fpc alderson inmate handbook (2012)

7/30/2019 FPC Alderson Inmate Handbook (2012)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/fpc-alderson-inmate-handbook-2012 1/83



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Wekqk bz ‖NM– wdflbn` mq qdgbmz xfdrbn` g{qbn` d jm{nw. Nm cmvkcknw mo fmjlkqz& jedbqz&nmq wek mxknbn` mq jfmzbn` mo pbngmpz bz xkqcbwwkg. Rm{q akg zem{fg ak vbzbafk wm wekJmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkqz dw dff wbckz. Gm nmw dqqdn`k jfmwebn`& xfdnwz& mq o{qnbw{qk bn dcdnnkq pebje mazwq{jwz wek vbkp mo wek Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkqz.

Wek 48988 d.c. %pkklkngz dng emfbgdrz" 794; x.c. dng 294; x.c. jm{nwz dqk ‖zwdngbn`–jm{nwz. G{qbn` wekzk jm{nwz rm{ pbff zwdng akzbgk rm{q akg {nwbf jm{nw bz jfkdqkg ar

zwdoo.

G{qbn` fdwk kvknbn` dng kdqfr cmqnbn` jm{nwz& Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkqz {zk ofdzefbèwz wmxkqomqc jm{nwz. Nm akffz pbff qbn`. Rm{ dqk nmw wm ak jmcxfkwkfr jmvkqkg ar akggbn` mq dnr mwekq bwkcz. Wek Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkqz c{zw zkk e{cdn ofkze. Bncdwkz dqk nmwdffmpkg m{wzbgk mo wek em{zbn` {nbwz dowkq wek 294; x.c. jm{nw. Djwbvbwbkz z{je dz bqmnbn`dng cbjqmpdvk {zk pbff kng dw webz wbck.



7

☋☋Bncdwkz dqk qkt{bqkg wm ak bn wekbq dzzb`nkg jm{nw dqkd 48 cbn{wkz xqbmq wm

wek moobjbdf jm{nw wbck.

DJJM[NWDABFBWR JEKJLZ %JM[NW WBCKZ"9

☋Obowkkn cbn{wkz xqbmq wm jm{nwz& xemnkz pbff ak w{qnkg moo dng bncdwkz

zedff qkw{qn wm wekbq dzzb`nkg fbvbn` t{dqwkq.

☋Fbvbn` {nbw akff pbff nmw qbn` akomqk mq dowkq webz jm{nw$

☋☋Fbvbn` {nbw akff pbff qbn` dng-mq zwdoo pbff dnnm{njk akomqk dng dowkq webz jm{nw$

☋☋48988 d.c. ## MOOBJBDF ‖ZWDNGBN@! JM[NW %Pkklkngz dng Emfbgdrz"

☋4194; d.c. ## MOOBJBDF JM[NW

☋ :988 d.c. ## MOOBJBDF JM[NW

☋ ;94; d.c. ## MOOBJBDF JM[NW

☋☋ 794; x.c. ## MOOBJBDF ‖ZWDNGBN@! JM[NW

☋☋ 294; x.c. ## MOOBJBDF ‖ZWDNGBN@– JM[NW

Wekqk dqk [nbw Jknz{z Jm{nwz dw 5978 d.c. dng 41978 x.c.< wekzk jm{nwz mjj{q Cmngdrweqm{`e Oqbgdr dw wek Moobjkq‒z Zwdwbmn bn wek oqmnw mo wek [nbw. %Bo rm{ dqk bn dn D/Mjfdzz& dw wekzk wbck& rm{ pbff ak jm{nwkg bn wek jfdzz. ‚ Bo nmw bn D/M jfdzz& rm{ c{zw akxqkzknw omq webz jm{nw."

Dff bncdwkz pbff ak bn wekbq dzzb`nkg dqkdz wkn cbn{wkz akomqk wek moobjbdf jm{nw .

JKNZ[Z JM[NWZ-ZXKJBDF JM[NWZ9 Jknz{z mq Zxkjbdf Jm{nwz dqk dnnm{njkg dwdnr wbck ar wpm %1" zemqw afdzwz oqmc wek Xmpkqem{zk pebzwfk. Bo rm{ dqk mn bnzwbw{wbmn`qm{ngz& qkxmqw wm qkjqkdwbmn wm ak jm{nwkg mq wm rm{q gkwdbf z{xkqvbzmq. Wekqk zem{fgak nm cmvkcknw mq {zk mo wkfkxemnkz g{qbn` webz jm{nw. D Jknz{z mq Zxkjbdf Jm{nw bzjfkdqkg ar mnk fmn` pebzwfk afdzw.

KCKQ@KNJR JM[NWZ9 Kckq`knjr Jm{nwz cdr ak dnnm{njkg dw dnr wbck ar weqkk%:" zemqw afdzwz oqmc wek Xmpkqem{zk pebzwfk. Rm{ dqk wm qkxmqw bcckgbdwkfr wm rm{q

fbvbn` t{dqwkqz< bo rm{ dqk mn wek mxkn jmcxm{ng& qkxmqw wm rm{q Em{zbn` [nbw. DnKckq`knjr Jm{nw bz jfkdqkg ar mnk fmn` pebzwfk afdzw.

BNCDWK BGKNWBOBJDWBMN JDQG9 Bncdwkz dqk qkt{bqkg wm pkdq wekbq jmccbzzdqrbgknwbobjdwbmn jdqgz mn wek m{wkqcmzw `dqcknw mo wek bncdwk jfmwebn` dwwdjekg mn wek{xxkq jekzw& jfkdqfr vbzbafk wm zwdoo dwwdjekg wm wek fdnrdqg xqmvbgkg. Bncdwkcdn{odjw{qkg fdnrdqgz dqk nmw d{wemqbykg. Rm{ dqk qkt{bqkg wm pkdq webz bgknwbobjdwbmnjdqg dw dff wbckz pekn nmw bnzbgk rm{q dzzb`nkg em{zbn` {nbw %b.k. C{zw ak pmqn wmQkjqkdwbmn& Ommg Zkqvbjk& EZ[& pdflbn`& kwj".



;

PKGGBN@ ADNGZ9 Cdqqbkg bncdwkz cdr edvk bn wekbq xmzzkzzbmn mnk ckwdf pkggbn`adng pbwe nm zwmnkz. Wek pkggbn` adng jdn ak pmqn mn dnr obn`kq mq kbwekq edng< dqbn` pmqn mn dnr mwekq dxxkngd`k bz {nd{wemqbykg dng bz z{aikjw wm jmnobzjdwbmn.

JEDXWKQ BBB[NBW CDND@KCKNW

[NBW ZWDOO9 Rm{ pbff ak dzzb`nkg wm d zxkjbobj [nbw Wkdc. @knkqdffr& wek qkzmf{wbmnmo bzz{kz mq cdwwkqz mo bnwkqkzw dqk cmzw dxxqmxqbdwkfr bnbwbdwkg pbwe rm{q [nbw Wkdc.Kdje ckcakq mo wek [nbw Wkdc edz d zxkjbobj qmfk. [nbw Zwdoo bnjf{gkz wek [nbwCdnd`kq& Jdzk Cdnd`kqz& Jmqqkjwbmndf Jm{nzkfmqz dng [nbw Zkjqkwdqbkz. [nbw Zwdoo dqkdvdbfdafk wm dzzbzw bn cdnr dqkdz& bnjf{gbn` xdqmfk cdwwkqz& qkfkdzk xfdnnbn`& xkqzmndfdng odcbfr xqmafkcz& jm{nzkfbn`& dng dzzbzwdnjk bn zkwwbn` dng dwwdbnbn` `mdfz pebfkbnjdqjkqdwkg. D [nbw Zwdoo ckcakq bz {z{dffr dvdbfdafk gdbfr oqmc 09:8 d.c. wm 2988 x.c.Kdje ckcakq mo wek [nbw Wkdc edz zxkjbobj qmfkz pebje dqk fbzwkg akfmp. OXJ Dfgkqzmnedz wpm [nbw Wkdcz. Bncdwkz dqk dzzb`nkg wm kbwekq _dffkr [nbw mq Qbg`k [nbw.

[nbw Cdnd`kq9 Wek [nbw Cdnd`kq edz wek mvkqdff qkzxmnzbabfbwr omq bnwkqndf zkj{qbwr&zdokwr& zdnbwdwbmn& xfdnnbn`& bcxfkcknwdwbmn dng kvdf{dwbmn mo [nbw Xqm`qdcz. Ek-zekpmqlz pbwe wek [nbw Zwdoo& gbqkjwbn` {nbw djwbvbwbkz dng zkqvkz dz wek jedbqxkqzmn mo wek[nbw Gbzjbxfbnk Jmccbwwkk %[GJ". Ek-zek jmmqgbndwkz {nbw o{njwbmnz pbwe mwekq gkxdqwcknwz dng bz qkzxmnzbafk wm wek Dzzmjbdwk Pdqgkn dng wek Pdqgkn.

Jdzk Cdnd`kq9 D Jdzk Cdnd`kq bz qkzxmnzbafk omq Jfdzzbobjdwbmn dng Xqm`qdc Qkvbkpxqmjkg{qkz& xqkxdqdwbmn omq xdqmfk ekdqbn`z dng qkfkdzk xfdnnbn`. Ek-zek pmqlz pbweMqbknwdwbmn dng Xqk#Qkfkdzk xqm`qdcz& jmqqkzxmngknjk qkt{kzwz& dng bnjmcbn`wkfkxemnk jdffz dng fkwwkqz. Ek-zek dfzm jmmqgbndwkz wek jmcxfkwbmn mo zw{gr jdzkz dngxqkxdqkz qkxmqwz pekn qkt{kzwkg ar wek [nbwkg Zwdwkz Xdqmfk Jmccbzzbmn& mq [.Z.

Xqmadwbmn Moobjk. Wek Jdzk Cdnd`kq bz qkzxmnzbafk wm wek [nbw Cdnd`kq dng wm wekJdzk Cdnd`kcknw Jmmqgbndwmq pbwe qkokqknjk wm zxkjbdfbykg wqdbnbn`. Wek JdzkCdnd`kq zkqvkz dz d fbdbzmn akwpkkn wek bncdwk& wek dgcbnbzwqdwbmn& dng wekjmcc{nbwr. Wek Jdzk Cdnd`kq oqkt{knwfr zkqvkz dz d ckcakq mo wek [nbw GbzjbxfbnkJmccbwwkk. Dnr bncdwk pbzebn` wm jmnwdjw wekbq qkzxkjwbvk Dcadzzdgmq-Kcadzzrzem{fg `kw pbwe wekbq qkzxkjwbvk Jdzk Cdnd`kq.

Jm{nzkfmq%z"9 Wek qmfk mo d Jmqqkjwbmndf Jm{nzkfmq vdqbkz pbwe wek dzzb`nkg {nbwcbzzbmn. Ek-zek jmng{jwz omqcdf dng bnomqcdf `qm{xz& bngbvbg{df jm{nzkfbn`& dngzkqvkz dz fbdbzmn pbwe mwekq zwdoo ckcakqz& xdqwbj{fdqfr pmql z{xkqvbzmqz& xqmjkzzkzvbzbwbn` fbzwz& Obndnjbdf Qkzxmnzbabfbwr Xqm`qdc& em{zbn` dng pmql dzzb`ncknwz.

Dfgkqzmn jm{nzkfmqz dqk qkzxmnzbafk omq zkwwbn` {x wkfkxemnk jdffz wm mwekq bnzwbw{wbmnz bnkckq`knjr zbw{dwbmnz %n{ckqm{z AMX bnzwbw{wbmnz gm nmw d{wemqbyk bnzwbw{wbmn#wm#bnzwbw{wbmn jdffz" dng-mq jm{nwqbkz pekn wek bncdwk wkfkxemnkz jdnnmw ak {zkg. Ek-zekgbzj{zzkz `qbkvdnjkz dng dzzbzwz rm{ pbwe dgcbnbzwqdwbvk qkckgr xqmjkg{qkz. Wekjm{nzkfmq dfzm zkqvkz dz d ckcakq mo wek [nbw Wkdc dng [GJ dng dzzbzwz bn wekjmmqgbndwbmn mo wek D/M Xqm`qdc.



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[nbw Zkjqkwdqr9 Wek [nbw Zkjqkwdqr bz qkzxmnzbafk omq jfkqbjdf o{njwbmnz bn wek {nbw. Webzbnjf{gkz cdbnwdbnbn` rm{q jknwqdf obfk& wrxbn` vdqbm{z qkxmqwz& jmqqkzxmngknjk& dngxdxkqpmql nkjkzzdqr omq rm{q qkfkdzk.

MXKN EM[ZK EM[QZ9 Mxkn Em{zk Em{qz omq [nbw Zwdoo dqk xmzwkg bn kdje fbvbn`{nbw. Bo rm{ qkt{bqk cmqk wbck wedn wedw dvdbfdafk& dnmwekq dxxmbnwcknw pbff akzjekg{fkg omq rm{.

JFDZZBOBJDWBMN DNG XQM@QDC QK_BKPZ9 [nbw Wkdc ckkwbn`z dqk ekfg pkklfr.Rm{q obqzw ckkwbn` pbwe rm{q [nbw Wkdc pbff ak pbwebn wpknwr kbèw %15" gdrz mo jmccbwcknw dng pbff ak omq jfdzzbobjdwbmn x{qxmzkz. G{qbn` webz bnbwbdf jfdzzbobjdwbmnckkwbn`& rm{q [nbw Wkdc pbff gkvkfmx d xfdn pbwe rm{ dng zkw `mdfz wm cdlk wek akzwdng cmzw xqmg{jwbvk {zk mo rm{q wbck pebfk rm{ dqk bnjdqjkqdwkg. Wekzk `mdfz pbff akkzwdafbzekg adzkg mn bnx{w oqmc Xzrjemfm`r& Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz& Kg{jdwbmn-Qkjqkdwbmn&[nbw Moobjkq& Jdzk Cdnd`kq& dng Jm{nzkfmq. Dowkq rm{q obqzw Wkdc Ckkwbn`& rm{ pbff akzjekg{fkg omq Xqm`qdc Qkvbkpz. Xqm`qdc Qkvbkpz dqk ekfg kvkqr nbnkwr %28" wm mnke{ngqkg kbèwr %458" gdrz& gkxkngbn` mn wek fkn`we mo rm{q zknwknjk. Dw Xqm`qdcQkvbkpz& rm{ cdr gbzj{zz pmql dzzb`ncknwz& jfdzzkz& o{qfm{èz& wqdnzokq qkt{kzwz&

`mmg wbck& xdqmfk cdwwkqz& zkj{qbwr dng j{zwmgr cdwwkqz. Xqm`qdc Qkvbkpz dfzmxqmvbgk dn mxxmqw{nbwr omq rm{ wm gbzj{zz rm{q jdzk dng xdqwbjbxdwk bn cdlbn` gkjbzbmnzqk`dqgbn` rm{q bngbvbg{df xqm`qdccbn` nkkgz.

Xzrjemfm`r Qkxqkzknwdwbvkz dng Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz %EZ["9 Gq{` Da{zk WqkdwcknwZxkjbdfbzwz %GWZ" cdlk dxxqmxqbdwk gq{` wqkdwcknw qkjmcckngdwbmnz omq bncdwkxqm`qdcz. Wek GWZ cdr qkjmcckng d vdqbkwr mo gq{` xqm`qdccbn` bnjf{gbn`9 %78 em{q Gq{` Kg{jdwbmn& 488 em{q Gq{` Kg{jdwbmn& Fbvbn` Oqkk& pmqlzemxz& DD ckkwbn`z" mq cdr qkjmcckng dn kfb`babfbwr bnwkqvbkp omq wek ;88#em{q Qkzbgknwbdf Gq{` Da{zkXqm`qdc %QGDX" bo wek bncdwk edz d ebzwmqr mo gq{` {zk dng z{oobjbknw wbck qkcdbnbn` wmzkqvk. Qkxqkzknwdwbvkz oqmc EZ[ dqk qkzxmnzbafk omq rm{q ckgbjdf nkkgz dng xqmvbgk

zkqvbjkz nkjkzzdqr wm djjmccmgdwk dnr ckgbjdf jmnjkqnz.

Kg{jdwbmndf Qkxqkzknwdwbvk9 Wek Kg{jdwbmndf Qkxqkzknwdwbvk xfdnz& jmmqgbndwkz& dngkvdf{dwkz rm{q djdgkcbj dng-mq vmjdwbmndf nkkgz& dng kzwdafbzekz kg{jdwbmndf `mdfzzkw omqwe g{qbn` rm{q xqm`qdc qkvbkp. Ek-zek bz qkzxmnzbafk wm wek Z{xkqvbzmq mo Kg{jdwbmn.

Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkq9 D Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkq bz qkzxmnzbafk omq wek gdr#wm#gdr mxkqdwbmnmo wek fbvbn` {nbw. Moobjkqz dqk mn g{wr 17#em{qz d gdr. Wekr qmwdwk t{dqwkqfr wm jmvkq vdqbm{z xmzwz dng zebowz. Moobjkqz bnzxkjw dff dqkdz mo wek fbvbn` {nbw& xqmcmwk zdnbwdwbmn&dng qkxmqw gbzjqkxdnjbkz. Wek Moobjkq bz qkzxmnzbafk omq wek zkj{qbwr dng mqgkqfr q{nnbn`

mo wek fbvbn` {nbw. [nbw Moobjkqz dqk z{xkqvbzkg ar wek Fbk{wkndnwz dng wek Jdxwdbn.

BNCDWK OBNDNJBDF QKZXMNZBABFBWR XQM@QDC %BOQX"9 [nbw Zwdoo dzzkzzkz rm{q BOQX dw bnbwbdf jfdzzbobjdwbmn. Adzkg {xmn kdje bncdwk‒z obndnjbdf qkzm{qjkz& d xdrcknwxfdn %jmnwqdjw" pbff ak d`qkkg {xmn wm xdr dnr dzzkzzcknwz& obnkz& dng-mq qkzwbw{wbmnbcxmzkg ar wek jm{qw. Rm{ pbff ak dffmpkg '0;.88 omq BWZ {zk kdje cmnwe g{qbn` wekjdfj{fdwbmn mo rm{q xdrcknw xfdn.



0

BOQX @[BGKFBNKZ

Djjmqgbn` wm rm{q I{g`cknw dng Jmccbwcknw Mqgkq& rm{ cdr edvk d obndnjbdf mafb`dwbmn%z" wedwrm{ dqk mqgkqkg wm xdr pebfk bnjdqjkqdwkg. Bo wekqk dqk nm zxkjbdf bnzwq{jwbmnz mn rm{q I{g`cknwdng Jmccbwcknw Mqgkq bn qk`dqg wm rm{q xdrcknwz wek omffmpbn` pbff dxxfr9

4. Rm{ dqk dffmwwkg '7;8.88 kvkqr zbu cmnwez oqmc m{wzbgk qkzm{qjkz dng bnzwbw{wbmnxdr& dowkq wek '7;8.88 gkg{jwbmn rm{ pbff ak kuxkjwkg wm xdr djjmqgbn` wm wekomffmpbn` kudcxfk9

1. Kudcxfk9 Bncdwk Zcbwe qkjkbvkg '4&1;2.88 pbwebn wek fdzw zbu %?" cmnwez. Zekcdgk d wmwdf mo '7;8.88 xdrcknwz g{qbn` wek xqkvbm{z zbu %?" cmnwez.

:.4&1;2.88 %Gkxmzbwz cdgk fdzw ? cmnwez"# 7;8.88 %BOQX xdrcknwz cdgk bn fdzw ? cmnwez"

582.88# 7;8.88 %BWZ kujf{zbmn":;2.88

%gbvbgk" ?';2.5: %Cmnwefr BOQX Xdrcknwz"

7. D cbnbc{c xdrcknw xfdn mo '1;.88 bz qkt{bqkg kvkqr weqkk cmnwez %t{dqwkqfr".Wek t{dqwkqfr xdrcknwz dqk zjekg{fkg bn Cdqje& I{nk& Zkxwkcakq& dngGkjkcakq. Webz xdrcknw bz qkt{bqkg qk`dqgfkzz mo rm{q wmwdf qkzm{qjkz.

;. Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm cmnbwmq rm{q wmwdf qkzm{qjkz mn d cmnwefr adzbz dngcdlk dgkt{dwk xdrcknwz wmpdqg rm{q mafb`dwbmn%z".

?. Rm{q jmnwqdjw pbff nmqcdffr ak {xgdwkg dw xqm`qdc qkvbkp. Empkvkq& rm{ dqkqkt{bqkg wm {xgdwk rm{q jmnwqdjw bo rm{ cbzz d zjekg{fkg xdrcknw mq bo rm{ nkkg

wm bnjqkdzk rm{q xdrcknwz g{k wm dn bnjqkdzk bn wmwdf qkzm{qjkz akomqk rm{q zjekg{fkg xqm`qdc qkvbkp.

0. Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm jmnwdjw rm{q Jm{nzkfmq akomqk wek 1;we mo kdje cmnwe wmdgi{zw rm{q jmnwqdjw bo nkkgkg.

5. Xdrcknwz dqk nmqcdffr wdlkn m{w mo rm{q djjm{nw mn wek 48 we mo wek cmnwe. Rm{q cmnkr omq xdrcknw c{zw ak bn rm{q djjm{nw ar wek 5 we mo wek cmnwe. Wek qkdzmnomq webz bz wedw bo wek 48we odffz mn d Zdw{qgdr wekr pbff wdlk wek cmnkr m{w mo rm{q djjm{nw mn wek 2we. Wek cmnkr bz dfpdrz wdlkn m{w bn wek cmqnbn` dng rm{q m{wzbgk cmnbkz dqk nmw xmzwkg {nwbf wek dowkqnmmn.

2. Bo rm{q xdrcknw bz akbn` cdgk oqmc wek m{wzbgk& wek qkjkbxw nkkgz wm ak cdbfkg wmwek bnzwbw{wbmn nm fdwkq wedn wek ; we mo wek cmnwe.

48. Odbf{qk wm cdbnwdbn dgkt{dwk xdrcknwz pbff qkz{fw bn rm{ akbn` xfdjkg bn BOQXqko{zk zwdw{z.

JMZW MO BNJDQJKQDWBMN OKK %JMBO"9 Bn 4221& Jmn`qkzz kndjwkg X{afbj Fdp 481#:2;& qkt{bqbn` wek Dwwmqnkr @knkqdf wm kzwdafbze xmfbjr dng xqmjkg{qkz wm jmffkjw okkz omq



5

bnjdqjkqdwbmn jmzwz. Bn jmcxfbdnjk pbwe webz Fdp& wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz kzwdafbzekg dJmzw mo Bnjdqjkqdwbmn Okk %JMBO" dz m{wfbnkg bn Xqm`qdc Zwdwkcknw ;:58.8? dngBnzwbw{wbmndf Z{xxfkcknw ;:58.85& Bncdwk Obndnjbdf Qkzxmnzbabfbwr Xqm`qdc.

Dn bncdwk pem ak`bnz zkqvbn` d xkqbmg mo bnjdqjkqdwbmn dowkq Idn{dqr 4& 422;& cdr ak

qkt{bqkg wm xdr wek JMBO. Wm gkwkqcbnk bo wek JMBO dxxfbkz& rm{q [nbw Wkdc pbff qkvbkpwek I{g`cknw dng Jmccbwcknw Mqgkq. Bo d obnk bz nmw bcxmzkg dng nmw pdbvkg ar wekjm{qw g{k wm bndabfbwr wm xdr& rm{q [nbw Wkdc pbff qkvbkp obndnjbdf bnomqcdwbmn jmnwdbnkg bnwek Xqkzknwknjk Qkxmqw. Gkxkngbn` mn wek Bncdwkz dzzkwz& wek JMBO cdr ak bcxmzkgkt{df wm wek dvkqd`k jmzw wm jmnobnk dn bncdwk omq mnk rkdq.

