primi
nominis itulus
namely,
he
right
of
placing
his name
at the head of the list of theAugusti
and
of
legislating,
hich
had
previously
belonged
o
Daza,
who had
refused o
yield
t
to Constantine.
his
piece,
hen,
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
7
if
the above
interpretation
f
its
reverse
inscriptione correct,elongs oward he
end of
the
period
309-313,
nd
supplies
us
with
a
terminus
ost
quem
for
the
burial
of the
hoard,
ince
therewas
no
Fig. 3
solidioflaterdate nthehoard. Forthe
later issues
of Constantinewhich
are
associatedwith he
Arras hoard oins
n
the Ratto Sale
Cat.
April, 1923
(cf.
Note
4),
suchas Nos.
443, 449,
ff.
and,
also,
we are bound o
conclude,
o.
446,
a
dated
piece
of
thefourth
onsulate,
15
A.
D.,
not
llustrated)
erenot
part
of
the
hoard,
ccording
o the
testimony
f
those
who
examined
t.
Moreover,
hese
later coins of Constantinen the Ratto
Catalogue,
hiefly
f the
periods 13-317,
324-326
nd
336-7,
re
quite
ommonnd
are
in a moreworn
ondition
han hose
AND MONOGRAPHS
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8
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
issues
of Constantine
hich
re
known
to have been in the hoard and belong
to the first
art
of his
reign. Finally,
the
gap
existing
between he
issues of
Constantine's
arlier
eriod
nd these
ate
coins
in
the Ratto
Catalogue
makes
t
impossible
o
regard
he latter
group
s
part
of
the hoard.
Of No.
447
in the
Catalogue
we have
already
poken
s an-
other
example
of the
solidus,
Fig.
1.
No.
448,
an
aureus
of
Constantine
s
Caesar,
306-308,
was
probably
n
the
hoard. As to Nos. 444-445,we can
safely
onclude hat
hey
did not
belong
to it.
The
very
rare aureus
of Maxen-
tius,9
Ratto,
No.
440,
which
s in mint
condition,
elongs
o the
period
09-312,
and
would,
ccording
o
the bovereason-
ing,
have
been
an issue
previous
o the
s.
p.
g.
R.
piece
of
Constantine.
f we
accept
the
date
assigned
to this latter
coin
by
Maurice,
he date of the
deposit
of thehoardshouldbe givenas about
312-313.
However,
we should
e
inclined
to date the
hoard,
side from his
par-
ticular
oin and the date
assigned
o
it
NUMISMATIC NOTES
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ARRAS HOARD
9
by
Maurice,
ather
n
the
middle
f the
period 309-312 or verysoon after the
introduction
f
the
sol-idus
n
309-310.
The
fact that there were
only
two
or
three
olidi
n
the
hoard,
nd thatthese
are
all
specimens
f
Constantine's
arliest
issues,
points
rather
owardthe middle
than
the
very
end
of
the
period.
The
period
during
which
the
coins
were
hoarded,
therefore,
xtends
from
284,
date
of
the
accession
f
Diocletianus,
o
309-312, he same rangeas thatof the
medallions. The
aurei
of an
earlier
period,
escribed
elow,
epresent
treas-
ure
of
gold surviving
rom ver a hun-
dred
years,
which
was
in
the
possession
of
the
owner
or
owners)
who formed
the
hoard
during
he
ast
quarter
f
the
Third
Century
nd
early
part
of
the
Fourth.
Such
are the
conclusions
hich
can
he
drawn
from a
study
of
this
famous
hoard under
the
present
ondi-
tions. A rigorouslycientificccount f
the
hoard
n
its
entirety
annot e
given
untilmoreof the
now
scattered
material
becomes
vailable,
nd
a more
complete
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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IO
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
picture
f
the
hoard
can be thus con-
structed.
As to
the
general
nature
f
the
hoard,
incomplete
s it
is,
we are
able
to
draw
what
seem to
be
sound
inferences. t
contained
old
medallionsnd
aurei
plus
solidi
of
the
period
from
Diocletianus
to
Constantine
he
Great;
many
urei
of
an
earlier
eriod
from he
Antonines
o
Caracalla,
some of
which
were
set
in
mountings
ith
attachmentso
be
worn
as
pendants and,
in
addition,
ilver
denarii
(forty-one
were seen
by
the
writer n
Arras)
chiefly
f
Constantine
(type
of
Cohen,
706,
rev.,
virtus mili-
tum and a
fortified
ateway,
mint-mark
ptr).
Besides
these
coins,
there
were
also
objects
of
jewelry, old
necklaces,
bracelets,
silver
poon,
ems,
ring,
chain,
etc. Thus
the
ensemble
may
be
imagined
o have been
the
property
f
some
high
civil
functionary
r
military
chief, r of his family,esidingn Gaul.
