four paths of influence kenneth leithwood
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Empat Cara Untuk Mempengaruhi Subordinat Oleh Kenneth LeithwoodTRANSCRIPT
How Leadership Influences Student Learning
An Evidence-based Perspective
Kenneth LeithwoodOntario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE)
University of Toronto
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
What We Know About the Size of Leadership Effects
The Quantitative Evidence• Large scale studies of leadership effects on student
learning (e.g., Hallinger & Heck, 1996)
• Large scale quantitative studies of individual leadership practices on student learning (e.g., Waters, Marzano & McNulty, 2003)
• Large scale quantitative studies of leadership effects on student engagement in school (e.g., Leithwood & Jantzi, 1999; Silins & Mulford, 2002)
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
What We Know About the Size of Leadership Effects
The Qualitative Evidence
• Qualitative case studies of exceptional or “turnaround” schools (e.g., Reitzug & Patterson, 1998)
• Leadership succession studies (e.g., Hargreaves & Moore, 2004)
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Key Starting Points
Leadership is the exercise of influence.
The effects of leadership on student learning are mostly indirect.
So….the fundamental question is…
What pathways does leadership influence travel when it has an impact on student learning?
Four Paths of Leadership Influence on Student Learning
Leadership Practices
FamilyPath
OrganizationalPath
EmotionsPath
RationalPath
School-wideExperience
ClassroomExperience
StudentLearning
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Rational Path
Engages staff knowledge and skill which have an impact on:
• quality of instruction
• teacher retention
• teacher self and collective efficacy
• student learning
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Rational Path
examples of Consequential Variables
In the classroom• instructional time• content coverage• instructional quality• diagnostic adaptation
In the school• academic press• disciplinary climate
Calls for leaders’ knowledge of the “technical core” and expert problem-solving processes
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Emotions Path
Engages teachers’ motivations which have an impact on:
• quality of instruction
• engagement in the school
• teacher retention
• student learning
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Emotions Direct Cognition
• Emotions structure perception, direct attention, give preferential access to certain memories, and bias judgment in ways that help the individual respond to the environment in ways that we recognize as valuable aspects of our humanity.
Oatley & Jenkins, 2006
• Emotions are a solution to a general problem: they set priorities among the very different goals that impinge upon individuals at any moment in time.
Simon, 1967
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Emotions Path examples of Consequential Variables
• Teacher efficacy
• Commitment
• Stress
• Trust
• MoraleCalls for leaders’ “social appraisal skills” and “emotional intelligence”
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Organizational Path
Engages the context in which teachers’ work, the school’s infrastructure, and teachers’ working conditions -- with an impact on:
• teachers’ emotions
• opportunities for teachers to do what they know how to do
• student learning
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Organizational Path
examples of Consequential Variables
In class• Instructional time
• Complexity of teachers’ workload
In school• Professional networks
• Structures to support collaboration
Calls for leaders to engage in holistic “systems thinking”
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Family Path
Engages the family’s educational culture which has an impact on students’:
• educational aspirations
• vocational aspirations
• retention
• learning
This pathway also influences staff’s understanding of students’ social capital “useful” for their learning
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Family Path
Examples of Consequential Variables
• Parental expectation
• Parent role models
• Connections with other adults
• Space and time in the home for school-related work
Calls for leaders understanding of student learning as “co-produced” by families and schools
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Leadership Practices Which Exercise Influence
• Setting Directions
• Developing People
• Redesigning the Organization
• Managing the Instructional Program
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
SettingDirections
GroupGoals
Communication
Vision
Expectations
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
DevelopingPeople
IntellectualStimulation
Modeling
IndividualizedSupport
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Redesigningthe
Organization
Families and
Communities
Connections
Culture
Structures
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Managingthe
Instructional Program
ResourceAllocation
Monitoring
Staffing
Buffering
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
The Distribution of Leadership Practices
Leadership Practices
School
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Study One: Influence and Achievement
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Leadership Sources
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How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Rating of Leadership Sources by Quintiles Based on Student Achievement
• Schools in the highest quintile attributed relatively high levels of influence to all sources of leadership
• Schools in the lowest quintile attributed relatively low levels of influence to all sources of leadership
• Highest quintile schools, as compared to the lowest, differed most in ratings of teams, parents and students
• Principals were rated as having highest influence in schools in ALL quintiles
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Study Two: Alternate Patterns of Leadership Distribution
Planful Alignment
Planful Alignment
SpontaneousMisalignment
SpontaneousMisalignment
SpontaneousAlignment
SpontaneousAlignment
AnarchicMisalignment
AnarchicMisalignment
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
“Academic Optimism” as the Dependent Variable – Hoy, Tarter & Woolfolk Hoy (2006)
• Faculty trust in parents and students• Teachers’ collective efficacy• Academic emphasis
Strong effects on student achievement in reading, writing, social studies, science and math
Academic Optimism Under Coordinated and Uncoordinated Patterns of DistributionPlanful AlignmentPlanful Alignment
Planful AlignmentPlanful Alignment
Spontaneous Spontaneous
MisalignmentMisalignment Spontaneous Spontaneous
MisalignmentMisalignment
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Optimism
Pessimism
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Optimism
Pessimism
How Leadership Influences Student LearningKen Leithwood
Concluding Thoughts about Leadership
• Second only to classroom instruction
• Central to realizing “synergistic” effects
• We know a lot about what successful leaders do
• Their influence travels along at least four paths
• Leadership needs to be distributed –but in a coordinated way