[nbw Wkdc pbff nmwbor dn bncdwk dw bnbwbdf jfdzzbobjdwbmn mq dw z{azkt{knw xqm`qdc qkvbkpzbo wek JMBO bz dxxfbjdafk. Wek Pdqgkn cdr qkg{jk mq pdbvk wek JMBO adzkg mn dnbncdwkz bndabfbwr wm xdr mq d zb`nbobjdnw jedn`k bn wek bncdwkz obndnjbdf zwdw{z.

JEDXWKQ B__DFFKR - QBG@K [NBW FB_BN@ Q[FKZ DNG QK@[FDWBMNZ

OXJ Dfgkqzmn jmnzbzwz mo gmqcbwmqr em{zbn`. Dff bncdwkz pbff ak xfdjkg bn `knkqdfem{zbn` %D A{bfgbn`& Qdn`k :& adzkg mn akg zxdjk dvdbfdabfbwr dng ckgbjdf nkkgz& bo dnr"& omq xdqwbjbxdwbmn bn Dgcbzzbmn dng Mqbknwdwbmn.

Wek obqzw zkjwbmn mo webz jedxwkq pbff kuxfdbn wek q{fkz omq dff fbvbn` {nbwz.

DFF OXJ DFGKQZMN BNCDWKZ9

ZEMPKQBN@9 Zempkqbn` bz xkqcbwwkg {nwbf 44988 x.c. Zempkqz dqk jfmzkg oqmc 44988xc {nwbf dowkq wek ;94; d.c. jm{nw. Dw 5988 d.c.& wek edbq qmmc zbgk mo wek qkzwqmmc pbffak jfmzkg omq jfkdnbn`. Bo rm{ dqk bn jfmzkg zempkqz g{qbn` jfkdnbn`-jfmzkg wbckz&rm{ pbff ak z{aikjw wm dn bnjbgknw qkxmqw. Mnjk wek ofmmqz dqk gqr& webz zbgk pbff akmxkn omq wek {zk mo wek edbq qmmc& wmbfkwz& zbnlz& dng wpm zempkqz %wek edngbjdx zempkq dng wek fdzw zempkq" g{qbn` xqm`qdc em{qz. Wek mwekq zbgk %wek qkzwqmmc jfmzkzw wm wekoqmnw mo wek a{bfgbn`" pbff ak jfkdnkg dng qkcdbn jfmzkg {nwbf ;988 x.c. Bncdwkz pmqlbn`wek 7988 x.c. wm 41988 cbgnb`ew zebow cdr zempkq dowkq 41988 cbgnb`ew mn pmqlgdrz mnfr. Rm{ c{zw gm zm bn d t{bkw cdnnkq dng kukqjbzk jmnzbgkqdwbmn omq wemzk pem dqkzfkkxbn`. Edngbjdxxkg zempkqz dqk omq edngbjdx bncdwkz mnfr.

JDQK MO DXXFBDNJKZ9 Kdje fbvbn` {nbw bz xqmvbgkg pbwe dxxfbdnjkz %b.k.& cbjqmpdvkmvknz& jfmwebn` bqmnz& edbq gqrkqz& j{qfbn` bqmnz& kwj.". [zk wekc pbwe {wcmzw jdqk dzqkxdbq mq qkxfdjkcknw bz mowkn gboobj{fw. Bo rm{ gm nmw lnmp emp wm {zk dn dxxfbdnjk& dzlwek jmqqkjwbmndf moobjkq mq d {nbw wkdc ckcakq. Dxxfbdnjkz dqk nmw d{wemqbykg wm akwdlkn m{w mo wekbq gkzb`ndwkg qdn`k.JEDN@K ZEKKW-JDFF#M[W9 Wek jedn`k zekkw qkofkjwz djwbvbwr pbwe wek dgcbzzbmn dngqkfkdzk mo bncdwkz& jedn`kz bn kg{jdwbmndf zwdw{z& jedn`kz bn fbvbn` t{dqwkqz& dngjedn`kz bn pmql dzzb`ncknwz. Dwwdjekg wm wek jedn`k zekkw bz wek jdff#m{w. Wek jdff#



2

m{w bz {zkg wm zjekg{fk ckgbjdf& gknwdf& kg{jdwbmndf& dng mwekq dxxmbnwcknwz omq rm{pbwe zwdoo. Webz c{fwb#fbzwbn` bz `knkqdffr fmjdwkg dw wek moobjkq‒z zwdwbmn bn rm{q fbvbn` {nbwCmngdr weqm{è Oqbgdr omffmpbn` cdbf jdff. Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm jekjl wek jedn`kzekkw-jdff#m{w gdbfr omq zjekg{fkg dxxmbnwcknwz pebje c{zw ak lkxw. Xfkdzk nmwk wedwjdff#m{wz jdn mjj{q mn pkklkngz. Wdlk nmwk wedw bo rm{q ndck bz dw wek amwwmc mo mnk

xd`k akjd{zk wek wmx mo wek nkuw xd`k cdr ak d zkjmng mq webqg jdff#m{w omq rm{ dz pkff.

JFMWEBN@ %BNZWBW[WBMN#BZZ[KG"9 Rm{ pbff qkjkbvk d xkqzmndf jdqk xdjld`k bn Q/Gjmnwdbnbn` wek adzbj kzzknwbdfz. Rm{ dqk bzz{kg bnzwbw{wbmndf jfmwebn` bn djjmqgdnjk pbwezwdwkg xmfbjr ar wek Jfmwebn`-Fd{ngqr Qmmc zemqwfr dowkq rm{q dqqbvdf. Bzz{kg jfmwebn` bznmw wm ak dfwkqkg bn dnr pdr dng c{zw ak qkw{qnkg wm wek Jfmwebn`-Fd{ngqr Qmmc peknbw bz nm fmn`kq nkkgkg.

Jfmwebn` bzz{kg oqmc wek Jfmwebn`-Fd{ngqr Qmmc pbff ak bzz{kg ar wek Jfmwebn`-Fd{ngqrQmmc Z{xkqvbzmq. Dff jfmwekz bzz{kg pbff ak adzkg mn nkkg dng zkfkjwkg ar wek jfmwebn`qmmc zwdoo. Rm{ pbff nmw ak xkqcbwwkg wm zkfkjw jfmwebn` adzkg mn zwrfk& jmfmq& kwj. Wek

jfmwebn` bzz{kg pbff ak jfkdn dng xqkzknwdafk a{w nmw nkjkzzdqbfr nkp mq ‖bn zwrfk.–

JMNWQDADNG-ZEDLKGMPN9 Jmnwqdadng bz gkobnkg dz dnrwebn` nmw d{wemqbykg omq qkwknwbmn& nmw bzz{kg ar wek bnzwbw{wbmn& nmw qkjkbvkg weqm{è dxxqmvkg jednnkfz& mq nmwx{qjedzkg weqm{è wek jmccbzzdqr. Zwdoo bz dfkqw wm wek z{aikjw mo jmnwqdadng dngcdlkz dn koomqw wm fmjdwk& jmnobzjdwk& dng qkxmqw jmnwqdadng om{ng bn wek bnzwbw{wbmn.

Dnr bwkc bn rm{q xkqzmndf xmzzkzzbmn c{zw ak d{wemqbykg dng d qkjmqg mo qkjkbxw mo wekbwkcz zem{fg ak lkxw bn rm{q xmzzkzzbmn. Rm{ jdnnmw x{qjedzk-qkjkbvk qdgbmz mq dnrmwekq bwkcz oqmc dnmwekq bncdwk. Bwkcz x{qjedzkg bn webz cdnnkq dqk jmnzbgkqkgjmnwqdadng dng dqk jmnobzjdwkg. Jmnwqdadng om{ng bn rm{q xkqzmndf xqmxkqwr& zwmqd`kfmjlkqz& akggbn` mq bn rm{q xkqzmndf fbvbn` zxdjk bz jmnzbgkqkg rm{q xqmxkqwr dngz{aikjw wm gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn.

Dn dfwkqkg bwkc& kvkn bo dxxqmvkg mq bzz{kg& bz jmnzbgkqkg jmnwqdadng. Dfwkqbn` mq gdcd`bn` [.Z. @mvkqncknw xqmxkqwr bz d vbmfdwbmn mo bnzwbw{wbmn q{fkz& dng wek jmzw mo wekgdcd`k pbff ak fkvbkg d`dbnzw wek vbmfdwmq.

Zwdoo pbff zkdqje rm{q j{ak-fbvbn` dqkd wm fmjdwk jmnwqdadng mq zwmfkn xqmxkqwr mn dqk`{fdq adzbz. Rm{ pbff nmw ak dffmpkg wm ak xqkzknw g{qbn` wek zkdqje. Rm{q xqmxkqwrdng fbvbn` dqkd pbff ak fkow bn wek zdck `knkqdf jmngbwbmn dz bw pdz om{ng. Bnzxkjwbmnzdqk jmng{jwkg dw qdngmc.

Pmql zbwkz pbff dfzm ak zkdqjekg mn d qk`{fdq adzbz. Rm{ dqk nmw dffmpkg wm wdlk mq akbn xmzzkzzbmn mo xkqzmndf xqmxkqwr mn rm{q pmql dqkd.

KNKQ@R JMNZKQ_DWBMN9 Pbngmpz cdr nmw ak lkxw mxkn g{qbn` wek pbnwkq cmnwezbn D A{bfgbn`. A A{bfgbn` pbngmpz dqk zkj{qkg dw dff wbckz. Obqk gmmqz dqk wm ak jfmzkg{nfkzz d obqk gqbff bz bn xqm`qkzz. Fbèwz dqk wm ak w{qnkg moo pekn rm{ dqk nmw bn wekqmmc. Wkfkvbzbmnz dqk wm ak w{qnkg moo bo nm mnk bz bn wek qmmc.



48

OKGKQDF WMQW JFDBC DJW9 Xkqzmndf bni{qr& xqmxkqwr fmzz& mq gdcd`k wm rm{ jdn akwek adzbz mo d jfdbc {ngkq wek Okgkqdf Wmqw Jfdbc Djw. Wm obfk z{je d jfdbc& rm{ c{zwjmcxfkwk d Zwdngdqg Omqc 2; dvdbfdafk oqmc wek Zdokwr Moobjk. Dff jfdbcz omq gdcd`k{ngkq wek Okgkqdf Wmqw Jfdbc Djw c{zw ak obfkg pbwebn wpm %1" rkdqz mo wek bnjbgknw.

OBQK GQBFFZ9 Obqk gqbffz dqk dnnm{njkg dw dnr wbck dng dqk ekfg dw fkdzw mnjk kvkqrweqkk %:" cmnwez mn kdje zebow. Pekn wek obqk dfdqc zm{ngz& fkdvk wek {nbw bcckgbdwkfrar wek nkdqkzw kubw. Gm nmw zwdng bn wek qmdgpdr dowkq rm{ kubw wek a{bfgbn`& fbnk {x bnoqmnw mo wek fbvbn` {nbw dng qkcdbn wekqk {nwbf jm{nwkg ar zwdoo. GM NMW qkw{qn wm wekfbvbn` {nbw {nwbf bnzwq{jwkg wm zm ar zwdoo. Odbf{qk wm jmcxfr pbwe obqk qk`{fdwbmnz dng wmkvdj{dwk wek a{bfgbn` mq dqkd g{qbn` d gqbff pbff qkz{fw bn gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn. Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm akjmck odcbfbdq pbwe obqk kubw qm{wkz. Webz bz wek mnfr wbck obqk kubwz dqkwm ak {zkg ar bncdwkz.

Zwdoo dng ckcakqz mo wek Okgkqdf Obqk Gkxdqwcknw pbff wdlk kvkqr zwkx nkjkzzdqr wm

knz{qk rm{q zdokwr bn wek kvknw mo d obqk mq kckq`knjr. Em{zbn` {nbwz dng wek EkdfweZkqvbjkz [nbw dqk kt{bxxkg pbwe zcmlk gkwkjwmqz& obqk kuwbn`{bzekqz& mq pdwkq zxqbnlfkq zrzwkcz.

OBQK XQK_KNWBMN9 Obqk xqkvknwbmn dng zdokwr bz kvkqrmnk‒z qkzxmnzbabfbwr. Omq wekzdokwr mo dff& rm{ c{zw kukqjbzk jdqk dng jmmxkqdwbmn bn wek xqkvknwbmn mo obqkz.

OBQK ZDOKWR9 Pk wdlk xqbgk bn m{q obqk zdokwr qkjmqg& a{w rm{q jmnwbn{kg ekfx bznkkgkg wm cdbnwdbn webz kujkffknw qkjmqg. Rm{ dqk qkt{bqkg wm qkxmqw obqkz wm wek nkdqkzwzwdoo ckcakq zm xqmxkqwr dng fbvkz jdn ak xqmwkjwkg. Obqk bnzxkjwbmnz dqk jmng{jwkgqk`{fdqfr bn kdje a{bfgbn` ar t{dfbobkg xkqzmnnkf. Xbfkz mo wqdze mq qd`z bn jfmzkg dqkdz&jmca{zwbafk cdwkqbdfz& bwkcz edn`bn` oqmc obuw{qkz mq kfkjwqbjdf qkjkxwdjfkz& mq mwekq edydqgz dqk nmw wmfkqdwkg.

EDBQ JDQK9 Edbq jdqk qmmcz dqk xqmvbgkg bn kdje qdn`k. Kfkjwqbj edbq gqrkqz& zwmvkz&emw jmcaz& dng j{qfbn` bqmnz dqk dvdbfdafk. Dggbwbmndffr& edbq jdqk cdr ak djjmcxfbzekgbn wek Jmzckwmfm`r dqkd dz xmzwkg. Qkcmvdf mo j{qfbn` bqmnz& edbq gqrkqz dng jfmwebn`bqmnz oqmc wek dzzb`nkg fmjdwbmnz bz xqmebabwkg. Edbq Qmmcz dqk jfmzkg oqmc 44988 xc{nwbf dowkq wek ;94; dc jm{nw.

D Edbq Jdqk Zdnbwdwbmn Nmwbjk bz xmzwkg bn wek Edbq Qmmc mo kdje fbvbn` {nbw. Webz nmwbjkbz wm ak zwqbjwfr mazkqvkg. BNCDWKZ DQK NMW XKQCBWWKG WM @B_K MNK DNMWEKQXKGBJ[QKZ MQ CDNBJ[QKZ KUJKXW BN WEK JMZCKWMFM@R GKXDQWCKNW$$

BNCDWK JFMWEBN@9 Xqm`qdccbn` Em{qz9 Cmngdr # Oqbgdr& ?9:8 d.c. wm 7988 x.c.9 Dffbncdwkz c{zw ak bn ledlb {nbomqcz %xdnwz dng aqmpn w#zebqwz mq gqkzz"& akfw& pmql ammwzdng edvk wekbq zebqwz w{jlkg bn. Pebwk mq `qkr w#zebqwz dqk nmw d{wemqbykg g{qbn`xqm`qdccbn` em{qz. Empkvkq& pekn dn bncdwk bz mn wekbq zjekg{fkg wbck moo dng nmw bnd xqm`qdccbn` dqkd& wekr cdr pkdq wekbq pmqlm{w dwwbqk.



44

O{ff ledlb gkzz {nbomqc bz qkt{bqkg mn kzjmqwkg wqbxz dng bn wek vbzbwbn` qmmc. Bncdwkzdzzb`nkg wm pmql gkwdbfz bn wek kvknbn` em{qz c{zw dfzm ak bn wek ledlb {nbomqc. Wekmnfr kujkxwbmn pbff ak wemzk bncdwkz pbwe dn d{wemqbykg ckgbjdf zemk xdzz jkqwbobjdwkdng wemzk pem dqk moo pmql dng dqk {wbfbybn` wek Qkjqkdwbmn dqkdz. Empkvkq& wekzk

bncdwkz c{zw edvk wekbq zebqwz w{jlkg bn mnjk wekr kubw wek Qkjqkdwbmn dqkd. Wekjmccbzzdqr x{qjedzkg `qkr ofkkjk idjlkw dng wek `qkkn bzz{kg pbnwkq jmdwz dqkd{wemqbykg.

Dowkq 7988 xc& Pkklkngz dng Emfbgdrz9 Bncdwkz cdr pkdq ledlb {nbomqcz& wekbq pmqlm{w dwwbqk& mq dnr jmcabndwbmn mo wek wpm %b.k. W#zebqw pbwe ledlb xdnwz". Dff ledlbzebqwz %pbwe wek kujkxwbmn mo zpkdw zebqwz" c{zw ak w{jlkg bn dnr wbck wek bncdwk bz nmw bnd Qkjqkdwbmn dqkd.

Dggbwbmndffr& dff em{qz mo pmql& Cmngdr ‚ Oqbgdr oqmc ?9:8 d.c. wm 7988 x.c.& vbzbwbnèm{qz& Qkfb`bm{z Zkqvbjkz xqm`qdccbn`& [nbw Wkdc ckkwbn`z& Jmccbzzdqr Zdfkz& dng

wek kvknbn` jfdzzkz mookqkg ar wek Kg{jdwbmn Gkxdqwcknw dqk jmnzbgkqkg wm akxqm`qdccbn` djwbvbwbkz omq wemzk pem dqk xdqwbjbxdwbn`.

Wek xdnw fk`z pbff nmw ak qmffkg {x& wek akfw bz wm ak odzwknkg dw dff wbckz& dng zemkz dqkwm ak fdjkg dng wbkg. Bncdwkz dqk xkqcbwwkg wm pkdq bnzwbw{wbmn bzz{k mq jmccbzzdqrx{qjedzkg W#zebqwz. Empkvkq& wekr c{zw ak w{jlkg bnwm xdnwz dng nm qmffkg {x zfkkvkz.

Dggbwbmndffr& W#zebqwz pekwekq xkqzmndf mq bnzwbw{wbmn bzz{kg cdr nmw ak dfwkqkg bn dnrodzebmn. G{qbn` xqm`qdccbn` em{qz& bncdwkz dqk qkt{bqkg wm pkdq wek ledlb zebqw pbwewek ledlb gqkzz.

Bncdwkz pbff ak qkt{bqkg wm pkdq d aqd& kujkxw pekn zfkkxbn`.

Dff jmccbzzdqr x{qjedzkg dxxqmxqbdwk zxmqwzpkdq jfmwebn` cdr ak pmqn bn wek gbnbnèdff g{qbn` nmn#xqm`qdccbn` em{qz& b.k.& kvknbn`z& pkklkngz& dng emfbgdrz. Zdngdfz&zempkq zemkz& dng em{zk zemkz dqk nmw xkqcbwwkg. Empkvkq& jmccbzzdqr x{qjedzkgQkkaml zdngdfz dqk dffmpkg wm ak pmqn g{qbn` nmn#xqm`qdccbn` em{qz dng gdrz moo.Wek zdngdfz dqk dfzm xkqcbwwkg dw wek adff obkfg& xdvbfbmn dng wek qmdg bn oqmnw mo dngakebng jmwwd`kz 1: dng 17. Wek zdngdfz dqk nmw xkqcbwwkg mn wek fmpkq jmcxm{ng&kcdbf& xbff fbnk dng qkjqkdwbmn.

Zpkdw zebqwz dng zpkdw xdnwz cdr ak pmqn bn wek gbnbn` edff g{qbn` nmn#xqm`qdccbnèm{qz. G{qbn` xqm`qdcbn` em{qz bn wek pbnwkq cmnwez& bncdwkz dqk xkqcbwwkg wm pkdq dybxxkqkg zpkdw zebqw mvkq wek wmx mo wekbq ledlb zebqwz mq zedff pkdq dnr mwekq zpkdwzebqw{ngkqnkdwe wekbq ledlb zebqw.4. G{qbn` Nmn#Xqm`qdccbn` Em{qz& bncdwkz cdr pkdq wek bnzwbw{wbmndf ledlb

mq xkqzmndf jfmwebn` wm bnjf{gk zemqwz& zpkdwz& dng zfkkvkfkzz W#zebqwz.

D. [ngkq`dqcknwz pbff ak pmqn dw dff wbckz.A. [njmvkqkg zfkkx pkdq pbff nmw ak pmqn m{wzbgk wek {nbwz.J. Zempkq zemkz dng zfbxxkqz pbff nmw ak pmqn m{wzbgk wek {nbwz.



41

G. Jmccbzzdqr x{qjedzkg zpkdwz mq zemqwz pbff ak pmqn qbèw zbgk m{w dwdff wbckz.

K. Jfmwebn` wedw bz jmnzbgkqkg qkvkdfbn`& wbèw-kuwqkckfr fmmzk obwwbn`&dng-mq mo d xqmvmjdwbvk ndw{qk pbff nmw ak pmqn dw dnr wbck.

1. Bncdwkz cdr nmw pkdq edbq j{qfkqz& nrfmn zl{ff jdxz %gmm#qd`z" mn wekbq ekdg pebfk m{wzbgk mo wek em{zbn` {nbw& pbwe wek kujkxwbmn mo dxxqmvkgqkfb`bm{z ekdg pkdq.

:. Bncdwkz dqk nmw qkt{bqkg wm jmvkq wekbq zfkkx pkdq %nbèw `mpn-xdidcdz"`mbn` wm-oqmc wekbq j{ak wm wek qkzwqmmcz akwpkkn wek em{qz mo 44988 x.c.wm ?988 d.c. Bncdwkz pbff ak qkt{bqkg wm jmvkq wekbq zfkkx pkdq pbwe kbwekq d qmak mq bnzwbw{wbmn zebqw dng-mq pkdq dn dggbwbmndf w#zebqw {ngkq wekbq zfkkxpkdq dnrwbck wekr fkdvk wekbq j{ak akwpkkn wek em{qz mo ?988 d.c.wm 44988 x.c. NMWK9 Dw nm wbck bz zfkkx pkdq %nbèw `mpn-xdidcdz" pmqndz dn m{wkq `dqcknw bn wek jmccmn dqkdz& wkfkvbzbmn qmmcz& dng -mq

m{wzbgk wek fbvbn` {nbwz.

Wekqcdf {ngkqpkdq cdr ak pmqn {ngkq wek ledlb zebqw dng xdnwz mnfr. Wekqcdf jfmwebn`pbff nmw ak pmqn dz dn m{wkq `dqcknw.

Aqdz %zxmqwz mq mwekqpbzk" pbff nmw ak pmqn dz dn m{wkq `dqcknw mq kukqjbzk. Bncdwkzdqk qkt{bqkg wm pkdq aqdz dng {ngkqpkdq dw dff wbckz kujkxw pekn zfkkxbn` mq zempkqbn`.

FD[NGQR ODJBFBWBKZ9 Rm{ dqk bzz{kg d zkw mo fbnknz {xmn rm{q dqqbvdf. Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm lkkx rm{q fbnknz dng xkqzmndf bwkcz jfkdn. Bncdwkz c{zw z{acbw dnBncdwk Qkt{kzw wm Zwdoo %jmx#m{w" wm wek Fd{ngqr-Jfmwebn` Qmmc bn mqgkq wm qkjkbvkjfmwebn`& mq kujedn`k jfmwebn`. Wek Bncdwk Qkt{kzw wm Zwdoo c{zw zwdwk wek nkkg mo wekbncdwk dng em{zbn` {nbw dzzb`nkg wmm. Amwe jmxbkz mo wek omqc c{zw ak z{acbwwkg.

D. JDQK XDJLD@K % Mnk wbck bzz{k "

1 wmpkfz 4 gkmgmqdnw1 pdzejfmwez 4 zedcxmm4 wmmweaq{ze 4 jmca4 wmmwexdzwk mq wmmwexmpgkq 4 nbèwzebqw

A. BNBWBDF JFMWEBN@ BZZ[K

: aqdz 7 {nbomqc xdnwz 7 aqmpn W#zebqwz5 {ngkqpkdq 7 {nbomqc zebqwz5 zmjlz 4 xdbq zwkkf wmk zemk



4:

Rm{ dqk nmw d{wemqbykg wm dfwkq rm{q jfmwebn`. Bo rm{ dqk om{ng pbwe dfwkqkgjfmwebn`& rm{ cdr odjk gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn.