In
all
probability,
t
was the
family
treasure f some
wealthy
ndividual
o
whom
ome
of
the medallions
ere
pre-
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
ii
sented
s marksof
distinction,
ewards
for politicalor military ervice. The
coins
n
the
hoard
fall intotwo
distinct
groups:
(i)
the earlier
urei
preserved
as
bullion,
nd
as
jewelry
in
frames
(Hadrianus,
Faustina
Sr.,
Faustina
Jr.,
Commodus, aracalla,
Julia
Domna are
among
the mounted
ieces
seen
by
the
writer)
some of
which
show
signs
of
considerable
circulation,
overing
the
period
from
bout 118 to
211;
(2)
later
aurei
(and
solidi
ranging
rom
Diocle-
tianus to Constantinewhose condition
varies
from
lightly
worn
to
fine,
ril-
liant
state,
extending
ver
the
period
284-312.
As
in
the
case
of themedallions f the
Helleville
find,10
hose fromArras are
nearly
ll
unique
pieces,
for
these mul-
tipl
-aurei
were struck
as
imperial
largesses
and were not issued
in
very
large quantities. They
are
chiefly
ive
and tenaureipieces, ll remarkablyell
preserved;
ome
n
mint tate. There
s
no
large
medallion f
Galerius
Maxi-
mianus,
lone,
which
s
quite
n
keeping
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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12
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
with the
circumstance
hat
the
greater
number f the medallions erestruck t
the
Gallic
mint,
nd
that
half
at
least
were truck
y
Constantius
hlorus.
The
hoard,
herefore,
s far
as
we can
judge,
was
formed
ithin
he
restrictedrea of
Constantius'
omain.
CONSTANTIUS
CHLORUS
AND GALE-
RIUS MAX
M
AN
US,
as
Caesars,
293-305
.
D.
I.
Obv.
DD.
NN.
CONSTANTIOT MAXI-
MIANO OBB. AESS.
(ominis)
N
(ostris),
Constantio
t
Maximiano
Nobilissimis
Cacsaribus,
To
our
lords,
Constantius
and
Maximianus,
most
noble
Caesars
Half-length
igures
onfronting
f
Con-
stantius nd
Galerius
Maximianus,
eads
laureate,
wearing
the
imperial
mantle;
Constantius,
n
the
left,
holds
a
globe
surmounted
y
a
Victory
n
his
right
hand,
while
Galerius,
n
the
right,
olds
a scepterurmountedy n eagle.
Rev.
PRiNCiPVM
vvENTVTis
Princi
pum
nventutis)
(Of)
The
Firstof
the
Knights .
The two
Emperors
tanding
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
13
in
military
resswith
loak,
bareheaded,
resting left arms on long, upright
scepters,
each
holding
a
patera
with
which
they
re
pouring
libation
pon
a
tripod-altar
laced
between
hem;
in
the central
background,
wo
military
standards;
n
the
exergue,
prom
{Per-
cussa
Romac),
Struck
t
Rome .
Gold
Medallion. 10
aurei
or
denio,
38
mm.
54.27 gr.
Unique
and
unpub-
lished.
Plate I.
This
unique
medallion f
Constantius
Chlorusand GaleriusMaximianusto-
gether
s
Caesars
is
one of
the earliest
medallions
n
the
find,
s is
evidenced
y
its
moreworn
onditions
compared
ith
that
of the others.
The occasion
of
its
issue s
perfectly
lear from
he
obverse
and
reverse
ypes
and
inscriptions.
t
was
struck
n
293,
to
commemoratehe
elevation f
Constantius
nd
Galerius o
the rank of
Caesars
Principes
iuven-
tutis. On theobverse, ehavethepor-
trait
bustsof
the
two new
associates n
the
empire
f
Diocletianus,
lad
in
the
imperial
mantle nd
holding
mblems
f
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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14
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
sovereignty,
hile
on the
reverse he
two
Emperorsre representeds taking he
oath
of office t the
tripod,
ccording
o
the traditional
ype.
Diocletianus
scended
the throne
n
November,
84,
and
reigned
lone
until
April, 285,
when
he
associated with
him MaximianusHerculius
directly
s
Augustus
without irst
aving ppointed
him
Caesar.
On
March
1,
293,
he
called
to the
rank
of
Caesars
Constantius
nd
Galerius
Maximianus,
nd
just
as
Dio-
cletianuswas the first
Augustus
and
Maximianus
Herculius the
second,
so
Constantius
as
the first
aesar
n
rank,
and
Galerius
he second.11
Hence there
is
significance
n
the order
f
the
names
of
the
Caesars
in
the obverse
nscrip-
tion.
Correspondingly,
he
portrait
n
the
eft
s
unquestionably
o be
identified
as
that
of
Constantius,
he
Caesar
of
senior
rank.
That this
position
f the
senior n rank orrespondingohisprior
mention
n
the
nscription
unning
rom
left o
right
n medallions
ith onfront-
ing portraits
was a
regularly
bserved
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS HOARD
15
convention,
s
borneout
by
other
medal-
lions of this type. On the medallion
of
Diocletianus
nd
MaximianusHer-
culius
n
Florence,12
hetwo
Augusti
re
so
placed
n
order
of
seniority,
iocle-
tianuson
the eft and
Herculiuson
the
right.
For,
although
he
portraiture
f
this
period
is
very conventional,
er-
culius is
here
unmistakable
n
account
of
his
prominent
eature a
decidedly
retroussé
ose. On
medallions
truck
y
Constantine
he
Great,having
s
reverse
types
confronting
ustsof the
Caesars,
Crispus
and
Constantine,
r.,13
nd of
Crispus
and
Constantius
I,14
the
fig-
ure on
the
left
n
each case is
that of
Crispus.
This is
made
evident,
ot
by
the
portraiture,
hich s
utterly
onven-
tional,
ut
by
the
deviceof
representing
the
senior n
rank,
Crispus,
s of
larger
size than
the
uniors,
who
were,
ndeed
so
manyyears
younger.15
Our medallion as struck t Rome nd
is
the second
ne
in
the Arras
find
rom
thismint.
For,
the
medallion f
Diocle-
tianus,
Arethuse,
PI.
viii,
3,
although
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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i6
FOUR MEDALLIONS
without
mint-mark,
s
probably
product
oftheRomanmint,ccordingo itsstyle.
The
flan,
ikethat
f
the bove
mentioned
denio of
Diocletianus nd Herculius
n
Florence,
s smaller nd
thickerhan hose
of
the other
dentones
f
the
hoard,10
namely,
he
London medallion f
Con-
stantius,
retJiuse,
.
c.,
PI.
vii,
and the
medallion
earing
the
portraits
f
the
four members
f
the
first
etrarchy
f
Diocletianus
Plate iv).
Of 'these two
latter
pieces,
the
London
medallion
s
from
the mint
of
Trêves,
while the
medallion
f
the
tetrarchy
ears no indi-
cation
f
the
place
of
issue,
but
from
ts
stylemay
be
assigned
o the
Gallic mint.
The
gold
units,
r
aurei,
orresponding
to
our
multiple-piece
f
ten urei
are
the
coins struck
y
Constantius,ohen,
33,
and
by
Gal
ri
s,
C.
178,
ar. On the
for-
mer
piece, Fig. 4,
the reverse
ype
s
that
of
the
Emperor
n
military
ress
withcloak,bareheaded,tanding o left
holding
military
tandard n
the
right
hand and
resting
n
a
long scepter
with
the
left;
the
inscription,
Principi
NUMISMATIC NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
17
iuvENTUTis,
nd mint-mark
rom are
identical ith hose nthemedallion. n
Fig. 4
the atter
piece, Fig.
5,
the
reverse
ype
is
similar,
ut the
Emperor
s
laureate,
and
the
inscription
s
Principi
iuven-
tut. The obverses ear laureateheads,
and
the
inscriptions,
N
Constantio
Fig. 5
Caes and
D
N
Maximiano
Caes,
thus
correspondingerfectly ith he nscrip-
tion
on our
denio
of
Constantius nd
Galerius,
which s
also
in
the
dative
ase.
Thus we
have
in
these
coins the
units
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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i8
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
which
were issued
contemporaneously
with the medallion, correspondence
demonstrated
bove
in
the
case
of
the
Principi
iuventutis denio and
solidus
of
Constantine.
Other
xamples
may
be cited f
medal-
lions of
which
there
xist
differente-
nominationsn
gold,
s
follows:
he me-
dallion of Diocletianus
nd
Herculius
above mentioned
n
Florence,17
denio
to which
there is a
corresponding
quinio18
n
Berlin;
the
medallion
f
Her-
culius n Budapest,19 quinio,with he
reverse
ype
f the
two
Emperors
eated,
facing,
n
curule
hairs,
ach
carrying
globe,
crowned
by
Jupiter
?)
on 1.
and
Herculeson
r.,
with
the
nscription
Perpetua
concordia
Augg. and
mint-
mark
PR,
for
which
there
exist
cor-
responding
urei
struck
y
Diocletianus
and
Herculius20
with a
slight
modifica-
tion n
the
type,
hetwo
Emperors
eated
to 1. on curulechairs,each carrying
globe
nd
crowned
y
Victory,
bove nd
between
hem,
with
he
nscription,
on-
cordi
e
Augg. nn.