J. FD[NGQR OMQ JFMWEBN@ DQWBJFKZ

Dff bnzwbw{wbmndf bzz{kg jfmwebn` dng xkqzmndf jfmwebn` pbff ak pdzekg dw wekFd{ngqr-Jfmwebn` Qmmc. Jfmwebn` c{zw ak gqmxxkg moo akwpkkn wek em{qz mo ?9:8 d.c.dng 09:8 d.c.& Cmngdr weq{ Oqbgdr mn rm{q gkzb`ndwkg fd{ngqr gdr. Dff jfmwebn` c{zwak bn rm{q fd{ngqr ad . Rm{q jfmwebn` cdr ak xbjlkg {x wek omffmpbn` gdr. Oqbgdrz dqkgkzb`ndwkg omq afdnlkw dng zekkwz kujedn`k. D A{bfgbn` dng A A{bfgbn` pbff dfwkqndwkpkklz.

G. JFMWEBN@ QKNKPDF

Nkp {ngkqjfmwebn` %{ngkqpkdq& aqdz& zmjlz" bz bzz{kg kvkqr zbu %?" cmnwez. Dff mwekq jfmwebn` bzz{kg zem{fg fdzw c{je fmn`kq. Qkxfdjkcknw mn dff mwekq jfmwebn` pbff ak

gkwkqcbnkg ar wek fd{ngqr zwdoo.

EM[ZBN@ [NBW CKKWBN@Z-WMPN EDFF9 Em{zbn` [nbw mq Wmpn Edff Ckkwbn`z dqkekfg dw wek gbzjqkwbmn mo zwdoo. Dwwkngdnjk bz qkt{bqkg. Wekzk ckkwbn`z xqmvbgk dnmxxmqw{nbwr wm gbzj{zz nkp xmfbjbkz dng xqmjkg{qkz& qk`{fdwbmnz& xqmafkcz pbwebn wekfbvbn` {nbw& dng mwekq dqkdz mo jmnjkqn. Rm{ edvk wek mxxmqw{nbwr wm xdqwbjbxdwk bn wekgkjbzbmn#cdlbn` omq rm{qzkfo dng rm{q Em{zbn` [nbw.

CKDF ZJEKG[FKZ9 Cdbn Fbnk dng wek Jmccmn Odqk Gbkw dqk dvdbfdafk bn wek JknwqdfGbnbn` Qmmc %JGQ". Wek Cdbn Fbnk bz dvdbfdafk wm kvkqrmnk kujkxw xdqwbjbxdnwz bn wekJmccmn Odqk Gbkw Xqm`qdc. Omq bnomqcdwbmn mn wek Jmccmn Odqk Gbkw Xqm`qdc&jmnz{fw wek Jedxfdbn. Xmql mq xmql#zkdzmnkg bwkcz dqk cdqlkg pbwe dn dzwkqbzl %)" mnwek pkklfr ckn{. Ckdfz dqk zkqvkg dw wek omffmpbn` wbckz9

CMNGDR # OQBGDR

Aqkdlodzw9 ?9:8 d.c. wm 09:8 d.c.F{nje9 48978 d.c. wm 44978 d.c.

G{qbn` mqbknwdwbmn& f{nje bz zjekg{fkg dw 4498; d.c.%Mnjk rm{ edvk akkn dzzb`nkg wm d xkqcdnknw pmql gkwdbf&rm{q f{nje aqkdl bz gkzb`ndwkg ar rm{q pmql z{xkqvbzmq."

Gbnnkq9 Dowkq wek 794; x.c. jm{nw jfkdqz %dxxqmu. ;988 x.c." wek MxkqdwbmnzFbk{wkndnw pbff bnbwbdwk wek kvknbn` ckdf. Wek zkqvbn` fbnk pbff qkcdbnmxkn omq mnk em{q.

ZDW[QGDR-Z[NGDR-EMFBGDRZ

Jmookk Em{q9 ?9:8 d.c. wm 09:8 d.c.Aq{nje9 Dowkq wek 48988 d.c. jm{nw jfkdqz %dxxqmu. 4897; d.c." wek zkqvbn` fbnk

pbff mxkn dng qkcdbn mxkn omq mnk em{q.



47

Gbnnkq9 Dowkq wek 794; x.c. jm{nw jfkdqz %dxxqmu. ;988 x.c." wek zkqvbn` fbnk pbffmxkn dng qkcdbn mxkn omq mnk em{q.

Dowkq kdwbn`& jdqqr rm{q wqdr wm wek gbzepdzebn` dqkd dw wek qkdq mo wek Jknwqdf Gbnbn`Qmmc %JGQ". Gbzxmzk mo kdwbn` {wknzbfz xqmxkqfr dng xdzz wek wqdr wm wek pmqlkq mq

fkdvk bw mn wek jm{nwkq. G{k wm zxdjk fbcbwdwbmnz& rm{ dqk kuxkjwkg wm vdjdwk rm{qwdafk dz xqmcxwfr dz xmzzbafk.

Q[FKZ DNG QK@[FDWBMNZ9

Wekqk dqk jkqwdbn q{fkz dng qk`{fdwbmnz rm{ zem{fg akjmck odcbfbdq pbwe9

4. Nm ommg mwekq wedn mnk xbkjk mo oqkze pemfk oq{bw zedff ak wdlkn oqmcJGQ.

1. Nm akvkqd`k jmnwdbnkqz dqk xkqcbwwkg bn wek JGQ.

:. Gbzekz& kdwbn` {wknzbfz& zdfw dng xkxxkq zedlkqz& z{`dq xdjlkwz&kwj.& dqk nmw wm ak wdlkn oqmc JGQ.

7. Edngbjdx djjkzzbafk wdafkz dng qkzwqmmcz dqk xqmvbgkg bn JGQ.

;. Gm nmw wqdgk mq xdzz bwkcz mn wek zkqvbn` fbnk.

?. Gm nmw pdzwk ommg< wdlk mnfr pedw rm{ pbff kdw.

0. Gm nmw zdvk d wdafk mq jedbq omq d oqbkng.

5. Rm{ c{zw ak dxxqmxqbdwkfr gqkzzkg. Edbq j{qfkqz dqk nmw xkqcbwwkg bnJGQ. %Zkk Bncdwk Jfmwebn`" Zemqw zemqwz& zempkq zemkz& dngzdngdfz dqk NMW xkqcbwwkg bn JGQ. Edwz c{zw ak qkcmvkg.Jmdwz-idjlkwz c{zw ck {nybxxkg.

2. Knwqkk dng gkzzkqw bwkcz dqk fbcbwkg wm mnk xmqwbmn. Kuwqd xmqwbmnz mo dff mwekq ommgz dqk dvdbfdafk mn wek emw adq. Rm{ c{zw mawdbn djfkdn wqdr oqmc wek Jmml Z{xkqvbzmq mn g{wr akomqk qkw{qnbn` wmwek emw adq fmjdwkg bn wek gbnbn` qmmc.

48. Rm{ c{zw knz{qk rm{ edvk dff wek bwkcz wedw dqk akbn` zkqvkg mnrm{q wqdr akomqk rm{ fkdvk wek zkqvbn` fbnk. Bo rm{ dqk cbzzbn` dnrbwkcz& rm{ c{zw zemp rm{q wqdr wm wek Jmml Z{xkqvbzmq mn g{wr omq jmqqkjwbmnz wm ak cdgk wm rm{q wqdr akomqk rm{ kubw wek zkqvbn` fbnk.

44. Nm jmccbzzdqr bwkcz dqk wm ak aqm{`ew bnwm Ommg Zkqvbjk.



4;

41. Dnr t{kzwbmnz mq jmnjkqnz rm{ cdr edvk dqk wm ak gbqkjwkg wm mnk mo wek Jmml Z{xkqvbzmqz mq wek Ommg Zkqvbjk Dgcbnbzwqdwmq& nmw wekbncdwk pmqlkqz.

MXKN JMCXM[NG9 Rm{ dqk xkqcbwwkg wm fkdvk wek Em{zbn` [nbw dowkq wek ;94; d.c.

jm{nw jfkdqz weqm{`em{w wek jmcxm{ng %{z{dffr dqm{ng ?9:8 d.c.". Rm{ c{zw zb`n m{w bnwek Zb`n M{w-Bn Amml. Rm{ c{zw qkw{qn wm rm{q Em{zbn` [nbw ar 7988 x.c. bn xqkxdqdwbmnomq wek 794; x.c. Moobjbdf Jm{nw. Rm{ dqk wm ak bn rm{q gkzb`ndwkg dqkd %j{ak& a{zzwmx-obze ampf dqkd" 48 cbn{wkz xqbmq wm wek 794; jm{nw. Rm{ dqk xkqcbwwkg wm fkdvk wek{nbw dowkq wek 794; x.c. bnzwbw{wbmndf jm{nw jfkdqz weqm{`em{w wek jmcxm{ng %{z{dffrdqm{ng ;988 x.c.". Wekqk bz nm bncdwk cmvkcknw mn wek jmcxm{ng dowkq 2988 x.c.&{nfkzz kzjmqwkg ar d zwdoo ckcakq. Q{nnbn` mn wek mxkn jmcxm{ng wm dqkdz z{je dzJmccbzzdqr mq JGQ bz xqmebabwkg. Pekn pdflbn` bn qmdgpdrz {zkg ar vkebjfkz& rm{c{zw pdfl pbwebn wek dqkdz pbwe rkffmp cdqlbn`z. Dfzm& wekqk bz nm zmjbdf `dwekqbn` bnoqmnw mo wek em{zbn` {nbwz. Webz bnjf{gkz wek xmqjekz dng zbgkpdflz. Zmjbdf vbzbwz dqkzwqbjwfr xqmebabwkg.

M[W MO AM[NGDQR DQKDZ9 Jkqwdbn dqkdz dqk ‖M{w mo Am{ngz– {nfkzz rm{ pmqlwekqk mq edvk akkn jdffkg ar zwdoo. Bo rm{ dqk jdffkg wm mnk mo wekzk dqkdz& qkxmqwbcckgbdwkfr wm wek zwdoo ckcakq mn g{wr. Gm nmw fbn`kq omffmpbn` wek jmcxfkwbmn mo rm{q a{zbnkzz. Wekzk dqkdz bnjf{gk a{w dqk nmw fbcbwkg wm9

Dgcbnbzwqdwbmn A{bfgbn` %kujkxw wm zxkjbobj dqkdz g{qbn` Mxkn Em{zk em{qz".

Dnr Em{zbn` [nbw dng kcxwr jmwwd`k mwekq wedn wek mnk bn pebje rm{ qkzbgk.

Bncdwkz dqk nmw xkqcbwwkg wm zbw mq fdr mn dnr akg mwekq wedn wekbq zxkjbobj akgdzzb`ncknw. NM wpm bncdwkz dqk xkqcbwwkg mn wek zdck akg dw dnr wbck.

Qmdg bn oqmnw mo Jmwwd`kz 1: dng 17 wmpdqg Emqwbj{fw{qk.

Dff xdqlbn` fmwz mq dnr dqkd bn jfmzk xqmubcbwr wm oknjkg dqkdz.

Xmpkqem{zk-@dqd`k dqkd.

Qkdq dqkd mo ‖D– A{bfgbn`& dff Odjbfbwbkz dng Emqwbj{fw{qk dqkdz do wkq 7988 x.c.

Obqk Kubw Dqkdz

[nbw Zwdoo Moobjk dqkd kujkxw g{qbn` Mxkn Em{zk Em{qz mq {nfkzz mwekqpbzkzxkjbobjdffr d{wemqbykg ar d zwdoo ckcakq.

Fmpkq Jmcxm{ng qmdg bn oqmnw mo jmwwd`kz 44& 41& 4? dng 40& {nfkzz pmqlbn` mnd zxkjbdf gkwdbf.

Oqmnw knwqdnjk dqkd mo dnmwekq qdn`k pekqk rm{ gm nmw qkzbgk.



4?

Zwdoo adweqmmcz& dff jmwwd`kz& dng dff zwdoo zcmlbn` dqkdz.

XKQZMNDF XQMXKQWR # GBZXMZBWBMN9 Zkk wek j{qqknw Bnzwbw{wbmn Z{xxfkcknw

Bncdwk Xkqzmndf Xqmxkqwr.

Gm NMW fkdvk rm{q xqmxkqwr pbwe dnmwekq bncdwk. Dnr xqmxkqwr om{ng bn ekq xmzzkzzbmnmq qmmc pbff ak jmnzbgkqkg ekqz ‚ nmw rm{qz. Bw bz dn bnoqdjwbmn mo bnzwbw{wbmn q{fkz wmamqqmp& fkng& zkff& mq `bvk dpdr xkqzmndf xqmxkqwr.

XERZBJDF JMNWDJW9 Bncdwkz dqk qkzwqbjwkg oqmc edng#emfgbn`& kcaqdjbn`& lbzzbn`&wek xfdjkcknw mo dqcz dqm{ng zem{fgkqz mq pdbzw& mq mwekq omqcz mo xerzbjdf jmnwdjw.Mjjdzbmndffr d aqbko kcaqdjk mo oqbkngzebx cdr ak dxxqmxqbdwk& z{je dz bn jdzk mo dodqkpkff wm dn bncdwk akbn` qkfkdzkg. Zem{fg webz kcaqdjk ak jmnzbgkqkg xqmfmn`kg mq bnvmfvk akedvbmq gkwkqcbnkg wm ak mo zku{df ndw{qk& wek bncdwkz pbff ak jmnzbgkqkg bn

vbmfdwbmn dng z{aikjw wm gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn. Wek wm{jebn`& kcaqdjbn`& dng mwekq bndxxqmxqbdwk xerzbjdf jmnwdjw pbwe d zwdoo ckcakq bz kuxqkzzfr XQMEBABWKG.

QDGBMZ-CX : Xfdrkqz9 Pekn qdgbmz-CX : xfdrkqz dqk xfdrkg& wek vmf{ck bz wm ak fmpdng ekdqg mnfr bn rm{q bcckgbdwk dqkd. Kdqxemnkz c{zw ak {zkg bn z{je d cdnnkq wedwmwekq bncdwkz jdnnmw ekdq wek zm{ng. Omq kudcxfk& kdqxemnkz jdnnmw ak fdbg mn wekgkzl pbwe wek vmf{ck w{qnkg {x dng ‖zxkdlkqz– cdr nmw ak jmnzwq{jwkg wm dcxfborzm{ng. Wek pkdqbn` mo kdqxemnkz g{qbn` dnr ‖JM[NW– bz kuxqkzzfr xqmebabwkg. Kdqxemnkz dqk xqmebabwkg g{qbn` xqm`qdccbn` em{qz dng-mq xqm`qdccbn` djwbvbwbkz.Webz bz wm bnjf{gk fmpkq jmcxm{ng& dng pmql gkwdbf dqkdz. Kdqxemnkz cdr ak {zkg mnwek bncdwkz gdr moo dng mn wek {xxkq jmcxm{ng.

QKXDBQZ9 Bw bz bcxmqwdnw wedw rm{ qkxmqw nkkgkg qkxdbqz z{je dz a{qnkg#m{w fb`ew a{fazdng fkdlr od{jkwz wm wek Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkq zm wedw pmql qkt{kzwz cdr ak z{acbwwkg.

ZDNBWDWBMN BN FB_BN@ DQKDZ9 Rm{ dqk qkzxmnzbafk omq rm{q fbvbn` dqkd& bwzjfkdnfbnkzz& o{qnbzebn`z& dng jmngbwbmn. Bnzxkjwbmnz dqk ekfg qk`{fdqfr dng odbf{qk wmcdbnwdbn dgkt{dwk zdnbwdwbmn zwdngdqgz pbff qkz{fw bn gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn. Jmcxfbdnjkpbwe wek omffmpbn` qk`{fdwbmnz zem{fg knz{qk zdwbzodjwmqr bnzxkjwbmn qkxmqwz9

4. Nmwebn` bz wm ak e{n` mn wek pdffz kujkxw mn wek a{ffkwbn amdqg.

1. Fmjlkqz dng mwekq zwmqd`k dqkdz dqk wm ak lkxw mqgkqfr. Wek mnfr bwkczpebje cdr ak zwmqkg mn wek wmx mo zemqw fmjlkqz mq gkzlz dqk dz omffmpz9mnk oqdckg xemwm`qdxe %{noqdckg xemwm`qdxez cdr ak xfdjkg mn weka{ffkwbn amdqgz"& d jfmjl& d xfdnw %fkzz wedn 48! wdff"& mnk qkfb`bm{z amml& dngd odn. Odnz dqk nmw xkqcbwwkg mn wek wmx mo wdff fmjlkqz omq zdokwr qkdzmnz.

:. Mnfr zemkz& `qdr bnzwbw{wbmndf zwmqd`k amukz %4 xkq bncdwk& {nfkzz mwekqpbzkkuxqkzzfr dxxqmvkg ar wek [nbw Cdnd`kq"& dng mnk %4" fd{ngqr ad` cdr ak



40

zwmqkg {ngkq wek akg. %Fd{ngqr ad`z dqk wm ak xfdjkg dw wek ekdg mo wekakg dng m{w mo zb`ew."

7. Akgz dqk wm ak cdgk dng wqdze jdnz kcxwbkg akomqk 097; d.c. pmql jdff.

;. Fbvbn` dqkdz dqk wm ak zpkxw gdbfr. Pdffz dng ofmmqz dqk wm ak pdzekgdng-mq cmxxkg qk`{fdqfr dz nkkgkg.

?. Ommg bwkcz oqmc Jmccbzzdqr dqk wm ak zwmqkg bn rm{q fmjlkq ‚ nmw mn wekpbngmp zbff& mn wek ofmmq& mn wek fkg`k mq mn wek o{qnbw{qk.

0. Wpm %1" xbkjkz mo oqkze oq{bw& oqmc JGQ& bz wek cdubc{c xkq bncdwk.

Bncdwkz pbff edvk wekbq j{abjfkz zpkxw dng mq`dnbykg nm fdwkq wedn 097; d.c. gdbfr g{qbn`wek nmqcdf pmql pkkl dng akgz c{zw ak wb`ewfr cdgk& cbfbwdqr zwrfk& pbwe bzz{kg afdnlkwakbn` wek wmx jmvkq. Wekqk bz nm kujkxwbmn omq wemzk mn vdjdwbmnz mq gdrz moo. Empkvkq&

bncdwkz cdr fbk mq zfkkx mn wmx mo wekbq akgz dowkq cdlbn` bw. Webz pbff nmw dxxfr wmbncdwkz pmqlbn` wek webqg zebow bn wek Xmpkqem{zk. Kuwqd afdnlkwz dng emaar jqdowafdnlkwz pbff ak nkdwfr omfgkg dw wek amwwmc mo wek akg dng nmwebn` pbff ak lkxw frbn` mnwek akg. Fd{ngqr ad`z dng bzz{kg zwmqd`k amukz cdr ak xfdjkg {ngkq wek akg. Pbnwkq jmdwz& zekkwz dng wmpkfz pbff nmw ak xfdjkg mn wek ofmmq mq {zkg dz q{`z& cdwz& mq kuwqdj{zebmnbn` omq rm{q akg dqkd.

A{ffkwbn amdqgz dqk dvdbfdafk bn kdje j{abjfk. Xbjw{qkz& jdqgz& dng jdfkngdqz c{zw ake{n` pbwebn wek amqgkqz mo wek a{ffkwbn amdqg. Edn`bn` mo bwkcz pbff ak fbcbwkg wm weka{ffkwbn amdqgz mnfr.

Zb`n#M{w-Zb`n#Bn Zekkwz9 Dff bncdwkz pbff zb`n#m{w-zb`n#bn KUJKXW9

Pekn `mbn` wm9

4. Ommg Zkqvbjk1. Zjekg{fkg Ima Dzzb`ncknw:. Dnr Zjekg{fkg Jdff#M{w

D. Pekn `mbn` wm dnr mo wek kujkxwkg dqkdz cknwbmnkg damvk& wek bncdwkc{zw qkw{qn wm wek fbvbn` {nbw wm zb`n m{w akomqk `mbn` wm d nmn#kujkxwkggkzwbndwbmn.

A. Dnr xkqzmn pem odbfz wm zb`n m{w mo wek fbvbn` {nbw %wm d nmn#kujkxwkggkzwbndwbmn" PBFF qkjkbvk dn Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw.

GKZWBNDWBMNZ9 Dnr d{wemqbykg dqkd jdn ak fbzwkg dz wek gkzwbndwbmn. Cmzw jmccmnpbff ak Qkjqkdwbmn& Jedxkf& Jmccbzzdqr& kwj. [x wm wpm %1" gkzwbndwbmnz jdn ak fbzwkg dwmnjk. Omq kudcxfk& bo `mbn` wm wek Jedxkf& wekn wm wek Jmccbzzdqr& fbzw



45

‖Jedxkf-Jmccbzzdqr–. Empkvkq& bo wek Jedxkf bz fbzwkg dz wek gkzwbndwbmn dng wedwbngbvbg{df bz {fwbcdwkfr om{ng kfzkpekqk& dn Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw cdr ak pqbwwkn.

Cdnr bncdwkz pdfl mq im` mn wek jmcxm{ng. Webz bz nmw d xqmafkc. Empkvkq& peknzb`nbn` m{w rm{ c{zw fbzw wek gkzwbndwbmn dz pdflbn` mq im``bn` dng zxkjbor wek dqkd dz

‖Pdflbn` mn Fmpkq Jmcxm{ng–& kwj. %wek wkqc ‖Mxkn Jmcxm{ng– mq zbcxfr ‖Jmcxm{ng–bz nmw djjkxwdafk. D cmqk zxkjbobj gkzwbndwbmn c{zw ak `bvkn."

NDCK DNG N[CAKQ9 Wek bngbvbg{df zb`nbn` m{w-bn c{zw qkjmqg wek bnomqcdwbmnqkt{kzwkg ar wek omqc wekczkfvkz< nm mwekq xkqzmn cdr gm zm. Xqbnw fdzw ndck& obqzwbnbwbdf dng o{ff n{cakq jfkdqfr. Nm nbjlndckz cdr ak {zkg.

ZCMLBN@9 Zcmlbn` bz nm fmn`kq dffmpkg dw OXJ Dfgkqzmn. Bncdwkz dqk nmw xkqcbwwkgbn gkzb`ndwkg zwdoo zcmlbn` dqkdz pbwem{w zwdoo xkqcbzzbmn.

Z[NADWEBN@9 Z{nadwebn` bz xkqcbwwkg mn wek {xxkq jmcxm{ng mnfr. Wek gkzb`ndwkg

dqkd pbff ak akwpkkn wek D dng A a{bfgbn` mn wek zdck kng mo wek obkfg dz EkdfweZkqvbjkz. Z{nadwebn` pbff ak d{wemqbykg Cmngdr weqm{è Oqbgdr omffmpbn` wek 794; x.c.jm{nw {nwbf z{ngmpn. Z{nadwebn` pbff dfzm ak d{wemqbykg mn pkklkngz dng emfbgdrzoqmc 5988 d.c. {nwbf z{ngmpn. Z{nadwebn` pbff ak d{wemqbykg ar wek Pdqgkn mn dzkdzmndf zjekg{fk.

Wek dwwbqk omq z{nadwebn` pbff jmnzbzw& dw d cbnbc{c& mo d zfkkvkfkzz wkk#zebqw dng zemqwzwedw dqk zmfg bn jmccbzzdqr. Wek dwwbqk pmqn g{qbn` z{nadwebn` pbff nmw ak dfwkqkg bndnrpdr dng c{zw obw dxxqmxqbdwkfr. Wek zemqwz c{zw kuwkng wm cbg#webè dng jmcxfkwkfrjmvkq wek a{wwmjlz dng {xxkq webè dqkd. Wek wkk#zebqw cdr ak qmffkg {x wm kuxmzk wekfmpkq adjl dng zwmcdje dqkd mnfr. [ngkq `dqcknwz c{zw ak pmqn dw dff wbckz dng cdrnmw ak kuxmzkg. Bncdwkz pbff ak dffmpkg mnk wmpkf wm zbw mn. Nm mwekq bwkcz cdr ak{zkg omq webz x{qxmzk. Bncdwk pbff lkkx d qkzxkjwo{f gbzwdnjk oqmc kdje mwekq pebfkwdnnbn`. Bncdwkz cdr nmw dxxfr wdnnbn` fmwbmn mn mwekq bncdwkz. Wekqk pbff ak nmxerzbjdf jmnwdjw pebfk z{nadwebn`. Dff z{nadwebn` pbff ak z{zxkngkg pebfk wkcxmqdqrjmnwqdjw pmqlkqz dqk mn bnzwbw{wbmndf `qm{ngz.

_BZBWBN@ %BN#EM[ZK"9 Rm{ cdr NMW vbzbw bn d fbvbn` {nbw bn pebje rm{ gm nmw fbvk._bzbwbn` bz nmw xkqcbwwkg mn mq nkdq wek oqmnw-qkdq xmqjekz-dqkdz& zbgk xmqjekz mq fbvbn`{nbw aknjekz. Bncdwkz dqk xqmebabwkg oqmc knwkqbn` mwekq fbvbn` {nbwz omq wek x{qxmzk mo edvbn` dnmwekq bncdwk jdff omq oqbkngz. Bo wek bncdwk knwkqz wek xmqje dqkd mq wekbcckgbdwk dqkd dn bnjbgknw qkxmqw cdr ak dxxqmxqbdwk. Rm{ cdr nmw jmn`qk`dwk mn wekzbgkpdfl mq pdflbn` wqdjl bn oqmnw mo wek em{zbn` {nbwz. T{bkw wbck ak`bnz dw 48988 x.c.mn pkklgdrz %Z{ngdr ‚ We{qzgdr" dng 44988 x.c.& mn pkklkngz %Oqbgdr dngZdw{qgdr". Dowkq 48988 x.c.& mn pkklgdrz rm{ c{zw ak bn rm{q zfkkxbn` t{dqwkqz& dng44988 x.c. mn pkklkngz& kujkxw wm {zk wek adweqmmc dqkd.

J[ABJFK-QMMC DZZB@NCKNW9 [xmn knwkqbn` wek bnzwbw{wbmn& bncdwkz pbff akdzzb`nkg wm wek _dffkr [nbw %D#:" wm d akg. Zem{fg rm{ ak qk#dzzb`nkg wm d J{abjfk& webz



42

dzzb`ncknw pbff ak cdgk ar wek Jmqqkjwbmndf Jm{nzkfmqz. Dff akg cmvkz c{zw akd{wemqbykg ar d [nbw Cdnd`kq.

O[QNBW[QK9 Mnfr wek omffmpbn` o{qnbw{qk bz wm ak bn rm{q j{abjfk9 mnk %4" a{nl akg& mnk%4" gkzl& wpm %1" fmjlkqz dng mnk %4" wqdze jdn. Wek dqqdn`kcknw mo wek o{qnbw{qk bz

kzwdafbzekg ar [nbw Zwdoo dng pbff nmw ak cmvkg bn dnr mwekq jmnob`{qdwbmn bn wek j{abjfk.

FB@EWZ9 Mvkqekdg dng j{abjfk fbèwz bn wek ‖D– dng ―A– A{bfgbn`z pbff ak w{qnkg mn d w?988 d.c. dng w{qnkg moo dw 48988 x.c. pkklnbèwz %Z{ngdr ‚ We{qzgdr" dng 44988 x.c.pkklkngz %Oqbgdr dng Zdw{qgdr". Mn Zdw{qgdr dng Z{ngdrz fbèwz pbff ak w{qnkg mn dw48988 d.c. Zcdff qkdgbn` fbèwz& x{qjedzkg oqmc wek Jmccbzzdqr& cdr ak {zkg bn wekj{abjfk dw dnr wbck.

ZDNBWDWBMN9 Wek ebèkzw zwdngdqg mo zdnbwdwbmn bn kdje [nbw bz kuxkjwkg. Wek [nbwCdnd`kq& [nbw Zwdoo& dng wek [nbw Moobjkq pbff jmng{jw gdbfr pdfl weqm{è bnzxkjwbmnz wmknz{qk bncdwkz dqk jmcxfrbn` pbwe ebè zdnbwdwbmn fkvkfz. Wek Zdokwr Cdnd`kq pbff

jmng{jw cmnwefr qdn`k bnzxkjwbmnz. Xqbcdqbfr& adzkg mn zxdjk dvdbfdabfbwr& _dffkr [nbwbncdwkz pbff ak dzzb`nkg wm wek ‖D A{bfgbn`– dng Qbg`k [nbw bncdwkz pbff ak dzzb`nkg wmwek ‖A– A{bfgbn`.

WKFK_BZBMN-QKJQKDWBMN QMMCZ9 [nbw wkfkvbzbmn dng qkjqkdwbmn qmmcz pbff ak mxknoqmc ?988 d.c. wm 44988 x.c pkklnbèwz %Z{ngdr ‚ We{qzgdr" dng 1988 d.c. pkklkngz%Oqbgdr dng Zdw{qgdr". Zkfkjwkg W_ xqm`qdccbn` mq jednnkfz pbff ak gkjbgkg adzkg{xmn wek zxkjbobj qmmc dng pbff qkcdbn {njedn`kg& {nfkzz xqkkcxwkg ar wek [nbwCdnd`kq. Wekqk pbff ak nm dzzb`nkg W_ nbèwz omq bngbvbg{df bncdwkz.

Qdgbmz-CX: xfdrkqz c{zw ak x{qjedzkg oqmc jmccbzzdqr bn mqgkq wm ekdq dnr W_xqm`qdccbn`.

PBNGMP AFBNGZ9 Pbngmp afbngz c{zw ak kuwkngkg gmpn wm wek pbngmp oqdck dw dffwbckz. Wekr cdr ak kbwekq jfmzkg mq mxkn.

DQKD MO JMNJKQN

JMX#M[W AMU FMJDWBMN

A{zbnkzz Moobjk Djwbvbwbkz A{bfgbn`

Jmccbzzdqr Djwbvbwbkz A{bfgbn`

Fd{ngqr-Jfmwebn` Qmmc Djwbvbwbkz A{bfgbn`

Xzrjemfm`r-Gq{` Wqkdwcknw Djwbvbwbkz A{bfgbn`

Jmqqkjwbmndf Zkqvbjkz Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

Pdqgkn Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

Dzzmjbdwk Pdqgkn Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"



18

JCJ Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

Cdbf Qmmc dng Q/G Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

Odjbfbwbkz Gkxdqwcknw Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

Qkjmqgz Moobjk-Jmqqkjwbmndf Zrzwkcz Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

Qkknwqr Doodbqz Jmmqgbndwmq Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

Zdokwr Moobjk Zdokwr bn EZ[ Afg`

Kg{jdwbmn Kg{jdwbmn A{bfgbn`

Qkjqkdwbmn-Fbaqdqr Kg{jdwbmn A{bfgbn`

Ommg Zkqvbjk JGQ

Ekdfwe-Gknwdf Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz [nbw

Qkfb`bm{z Zkqvbjkz Jedxkf

[nbw Zwdoo Zwdoo Moobjkz

Qk#Knwqr Cdbf Qmmc %Dgc Afg`"

JEDXWKQ _EKDFWE JDQK ZKQ_BJKZ

Wek Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz [nbw %EZ[" bz fmjdwkg mn wek {xxkq jmcxm{ng akzbgk Qbg`k [nbw.

XJXW # XQBCDQR JDQK XQM_BGKQ WKDC CMGKF9

Ekdfwe jdqk dw webz bnzwbw{wbmn bz xqmvbgkg bn wek zdck cdnnkq dz d ckgbjdf moobjk bn wek

jmcc{nbwr zkwwbn`. [ngkq wek XJXW cmgkf& kdje bncdwk bz dzzb`nkg wm d ckgbjdfxqmvbgkq dng dzzmjbdwkg z{xxmqw zwdoo& djjmqgbn` wm wek bncdwk qk`bzwkq n{cakq. Qm{wbnkckgbjdf jdqk dng nmn#kckq`knjr wqbd`k %zbjl jdff" bz jmng{jwkg mn Cmngdr& W{kzgdr&We{qzgdr& dng Oqbgdr& kujf{gbn` Emfbgdrz. Wqbd`k pbff ak jmng{jwkg oqmc ?97; d.c. wm0988 d.c. Rm{ pbff ak xqmvbgkg pbwe wek dxxqmxqbdwk omqc bn Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz. Wek omqcc{zw ak obffkg m{w bn afdjl bnl. Dxxmbnwcknwz pbff ak zjekg{fkg djjmqgbn` wm wek zkvkqbwrmo wek jmcxfdbnw dng kzwdafbzekg Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz jfbnbjdf `{bgkfbnkz.



14

Bo qm{wbnk wqbd`k em{qz dqk gbzq{xwkg g{k wm dn {nomqkzkkn kvknw& ckgbjdf jmcxfdbnwz pbffak dggqkzzkg vbd wkfkxemnk. Bncdwkz pbff nkkg wm dggqkzz wekbq jmcxfdbnwz wm [nbw Zwdoo.[nbw Zwdoo pbff nmwbor Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz omq gkwkqcbndwbmn mo jdqk.

Dff kckq`knjbkz pbff ak kvdf{dwkg. Bo rm{q jmcxfdbnw bz nmw jdwk`mqbykg dz dnkckq`knjr& rm{ pbff ak bnzwq{jwkg wm qkw{qn omq qm{wbnk jdqk weqm{`e wek wqbd`kqkt{kzw zrzwkc.

Bo rm{ zem{fg akjmck bni{qkg mq bff pebfk mn wek ima& rm{ zem{fg nmwbor rm{q GkwdbfZ{xkqvbzmq. Djwbmn pbff wekn ak wdlkn wm edvk rm{ kvdf{dwkg. Bo rm{ zem{fg akjmckbni{qkg mq bff dowkq jfbnbj em{qz& rm{ zem{fg nmwbor rm{q [nbw Moobjkq. D`dbn& djwbmn pbff akwdlkn wm edvk rm{ kvdf{dwkg. Bo rm{ dqk kvdf{dwkg dng bgknwbobkg dz nkkgbn` zxkjbdfwrjdqk pebje odffz pbwebn wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz xmfbjr mo xqmvbgbn` ckgbjdffr cdngdwmqr mq ckgbjdffr nkjkzzdqr jdqk& rm{ pbff ak zjekg{fkg djjmqgbn`fr.

JFBNBJ DXXMBNWCKNWZ DNG JDFF M[WZ9

Bo rm{ zem{fg ak zjekg{fkg omq dn dxxmbnwcknw mq jdff m{w bn wek Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz [nbw& bwpbff ak rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm ak wekqk mn wbck dng c{zw edvk d Jmccbzzdqr Jdqg omq bgknwbobjdwbmn x{qxmzk.

Dff jdff m{wz %zjekg{fkg dxxmbnwcknwz weqm{`e wek ZKNWQR jmcx{wkq zrzwkc" dqkxmzwkg bn wek [nbwz dng zem{fg ak jekjlkg mn d gdbfr adzbz. D cbzzkg jdff m{w mq dxxmbnwcknw cdr ak qkdzmn omq gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn. Rm{ c{zw edvk dn dxxmbnwcknw mq jdff m{w wm qkxmqw wm wek Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz [nbw& mwekqpbzk rm{ pbff ak jmnzbgkqkg m{w mo am{ngz. Bo rm{ dqqbvk fdwk omq dn dxxmbnwcknw bw pbff ak dw wek Xqmvbgkq‒z gbzjqkwbmnpekwekq mq nmw rm{ jdn zwbff ak zkkn dw wek dxxmbnwkg wbck.

BNWDLK ZJQKKNBN@9

[xmn rm{q dqqbvdf dw OXJ Dfgkqzmn& rm{ pbff ak bnwkqvbkpkg ar d ckcakq mo wek EkdfweZkqvbjkz zwdoo. Bw bz dazmf{wkfr nkjkzzdqr wedw rm{ jmmxkqdwk pbwe wekc bn z{xxfrbn` dffqkt{kzwkg ckgbjdf gdwd. Bo rm{ dqk mn cdbnwkndnjk ckgbjdwbmnz& wekzk pbff akjmnwbn{kg {nwbf rm{ jdn ak kvdf{dwkg ar d jfbnbjdf xqmvbgkq.

Dff bncdwkz pbff ak `bvkn d ckgbjdf zjqkknbn` {xmn wekbq dqqbvdf& wm bnjf{gk d WAZjqkknbn` Kudcbndwbmn. Bo rm{ dqk `bvkn d WA zlbn wkzw& rm{ c{zw qkxmqw wpm gdrz fdwkq wm wek ckgbjdf gkxdqwcknw wm edvk wek wkzw zbwk fmmlkg dw. Odbf{qk wm qkw{qn bn wpm gdrzpbff ckdn d qkxkdw mo wek wkzw.

Bo rm{ qko{zk dnr ckgbjdf zjqkknbn` omq jmcc{nbjdafk gbzkdzkz rm{ cdr ak z{aikjw wmgbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn. Wemzk bngbvbg{dfz& pem qkt{bqk fmn`#wkqc jeqmnbj jdqk pebje jdnnmwak xqmvbgkg dw webz odjbfbwr& pbff ak qkokqqkg wm mnk mo wek Okgkqdf Ckgbjdf Jknwkqz mq wm dfmjdf emzxbwdf.



11

Dff bncdwkz dqk zjqkknkg {xmn dqqbvdf omq xzrjemfm`bjdf dng kcmwbmndf bzz{kz. Bo wekzjqkknbn` bz om{ng wm ak danmqcdf ar wek xqmvbgkq& dn bcckgbdwk qkokqqdf bz cdgk wm wekXzrjemfm`r Gkxdqwcknw.

NMWBJK WM BNCDWKZBNCDWK JM#XDRCKNW XQM@QDC

X{qz{dnw wm Okgkqdf Xqbzmnkq Ekdfwe Jdqk Jm#xdrcknw Djw %OEJJD" mo 1888%X.F. 48?#127&45 [.Z.J. 7875"& Wek Okgkqdf A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz dng Okgkqdf XqbzmnJdcx& Dfgkqzmn xqmvbgk nmwbjk mo wek Bncdwk Jm#xdrcknw Xqm`qdc omq ekdfwe jdqk&kookjwbvk Mjwmakq :& 188;.

BNCDWK JM#XDR

Wek bncdwk jm#xdr okk edz akkn kzwdafbzekg dw '1.88 xkq jmcxfdbnw. D jm#xdr okk bzjedq`kg pekn dn bncdwk bnbwbdwkz d ekdfwe jdqk vbzbw9 bz om{ng qkzxmnzbafk omq wek bni{qrmo dnmwekq bncdwk< pekn d ckgbjdf kvdf{dwbmn bz qkt{kzwkg ar nmn#jfbnbjdf zwdoo bo wekjmngbwbmn bz nmw dn kckq`knjr mq dnr mwekq nmn#kckq`knw vbzbw dz m{wfbnkg bn Xqm`qdcZwdwkcknw ?8:4.81& bncdwkz pbff nmw ak gknbkg ekdfwe jdqk zkqvbjkz g{k wm bngb`knwzwdw{z. Bo rm{ dzl d nmn#ckgbjdf zwdoo ckcakq wm jmnwdjw ckgbjdf zwdoo wm qkt{bqkckgbjdf kvdf{dwbmn mn rm{q akedfo& dng bw bz gkkckg ‖nmn#kckq`knw– ar ckgbjdf zwdoo&rm{ pbff ak jedq`kg d '1.88 jm#xdr okk omq wedw vbzbw. Bo rm{ dqk akbn` zkkn omq d jeqmnbjjdqk jfbnbj dng gbzj{zz d wqbd`k %zbjl jdff" jmcxfdbnw& rm{ pbff nmw ak jedq`kg omq wekjeqmnbj jdqk vbzbw& a{w rm{ pbff ak dzzkzzkg d '1.88 okk omq wek wqbd`k jmcxfdbnw.

Ekdfwe jdqk vbzbwz pbwe nm okk pbff bnjf{gk vbzbwz adzkg mn9 ekdfwe jdqk zwdoo qkokqqdfz<ekdfwe jdqk zwdoo#dxxqmvkg omffmp#{x wqkdwcknw omq d jeqmnbj jmngbwbmn< xqkvknwbvk ekdfwejdqk zkqvbjkz< kckq`knjr zkqvbjkz< xqkndwdf jdqk< gbd`nmzbz mq wqkdwcknw mo jeqmnbjbnokjwbm{z gbzkdzkz< cknwdf ekdfwe jdqk< mq z{azwdnjk da{zk wqkdwcknw.

Bo d ekdfwe jdqk xqmvbgkq mqgkqz mq dxxqmvkz dnr mo wek omffmpbn`& d okk pbff nmw akjedq`kg9

afmmg xqkzz{qk cmnbwmqbn``f{jmzk cmnbwmqbn`bnz{fbn bnikjwbmnz

Jeqmnbj Jdqk jfbnbjzWA wkzwbn`vdjjbndwbmnzpm{ng jdqkxdwbknw kg{jdwbmn



1:

Rm{q ekdfwe jdqk xqmvbgkq pbff gkwkqcbnk bo wek wrxk mo dxxmbnwcknw zjekg{fkg bz z{aikjwwm d jm#xdr okk.

Bngb`knjk9 Dn bngb`knw bncdwk bz dn bncdwk pem edz nmw edg d wq{zw o{ng djjm{nwadfdnjk mo '?.88 omq wek xdzw :8 gdrz. Bo rm{ dqk jmnzbgkqkg bngb`knw& rm{ pbff nmw edvk

wek jm#xdr okk gkg{jwkg oqmc rm{q bncdwk jmccbzzdqr djjm{nw. Bo rm{ dqk NMWbngb`knw& a{w rm{ gm nmw edvk z{oobjbknw o{ngz wm cdlk wek jm#xdr okk mn wek gdwk mo wekdxxmbnwcknw& d gkaw pbff ak kzwdafbzekg ar WQ[ODJZ& dng wek dcm{nw pbff ak gkg{jwkgdz o{ngz dqk gkxmzbwkg bnwm rm{q bncdwk jmccbzzdqr djjm{nw.

U#QDR-FDAMQDWMQR QKZ[FWZ9 Wm qkjkbvk qkz{fwz oqmc qm{wbnk gbd`nmzwbj wkzwz& rm{ nkkg wm qkxmqw wm mxkn em{zk. Bo rm{ qkt{bqk o{qwekq kuxfdndwbmn mo wkzwz& zkng d jmx#m{w wm wek xqmvbgkq pem mqgkqkg wekwkzw& wm qkt{kzw d jmnz{fwdwbmn dxxmbnwcknw.

GKNWDF KUDCBNDWBMN-WQKDWCKNW9 Nkp jmccbwcknwz dqk zjekg{fkg omq d gknwdf

kudcbndwbmn g{qbn` wek Mqbknwdwbmn Xqm`qdc. Mnfr mnk %4" jmcxfdbnw xkq omqc. Rm{q qkt{kzw pbff ak qkvbkpkg ar gknwdf zwdoo dng adzkg mn rm{q jmcxfdbnw dng rm{ pbff akzjekg{fkg omq d jdff m{w dxxmbnwcknw.

Qm{wbnk gknwdf jdqk pbff ak xqmvbgkg adzkg mn wek dvdbfdabfbwr mo gknwdf zwdoo dng rm{q dabfbwr wm cdbnwdbn `mmg mqdf er`bknk. Bo rm{ qkt{bqk qm{wbnk jdqk& rm{ pbff ak xfdjkg mn dpdbwbn` fbzw adzkg mn wek gdwk mo z{acbzzbmn mo rm{q qkt{kzw. Dw wek xqkzknw wbck&dnrmnk pbwe d zknwknjk mo 45 cmnwez mq fkzz jdn z{acbw d qkt{kzw omq mnk %4" gknwdfjfkdnbn`. Wemzk pbwe zknwknjkz fmn`kq wedn 45 cmnwez jdn z{acbw d qkt{kzw omq dgknwdf jfkdnbn` kvkqr 41 cmnwez dng qm{wbnk gknwdf jdqk. Dnr danmqcdf obngbn`z g{qbn`rm{q jfkdnbn` wedw qkt{bqk bcckgbdwk wqkdwcknw pbff ak aqm{`ew wm wek gknwbzw‒z dwwknwbmn.

KRK@FDZZKZ DNG JMNWDJW FKNZKZ9 Bn mqgkq wm ak kvdf{dwkg omq krk`fdzzkz& rm{ c{zw z{acbw dn Bncdwk Qkt{kzw wm Zwdoo omqc %jmx#m{w" wm ckgbjdf zkqvbjkz omq dn kvdf{dwbmn. Bo rm{q vbz{df xqmafkc ckkwz wekjqbwkqbd omq qkokqqdf wm wek Krk Jdqk Zxkjbdfbzw& rm{ pbff ak zjekg{fkg. Bo rm{ pm{fg fblk wmx{qjedzk d xdbq mo `fdzzkz oqmc dn m{wzbgk zm{qjk& wek omffmpbn` xqmjkg{qk c{zw akomffmpkg9 4" Rm{ jdn mawdbn d jmxr mo rm{q j{qqknw xqkzjqbxwbmn oqmc rm{q ckgbjdfqkjmqg vbd jmx#m{w wm Ckgbjdf Qkjmqgz. 1" Rm{ c{zw qkxmqw wm mxkn em{zk pbwe wekjmcxdnr ndck& dggqkzz& dng xemnk n{cakq& MQ odcbfr ckcakq‒z ndck& dggqkzz& dngxemnk n{cakq& pem pbff ak zkngbn` wek krk`fdzzkz bn oqmc wek jmcc{nbwr. Dn‖D{wemqbydwbmn wm Qkjkbvk d Xdjld`k– pbff ak jmcxfkwkg dw mxkn em{zk dng cdbfkg wmdxxqmxqbdwk dggqkzz wm qkjkbvk d xdjld`k. Krk`fdzzkz cdr nmw edvk zwmnkz& aqdngndck cdqlbn`z mq wqdnzbwbmndf fknzkz. Jkqwdbn qkzwqbjwbmnz dxxfr. Mnjk wek xdjld`kbz qkjkbvkg& rm{ pbff ak xfdjkg mn jdffm{w wm xbjl {x rm{q krk`fdzzkz.

Jmnwdjw fknzkz dqk xkqcbzzbafk omq {zk bnzwkdg mo `fdzzkz mnfr pekn rm{ dqk kvdf{dwkgar wek Mxewedfcmfm`bzw dng bw bz gkwkqcbnkg wedw rm{q zxkjbobj krk gbzkdzk pm{fg



17

xqmebabw wek pkdqbn` mo `fdzzkz dng wedw wek jmngbwbmn bz akzw wqkdwkg pbwe jmnwdjw fknzkz.Mnfr jfkdq fknzkz pbff ak d{wemqbykg. Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz pbff xqmvbgk z{xxfbkz.

XERZBJDF KUDCBNDWBMNZ9 D xerzbjdf kudcbndwbmn pbff ak jmcxfkwkg pbwebn 47 gdrz mo rm{q dqqbvdf bo bngbjdwkg. Bo

rm{ edvk wqdnzokqqkg oqmc dnmwekq bnzwbw{wbmn dng d j{qqknw xerzbjdf kudcbndwbmn bz bnrm{q ckgbjdf qkjmqg& webz pbff nmw ak qkxkdwkg. Rm{ pbff ak dzzb`nkg d ckgbjdf g{wrzwdw{z dng jfkdqkg omq pmql dw wek wbck mo rm{q xerzbjdf kudcbndwbmn %mq ckgbjdf qkjmqgqkvbkp ar wek xqmvbgkq".