These
aurei
are
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS HOARD
19
withoutmint-mark
nd
are doubtless f
the Romanmint s is the medallion.21
From
heexistence
f
these urei
of
each
Emperor,
we should
nfer hat
a
quinio
of
similar
type
to that
of
Herculius,
though
ot
now
known,
was
also
issued
for
Diocletianus.
The
quinio
f
Herculius
ust
mentioned
was issued
n
293,
therefore,
n
the
same
year,22
s ourmedallion
rom
Arras
with
the
double
portraits
f
Constantius
nd
Galerius,
he
Caesars
whose
ppointmentit commemorates.he occasion for its
issue was
probably
he
celebrationf
the
Decennalia
of
the two
Augusti
s
may
be
inferred rom
he
reverse
ype
nd n-
scription. Thus,
in
the
year
293
there
were truck
1
our
denio
f
the
Caesars,
commemorating
he
naming
of
the two
new
colleagues
n
the
empire,
nd
(2)
presumably,
wo
quiniones,
ne
each of
Diocletianus and
Herculius,
the
two
Augusti, o recallthe ong-standingar-
mony,
perpetua
oncordia,
xisting
be-
tween
hem,
nd
to
express
hopes
for
ts
continuance.
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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20
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
CONSTANTIUS
HLORUS,
s Caesar
293-305 . D.
2. Obī'
FL. VAL.
CONSTANTIVSO-
BiLissiMvs
C.
Fl(avius)
Val(erius)
Constant
ns,
Nobilissimus
C(aesar).
Head
of Constantius
Chlorus
to
r.,
bearded,
earing
he
ion's
calp
as head-
dress.
Rev.
marti Victoři
To
Mars
Vic-
tor . Mars Victor
dvancing
o
r.,
wear-
ing
helmet
nd
floating
mantle,
arrying
a trophy ver 1. shoulder nd a spear
transversely
n
r.
hand;
in
the
exergue,
TR.
Gold
medallion.
5
aurei,
or
quinto.
23
mm.
26.15
gr.
Unique.
Plate
II.
This medallion
was
issued,
s its ob-
verse
nscription
ells
us,
while
Constan-
tius
was
still
Caesar, hence,
within he
period
293-305.
The reverse
ype
quite
plainly
lludes
o a
military ictory.
M.
Schulmanop cit.note ) refershe ype
to
events
f the
year,
98,
n
whichCon-
stantius
on a
victory
ver he
Alemanni
who had
invaded
Gaul
in
the district
f
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
21
the
Lingones
Langres).
However,
he
obverse ypeof this medallion onnects
it
with nothermedallion
f
Constantius
from heArrashoard
earing
n
identical
head
of
Constantius
n
the lion's
scalp
with a
reverse
depicting
he
Emperor
standing
o
r.
in
military
ress,
with
spear,holding
ut his
right
and
o
greet
a
kneeling
emale
igure
ho holds
pear
and
shield,
while
Victory
at the left
crowns the
Emperor,
Arethuse,
PL
viii,
6.
This
medallion
s connected
n
turn
by
identical everse
ype,Emperor
and
kneeling igure
nd
Victory,
with
third ssue
of
Constantius,
rethusePI.
viii,
5, having
as
obverse
type
a
bust
of
the
Emperor
n
imperial
mantle,
old-
ing
a
scepter
urmounted
y
an
eagle.
These three
medallions re
all of
Con-
stantius s
Caesar,
and
are bound to-
gether,
ll
three,
s
strictly
ontempo-
raneous ssues
by
their
nterlinking
b-
verse and reverse ypes, nd theirmint-
marks.
Hence the
question
rises
whether
t
can be the
victory
ver
the
Alemanni
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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22
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
which ccasioned he ssue of this
eries
of three medallions r someother nd
more
onspicuousmilitary
uccess.
Is
it
not
more
probable
hat
these three
me-
dallions
efer o
the
victory
on
by
Con-
stantius
ver
Allectus
n
296,
and
which
was
celebrated
y
the
striking
f
the
famous ondon
medallion? This
is the
opinion
f
the authors
f
the article
n
Arethuse,
ho
nterpret
he
kneeling ig-
ure as
thatof
Britannia.23
The
head
of
Constantius
overedwith
the lion's
scalp
of
Hercules,
s an en-
tirely
unique
representation
or this
Emperor.
It is
not
merely
servile mi-
tation
of
the
head-dressworn
by
the
Emperor,
Maximianus
Herculius.
The
explanation
s far
more
interesting.
When
Diocletianus nd
Maximianus,
he
Augusti
associated
with
themselves,
he
two
new
Caesars,
Constantius and
Galeri
s,
the two
elder
Emperors
ach
proceeded o founda divine imperial
dynasty,
nd
each
adopted
n
heir
into
this
new
mythical
amily.
Diocletianus
took
for
himself he
surname f
Jovius,
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
23
and
thereby
established
the
Jovian
dynasty,makingGaleriushis heir and
successor,
hile
Maximianus
ssumed he
name
of
Herculius,
and founded
he
Herculian
dynasty,
dopting
Constantius
as
his heir.24
Hence
the
ion's
scalp
of
the
hero,
Hercules,
which
its so
oddly
on the
aristocratic
oman
head of
Con-
stantius
hlorus.
CONSTANTIUS
HLORUS,
s
Augustus,
305-306 . D.
3.
Obv
IMP.
CONSTANTIVS
IVS F.
AVG.
Imp
erat
r)
Constantius
Pius
F(elix)
Aug(ustus).
Bust
of
Constan-
tius,
bearded
nd
laureate
o
1.,
wearing
the
imperial
mantle,
nd
holding
n his
right
and
the
scepter
urmounted
y
an
eagle.
Rev.
TEMPORVM
elicitas.
The
Luck
of the
times ,
r The
auspicious
era . Two figurestanding,lad in the
toga,
each
holding
volumen
n
the 1.
hand and
a
patera
n
the
r.,
withwhich
they
re
pouring
libation
pon tripod-
AND MONOGRAPHS
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24
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
altar
placed
between
hem,
n
front f
a tetrastyle emple; on each side, a
camillus,
r
noble
youth,
olding
palm;
above
the
altar,
a
flute-player
in
the
background
etween
he
columns,
eads
of
spectators;
n
the
exergue,
tr.
Gold
medallion.
5
aurei,
or
quinio.
32
mm.
1.35 r-
Second
xample
nown.
Plate
III
.
The
similar
medallion
ow
in
Arras,
Arethuse,
I.
viii,
7,
is
from
different
obverse nd
reverse
ies.
This medallionwas issued
during
he
period,
05-306,
or
Constantius as
not
elevated
o
the rank
of
Augustus
until
May
i,
305,
and
he
died on
July
5, 306.
The
reverse
ype
ecalls
he
Luck of
the
times
nd
has its
prototype
n
bronze
medallions
f
the
reigns
of
Antoninus
Pius,
Marcus
Aurelius,
ommodus,
hi-
lippus,
Jr.,
Philippus,
r.
25
On certain f
these
pieces
of
Marcus
Aurelius ndCommodus,he nscriptions
Vota
suscepta,
Vota
publica,
Vota
soluta
show
that
this
type
depicts
he
ceremony
f
the
celebration
f
the
Vota
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
25
festivals,
he
Quinquennalia
r
Decen-
nalia,thefive-yearndten-yearnniver-
sariesof
the
reign.
0
On
the
gold
medal-
lion of
Diocletianus
from our
hoard,
Arethuse,
. c.
PI.
viii, 2,
a similar
ype
(without
he
temple
nd
assistants)
oc-
curs
with
he
nscription
elicitas
tem-
porum.
The
piece
was struck
t Trêves
in
the
eighth
onsulship
f
the
Emperor,
namely,
n
303.
As this was
the
year
of
the Vicennial
festival of
Diocle-
tianus,
7
t would eem easonable
n
view
of thereverse
ype28
o attributeheoc-
casion
of the ssue
of this
datedmedallion
to the
Vicennalia,
r
twentiethnniver-
sary
f his
reign.
Constantius'
edallion,
on
the other
hand,
could not
have been
issued
simultaneously
ith
that
of Dio-
cletianus
ust
cited
ince,
f
course,
e
was
not
yet
n
Augustus
n
the
year, 03.
But
as
thereverses
f both
f
these
uiniones
are
similar,
earing
s
they
do
the same
inscriptionnd thetraditionalypewhich
commemorates
he
Vota
festivals,
ur
medallion
f Constantius
robably
efers
to a
similar
vent.
As
it was
certainly
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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26
FOUR MEDALLIONS
issued fter
May
i,
305,
when Constan-
tiusandGaleriuswereraised otherank
of
Augusti
through
he
abdication f
Diocletianus nd
Herculius
who
retired
to
the
rankof
seniores
Augusti,
he two
Emperors
n
the reverse re mostnat-
urally
to
be
interpreted
s
Constantius
and
Galerius. The medallion
may
then
have
been
struck
o
commemorateheir
appointment
s
Augusti
n
305
while
at
the same
time
recalling
their
recent
Decennial
nniversary
n
303.
If
thisbe
correct,we shouldassume that a cor-
responding
edallion
was also
issued
by
Galerius.
9
To
conclude,
ur medallion
probably
ommemorates
he
appointment
of
Constantius
s
Augustus,
nd
the
two-Emperorype
on
the
reverse
ug-
gests
hat similar
uinio
may
have been
issued for
Galerius
n
his
domain. The
medallion f
Diocletianus,
rethuse,
I.
viii,2,
would
lready
ave been ssued
n
303,and our reverse ypewas probably
inspired y
it.