Bo rm{ dqk {ngkq wek d`k mo ;8& rm{ dqk kfb`bafk& dw rm{q qkt{kzw& omq d xerzbjdfkudcbndwbmn kvkqr 1 rkdqz. Empkvkq& rm{ dqk kfb`bafk omq d aqkdzw kudc dng XDXzckdq kvkqr rkdq. Rm{ cdr mawdbn rm{q aqkdzw dng xkfvbj kudc ar z{acbwwbn` d jmx#m{wweqm{`e bnzwbw{wbmn cdbf. Rm{ pbff wekn ak xfdjkg mn jdff#m{w. Bo rm{ dqk ;8 mq mfgkq& dwrm{q qkt{kzw rm{ dqk kfb bafk omq d jmcxfkwk xerzbjdf kudc kdje rkdq. Webz kudc cdrbnjf{gk werqmbg o{njwbmn zw{gbkz& KL@& dng ofkubafk zb`cmbgmzjmxr. Rm{ cdr dfzm

qkt{kzw d xqk#qkfkdzk xerzbjdf bo rm{q fdzw ckgbjdf kvdf{dwbmn bz cmqk wedn mnk %4" rkdq mfg.

XEDQCDJR ZKQ_BJKZ9 Dff xqkzjqbxwbmnz jdn nmqcdffr ak xbjlkg {x oqmc wek Xedqcdjr wek omffmpbn` gdr dowkq rm{q jfbnbj dxxmbnwcknw& {nfkzz rm{ dqk bnzwq{jwkg mwekqpbzk. Xqkzjqbxwbmnz dqk dfzmdvdbfdafk omq xbjl#{x oqmc wek Xedqcdjr pbngmp dw wek gkzb`ndwkg wbckz nmwkg mn wekzb`n xmzwkg ar wek Xedqcdjr.

Rm{ pbff qkjkbvk bnzwq{jwbmnz pekn rm{q xqkzjqbxwbmn bz obffkg dng gbzxknzkg wm rm{ ar wekXedqcdjbzw. Zek-Ek pbff kuxfdbn wek ckgbjdwbmn dng emp rm{ dqk wm wdlk bw. O{qwekq ckgbjdwbmn kg{jdwbmn jm{nzkfbn` bz dvdbfdafk pekn qkt{kzwkg vbd jmx#m{w.

QKOBFFZ9Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm nmwbor wek Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz xkqzmnnkf pekn rm{q xqkzjqbxwbmnqkt{bqkz qknkpdf. Xfdn dekdg omq webz. Wm mawdbn qkobffz& obff m{w d Xedqcdjr QkobffQkt{kzw omqc dng gqmx bw moo dw wek Xedqcdjr g{qbn` xbff fbnk wbck. Bo rm{ edvk dnrt{kzwbmnz qk`dqgbn` rm{q ckgbjdwbmnz mq qkobffz& wek Xedqcdjbzw bz dvdbfdafk dw wek2988 d.c. xbff fbnk wbck.

M_KQ#WEK#JM[NWKQ CKGBJDWBMNZ9 Ckgbjdwbmn fblk9 Cmwqbn %Ba{xqmokn"& Dzxbqbn& Wrfknmf%Djkwdcbnmxekn"& Dffkq`rCkgbjdwbmn& Fbt{bg Dnwdjbg& Ekcmqqembg dng Dnwbo{n`df Jqkdc %Dwefkwk‒z Ommw Jqkdc&

kwj." dqk dvdbfdafk omq x{qjedzk bn wek Jmccbzzdqr. [nfkzz wek ckgbjdf xqmvbgkq gkwkqcbnkz wedw d xqkzjqbxwbmn mo wekzk mq zmck mwekq mvkq#wek#jm{nwkq ckgbjdwbmnz bzjfbnbjdffr bngbjdwkg& rm{ pbff ak kuxkjwkg wm x{qjedzk wekc bn wek Jmccbzzdqr.

XBFF FBNKZ9 Bo rm{ dqk mn dnr qkzwqbjwkg ckgbjdwbmnz %wemzk pebje jdnnmw ak wdlkn adjl wm rm{q {nbw"mq bnz{fbn bnikjwbmnz& wek Xedqcdjbzw pbff dgvbzk rm{ mo wek wbckz dng ckwemg mo qkjkbvbn`



1;

wekzk ckgbjdwbmnz. Wek qm{wbnk xbff fbnk wbckz dqk xmzwkg m{wzbgk mo wek Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz[nbw. Akomqk rm{ jdn qkjkbvk dnr ckgbjdwbmn& rm{ c{zw xqmvbgk d xemwm BG %Jmccbzzdqrjdqg" omq bgknwbobjdwbmn x{qxmzk dng zwdwk rm{q ndck dng qk`bzwkq n{cakq.

XMZZKZZBMN MO [ND[WEMQBYKG CKGBJDWBMN9

Dn bnjbgknw qkxmqw pbff ak pqbwwkn omq dnr ckgbjdwbmnz wedw dqk kuxbqkg& {nfdakfkg& mq cbukg bn wek zdck amwwfk. Dff kuxbqkg ckgbjdwbmnz c{zw ak qkw{qnkg wm wek xedqcdjr.

@F[JMCKWKQ9Wekqk pbff ak d `f{jmckwkq dvdbfdafk omq afmmg z{`dq jekjlz dw wek cmqnbn` dng kvknbn`bnz{fbn fbnk omq bnz{fbn#gkxkngknw gbdakwbjz.

M[WZBGK EMZXBWDFBYDWBMN9Bo rm{ dqk cmvkg wm d fmjdf emzxbwdf& rm{ cdr ak xfdjkg mn o{qfm{`e zwdw{z mq {ngkq wekgbqkjw z{xkqvbzbmn mo bnzwbw{wbmn zwdoo dng-mq jmnwqdjw `{dqg zkqvbjk. _bzbwmqz c{zw edvkxqbmq dxxqmvdf oqmc wek bnzwbw{wbmn zwdoo dng pbff nmqcdffr ak qkzwqbjwkg wm bcckgbdwk

odcbfr mnfr. Mnfr jmffkjw wkfkxemnk jdffz dqk d{wemqbykg pebfk mn M{wzbgk Emzxbwdfbydwbmnzwdw{z dng pbwe dxxqmvdf mo wek Zebow Fbk{wkndnw dng-mq [nbw Cdnd`kq.

QKZWQBJWKG G[WR ZWDW[Z - CKGBJDF JMN_DFKZJKNJK - CKGBJDF BGFK9Qkzwqbjwkg G{wr Zwdw{z bz d{wemqbykg ar Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz zwdoo bn jdzkz pekqk dn bncdwkedz ckgbjdf qkzwqbjwbmnz a{w& {nfblk Ckgbjdf Bgfk dng Ckgbjdf Jmnvdfkzjknjk& bz dafk wmpmql.

Ckgbjdf Jmnvdfkzjknjk bz d qkjmvkqr xkqbmg d{wemqbykg ar Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz zwdoo omq mxkqdwbmnz& bni{qr& mq zkqbm{z bffnkzz. Bw cdr ak xqkzjqbakg omq nmw fkzz wedn om{q %7" gdrzdng nmw wm kujkkg webqwr %:8" gdrz z{aikjw wm qknkpdf. Pebfk mn Jmnvdfkzjknjk&bncdwkz pbff ak kuxkjwkg wm dwwkng kg{jdwbmndf xqm`qdcz& {nfkzz wek ckgbjdf jmngbwbmnfbcbwz dwwkngdnjk. Qkjqkdwbmn djwbvbwbkz pbff ak z{aikjw wm ckgbjdf fbcbwdwbmnz.Ckgbjdf Bgfk bz pekn rm{ dqk xfdjkg mn Ckgbjdf Bgfk ar EZ[ zwdoo omq bffnkzzkz mo zemqwg{qdwbmn omq d xkqbmg mo wbck nmw kujkkgbn` zkvknwr#wpm %01" em{qz. Rm{ dqk qkzwqbjwkgwm rm{q qmmc mq gmqcbwmqr kujkxw omq qkzw qmmc& ckdfz& jedxkf zkqvbjkz& dng vbzbwz. Rm{CDR NMW `m wm wek Qkjqkdwbmn Jknwkq& wek W_ qmmc& nmq wm wek Jmccbzzdqr. Rm{dqk kuj{zkg oqmc jfdzz dng pmql dzzb`ncknwz.

XZRJEMFM@BJDF ZKQ_BJKZ9 Jfbnbjdf xzrjemfm`bzwz bnwkqvbkp dff nkp jmccbwcknwz. D xzrjemfm`bjdf zjqkknbn`kvdf{dwbmn bz xqmvbgkg wm wek [nbw Wkdc omq kdje jfdzzbobjdwbmn wkdc qkvbkp.Xzrjemfm`bzwz mookq jm{nzkfbn` zkqvbjkz dz nkkgkg dng `qm{xz dqk mookqkg xkqbmgbjdffrmn wmxbjz z{je dz gkxqkzzbmn dng dnubkwr cdnd`kcknw. D Wqd{cd Xqm`qdc mookqbn`pmqlzemxz dng xqmjkzz `qm{xz omq z{qvbvmqz mo xerzbjdf mq zku{df da{zk bz mookqkg.

Bo rm{ pbze wm ak zkkn ar d xzrjemfm`bzw& z{acbw dn Bncdwk Qkt{kzw wm Xzrjemfm`rZkqvbjkz. Bo jmnwdjw pbwe d xzrjebdwqbzw bz nkkgkg d qkokqqdf c{zw ak cdgk weqm{`e dckgbjdf mq xzrjemfm`r zkqvbjkz zwdoo ckcakq. Dfzm& bncdwkz xfdr d vbwdf qmfk bnxqkvknwbn` z{bjbgk. Pk knjm{qd`k rm{ wm ak mazkqvdnw dng qkxmqw wm zwdoo dnr {n{z{df



1?

akedvbmq mq vkqadfbydwbmn oqmc okffmp bncdwkz wedw cb`ew bngbjdwk wedw wekr dqk vkqrgkxqkzzkg mq z{bjbgdf. _kqadfbydwbmnz fblk ‖B jdn‒w wdlk bw dnrcmqk& B pbze B pdz gkdg& nm#mnk pm{fg kvkn cbzz ck bo B pkqk `mnk...– cdr bngbjdwk z{bjbgdf bnwknwbmnz mq xfdnz.Wdlk dff z{je zwdwkcknwz zkqbm{zfr dng qkxmqw bw wm zwdoo.

Z[BJBGK XQK_KNWBMN9Bw bz nmw {njmccmn omq xkmxfk wm kuxkqbknjk gkxqkzzbmn dng emxkfkzznkzz pebfk bn idbfmq xqbzmn& xdqwbj{fdqfr bo wekr dqk nkpfr bnjdqjkqdwkg& dqk zkqvbn` d fmn` zknwknjk& dqkkuxkqbknjbn` odcbfr xqmafkcz mq xqmafkcz `kwwbn` dfmn` pbwe mwekq bncdwkz& mq qkjkbvkgadg nkpz. Zmckwbckz& bncdwkz jmnzbgkq jmccbwwbn` z{bjbgk g{k wm dff mo wek xqkzz{qkwekr dqk {ngkq. Zwdoo bz wqdbnkg wm cmnbwmq bncdwkz omq zb`nz mo z{bjbgdfbwr& dng dqkwqdbnkg wm qkokq dff jmnjkqnz wm wek Xzrjemfm`r Gkxdqwcknw. Empkvkq& zwdoo gmkzn‒wdfpdrz zkk pedw bncdwkz zkk. Bo rm{ dqk xkqzmndffr kuxkqbknjbn` dnr mo wek xqmafkcznmwkg damvk& mq rm{ mq dnmwekq bncdwk dqk zempbn` zb`nz mo gkxqkzzbmn %zdgnkzz&wkdqo{fnkzz& fdjl mo knimrcknw bn {z{df djwbvbwbkz"& pbwegqdpdf %zwdrbn` dpdr oqmc mwekqz&qkg{jbn` xemnk jdffz dng-mq vbzbwz"& mq emxkfkzznkzz %`bvbn` dpdr xmzzkzzbmnz& zwdwbn`

wedw wekqk bz nmwebn` wm fbvk omq"& XFKDZK dfkqw d zwdoo ckcakq qb`ew dpdr. Rm{q bnx{wjdn zdvk d fbok.

ZKU[DF DA[ZK XQK_KNWBMN9Pebfk bnjdqjkqdwkg& rm{ gm nmw edvk wm wmfkqdwk zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq mq xqkzz{qk wmkn`d`k bn {npdnwkg zku{df akedvbmq oqmc dnmwekq bncdwk mq d zwdoo ckcakq. Bncdwkzdqk qkzwqbjwkg oqmc edng#emfgbn`& kcaqdjbn`& lbzzbn`& wek xfdjkcknw mo dqcz dqm{ngzem{fgkqz mq pdbzw& mq mwekq omqcz mo xerzbjdf jmnwdjw. Wek wm{jebn`& kcaqdjbn`& dngmwekq bndxxqmxqbdwk xerzbjdf jmnwdjw pbwe d zwdoo ckcakq bz kuxqkzzfr XQMEBABWKG.Omq dggbwbmndf bnomqcdwbmn& qkvbkp Dwwdjecknw ;< Zku{dffr Da{zbvk Akedvbmq # Xqkvknwbmndng Bnwkqvknwbmn.

XQBZMN QDXK KFBCBNDWBMN DJW %XQKD"9Bnomqcdwbmn bz dvdbfdafk bn wek Fdp Fbaqdqr.

DG_DNJKG GBQKJWB_K9 Dgvdnjkg Gbqkjwbvk& dfzm lnmpn dz d fbvbn` pbff& bz d pqbwwkn bnzwq{cknw ar pebje dxdwbknw kuxqkzzkz ebz-ekq ekdfwe jdqk bn wek kvknw mo d wkqcbndf mq bqqkvkqzbafk jmngbwbmn&g{qbn` pebje wedw bngbvbg{df bz nm fmn`kq dafk wm jmcc{nbjdwk z{je pbzekz wm wek ekdfwejdqk xqmvbgkq g{k wm bnjdxdjbwdwbmn. Bo rm{ dqk bnwkqkzwkg bn edvbn` dn dgvdnjkggbqkjwbvk bn rm{q obfk& rm{ c{zw z{acbw d zwdngdqg qkt{kzw wm zwdoo omqc %jmx#m{w" wm wekCkgbjdf Qkjmqgz Gkxdqwcknw dng rm{ pbff ak zjekg{fkg dn dxxmbnwcknw wm zwmx bn EZ[

dng obff m{w wek nkkgkg bnomqcdwbmn. Rm{ pbff nkkg wm aqbn` wek ndck& dggqkzz& dng dnrxemnk n{cakqz bn pebje wek xkqzmn jdn ak qkdjekg.

KT[BXCKNW FMDNZ9 Bo rm{ dqk `bvkn kt{bxcknw wm {zk dz d qkz{fw mo bffnkzz mq bni{qr oqmc wek Ekdfwe ZkqvbjkzGkxdqwcknw z{je dz9 jq{wjekz& jdnkz... rm{ pbff zb`n omq bw {xmn qkjkbxw. Bo webz



10

kt{bxcknw bz nmw qkw{qnkg& rm{ cdr ak z{aikjw wm gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn dng-mq ak qkt{bqkgwm xdr omq wekzk bwkcz.

QKT[KZWZ WM ZKK WEK XERZBJBDN9 Dnr bncdwk pdnwbn` wm zkk wek xerzbjbdn c{zw qkxmqw wm wqbd`k dng wek gkwkqcbndwbmn pbff

ak cdgk dz wm pekwekq rm{ pbff ak zjekg{fkg dng pekn.

BNOKJWBM[Z GBZKDZKZ9E{cdn Bcc{nmgkobjbknjr _bq{z %EB_"9 Wekqk bz dn bnjqkdzkg xkqzmndf qbzl odjwmq wmjmnwqdjw webz vbq{z ar akedvbmqz pebje bnjf{gkz9 B_ gq{` {zk& wdwwmmbn`& dng emcmzku{dfakedvbmq. Rm{ dqk gbzjm{qd`kg oqmc kn`d`bn` bn z{je djwbvbwbkz pebje wqdnzokq afmmgdng amgr of{bgz. Dff bncdwkz pem edvk kn`d`kg bn dnr mo wekzk ebè qbzl akedvbmqz dqkknjm{qd`kg wm edvk dn EB_ wkzw xkqomqckg. Webz jdn ak qkt{kzwkg dng qbzl odjwmqzgbzj{zzkg g{qbn` rm{q xerzbjdf kudcbndwbmn mq mn qm{wbnk wqbd`k %zbjl jdff".

EKXDWBWBZ Wek Ekxdwbwbz _bq{z bz jmnwqdjwkg bn wek zdck cdnnkq dz EB_. Wkzwbn` bz

nmw cdngdwmqr& a{w gbd`nmzbz bz gkwkqcbnkg ar d afmmg wkzw. Wkzwbn` bz gmnk peknjfbnbjdffr bngbjdwkg.

W[AKQJ[FMZBZ Wek W{akqj{fmzbz adjwkqbd bz wqdnzokqqkg weqm{è wek qkzxbqdwmqrwqdjw omffmpbn` xqmfmn`kg kuxmz{qk. Dff bncdwkz dqk qkt{bqkg wm ak zjqkknkg& {z{dffr ard zlbn wkzw& dw fkdzw dnn{dffr dng djjmqgbn` wm wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz xmfbjr. Zbnjk webzbz d cdwwkq mo x{afbj ekdfwe& rm{ dqk z{aikjw wm gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn& bo qko{zkg. Webzgbzkdzk bz wqkdwkg ar dnwbabmwbj wekqdxr. Bo rm{ pkqk wm edvk d xmzbwbvk zjqkknbn` wkzw&rm{ pbff ak kvdf{dwkg dng xmzzbafr mookqkg d xqmxerfdjwbj wqkdwcknw qk`bckn mo Bzmnbdybg%BNE" dng _bwdcbn A ?. Webz xqm`qdc pbff ak kuxfdbnkg wm rm{ ar wek Jfbnbjdf Xqmvbgkqzdng wek Xedqcdjbzw.

CKWEBJBFFBN QKZBZWDNW ZWDXE D[QK[Z %CQZD" Wek wkqc Ckwebjbffbn QkzbzwdnwZwdxe D{qk{z qkokqz wm wemzk zwqdbnz mo zwdxe d{qk{z adjwkqbd wedw edvk djt{bqkgqkzbzwdnjk wm jkqwdbn dnwbabmwbjz. CQZD bz zxqkdg weqm{è gbqkjw xerzbjdf jmnwdjw& nmwweqm{è wek dbq. Ekdfwer xkmxfk edvk vkqr fbwwfk qbzl mo akjmcbn` bnokjwkg pbwe CQZD. Bo rm{ zem{fg edvk mxkn zmqkz mq {fjkqz wedw gm nmw ekdf& rm{ zem{fg cdlk zbjl#jdff wm akwkzwkg. Dfwem{è bw bz qkzbzwdnw wm zmck dnwbabmwbjz wekqk dqk zkvkqdf wqkdwcknwzdvdbfdafk.

ZRXEBFBZ Wek zrxebfbz adjwkqbd bz wqdnzcbwwkg ar zku{df jmnwdjw dng bz zjqkknkg omq mndgcbzzbmn ar d afmmg wkzw omq wemzk pbwe dw qbzl akedvbmq. Bw bz wqkdwkg ar dnwbabmwbj

wekqdxr.



15

OXJ DFGKQZMN EKDFWE ZKQ_BJKZ GKXDQWCKNWXDWBKNW QB@EWZ DNG QKZXMNZBABFBWBKZ

Pebfk bn wek j{zwmgr mo wek Okgkqdf A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm qkjkbvk ekdfwe jdqk bn d cdnnkq wedw qkjm`nbykz rm{q adzbj e{cdn qbèwz& dng rm{ dfzm djjkxw wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm qkzxkjw wek adzbj e{cdn qbèwz mo rm{q ekdfwe jdqk xqmvbgkqz.

QB@EWZ QKZXMNZBABFBWBKZ

4. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ekdfwe jdqk zkqvbjkz& adzkg mn wek fmjdf xqmjkg{qkzdw OXJ Dfgkqzmn. Ekdfwe zkqvbjkz bnjf{gk ckgbjdf zbjl jdff& gknwdf zbjl jdffdng dff z{xxmqw zkqvbjkz. Bo Bncdwk jm#xdr zrzwkc kubzwz bn rm{q bnzwbw{wbmn&Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz jdnnmw ak gknbkg g{k wm fdjl %vkqbobkg" mo xkqzmndf o{ngz wmxdr omq rm{q jdqk.

4. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm jmcxfr pbwe wek ekdfwe jdqk xmfbjbkzdw OXJ Dfgkqzmn. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm omffmp qkjmcckngkgwqkdwcknw xfdnz wedw dqk kzwdafbzekg omq rm{ ar ekdfwe jdqk zwdoo. Rm{edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm xdr dn bgknwbobkg okk omq dnr ekdfwe jdqkknjm{nwkq bnbwbdwkg ar rm{qzkfo& kujf{gbn` kckq`knjr jdqk. Rm{ pbffdfzm bnj{q wek ekdfwe jdqk jmzwz omq wek jdqk mo dnr mwekq bncdwk mnpemc rm{ bnwknwbmndffr bnofbjw amgbfr edqc mq bni{qr.

1. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm lnmp wek ndck dng xqmokzzbmndf zwdw{z mo rm{q ekdfwe jdqk xqmvbgkqz dng wm ak wqkdwkg pbwe qkzxkjw& jmnzbgkqdwbmn dnggb`nbwr.

1. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm wqkdw wekzk xqmvbgkqz dzxqmokzzbmndfz dng omffmp wekbq bnzwq{jwbmnz wm cdbnwdbn dng bcxqmvkrm{q mvkqdff ekdfwe.

:. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm dggqkzz dnr jmnjkqn qk`dqgbn` rm{q ekdfwe jdqk wmdnr ckcakq mo wek bnzwbw{wbmn zwdoo bnjf{gbn` wek xerzbjbdn& wek EkdfweZkqvbjkz Dgcbnbzwqdwmq& ckcakqz mo rm{q [nbw Wkdc& wek Dzzmjbdwk Pdqgkndng wek Pdqgkn.

:. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm dggqkzz rm{q jmnjkqnz bn wekdjjkxwkg omqcdw& z{je dz wek Bncdwk Qkt{kzw wm Zwdoo Ckcakq omqc&cdbn fbnk& mq wek djjkxwkg Bncdwk @qbkvdnjk Xqmjkg{qkz.

7. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm xqmvbgk wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz pbwe DgvdnjkGbqkjwbvkz mq d Fbvbn` Pbff wedw pm{fg xqmvbgk wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz pbwebnzwq{jwbmnz bo rm{ dqk dgcbwwkg dz dn bnxdwbknw wm d emzxbwdf.

7. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm xqmvbgk wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz pbwedjj{qdwk bnomqcdwbmn wm jmcxfkwk webz d`qkkcknw.

;. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ak xqmvbgkg pbwe bnomqcdwbmn qk`dqgbn` rm{q gbd`nmzbz& wqkdwcknw dng xqm nmzbz. Webz bnjf{gkz wek qbèw wm ak bnomqckg mo ekdfwe jdqk m{wjmckz wedw gbookq zb`nbobjdnwfr oqmc wek dnwbjbxdwkg m{wjmck.

;. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm lkkx webz bnomqcdwbmn jmnobgknwbdf.

?. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm mawdbn jmxbkz mo jkqwdbn qkfkdzdafk xmqwbmnz mo rm{q ekdfwe qkjmqg.

?. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm ak odcbfbdq pbwe wek j{qqknw xmfbjr dngdabgk ar z{je wm mawdbn wekzk qkjmqgz.



12

QB@EWZ QKZXMNZBABFBWBKZ

0. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ak kudcbnkg bn xqbvdjr. 0. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm jmcxfr pbwe zkj{qbwr xqmjkg{qkzzem{fg zkj{qbwr ak qkt{bqkg g{qbn` rm{q kudcbndwbmn.

5. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm xdqwbjbxdwk bn ekdfwe xqmcmwbmn dng gbzkdzkxqkvknwbmn xqm`qdcz& bnjf{gbn` wemzk xqmvbgbn` kg{jdwbmn qk`dqgbn` bnokjwbm{zgbzkdzkz.

5. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm cdbnwdbn rm{q ekdfwe dng nmw wmkngdn`kq rm{qzkfo& mq mwekqz& ar xdqwbjbxdwbn` bn djwbvbwr wedw jm{fgqkz{fw bn wek zxqkdgbn` mq jdwjebn` dn bnokjwbm{z gbzkdzk.

2. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm qkxmqw jmcxfdbnwz mo xdbn wm rm{q ekdfwe jdqkxqmvbgkq& edvk rm{q xdbn dzzkzzkg dng cdnd`kg bn d wbckfr dng ckgbjdffrdjjkxwdafk cdnnkq& ak xqmvbgkg bnomqcdwbmn dam{w xdbn dng xdbncdnd`kcknw& dz pkff dz bnomqcdwbmn mn wek fbcbwdwbmnz dng zbgk kookjwz mo xdbnwqkdwcknwz.

2. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm jmcc{nbjdwk pbwe rm{q ekdfwe jdqkxqmvbgkq emnkzwfr qk`dqgbn` rm{q xdbn dng rm{q jmnjkqnz dam{w rm{q xdbn. Rm{ dfzm edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm dgekqk wm wek xqkzjqbakgwqkdwcknw xfdn dng ckgbjdf qkzwqbjwbmnz. Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wmlkkx rm{q xqmvbgkq bnomqckg mo amwe xmzbwbvk dng nk`dwbvk jedn`kz bnrm{q jmngbwbmn wm dzz{qk wbckfr omffmp {x.

48. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm qkjkbvk xqkzjqbakg ckgbjdwbmnz dng wqkdwcknwz bn dwbckfr cdnnkq& jmnzbzwknw pbwe wek qkjmcckngdwbmnz mo wek xqkzjqbabn` ekdfwejdqk xqmvbgkq.

48. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm ak emnkzw pbwe rm{q ekdfwe jdqkxqmvbgkq %z"& wm jmcxfr pbwe xqkzjqbakg wqkdwcknwz dng omffmpxqkzjqbxwbmn mqgkqz. Rm{ dfzm edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr nmw wm xqmvbgkdnr mwekq xkqzmn rm{q ckgbjdwbmn mq mwekq xqkzjqbakg bwkc.

44. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ak xqmvbgkg ekdfwer dng n{wqbwbm{z ommg. Rm{ edvkwek qbèw wm bnzwq{jwbmn qk`dqgbn` d ekdfwer gbkw.

44. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm kdw ekdfwer dng nmw da{zk mq pdzwkommg mq gqbnl.

41. Rm{ edvk qbèw wm qkt{kzw d qm{wbnk xerzbjdf kudcbndwbmn& dz gkobnkg arA{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz‒ xmfbjr. %Bo rm{ dqk {ngkq wek d`k mo ;8& mnjk kvkqr wpmrkdqz< bo mvkq wek d`k mo ;8& mnjk d rkdq dng pbwebn mnk rkdq mo rm{q qkfkdzk".

41. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm nmwbor ckgbjdf zwdoo wedw rm{ pbze wmedvk dn kudcbndwbmn.

4:. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm gknwdf jdqk dz gkobnkg bn A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz‒ xmfbjrwm bnjf{gk xqkvknwbvk zkqvbjkz& kckq`knjr jdqk dng qm{wbnk jdqk.

4:. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm cdbnwdbn rm{q mqdf er`bknk dngekdfwe.

47. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm d zdok& jfkdn dng ekdfwer knvbqmncknw& bnjf{gbn`zcmlk oqkk fbvbn` dqkdz.

47. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm cdbnwdbn wek jfkdnfbnkzz mo xkqzmndfdng jmccmn dqkdz dng zdokwr bn jmnzbgkqdwbmn mo mwekqz. Rm{ edvkwek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm omffmp zcmlbn` qk`{fdwbmnz.

4;. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm qko{zk ckgbjdf wqkdwcknw bn djjmqgdnjk pbweA{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz‒ xmfbjr. Qko{zdf mo jkqwdbn gbd`nmzwbj wkzwz omq bnokjwbm{zgbzkdzkz jdn qkz{fw bn dgcbnbzwqdwbvk djwbmn d`dbnzw rm{. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wmak jm{nzkfkg qk`dqgbn` wek xmzzbafk bff #kookjwz mo qko{zbn` ckgbjdf wqkdwcknw.

4;. Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm nmwbor ekdfwe zkqvbjkz qk`dqgbn` dnrbff#kookjwz wedw mjj{q dz d qkz{fw mo rm{q qko{zdf. Rm{ dfzm djjkxw wekqkzxmnzbabfbwr wm zb`n wek wqkdwcknw qko{zdf omqc.

JEDXWKQ _BKCXFMRCKNW

JMNG[JWBN@ D A[ZBNKZZ9 Rm{ dqk nmw xkqcbwwkg wm djwbvkfr kn`d`k bn d a{zbnkzzmq xqmokzzbmn g{qbn` rm{q bnjdqjkqdwbmn. Rm{ c{zw gkfk`dwk d{wemqbwr omq wek mxkqdwbmnmo dnr a{zbnkzz wm d xkqzmn bn wek m{wzbgk jmcc{nbwr.

IMA DZZB@NCKNWZ9 Rm{ dqk dzzb`nkg wm d ima gkwdbf dz zmmn dz rm{ edvk qkjkbvkgckgbjdf jfkdqdnjk. Rm{q bnbwbdf ima pbff ak wm ckkw dn bnzwbw{wbmn nkkg& `knkqdffr bn OmmgZkqvbjk mq Fdngzjdxk. Webz ima dzzb`ncknw pbff ak omq d cbnbc{c mo zbuwr %?8" gdrz.[xmn jmcxfkwbmn mo webz cdngdwmqr ima dzzb`ncknw& rm{ cdr dxxfr omq wek ima mo rm{q jembjk dz vdjdnjbkz mjj{q. Ima jedn`kz dqk cdgk weqm{è rm{q [nbw Wkdc. Bw bzcdngdwmqr wedw dff bncdwkz edvk d o{ff#wbck ima {nfkzz ckgbjdffr kuj{zkg.

XKQOMQCDNJK XDR ZWDW[Z9 Bo dzzb`nkg wm d qk`{fdq pmql dzzb`ncknw& rm{ pbffqkjkbvk xkqomqcdnjk xdr omq wek em{qz pmqlkg. J{qqknw qdwkz qdn`k oqmc d adzbjcdbnwkndnjk `qdgk mo nm cmqk wedn ';.1; xkq cmnwe {x wm '.78 xkq em{q dng dqkz{aikjw wm jedn`k. Bncdwkz bn BOQX qko{zdf zwdw{z pbff ak xdbg nm cmqk wedn ';.1; xkq cmnwe. Xkqomqcdnjk xdr bz jqkgbwkg wm rm{q Jmccbzzdqr djjm{nw cmnwefr& {z{dffr



:8

pbwebn wkn %48" pmqlbn` gdrz omffmpbn` wek xdrqmff j{w#moo gdwk. Bo rm{ edvk dnr t{kzwbmnzjmnjkqnbn` rm{q xkqomqcdnjk xdr& zkk rm{q pmql z{xkqvbzmq.

PMQL MXXMQW[NBWBKZ9 Imaz dng wqdbnbn` dqk dvdbfdafk bn wek omffmpbn` dqkdz9

▨ Ommg Zkqvbjk9 Jmmlz& adlkqz& a{wjekqz& vk`kwdafk xqkxdqdwbmn& zdfdg adq&gbzepdzekq mxkqdwmqz& akvkqd`k pmqlkqz& cdbnwkndnjk pmqlkqz& pdqkem{zkpmqlkqz& gbnbn` qmmc pmqlkqz& dng xmwz dng xdnz pmqlkqz.

▨ Odjbfbwbkz Gkxdqwcknw9 Kfkjwqbjbdnz& xf{cakqz& ckjednbjz& qkoqb`kqdwbmn& dbq#jmngbwbmnbn`& pkfgkqz& xdbnwkqz& jdqxknwkqz& fdngzjdxk pmqlkqz& xmpkqem{zkekfxkqz& xbxkobwwkq ekfxkqz& `knkqdf cdbnwkndnjk fdamqkqz.

▨ A{zbnkzz-Mwekq Moobjkz9 Wrxbzwz& djjm{nwbn` jfkqlz& cdbnwkndnjk pmqlkqz.

▨ Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz [nbw9 Cdbnwkndnjk pmqlkqz.

▨ Kg{jdwbmn9 Fbaqdqbdnz& wkdjekqz dbgkz& cdbnwkndnjk pmqlkqz& qkjqkdwbmndzzbzwdnwz& fdp fbaqdqbdnz& jkqdcbjz dbgkz& dng obwnkzz dbgkz.

▨ Jfmwebn` Qmmc-Fd{ngqr9 Zebxxbn` dng qkjkbvbn` pmqlkqz& fd{ngqr pmqlkqz.

▨ [nbw%z"9 Mqgkqfbkz dng moobjk jfkqlz.

DXXQKNWBJKZEBX XQM@QDCZ9 Dxxqknwbjkzebx xqm`qdcz dqk dvdbfdafk bn wekomffmpbn` dqkdz9

Dbq#Jmngbwbmnbn` / Qkoqb`kqdwbmnJmmlKfkjwqbjbdnXf{cakq Xmpkqem{zkWkdjekq Dzzbzwdnw

Dz xdqw mo dn dxxqknwbjkzebx xqm`qdc& xdqwbjbxdnwz qkjkbvk 0.8 em{qz gdbfr mo mn#wek#imawqdbnbn` xf{z d cbnbc{c mo 477 em{qz mo qkfdwkg jm{qzk pmql xkq rkdq. Jmcxfkwbmn mo djm{qzk knwbwfkz rm{ wm d jkqwbobjdwk oqmc wek [.Z. Gkxdqwcknw mo Fdamq. Dxxqknwbjkz zb`nd pqbwwkn omqcdf d`qkkcknw pbwe wek [.Z. Gkxdqwcknw mo Fdamq akomqk akbn` bngknw{qkgbnwm wek xqm`qdc. Rm{ zem{fg edvk dw fkdzw mnk %4" rkdq fkow bn wek bnzwbw{wbmn& xmzzkzz deb`e zjemmf gbxfmcd mq @KG jkqwbobjdwk& dng edvk pmqlkg dw fkdzw zbuwr %?8" gdrz bn wekxqm`qdc omq pebje rm{ dqk dxxfrbn`& wm ak knqmffkg bn dn dxxqknwbjkzebx xqm`qdc.O{qwekq bnomqcdwbmn cdr ak mawdbnkg oqmc rm{q Kg{jdwbmndf Qkxqkzknwdwbvk mq Z{xkqvbzmq mo Kg{jdwbmn.



:4

ZDOKWR Q[FKZ DNG QK@[FDWBMNZ9 Zwdoo pbff cdlk kvkqr koomqw wm xqmvbgk rm{ pbwezdok em{zbn`& pmql dqkdz& dng dxxqmxqbdwk zdokwr kt{bxcknw. Omq rm{q ekdfwe dngpkfodqk& rm{ dqk qkt{bqkg wm lnmp dng mazkqvk dff Zdokwr Q{fkz dng Qk`{fdwbmnz mn wek

ima pebje dqk nmwkg bn Xqm`qdc Zwdwkcknw 4?88.82& Ekdfwe dng Knvbqmncknwdf Zdokwr.

4. Rm{ pbff xkqomqc mnfr wedw pmql wm pebje rm{ edvk akkndzzb`nkg. [nd{wemqbykg {zk mo cdjebnkz mq kt{bxcknw& mq xkqomqcdnjk mo pmql bn dn dqkd nmwzxkjbobjdffr dzzb`nkg& bz omqabggkn dng z{aikjw wmgbzjbxfbndqr djwbmn. Cdjebnkz mq kt{bxcknw bn wek pmqldqkd zedff nmw ak {zkg wm odaqbjdwk mq qkxdbq xkqzmndfbwkcz.

1. Wm xqmwkjw d`dbnzw xerzbjdf bni{qr dng-mq ekdfweedydqgz& rm{ dqk qkt{bqkg wm {zk dff zdokwr kt{bxcknwxqmvbgkg. Xkqzmndf xqmwkjwbvk kt{bxcknw z{je dz edqg

edwz& ekdqbn` xqmwkjwbmn& `m``fkz& qkzxbqdwmq& dxqmnz&dqc `{dqgz& pbqk ckze `fmvkz& dng zdokwr zemkz dqk wmak {zkg bn gkzb`ndwkg dqkdz dng c{zw ak pmqn bn wekxqmxkq cdnnkq.

:. Zdokwr `m``fkz c{zw ak pmqn pekn xkqomqcbn` dnr`qbngbn`& jebzkfbn`& obfbn`& mq zdngbn` mxkqdwbmnz.Fdngzjdxk mxkqdwbmnz bnvmfvbn` wek mxkqdwbmn mo pkkgkdwkqz mq kg`kqz qkt{bqk wek {zk mo zdokwr `m``fkz dngkdq xqmwkjwbmn.

7. _kebjfk gqbvkqz c{zw makr dff gqbvbn` q{fkz mo wekBnzwbw{wbmn. Nm xdzzkn`kqz dqk dffmpkg bn wek adjl mo wq{jlz. Mnfr dffmpkg n{cakqz mo xdzzkn`kqz xkq n{cakq mo zkdwakfwz dqk xkqcbwwkg bn wek vkebjfk.

;. Gm nmw qbgk mn wqdjwmqz& omqlfbowz& mq dnr mwekq wmpvkebjfk. Wek mxkqdwmq bz wek mnfr xkqzmn d{wemqbykg bnwek {zk mo z{je cdjebnkqr.

?. Zdokwr edydqgz dqk wm ak qkxmqwkg wm rm{q PmqlZ{xkqvbzmq bcckgbdwkfr. Bo wek Pmql Z{xkqvbzmq gmkznmw d`qkk wedw dn {nzdok jmngbwbmn kubzwz& rm{ cdrqkxmqw wek {nzdok jmngbwbmn wm wek Zdokwr Moobjk omq o{qwekq jmnzbgkqdwbmn.

0. Bo rm{ z{ookq d pmql bni{qr dng okkf wedw rm{q bni{qr edzqkz{fwkg bn zmck gk`qkk mo xerzbjdf bcxdbqcknw& rm{cdr obfk d jfdbc omq bncdwk djjbgknw jmcxknzdwbmn. Wmgm zm& rm{ zem{fg jmnwdjw wek Zdokwr Cdnd`kq



:1

dxxqmubcdwkfr omqwr#obvk %7;" gdrz xqbmq wm rm{q qkfkdzkmq wqdnzokq wm d jmcc{nbwr xqm`qdc jknwkq %Kudcxfk9edfo#pdr em{zk& pmql qkfkdzk odjbfbwr". Wek ZdokwrCdnd`kq pbff dzzbzw rm{ bn jmcxfkwbn` rm{q jfdbc dngpbff dqqdn`k d ckgbjdf kvdf{dwbmn pebje c{zw ak

xkqomqckg pbwe qk`dqg wm rm{q jfdbckg bni{qr.

JEDXWKQ _BBCDBF DNG _BZBWBN@ XQMJKG[QKZ

Jkqwbobkg-Qk`bzwkqkg Cdbf9 Qkw{qn Qkjkbxw Qkt{kzwkg Jdqgz %`qkkn" dng Jkqwbobkg Cdbfzfbxz %`qkkn-pebwk" dqk dvdbfdafk bn wek fbaqdqr. Cdbf jdn ak pkbèkg& qk`bzwkqkg&jkqwbobkg& mq bnz{qkg dw wek Cdbf Qmmc g{qbn` mxkn em{zk em{qz. Cdbf jdn dfzm akpkbèkg dw wek Fkbz{qk Fbaqdqr. Dff xmzwd`k okkz dqk zkw ar wek [.Z. Xmzwdf Zkqvbjk.Zkqvbjkz z{je dz Kuxqkzz Cdbf& xqbvdwk jdqqbkq zkqvbjkz& Jdze mn Gkfbvkqr %JMG"&

Xqbmqbwr Cdbf& mq zwdcx jmffkjwbn` dqk nmw xkqcbwwkg.

Jmqqkzxmngknjk # Bnjmcbn`9 Bnjmcbn` cdbf bz gbzwqba{wkg ar wek Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkq Cmngdr weqm{è Oqbgdr bcckgbdwkfr omffmpbn` wek 794; x.c. Moobjbdf Jm{nw. Wekqk bz dndggbwbmndf ‖fdwk– cdbf jdff xqmjkkgbn` 294; x.c. jm{nw. Bnjmcbn` cdbf pbff ak mxknkg dngbnzxkjwkg omq jmnwqdadng.

Zxkjbdf Cdbf bz zknw wm rm{q [nbw Zwdoo dng bz mxknkg dng bnzxkjwkg omq jmnwqdadng bnrm{q xqkzknjk. Qkjkbxw mo webz cdbf bz vkqbobkg ar rm{q zb`ndw{qk bn d fm` amml lkxw ar[nbw Zwdoo. Jkqwbobkg Cdbf& {nfkzz bw ckkwz Zxkjbdf Cdbf jqbwkqbd& bz mxknkg bn wek CdbfQmmc akomqk rm{ qkjkbvk bw.

G{k wm {zbn` d{wmcdwkg xmzwdf cdjebnkz& wek xmzw moobjk bz qkt{kzwbn` wedw dff bnjmcbn`bncdwk cdbf zem{fg ak jfkdqfr dggqkzzkg dz omffmpz9

Rm{q Jmccbwwkg NdckQk`bzwkq *]]]]]]]]]& Em{zbn` [nbw *& Qdn`k * %4&1&:& mq 7"Okgkqdf Xqbzmn JdcxXmzw Moobjk Amu D

Dfgkqzmn& P_ 17248

Bw bz bcxkqdwbvk wedw X. M. Amu D ak wek mnfr bnomqcdwbmn fbzwkg damvk wek jbwr& zwdwk dngybx jmgk& dz webz bnomqcdwbmn bz wek gkwkqcbnbn` odjwmq omq qm{wbn` cdbf wm wek dxxqmxqbdwkamu. Bo wekzk xqmjkg{qkz dqk nmw omffmpkg& bw pbff gkfdr mq jd{zk nmn gkfbvkqr mo cdbf.

Jekjlz dng cmnkr mqgkqz qkjkbvkg omq rm{ c{zw jmnwdbn amwe rm{q jmccbwwkg ndckdng qk`bzwkq n{cakq wm knz{qk xqmxkq xmzwbn` wm rm{q Jmccbzzdqr djjm{nw. Jekjlz mq cmnkr mqgkqz nmw djjkxwkg akjd{zk wekr pkqk bnjmqqkjwfr xqkxdqkg dqk qkw{qnkg wm wekzkngkq pbwe d fkwwkq mo kuxfdndwbmn. Bo rm{ pbze omq o{ngz wm ak zknw wm rm{& xfkdzk edvk bwzknw wm wek omffmpbn` dggqkzz9



::

Okgkqdf A{qkd{ mo XqbzmnzBncdwk Ndck dng Qk`bzwkq N{cakq X.M. Amu 707084Gkz Cmbnkz& BD ;8270#884

Mq Wm9

Pkzwkqn [nbmn T{bjl Jmffkjw[zk Af{k T{bjl Jmffkjw OmqcBncdwk Ndck dng Qk`bzwkq N{cakq Jbwr Jmgk 9 OAMXZwdwk Jmgk9 GJ

Cdbf qkjkbvkg omq rm{ dowkq rm{q qkfkdzk gdwk pbff ak omqpdqgkg omq webqwr %:8" gdrz wm wekqkfkdzk dggqkzz xqmvbgkg wm [nbw Zwdoo mq wek dggqkzz xqmvbgkg ar rm{ pbwe rm{q Jedn`k

mo Dggqkzz Lbw.

Jmqqkzxmngknjk # M{w`mbn`9 M{w`mbn` cdbf cdr ak zkdfkg bn djjmqgdnjk pbwe wekA{qkd{z mxkn jmqqkzxmngknjk xqbvbfk`kz. Wek omffmpbn` bnomqcdwbmn c{zw ak bn wek fkow#edng jmqnkq mo rm{q knvkfmxk9

Rm{q Jmccbwwkg NdckQk`bzwkq *]]]]]& Fbvbn` {nbw * %dng Qdn`k *& bo D-A Afg`."Okgkqdf Xqbzmn JdcxXmzw Moobjk Amu D

Dfgkqzmn& P_ 17248

D fmjlkg [.Z. Xmzwdf Zkqvbjk cdbfamu bz xqmvbgkg bn oqmnw mo Q/G dng bn oqmnw mo Qkjqkdwbmn omq gkxmzbw mo qk`{fdq m{w mbn` cdbf. M{w`mbn` cdbf bz xbjlkg {x dw ?988 d.c.mn qk`{fdq pmqlgdrz. Pekn dvdbfdafk& knvkfmxkz dng pqbwbn` xdxkq pbff ak gbzwqba{wkgoqmc wek Jmqqkjwbmndf Moobjkq dng-mq Jm{nzkfmq. Zwdcxz dqk x{qjedzkg dw Jmccbzzdqrmn rm{q gkzb`ndwkg zemxxbn` gdr.

Bngb`knw bncdwkz cdr qkjkbvk xmzwd`k zwdcxz oqmc wek _dffkr [nbw Cdnd`kq. Bn cdlbn`webz gkwkqcbndwbmn& dn bncdwk pbwem{w o{ngz ckdnz dn bncdwk pbwem{w z{oobjbknwjmccbzzdqr adfdnjk wm x{qjedzk d xmzwd`k zwdcx z{oobjbknw omq obqzw jfdzz& mnk m{njkgmckzwbj cdbfbn` mq xmzwd`k omq edfo#m{njk bnwkqndwbmndf dbq cdbf omq dn bncdwk pekqkjmcc{nbwr wbkz qkt{bqk z{je omqkb`n jmqqkzxmngknjk.

Xqmjkg{qkz omq m{w`mbn` cdbf dqk z{aikjw wm jedn`k dw dnr wbck wm ckkw wek zkj{qbwrnkkgz mo wek bnzwbw{wbmn. Bncdwkz pbff ak nmwbobkg mo wekzk jedn`kz vbd Wmpn EdffCkkwbn`z dng ckcmqdng{cz.



:7

Jmqqkzxmngknjk Pbwe Jmnobnkg Bncdwkz9 Jmqqkzxmngknjk pbwe xkqzmnz jmnobnkg bnmwekq jmqqkjwbmndf odjbfbwbkz& bnjf{gbn` fmjdf idbfz& bz qkzwqbjwkg wm vkqbobkg bcckgbdwk odcbfrckcakqz. Rm{ cdr jmqqkzxmng pbwe d nmn#qkfdwbvk jm#gkokngdnw jmnjkqnbn` xkngbn`c{w{df fk`df cdwwkqz mnfr. Xqbmq dxxqmvdf c{zw ak mawdbnkg bn kdje zkxdqdwk jdzk.