The obverse s
by
far
the best
por-
trait
f
this
Emperor
nown
n
coins
or
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
27
medallions. Constantius
was
the
only
memberfthe etrarchyho was a lineal
descendant
f
an
ancient
Roman
family.
His
forebears
were descended
from
Claudius
I
Gothicus
n
the female
ine,
and his
origin
s
vouched
or
by
his
deli-
cate aristocratic
rofile
with ts
strongly
characterized
oman
nose.
Compare
is
portrait
n
our
medallions,30
os.
2
and
3,
withthatof his
son,
Constantine
he
Great,
n
the Arras
medallion,31
ig.
1,
and
note the
long,aquilinenoses,
and
thenobserve he
decidedly lebeian
fea-
tures f
Maximianus
erculius nd Dio-
cletianus n
this
same
group
of medal-
lions.32
One
gains
from
hesenew
por-
traitson
the
medallions rom
Arras of
the Trêves
mint,
much
more
vivid
nd
doubtless
more correct
dea of the
per-
sonal
ppearance
f both
Constantius,
ho
was
so
genuinely
Roman,
nd of
his
son,
Constantine
he
Great,
han
from
ny
of their medallionportraitshitherto
known.
Compare,
or
example,
he
gold
medallion
of
Constantius
struck at
Siscia,
Gnecchi,
I.
5,
9,
and
the Arras
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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28 FOUR
MEDALLIONS
medallion
truck
t
Tarraco,
Arethuse,
PI. viii, 8, neither f which an now be
regarded
s a faithfulikeness. Constan-
tius
Chlorus,
hus
surnamed
rom his
pale coloring,
was of milder
isposition
than
Maximianus
Herculius,
and this
characteristic
s
especially
eflected
n
the
portrait
n our medallion.
He
was be-
tween
ixty
nd
seventy ears
old,
when
the medallion as issued.
DIOCLETIANUS, MAXIMIANUSHER-
CULIUS,
CONSTANTIUS HLORUS
AND
GALE
IUS
MAXIMIANUS,
293-305
.
D.
4.
Obv.
DIOCLETIANVS
VG.
T
MAX-
iMiANVS .
Diocletianus
Aug(ustus)
et
Maximianus
C(aesar).
Busts
of
Dio-
cletianus
on
the
eft)
and Galerius
Max-
imianus
(on
the
right),
confronting,
bearded
nd
laureate,
nd
wearing
the
imperialmantle.
Rev.
MAXI
I
AN S AVG.
T CONSTAN-
Tivs c.
Maximianus
Aug(ustus)
et
Con-
stantius
(aesar).
Busts
of
Maximianus
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
29
Herculius
on
the
eft)
and
of
Constan-
tiusChlorus on theright). Typesimi-
lar
to
obverse.
Gold
medallion.
10
aurei,
or
dcnio.
42
mm.
54.40
gr. Unique
and
unpub-
lished.
Plate
IV.
This
truly
remarkablemedallion
re-
sents the four
co-rulers
of
the
first
tetrarchy
f
Diocletianus,
rouped
ot s
pairs
of
Augusti
and
Caesar
s,
but,
as
pairs,
onsisting
ach of an
Augustus
nd
a
Caesar. Diocletianus
nd his
adoptedson and heir to the
empire,
Galerius
Maximianus,
ccupy
the
obverse,
while
Maximianus
Herculiusand his
adopted
son
and
heir,
Constantius
hlorus,
ppear
on
the
reverse.
There
is
no
mint-name,ut,
s
stated
above,
this medallion
lso
was
probably
struck
t
Trêves as
were the
majority
of
those
n
the hoard. The
medallions
struck n a much
arger
flan
than
the
medallion f Constantius nd Galerius,
No.
i,
which s of
the
same
denomina-
tion.
To
this
circumstance,
he broader
flan
nabling
he artist o
engrave
pon
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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30
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
it
heads on
a much
arger
scale,
s
due
themoremedallic haracterf thepiece.
Furthermore,
s both
he obverse
nd
re-
verse
are
occupied y
portrait
usts nd
there
s no
exergual
ine,
the medallic
quality
s
still further
eightened.
The
occasion
or
he ssueof this
piece,
one feels
convinced,
must
have been an
extraordinary
ne. Does
it then
com-
memoratehe
formationf
the
tetrarchy
in
293
This would
be
perfectly
n
keep-
ing
with
the
subject
matter f
the me-
dallion,
which
epresents
neach
face,
n
Augustus aired
with
Caesar
It
must
surely
ave
been ssued
within
he
period
Mar.
i,
293-May
,
305,
after
he acces-
sion of
Constantius nd
Galerius as
Caesars,
nd
before
heir
levation
o
the
rank
of
Augustiupon
the
retirement
f
Diocletianus nd
Herculius o
the
posi-
tion of
seniores r
honorary
ugusti.