Omqcz qkt{kzwbn` jmqqkzxmngknjk dxxqmvdf %Bnzwbw{wbmn Z{xxfkcknw& Jmqqkzxmngknjk& Dwwdjecknw 4" cdr ak mawdbnkg oqmc rm{q Jm{nzkfmq.

Jmqqkzxmngknjk Pbwe Nkpz Ckgbd Qkxqkzknwdwbvkz9 Rm{ cdr pqbwk& weqm{`eZXKJBDF CDBF& wm qkxqkzknwdwbvkz mo wek nkpz ckgbd bo wek qkjbxbknw bz bgknwbobkg arndck dng wbwfk. Jmqqkzxmngknjk oqmc nkpz ckgbd qkxqkzknwdwbvkz pbff ak edngfkg dz`knkqdf cdbf& bnjf{gbn` bnzxkjwbmn omq jmnwqdadng& jmnwknw& dng t{dfbobjdwbmn mo wekzkngkq dz d ckgbd jmqqkzxmngknw. Rm{ cdr nmw qkjkbvk jmcxknzdwbmn mq dnrwebn` mo vdf{k omq jmqqkzxmngknjk mq bnwkqvbkpz pbwe wek nkpz ckgbd. Rm{ cdr nmw djw dz dqkxmqwkq mq x{afbze {ngkq d ar#fbnk.

Cdbf Omq Bncdwkz Mn Pqbw Mq Qkfkdzkg9 Akomqk rm{ fkdvk mn pqbw& rm{ pbff jmcxfkwk dOmqc AX#Qkjmqg :25 bngbjdwbn` emp rm{ pbze rm{q jmqqkzxmngknjk wm ak gkdfw pbwepebfk mn pqbw. Rm{ cdr edvk wek9

%d" Cdbf Qmmc emfg rm{q cdbf omq {x wm :8 gdrz<

%a" cdbf qkw{qnkg wm zkngkq< mq

%j" cdbf omqpdqgkg wm dn dggqkzz mo rm{q jembjk.

Cdn{zjqbxwz9 D cdn{zjqbxw bnjf{gkz pmqlz mo objwbmn& nmnobjwbmn& xmkwqr& frqbjz& dngc{zbj& gqdpbn`z& jdqwmmnz& dng mwekq pqbwbn`z. Rm{ gm nmw nkkg zwdoo dxxqmvdf wmxqkxdqk d cdn{zjqbxw omq xqbvdwk {zk mq x{afbjdwbmn& a{w rm{ cdr {zk mnfr nmn#pmql wbckbn xqkxdqdwbmn mo wek cdwkqbdf. D cdn{zjqbxw cdr ak cdbfkg dz `knkqdf jmqqkzxmngknjk.Bw cdr ak jbqj{fdwkg pbwebn wek bnzwbw{wbmn pbwem{w zwdoo d{wemqbydwbmn. Bncdwkz dqk nmwdffmpkg wm qkjkbvk dnrwebn` mo vdf{k omq ekq cdn{zjqbxwz.

Wek Pdqgkn cdr zkw fbcbwz mn wek dcm{nw mo djj{c{fdwkg cdn{zjqbxw cdwkqbdf wmknz{qk obqk xqkvknwbmn dng zdnbwdwbmn.

X{afbjdwbmnz # Bnjmcbn`9 Wek Pdqgkn cdr qkikjw d x{afbjdwbmn bo bw bz gkwkqcbnkggkwqbcknwdf wm wek zkj{qbwr& `mmg mqgkq mq gbzjbxfbnk mo wek bnzwbw{wbmn& mq bo bw cb`ewodjbfbwdwk jqbcbndf djwbvbwr.

D x{afbjdwbmn cdr nmw ak qkikjwkg zmfkfr akjd{zk bwz jmnwknw bz zku{df& qkfb`bm{z&xebfmzmxebjdf& xmfbwbjdf& zmjbdf& mq akjd{zk bwz jmnwknw bz {nxmx{fdq mq qkx{`ndnw. Bo dx{afbjdwbmn bz om{ng {ndjjkxwdafk& rm{ pbff ak nmwbobkg bn pqbwbn` dfmn` pbwe wek qkdzmn omq wek kujf{zbmn. Rm{ cdr dxxkdf webz gkjbzbmn.



:;

Rm{ cdr djj{c{fdwk nm cmqk wedn ; cd`dybnkz& ; ammlz& dng 1 nkpzxdxkqz. Dffedqgadjl ammlz dng nkpzxdxkqz c{zw jmck oqmc wek x{afbzekq.

Qkikjwbmn Mo Jmqqkzxmngknjk9 Wek Pdqgkn cdr qkikjw jmqqkzxmngknjk dam{w& ar& mq wm dn bncdwk bo bw bz gkwkqcbnkg wm ak gkwqbcknwdf wm wek zkj{qbwr& `mmg mqgkq& mq gbzjbxfbnk

mo wek bnzwbw{wbmn& wm wek xqmwkjwbmn mo wek x{afbj& mq bo bw cbèw odjbfbwdwk jqbcbndf djwbvbwr%Zkk j{qqknw Bnzwbw{wbmndf Z{xxfkcknw mn Jmqqkzxmngknjk& zkjwbmn 5".

Wek zkngkq mo qkikjwkg cdbf pbff qkjkbvk d pqbwwkn nmwbjk mo wek qkdzmn omq qkikjwbmn dngcdr dxxkdf webz gkjbzbmn. Rm{q qkikjwkg m{w`mbn` cdbf bz qkw{qnkg wm rm{ ar Cdbf QmmcZwdoo pbwe dn kuxfdndwbmn mo per bw pdz qkikjwkg. Rm{ dfzm edvk dxxkdf qbèwz.

Zxkjbdf Cdbf9 Zkk wek j{qqknw Xqm`qdc Zwdwkcknw mn Jmqqkzxmngknjk& bn mqgkq omq bnjmcbn` cdbf wm t{dfbor dz !zxkjbdf cdbf!& wek zkngkq c{zw ak dgkt{dwkfr bgknwbobkg dngwek oqmnw mo wek knvkfmxk c{zw ak cdqlkg !ZXKJBDF CDBF # MXKN MNFR BN WEKXQKZKNJK MO WEK BNCDWK!& mq pbwe zbcbfdq fdn`{d`k jfkdqfr bngbjdwkg wedw wek

knjfmzkg jmqqkzxmngknjk t{dfbobkz dz zxkjbdf cdbf dng wedw wek zkngkq bz qkt{kzwbn`wedw wek jmqqkzxmngknjk ak mxknkg mnfr bn wek xqkzknjk mo wek bncdwk.Jmqqkzxmngknjk t{dfborbn` dz zxkjbdf cdbf cdr ak mxknkg mnfr bn wek xqkzknjk mo wekbncdwk wm ak jekjlkg omq jmnwqdadng dng wek t{dfbobjdwbmn mo dnr knjfmz{qkz dz zxkjbdfcdbf.

Jfkdqfr bgknwbobkg jmqqkzxmngknjk oqmc wek Xqkzbgknw& wek _bjk Xqkzbgknw& ckcakqz mo wek [.Z. Jmn`qkzz& mq wek jedcakqz mo d I{g`k gm nmw qkt{bqk wek zxkjbdf cdbf cdqlbn`zbn mqgkq wm ak doomqgkg webz xqbvbfk`k.

Dff m{w`mbn` fk`df cdbf c{zw ak `bvkn gbqkjwfr wm d zwdoo ckcakq g{qbn` cdbfqmmc mxknem{zk em{qz.

Fk`df jmqqkzxmngknjk wm d xdqdfk`df& fk`df dbg zw{gknw& mq dwwmqnkrz dzzbzwdnw c{zw akdggqkzzkg wm wek dwwmqnkr& fk`df dbg z{xkqvbzmq& mq fk`df mq`dnbydwbmn gbqkjwkg wm wekdwwknwbmn mo wek zw{gknw mq dzzbzwdnw. Cdbf qkjkbvkg oqmc zw{gknwz mq dzzbzwdnwz c{zw akbgknwbobkg mn wek knvkfmxk dz akbn` oqmc wek dwwmqnkr mq d`knjr z{xkqvbzmq.

XDJLD@KZ9 Wek mnfr xdjld`kz dn bncdwk cdr qkjkbvk oqmc emck dqk wemzkjmnwdbnbn` qkfkdzk jfmwebn`. Qkfkdzk jfmwebn` xdjld`kz cdr mnfr ak qkjkbvkg pbwebn wekfdzw :8 gdrz mo jmnobnkcknw. Webz jfmwebn` zedff ak zwmqkg bn Q/G dng zedff nmw akqkfkdzkg wm wek `knkqdf xmx{fdwbmn. Ckgbjdf gkvbjkz z{je dz ekdqbn` dbgz& krk`fdzzkz&gknw{qkz& pekkfjedbqz& aqdjkz& mqwemxkgbj-xqkzjqbxwbmn zemkz dng dqwbobjbdf fbcaz dqkd{wemqbykg bo ckgbjdffr qkt{bqkg dng dxxqmvkg ar wek Ekdfwe Zkqvbjkz Dgcbnbzwqdwmq.

Dnrwebn` pkbèbn` mvkq 4? m{njkz nkkgz wm ak bgknwbobkg mn wek m{wzbgk mo wek xdjld`kb.k. cd`dybnkz& xbjw{qk& mq ammlz.

WKFKXEMNK& BNZWBW[WBMNDF9 Wek bnzwbw{wbmndf wkfkxemnkz dqk nmw wm ak {wbfbykg arbncdwkz pbwem{w wek gbqkjw z{xkqvbzbmn mo d zwdoo ckcakq. Jdffz oqmc bncdwkz dw OXJ

Dfgkqzmn wm bncdwkz dw mwekq jmqqkjwbmndf odjbfbwbkz pbff mnfr ak cdgk wm bcckgbdwk odcbfr



:?

ckcakqz dng mnfr bn wek kvknw mo gmj{cknwkg kckq`knjbkz dng wekn mnfr bo wekqk dqkz{oobjbknw zwdoo qkzm{qjkz dw amwe odjbfbwbkz wm cdlk wek jdffz. Bn dggbwbmn& kckq`knjr jdffzjdn ak cdgk wm odcbfbkz bn wek jmcc{nbwr mn d{wemqbykg xemnkz mnfr.

WKFKXEMNK ZRZWKC& BNCDWK9 Wek Bncdwk Wkfkxemnk Zrzwkc %BWZ" bz dgbqkjw-jmffkjw gbdf zrzwkc. Rm{ dqk d{wemqbykg wm cdlk :88 cbn{wkz mo wkfkxemnk jdffz

xkq cmnwe. Webz cdr ak bn dnr jmcabndwbmn mo jmffkjw dng-mq gbqkjw jdffz. Wkfkxemnkjqkgbwz dqk x{qjedzkg oqmc rm{q Jmccbzzdqr djjm{nw weqm{`e wek wkfkxemnk lkrxdg bnpemfk gmffdqz dcm{nwz mnfr. Rm{ cdr wqdnzokq jqkgbwz d cdubc{c mo wpm wbckz xkq gdr.Rm{ pbff qkjkbvk d XDJ n{cakq wm djjkzz rm{q djjm{nw. Wkfkxemnk n{cakqz cdr akdggkg wm rm{q djjm{nw {zbn` wek Wq{fbnjz jmcx{wkqz. Rm{ cdr qkt{kzw {x wm :8n{cakqz. Wkfkxemnk jdffz cdr ak xfdjkg akwpkkn ?988 d.c. {nwbf 44988 x.c.& kujkxwobowkkn cbn{wkz xqbmq wm moobjbdf jm{nwz.

Rm{q XDJ n{cakq bz jmnobgknwbdf. Bw bz {zkg wm xqmjkzz d jdff dng wm mawdbn wkfkxemnkdjjm{nw adfdnjk bnomqcdwbmn. Rm{ dqk xqmebabwkg oqmc gbzwqba{wbn` rm{q XDJ wm mwekq bncdwkz. Bo rm{ akfbkvk rm{q XDJ edz akkn jmcxqmcbzkg& jmnwdjw rm{q [nbw Cdnd`kq

bcckgbdwkfr. Wekqk bz d ';.88 qkxfdjkcknw okk bo rm{q XDJ bz cbzxfdjkg. Bo rm{ gm nmwedvk z{oobjbknw wkfkxemnk jqkgbwz wm xfdjk d :#cbn{wk jdff& d jdff jdnnmw ak xqmjkzzkg. .

Wek BWZ xqmvbgkz d pdqnbn` wmnk dxxqmubcdwkfr mnk %4" cbn{wk xqbmq wm kuxbqdwbmn mo wek4;#cbn{wk wbck fbcbw. Bncdwkz dqk qkzxmnzbafk omq cdbnwdbnbn` d xkqzmndf fbzw mo wekxemnk n{cakqz wekr edvk qkt{kzwkg wm ak xfdjkg bn wek xemnk zrzwkc. Bncdwkz dqkxqmebabwkg oqmc cdlbn` :#pdr xemnk jdffz& jmnokqknjk jdffz& mq weqkdwknbn` wkfkxemnkjdffz. 588& 288& 20? wkfkxemnk n{cakqz pbff nmw ak xkqcbwwkg mn rm{q dxxqmvkg fbzw.

_BZBWBN@9

Bw bz wek xmfbjr mo wek AMX dng OXJ Dfgkqzmn wedw vbzbwbn` xqbvbfk`kz zem{fg ak dnbnwk`qdf xdqw mo dn bncdwkz bnzwbw{wbmndf xqm`qdc. Empkvkq& wek n{cakq mo vbzbwmqz c{zwak lkxw pbwebn qkdzmndafk fbcbwz g{k wm zxdjk fbcbwdwbmnz. Wekqk bz d fbcbw mo om{q %7"dg{fw vbzbwmqz xkq xkqzmn dw mnk wbck {nfkzz xqbmq dxxqmvdf bz qkjkbvkg oqmc wek [nbwCdnd`kq. Pekn wek kzwdafbzekg jdxdjbwr edz akkn qkdjekg %488 bnzbgk dng ;8m{wzbgk"& wkqcbndwbmn mo vbzbwz pbff ak dz omffmpz9

4. Oqkt{knjr mo vbzbwz1. Oqbkngz mxxmzkg wm odcbfr ckcakqz:. Gbzwdnjk wqdvkfkg

_bzbwbn` Gdrz-Em{qz9

Cmngdr 594; d.c. # :94; x.c.Oqbgdr 44 94; d.c. # ?9:8 x.c.Zdw{qgdr 594; d.c. # :94; x.c.Z{ngdr 594; d.c. # :94; x.c.Emfbgdrz 594; d.c. # :94; x.c.



:0

Dxxqmvdf Mo _bzbwmqz9 Rm{ dqk `bvkn d _bzbwbn` Fbzw omqc wm jmcxfkwk dng qkw{qn wm rm{q [nbw Jm{nzkfmq. _kqbobkg bcckgbdwk odcbfr ckcakqz pbff {z{dffr ak dxxqmvkg xqmcxwfr.Bcckgbdwk odcbfr ckcakqz bnjf{gk9 odwekq& cmwekq& zwkx#xdqknwz& zbzwkqz& aqmwekqz&e{zadng& jebfgqkn& dng zwkx#jebfgqkn.

Jebfgqkn {ngkq Zbuwkkn. Jebfgqkn {ngkq wek d`k mo 4? cdr nmw vbzbw {nfkzzdjjmcxdnbkg ar d qkzxmnzbafk dg{fw. Jebfgqkn zedff ak lkxw {ngkq z{xkqvbzbmn mo dqkzxmnzbafk dg{fw mq d jebfgqkn‒z xqm`qdc. Kujkxwbmnz bn {n{z{df jbqj{czwdnjkz cdr akcdgk ar zxkjbdf dxxqmvdf mo wek Pdqgkn.

Wek zb`ndw{qk mo d xdqknw mq `{dqgbdn mn wek _bzbwmq Bnomqcdwbmn omqc %AX#?12" bznkjkzzdqr wm xqmjkzz d qkt{kzw omq dn dxxfbjdnw {ngkq 45 rkdqz mo d`k. O{qwekq jmcxfkwbmn mo wek t{kzwbmnndbqk xmqwbmn mo webz omqc ar dn dxxfbjdnw {ngkq 45 rkdqz mo d`k mqgbndqbfr bz nmw qkt{bqkg bo wek dxxfbjdnw bz dn bcckgbdwk odcbfr ckcakq mo wekqkt{kzwbn` bncdwk. Wek Pdqgkn& dowkq jmnz{fwdwbmn pbwe Qk`bmndf Jm{nzkf& cdr cdlkkujkxwbmnz wm wek qkt{bqkcknw omq djlnmpfkg`cknw ar xdqknw mq `{dqgbdn.

_bzbwbn` Fbzwz pbff ak fbcbwkg wm WPKNWR %18" _BZBWMQZ. Webz bnjf{gkz amwe bcckgbdwkodcbfr ckcakqz dng oqbkngz. Zkk rm{q dzzb`nkg Jm{nzkfmq wm cdlk jedn`kz bn rm{q _bzbwbn` Fbzw. T{kzwbmnndbqkz dqk zknw wm mwekq odcbfr ckcakqz dng oqbkngz. Wekt{kzwbmnndbqkz c{zw ak jmcxfkwkg& qkw{qnkg& dng qkvbkpkg akomqk wekzk xkqzmnz jdn akdggkg wm rm{q dxxqmvkg _bzbwbn` Fbzw. Webz xqmjkzz wdlkz dxxqmubcdwkfr weqkk %:" pkklzdng rm{ dqk nmwbobkg mo kdje vbzbwmqz dxxqmvdf vbd Cdbf Jdff. Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wmbnomqc rm{q xqmzxkjwbvk vbzbwmqz pekn wekr dqk dxxqmvkg.

Xqkzknjk mo d xqbmq dqqkzw qkjmqg gmkz nmw d{wmcdwbjdffr xqkjf{gk vbzbwbn`& a{w d fdpknomqjkcknw jekjl cdr edvk wm ak gmnk. Webz cdr wdlk zkvkqdf pkklz. Zwdoo c{zw

jmnzbgkq wek ndw{qk& kuwknw& gdwk mo jmnvbjwbmn& dng zkj{qbwr jmnzbgkqdwbmnz mo wekBnzwbw{wbmn. _bzbwmqz pbwe d xqbmq qkjmqg c{zw ak dxxqmvkg ar wek Pdqgkn. _bzbwmqz {ngkq xdqmfk mq xqmadwbmn z{xkqvbzbmn c{zw ak dxxqmvkg ar wekbq xqmadwbmn moobjkq.

Dwwmqnkr _bzbwz9 Dwwmqnkr vbzbwz `knkqdffr wdlk xfdjk bn wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc g{qbn`nmn#vbzbwbn` gdrz. [nbw Zwdoo pbff cdlk dqqdn`kcknwz omq dwwmqnkr vbzbwz wm jmbnjbgk pbwewekbq zjekg{fk.

Rm{ cdr dqqdn`k pbwe wek [nbw Zwdoo wm edvk d qkdzmndafk dcm{nw mo fk`df cdwkqbdfzwdlkn wm mq oqmc wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc. Xqbmq dqqdn`kcknwz c{zw ak cdgk pbwe [nbw Zwdoo akomqk wdxk qkjmqgkqz mq mwekq qkjmqgbn` gkvbjkz dqk dffmpkg.

@knkqdf _bzbwbn` Bnomqcdwbmn9 _bzbwz ak`bn dng kng bn wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc. Rm{ cdrvbzbw m{wzbgk bn wek vbzbwbn` dqkd akebng wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc bn wek oknjkg dqkd.

Lbzzbn`& kcaqdjbn`& dng edng#zedlbn` dqk dffmpkg mnfr {xmn dqqbvdf dng gkxdqw{qk.Gbzxfdrz mo dookjwbmn c{zw ak pbwebn wek am{ngz mo `mmg wdzwk. Xerzbjdf jmnwdjw g{qbn`wek vbzbw pbff ak fbcbwkg wm edng#emfgbn`.



:5

_BZBWBN@ QMMC BNCDWK JFMWEBN@9 Bncdwkz dqk d{wemqbykg wm pkdq wek bnzwbw{wbmnbzz{kg ledlb xdnwz& aqd& xdnwbkz& ledlb zebqw& ledlb gqkzz dng ledlb zebqw. Dggbwbmndffr&jmccbzzdqr x{qjedzkg w#zebqwz dng zpkdw zebqwz pbff nmw ak pmqn. Bnzwbw{wbmn pmql mq dwefkwbj wrxk zemkz pbff ak pmqn bn wek vbzbwbn` qmmc. Bncdwkz cdr pkdq dxxqmvkgqkfb`bm{z ekdg`kdq g{qbn` wek vbzbw& b.k.& ldodrd-ebida& kwj.

Dnr qkt{kzw omq zxkjbdf jmnzbgkqdwbmnz %b.k.& ckgbjdf bzz{kz" pbff ak dggqkzzkg weqm{è dckcakq mo rm{q [nbw Wkdc& dng dxxqmvkg xqbmq wm wek vbzbw.

Rm{ cdr wdlk wek omffmpbn` bwkcz wm wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc9

d" Jmccbzzdqr Jdqg %qkt{bqkg omq bgknwbobjdwbmn".a" Pkggbn` qbn` dng zw{g kdqqbn`z cdr ak pmqn. Wekzk bwkcz dqk bnvknwmqbkg pekn

rm{ knwkq wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc dng d`dbn pekn rm{ fkdvk.j" Jmca mq edbq aq{ze.g" Xbjw{qk zw{az. [n{zkg xbjw{qk zw{az jdn ak wdlkn pbwe rm{ pekn rm{ fkdvk wek

_bzbwbn` Qmmc.

_BZBWMQ'Z JFMWEBN@9 _bzbwmqz dqk xkqcbwwkg wm pkdq zemqwz bn wek vbzbwbn` qmmc.Empkvkq& wek zemqwz c{zw ak mo wek dxxqmxqbdwk fkn`we %cbnbc{c c{zw wm{je wek wmx mo wek lnkk". _bzbwmqz cdr nmw pkdq mxkn#wmk zemkz. Okcdfk vbzbwmqz c{zw pkdq d aqd& dngcdr nmw pkdq cbnbzlbqwz& edfwkq wmxz mq zkk#weqm{è jfmwebn` mo dnr lbng.

Dnr vbzbwmq gqkzzkg bn jfmwebn` wedw bz jmnzbgkqkg wm ak qkvkdfbn` ar wek _bzbwbn` QmmcMoobjkq& mq xmzzbafr mooknzbvk wm mwekq vbzbwmqz& pbff nmw ak dffmpkg bn wek vbzbwbn` qmmc.

Wek bwkcz fbzwkg akfmp qkofkjw pedw dn bncdwkz vbzbwmq cdr aqbn` bnwm OXJ Dfgkqzmnzvbzbwbn` qmmc. Webz fbzw bz nmw dff bnjf{zbvk& bn wedw bw gmkz nmw dggqkzz wemzk bwkcz wedw dqk

xdqw mo wek bngbvbg{dfz xkqzmn z{je dz krk `fdzzkz& qbn`z& abffomfg& kwj.& omq pebje dqk dffd{wemqbykg. Wekzk bwkcz dng wemzk fbzwkg akfmp cdr ak qkwdbnkg bn wek vbzbwmq‒z xmzzkzzbmn weqm{èm{w wek vbzbw kujkxw omq xqkzjqbxwbmn ckgbjdwbmn dz nmwkg akfmp. Dnrqkt{kzw omq zxkjbdf jmnzbgkqdwbmnz pbff ak dggqkzzkg weqm{è d ckcakq mo rm{q [nbwWkdc& dng dxxqmvkg xqbmq wm wek vbzbw.