But is
it
not
ust
as
probable
hat
he
medallionwas struck n 303, to com-
memorate
n
eventof
even
greater
m-
portance,
he
Vicennial
anniversary
r
jubilee
of
the
reign
of
the two
Augusti
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
31
and
the Decennial
anniversary
f
the
Caesars Thiswould ertainlyavebeen
an
occasionof
signal
importance
hich
would
call
for
the ssue of a
commemo-
rative
piece
such as
this. As far
as
the
hoard n
general
s
concerned,
his
date
is
perfectly
n
keeping,
or
the burial
musthave
been
as
late
as
309-312,
he
broad
date
of
the
issue of
Constantine
the Great's
medallion,
rethuse
PI.
viii,
9,
and it
may
possibly
have
been
just
following
heend
of
this
period,
o
udgefrom he
presence
n the hoardof the
solidus f
Constantine,
ig.
3, which,
c-
cording
o
Maurice,
was
not
truck
efore
312-313.
(See,
however,
bove
page
6.)
Moreover,
hismedallion
s
in
fresh,
rac-
tically
mint
ondition.
Hence the
date,
303,
appears
he more
probable
when
we
compare
ts
condition
with
that of
the
medallion
f
Constantius nd
Galerius,
No.
i,
whichwas
certainly
truck
n
293,
and is by farthemostwornof all the
medallions
ere
described.
Of
those till
in
Arras,
only
the medallion
f
Diocle-
tianus,
Arethuse,
PI.
viii,
3,
shows
a
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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32
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
similar
degree
of wear. Of
course
too
much tress annotbe laid on theargu-
ment
s
to
condition
n
relation o
me-
dallions,
or
these
ommemorative
ieces
probably
were
very
seldom
circulated.
Nevertheless,
his
difference
f
condition
would
nclineus to
place
the
medallion
of
the
tetrarchy
n the
year
of
the dual
anniversary
f
the
Augusti
and
the
Caesars
rather han
n
that
f
theforma-
tion of
the
tetrarchy.
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
33
NOTES
1
Medallion,
o.
i, may
ossibly
ot
elong
to the
hoard.
t
is
somewhatore
orn
han
the
other
medallions,
nd has
not the
dis-
colorationf
he
old
eculiar
othe
medallions
and
urei f
this
ind. t is from
he
mint f
Rome,
hilemost
fthe
ther
edallionsear-
ing
a
mint-mark
re
from
he Trêves
mint.
There
s,
however,
neother
medallion
n
the
hoard, hich,hough ithoutmint-marks,
according
o its
style,
robably
lso fromhe
Roman
mint,
rethuse
PI.
viii, 3. Hence,
the mint-mark
lonedoes
not constituten
objection
o
the nclusionf
No.
1
in
the
hoard.
Also,
t was
brought
o this
ountry
with ther
medallionsrom rras.
2
Cf.
N
vilie at.
XI,
PI.
38,
977
3
Jaarboek oor Munt
n
Penningkunde
19
3, llus.,
.
80.
4
Thenumberf urei
s
conjectured
ohave
been
pwards
f
three
undred.
bout
ighty
of them
elonging
o the
period,
iocletianus
to ConstantineheGreat, ppearedn the
Ratto ale
Cat.,
April,
923 Nos.
375
if).
About
30
aureiwere een t Arras
y
the
writer,
f
which
7
were f
the
period
f the
Antonines.
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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34
FOUR MEDALLIONS
5
t
is
equally
easonableo
suppose
hat
thehoardwascontained
n
the wovases
ep-
arately,or t was madeup oftwodistinct
lots,
n earlier ot
of
aurei
ranging
rom
Hadrianuso
Caracalla,
nda later ot
rang-
ing
rom iocletianuso
Constantine
he
Great.
6
Cohen, 12;
Maurice,
um.
Constant.
,
p. 399,
X.
7
Ratto ale
Cat.,
April, 923.
No.
447.
8
Cohen, 56
Maurice,
,
p.
401,
xiv.
»Now
Jameson
oll.,
at.
ll,
No.
476.
10
Rev.Num.
906.
Il
J.
Maurice,
ev.Num.
904, .
74.
1-
Gnecchi,
ed.
Rom.
I.
5,
1
Cohen,
3.
13
ohen,.320,
No.2.
14 ohen,.321,No. 1.
ISCrispus
as born
n
300,
nd
Constan-
tius
I in
317.
According
o
Maurice,
on-
stantine,
r.
was born
n
314.
{Num.
onst.
iii,
p. 190.)
18
he medallionf
Constantine,
rethuse,
PI.
viii,9,
is
probably
lso to be
reckoned
as a denio
f he olidus
tandard,
s its
weight,
40.72 gr., though
omewhat
ight,
eems o
class t
as a
ten
solidi
iece.
17
Gnecchi,
ed.Rom.
I.
5,
1
Cohen,3,
Florence.
18Gnecchi,I. 5,2,Berlin.
1»
Gnecchi,
I.
5, 7:
not
n
Cohen, udapest.
20
ohen,
.
419, 8
and
p.
498,
7.
21
Cf.
Jameson
at.
I,
Pl.
xiv,
Nos.
309,
3
1
for hese
ypes
f
urei.
NUMISMATIC
NOTES
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ARRAS
HOARD
35
22
ts
obverse,
ead of
Maximianus
er-
culius
n
the
ion's
calp
s of
the
ame
ie s
thatof anothermedallionf thisEmperor,
also
fromhe
O-Szöny ind,
ith
ifferent
e-
verse
ype
Num.
eit.
891,
l.
IV, 3, 4)
and
this
atter
everse
ppears
n a
third
edallion
of
Herculius
romhe
ame
ind,
ith he
n-
scription
irtuti
ugg.
V.
et
IUI cos.
ibid.
PI.
viii,
1)
which
roves
hat
ll three
were
struck
n
293,year
f the
fifth
onsulship
f
Diocletianus
ndthe
fourth
f Maximianus.
23
f.
also
W.
Kubitschek,
er
Schatzfund
von
Arras,
um.
eit.
1924,
.
86 ff.
24
J.
Maurice,
ev.
Num.
904,
.
72.
Cf. further,he article y Col. Voetter,
Herculi nd
ovi,
Num. eit.
1901,
or oins
of the
members
f the
etrarchy
n whichhe
Jovian
nd
Herculian
itles nd
ymbols
ccur.
A series
rom he
Romanmint
ears
n
the
exergue
he
following
Diocletianus,
-
thunderbolt
Maximianus,
-club
Chlorus,
-
club;
Galerius,
-thunderbolt.
gold
medal-
lion
formerly
n
the
Paris abinet
adas
re-
verse,
ovio
et
Herculio,
ith he two
Em-
perors,
iocletianus
nd
Maximianus,
acri-
ficing
t
a
tripod,
nd,
above,
Jupiter
nd
Hercules
n an
altar,
olding,
espectively,
thunderboltnda club. A bronzemedallion
(Cohen,
.
481,
No.
41)
bears he confront-
ing
busts
of
Diocletianus
nd
Maximianus,
and
on the
reverse,
oneta
ovi ct Herculi
Augustorum
uorum,
ith
figure
f
Moneta
AND
MONOGRAPHS
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36
FOUR
MEDALLIONS
between
upiter
nd Hercules.
Constantius
and
Galerius,
s
Caesars
each ssued n iden-
ticalreverseype,heEmperornhorseback
(Cohen,
06
and
215)
with
espective
nscrip-
tions,
irtus
er
uli
Caesarisnd
Virtus
ovi
Caes ris.
25
Gnecchi,
ed.
Rom.,
is.
50,2,
3;
61,
3;
63,2,
9; 89,
2-
; 108,
; 109,
.
2C
aterbronze
medallions
epeat
his
ype
with
different
nscription,
uch s
Saeculum
NovumLudi
Saecularcs,
hilip,
r.,
Gnecchi,
PI.
108,
;
Philip,
r.,
Gnecchi,
I.
109,
.
27
ommemorated
n an aureus
rom he
hoard, atto,
o.
391.
28
f.
he
ype
fthe
wo
mperors,
iocle-
tianusndMaximianuserculius,acrificingt
an
altar,
ith
otis
and
Votis
cccnnalibus
on mall
ronze
ssues
f
hese
mperors,
.
p.
475,
32,
nd
p.
562,
68.
29
A small
bronze
f
Galerius,
s
Caesar,
C.
235,
with
he
nscription
otis
X
has,
s
reverse,
he
raditional
ype,
alerius,aureate,
clad
n
the
oga,
acrificing
t a
lighted
ltar,
but
heres no
corresponding
ureus ecorded
in
Cohen.
30
Also,
imilar
ypes
n
Arcthusc,
I.
viii,
6, 7.
31
Op. it. l.viii, .32Op. it. l.viii, ,3.
NUMISMATIC NOTES
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Plate
I
Constantius
hlorus
Galerius Maximianus
ARRAS HOARD
MEDALLIONS
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Plate
II
Constantius
hlorus
ARRAS
HOARD
MEDALLIONS
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Plate
III
Constantius
hlorus
ARRAS HOARD
MEDALLIONS
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Plate
IV
Medallion f the
Tetrarchy
ARRAS HOARD
MEDALLIONS