BWKC T[DNWBWR %xkq vbzbwmq"Jfkdq Xfdzwbj x{qzk-ad` 4fbxzwbjl 4odjbdf jmcxdjw 4jmca mq aq{ze 4

xqkzjqbxwbmn ckgbjdwbmn Wm ak cdbnwdbnkg dw wek moobjkq zwdwbmn pebfk bnwek bnzwbw{wbmn.

BWKC T[DNWBWR %xkq adar"adar jdqqbkq 4gbdxkq ad` 4adar ommg Knm{è omq : ckdfz



:2

adar amwwfkz 7adar omqc{fd 4 jdn %{nmxknkg"bjk xdjl 4adar fmwbmn 4adar xmpgkq 4zcdff afdnlkw 4jedn`k mo jfmwekz 4gbdxkq qdze mbnwcknw 4adar pbxkz 4 %zcdff jmnwdbnkq"adar wmr 4

_bzbwmqz cdr nmw fkdvk xdjld`kz& `bowz& mq cmnkr omq rm{& nmq cdr vbzbwmqz qkjkbvk bwkczoqmc rm{. Dff cmnbkz c{zw ak cdbfkg wm rm{. Nm bwkcz cdr ak kujedn`kg pbwe vbzbwmqz.Rm{q vbzbwbn` xqbvbfk`kz cdr ak gknbkg mq qkzwqbjwkg omq vbmfdwbmn mo _bzbwbn` Qmmcqk`{fdwbmnz. Dggbwbmndffr& vbzbwmqz dqk xqmebabwkg oqmc aqbn`bn` dnbcdfz mn bnzwbw{wbmndf`qm{ngz {nfkzz wek dnbcdf bz d gm` wedw dzzbzwz gbzdafkg xkqzmnz.

Okgkqdf fdp d{wemqbykz bcxqbzmncknw mo {x wm wkn %48" rkdqz omq dnr xkqzmn pembnwqmg{jkz jmnwqdadng bnwm d okgkqdf odjbfbwr mq pem wdlkz& zkngz& mq dwwkcxwz wm wdlk mq zkng dnrwebn` nmw zxkjbobjdffr d{wemqbykg oqmc d okgkqdf odjbfbwr.

Bgknwbobjdwbmn Mo _bzbwmqz9 Zwdoo zedff vkqbor wek bgknwbwr mo kdje vbzbwmq %weqm{`e gqbvkqzfbjknzk& xemwm bgknwbobjdwbmn& kwj." xqbmq wm dgcbzzbmn mo wek vbzbwmq wm wek bnzwbw{wbmn.Xemwm bgknwbobjdwbmn c{zw ak d vdfbg zwdwk mq `mvkqncknw bzz{kg xemwm bgknwbobjdwbmn._bzbwmqz {ngkq wek d`k mo 4? pem dqk djjmcxdnbkg ar d xdqknw mq fk`df `{dqgbdn dqkkukcxw oqmc webz xqmvbzbmn. Xkqzmnz pbwem{w xqmxkq bgknwbobjdwbmn pbff nmw ak xkqcbwwkg wmvbzbw.

_bzbwmqz c{zw nmw ak gqmxxkg moo dw wek Zwmnk @dwk. Wekr c{zw dfpdrz ak wqdnzxmqwkgwm wek xqmjkzzbn` dqkd mo wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc. Bw bz wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr mo wek bncdwk wmdgvbzk wekbq vbzbwmqz mo wek q{fkz dng qk`{fdwbmnz `mvkqnbn` wek _bzbwbn` Qmmc xqbmq wmwekbq vbzbw.

_bzbwz Pbwe Nkpz Ckgbd Qkxqkzknwdwbvkz9 Qkt{kzwz jdn ak bnbwbdwkg ar kbwekq rm{ mq wek ckgbd qkxqkzknwdwbvk dng c{zw dffmp d qkdzmndafk dcm{nw mo wbck akomqk wekbnwkqvbkp. Obndf dxxqmvdf mo dff bnwkqvbkp qkt{kzwz c{zw jmck oqmc wek Pdqgkn. Rm{ pbffak nmwbobkg mo kdje bnwkqvbkp qkt{kzw dng c{zw zb`n d pqbwwkn jmnzknw akomqk dnbnwkqvbkp pbff ak zjekg{fkg. Rm{ c{zw dfzm d{wemqbyk zwdoo wm qkzxmng wm jmccknwzcdgk bn wek bnwkqvbkp dng wm qkfkdzk bnomqcdwbmn wm wek nkpz ckgbd qkfdwbvk wm rm{q

jmccknwz.

OMQ CMQK BNOMQCDWBMN MN _BZBWBN@ QK@[FDWBMNZ ZKK BNZWBW[WBMN

Z[XXFKCKNW ;1?0.85D _BZBWBN@ QK@[FDWBMNZ



74

xkqzmndf jekjlz dng nmn#gmckzwbj dng omqkb`n nk`mwbdafk bnzwq{cknwz zedff ak xfdjkgmn emfg. Gmckzwbj xkqzmndf jekjlz dng mwekq nk`mwbdafk bnzwq{cknwz nmw zxkjbobkgakfmp zedff ak ekfg 4; gdrz. Nmn#gmckzwbj dng omqkb`n nk`mwbdafk bnzwq{cknwz zedff akekfg oqmc :8 wm ?8. Wek emfgbn` xkqbmg zedff ak`bn wek gdr wek bnzwq{cknw knwkqz bnwmWQ[ODJZ. Dw wek kng mo wek emfg xkqbmg& wek o{ngz pbff ak qkfkdzkg dng cdgk dvdbfdafkwm wek bncdwk.

Wek omffmpbn` bwkc zedff nmw ak ekfg dng o{ngz zedff ak cdgk dvdbfdafk bcckgbdwkfr9

▨ [.Z. xmzwdf cmnkr mqgkqz mnfr

ZD_BN@Z DJJM[NWZ9 Rm{ cdr zjekg{fk m{w o{ngz wm ak gkxmzbwkg wm d zdvbn`zdjjm{nw bn d adnl. Bn mqgkq wm kzwdafbze d jqkgbw qdwbn` dng wm kfbcbndwk wek nkkg wmwqdnzokq wek djjm{nw dw wek wbck mo rm{q qkfkdzk& pk {q`k rm{ wm kzwdafbze dn djjm{nw bnd adnl bn wek dqkd mo rm{q qkfkdzk gkzwbndwbmn. Bo webz bz nmw xmzzbafk& wek Jbwr NdwbmndfAdnl mo Dfgkqzmn pbff djjkxw gkxmzbwz wm d zdvbn`z djjm{nw omq rm{ bo rm{ edvk d ZmjbdfZkj{qbwr N{cakq. [nbw Zwdoo jdn xqmvbgk rm{ pbwe o{qwekq bnomqcdwbmn qk`dqgbn` mxknbn`

d zdvbn`z djjm{nw.

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d fbwkqdjr xqm`qdc. Zxkjbdf jfdzzkz dqk mookqkg bn ebè bnwkqkzw dqkdz dng mn dn dz#nkkgkg adzbz. Bnjknwbvkz bnjf{gk amn{z xdr {xmn jmcxfkwbmn mo jkqwdbn jm{qzkz&zxkjbdf dpdqg& dng qkjm`nbwbmn jkqkcmnbkz. Rm{q Kg{jdwbmndf Dgvbzmq pbff ckkw pbwerm{ wm xfdn jm{qzk knqmffcknw nkkgz.

Kg{jdwbmndf Wkzwbn`9 Wek omffmpbn` xqmjkg{qkz pbff ak {zkg ar wek OXJ DfgkqzmnKg{jdwbmn zwdoo bn gkwkqcbnbn` dgcbnbzwqdwbmn mo wkzwz9

d" Wkzwz mo Dg{fw Adzbj Kg{jdwbmn %WDAK" pbff ak dgcbnbzwkqkg pbwebn ?8 gdrz mo dqqbvdf wm dff nkpfr jmccbwwkg bncdwkz pbwem{w d vkqbobkg gbxfmcd. WekJmcxqkeknzbvk Dg{fw Zw{gknw Dzzkzzcknw Zrzwkc %JDZDZ" pbff ak

dgcbnbzwkqkg wm nmn#Kn`fbze zxkdlbn` bncdwkz wm gkwkqcbnk `qdgk fkvkf mo adzbjzlbffz. Bncdwkz zjmqbn` fkzz wedn 11; mn wek JDZDZ Jkqwbobjdwbmn wkzw pbff akqkt{bqkg wm knqmff bn wek cdngdwmqr Kn`fbze dz d Zkjmng Fdn`{d`k %KZF" Adzbj.

a" Bncdwkz wqdnzokqqkg wm Dfgkqzmn oqmc mwekq bnzwbw{wbmnz dqk nmw nmqcdffr wkzwkg&a{w cdr ak dgcbnbzwkqkg wek WDAK dng-mq JDZDZ wkzw adwwkqr& pebjekvkq bzdxxqmxqbdwk& gkxkngbn` mn wek bncdwkz jdxdabfbwr wm zxkdl dng qkdg Kn`fbze.Qkwkzwbn` bz gkwkqcbnkg bn djjmqgdnjk pbwe wek bncdwk wkzw qkjmqgz dng xqm`qdcxfdnz.

Bo rm{ gm nmw edvk d vkqbobkg ebè zjemmf gbxfmcd mq @knkqdf Kg{jdwbmn Gkvkfmxcknw

%@KG"& rm{ pbff ak qkt{bqkg wm dwwkng wek Dg{fw Fbwkqdjr Xqm`qdc dng o{fobff wek cbnbc{cqkt{bqkcknwz zkw omqwe ar xmfbjr. Bw bz wek bncdwkz qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm vkqbor wekbq jmcxfkwbmn mo Ebè Zjemmf mq @knkqdf Kg{jdwbmn Gkvkfmxcknw. Wek omffmpbn` dxxfbkz wmXFQD dng _JJFKD bncdwkz9

d" Wek _bmfknw Jqbck Jmnwqmf Fdp Knomqjkcknw Djw %_JJFKD" cdngdwkz wedw dnbncdwk pbwe d gdwk mo mooknzk mn mq dowkq Zkxwkcakq 4:& 4227 a{w akomqk Dxqbf 1?&



70

422? fdjlbn` d ebè zjemmf gbxfmcd c{zw xdqwbjbxdwk bn dng cdlk zdwbzodjwmqrxqm`qkzz wmpdqgz dwwdbncknw mo d @KG jqkgknwbdf bn mqgkq wm vkzw kdqnkg `mmgjmng{jw wbck.

a" Wek Xqbzmn Fbwb`dwbmn Qkomqc Djw %XFQD" xqmvbgkz wedw bn gkwkqcbnbn` `mmgjmng{jw wbck dpdqgz wedw wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz pbff jmnzbgkq pekwekq dn bncdwkpbwe d gdwk mo mooknzk mn mq dowkq Dxqbf 1?& 422? edz kdqnkg mq bz cdlbn`zdwbzodjwmqr xqm`qkzz wmpdqg dwwdbncknw mo d @KG jqkgknwbdf.

FBAQDQR ZKQ_BJKZ9

Fdp Fbaqdqr Zkqvbjkz9 Wek Kfkjwqmnbj Fdp Fbaqdqr bz mxkn oqmc 2988 d.c. wm 597; x.c.Z{ngdr#Oqbgdr dng 4197; x.c. wm 597; x.c. mn Zdw{qgdrz& kujkxw omq jm{nw wbckz. WekFdp Fbaqdqr bz cdbnwdbnkg ar Jknwqdf Moobjk Zwdoo dng {xgdwkg djjmqgbn`fr. Wrxkpqbwkqzdqk dvdbfdafk omq fk`df {zk dng d jmxrbn` cdjebnk bz dvdbfdafk omq rm{q {zk dw '.48 xkq jmxr. Bn wek kvknw rm{ dqk oqmc dnmwekq jm{nwqr mq ndwbmn dng pbze wm jmnwdjw dgbxfmcdwbj qkxqkzknwdwbvk oqmc rm{q jm{nwqr& wek cmzw qkjknw x{afbjdwbmn mo wek

‖Jmnz{fdq Nmwbobjdwbmn dng Djjkzz– gbqkjwmqr edz akkn xfdjkg bn wek Fdp Fbaqdqr. WekFbaqdqr Jfkql cdr dzzbzw rm{ bn qkvbkpbn` wek gbqkjwmqr. Rm{ cdr dfzm zkk rm{q JdzkCdnd`kq wm qkvbkp webz gbqkjwmqr.

Fkbz{qk Fbaqdqr Zkqvbjkz9 Wek Fbaqdqr bz fmjdwkg mn wek 1ng ofmmq mo Pbffkaqdngw Edff%Qkjqkdwbmn Jknwkq" dng bz mxkn oqmc 2988 d.c. wm :9:8 x.c. dng oqmc ?988 x.c. wm 597;x.c. Z{ngdr& W{kzgdr& Pkgnkzgdr& We{qzgdr& dng Oqbgdr&. Bw pbff ak mxkn 4197; x.c. #:9:; x.c. dng dowkq 794; x.c. jm{nw {nwbf 597; x.c. mn Zdw{qgdr dng emfbgdrz. Wekjmffkjwbmn bnjf{gkz objwbmn& nmn#objwbmn& adzbj fk`df qkokqknjk cdwkqbdfz& fbwkqdqr pmqlz bnZxdnbze& j{qqknw cd`dybnkz& cdimq nkpzxdxkqz& ckgbjdf qkokqknjk cdwkqbdfz& dngd{gbm-vbgkm jdzzkwwkz jmffkjwbmn.

Ammlz dqk jekjlkg m{w omq wpm %1" pkklz dng qknkpkg dz nkkgkg. Cd`dybnkz&nkpzxdxkqz& adzbj qkokqknjkz ammlz& dng vbgkm jdzzkwwkz jdnnmw ak jekjlkg m{w mq qkcmvkg oqmc wek Fbaqdqr. Qkt{bqkg qkokqknjk ammlz nmw dvdbfdafk cdr ak amqqmpkgoqmc wek fmjdf jmcc{nbwr fbaqdqr weqm{è dn bnwkq#fbaqdqr fmdn xqm`qdc. Qkt{kzw omqczdqk dvdbfdafk bn wek Fbaqdqr.

QKJQKDWBMN-FKBZ[QK9

Qkjqkdwbmn Jknwkq9 Wek Qkjqkdwbmn Jknwkq bz fmjdwkg mn wek 4zw ofmmq mo PbffkaqdngwEdff. Bw bz mxkn Z{ngdr weqm{è Oqbgdr oqmc ?9:8 d.c. wm 597; x.c. dng Zdw{qgdr oqmc

4197; x.c. {nwbf 597; x.c. Em{qz dqk z{aikjw wm jedn`k g{qbn` zwdoo vdjdwbmnz.

Qkjqkdwbmndf # Fkbz{qk9 Qkjqkdwbmn xqm`qdcz dng fkbz{qk djwbvbwbkz dqk z{xkqvbzkg arwek Qkjqkdwbmn Gkxdqwcknw dng dqk gkzb`nkg wm gkvkfmx dn bngbvbg{df obwnkzz jmnjkxw.Xqm`qdcz bnjf{gk bngmmq-m{wgmmq djwbvbwbkz dng qdn`k oqmc bngbvbg{dfbykg dqwz dng jqdowzxqm`qdcz wm bnwqdc{qdf wkdc zxmqwz %adzlkwadff& zmowadff& dng vmffkradff". Xerzbjdf



75

obwnkzz dng aqbzl pdflbn` xqm`qdcz dqk dfzm bcxmqwdnw djwbvbwbkz pebje jmnwqba{wk wm `mmgcknwdf ekdfwe& bnwkqxkqzmndf qkfdwbmnz& dng zwqkzz qkg{jwbmn.

Djwbvbwbkz bnjf{gk a{w dqk nmw fbcbwkg wm dqwz dng jqdowz jfdzzkz& dkqmabjz& zwkx dkqmabjz&jm{nwqr fbnk dkqmabjz& xbfdwkz& zpkdwbn` wm wek mfgbkz& o{zbmn& fmp bcxdjw zxbnnbn`&vmffkradff %bngmmq-m{wgmmq"& xmmf& adzlkwadff& xbn` xmn`& im``bn`& aqbzl pdflbn`& zmowadff&qmffkq zldwbn`& wdafk `dckz& abn`m& amjjb adff& `dck zempz& xqm`qkzzbvk qkfdudwbmn dngwdfknw zempz. Wm{qndcknwz dqk ekfg xkqbmgbjdffr pbwe jmnz{cdafk xqbykz dpdqgkg wmpbnnkqz.

Rdqn Xqmikjw9 Wek rdqn xqmikjw bz d vmf{nwkkq xqmikjw pekqk wek bngbvbg{df jqmjekwz edwz&zpkdwkqz& zjdqvkz& cbwwknz& dng fdx doèdnz omq fmjdf nkkgr jebfgqkn dng pmcknzqkzm{qjk jknwkqz. Wek rdqn omq wek xqmikjw bz gmndwkg ar wek Jmcc{nbwr QkfdwbmnzAmdqg. Bo rm{ dqk bnwkqkzwkg bn xdqwbjbxdwbn` bn wek rdqn xqmikjw& xfkdzk z{acbw d jmx#m{wwm Cqz. Ampfbn`& Z{xkqvbzmq mo Kg{jdwbmn.

Jmzckwmfm`r9 Wek Jmzckwmfm`r Xqm`qdc bz djjqkgbwkg weqm{è wek Pkzw _bq`bnbd

Amdqg mo Adqakqz dng Jmzckwmfm`bzwz. Wek jfdzz jmnzbzwz mo 1&888 jfdzzqmmc em{qzdng {xmn jmcxfkwbmn& wek zwdwk amdqg kudc bz dgcbnbzwkqkg. Dff bncdwkz xdzzbn` wekkudc qkjkbvk d jmzckwmfm`bzwz fbjknzk oqmc wek zwdwk mo Pkzw _bq`bnbd. Wek fbjknzk jdnak wqdnzokqqdafk wm mwekq zwdwkz omq d cbnbcdf okk.

Gm` Wqdbnkq _W Xqm`qdc9 Webz xqm`qdc jmnzbzwz mo wek bnzwbw{wbmn qkjkbvbn` x{xxbkzoqmc wek xdpz7xkmxfk Mq`dnbydwbmn. Kdje dxxqmvkg bncdwk pbff ak qkzxmnzbafk omq wekjdqk dng wqdbnbn` mo wedw x{xxr omq wek g{qdwbmn mo wek jm{qzk pebje bz {z{dffr zbu # kbèwcmnwez xkq fbwwkq. Wek bncdwkz bnwkqkzwkg c{zw z{acbw d jmx#m{w wm wek Kg{jdwbmnGkxdqwcknw dng c{zw ckkw jkqwdbn jqbwkqbd wm bnjf{gk jfkdq jmng{jw dz pkff dz d @KG mq ebè zjemmf gbxfmcd.

QKJQKDWBMN EMAAR JQDOW CDBF#M[W9 Qkjqkdwbmn zwdoo pbff jmng{jw d cdbf#m{w omq emaar jqdow bwkcz kvkqr mwekq Pkgnkzgdr akwpkkn wek em{qz mo 4988 x.c. # :988 xc dng:988 xc ‚ 5988 xc. Xfkdzk qkokq wm wek j{qqknw Emaar Jqdow Xqmjkg{qkz& bn wekBnzwbw{wbmndf Z{xxfkcknw.

QKFB@BM[Z ZKQ_BJKZ9

Jedxfdbnjr Gkxdqwcknw9 Wek Jedxkf bz fmjdwkg mn wek fmpkq fkvkf mo Pbffkaqdngw Edffbn wek qkdq mo wek a{bfgbn`. Wekqk dqk odjbfbwbkz omq pmqzebx zkqvbjkz& xqdrkq dng zw{grdqkdz& moobjkz& dng d qkfb`bm{z fbaqdqr. Wek M{wgmmq Pmqzebx @qm{ngz bz fmjdwkg bn wek

rdqg akebng Pbffkaqdngw Edff. Pk edvk mnk o{ff#wbck Jedxfdbn dng d Qkfb`bm{z Zkqvbjkz Dzzbzwdnw dvdbfdafk wm xqmvbgk omq rm{q zxbqbw{df nkkgz.

Zkqvbjkz dng Zw{gbkz9 Qkfb`bm{z xqm`qdccbn` bnjf{gkz pmqzebx& xqdrkq& dng zw{gr mo vdqbm{z qkfb`bmnz& dz pkff dz jm{nzkfbn` dng zxbqbw{df `{bgdnjk. Zjekg{fkz mo qkfb`bm{zzkqvbjkz dng djwbvbwbkz dqk xmzwkg kdje pkkl bn fbvbn` {nbwz dng weqm{èm{w wekjmcxm{ng mn wek !Xqdrbn` Edngz! zjekg{fk. Wek pkklfr zjekg{fk bz dfzm dvdbfdafk mn



72

Wq{fbnjz. Dwwkngdnjk dw qkfb`bm{z djwbvbwbkz bz mxkn wm dff. Xkqbmgbjdffr& wek gkxdqwcknwdqqdn`kz omq jmcc{nbwr vmf{nwkkqz mo rm{q mpn qkfb`bm{z odbwe wm pmqzebx pbwe rm{. Bw bzxqmebabwkg wm xdqwbjbxdwk bn dnr omqc mo `qm{x xqdrkq pbwem{w wek jmnzknw mo wek Jedxfdbn.

Qkfb`bm{z Jm{nzkfbn`9 Jm{nzkfbn` zkqvbjkz dqk dvdbfdafk qk`{fdqfr wm xqmcmwk rm{q zxbqbw{df `qmpwe dng wm gbzj{zz zxkjbdf nkkgz& z{je dz xqk`ndnjr& cdqqbd`k& kwj. WekJedxfdbn cdr ak jdffkg bn wbckz mo jqbzbz& z{je dz zkqbm{z bffnkzz mq gkdwe bn rm{q odcbfr.

Jmccmn Odqk Xqm`qdc9 Bnomqcdwbmn qk`dqgbn` qkfb`bm{z gbkwdqr xqm`qdcz omq wemzkpemzk qkfb`bmn gbjwdwkz kdwbn` lmzekq mq edfdf ommg bz mawdbnkg oqmc wek Jedxfdbn.

Cdqqbd`k9 Bo bw bz rm{q bnwknwbmn wm `kw cdqqbkg pebfk bnjdqjkqdwkg& gbzj{zz rm{q qkt{kzwwm ak cdqqbkg obqzw pbwe [nbw Zwdoo pem pbff kuxfdbn wek xqmjkg{qk wm rm{. Dff kuxknzkz mo wek cdqqbd`k pbff ak xdbg ar rm{& rm{q bnwkngkg zxm{zk& rm{q odcbfr mq mwekq dxxqmxqbdwkzm{qjk dxxqmvkg ar wek Pdqgkn. [.Z. @mvkqncknw o{ngz cdr nmw ak {zkg omq cdqqbd`kkuxknzkz. Bo rm{ qkt{kzw xkqcbzzbmn wm cdqqr9

4. Rm{ c{zw edvk d fkwwkq oqmc rm{q bnwkngkg zxm{zk

pebje vkqbobkz ebz bnwknwbmn wm cdqqr.

1. Rm{ c{zw gkcmnzwqdwk fk`df kfb`babfbwr wm cdqqr.

:. Rm{ c{zw ak cknwdffr jmcxkwknw.

7. Wek cdqqbd`k c{zw xmzk nm weqkdw wm Bnzwbw{wbmn zkj{qbwr& `mmg mqgkq& mq wek xqmwkjwbmn mo wek x{afbj.

Xqbzmnkq _bzbwdwbmn / Z{xxmqw %X_Z"9 Weqm{`em{w wek AMX& X_Z xqmvbgkz vbzbwmqz omq

bncdwkz. Wek vbzbwmqz dqk vmf{nwkkqz oqmc wek jmcc{nbwr. Wek xqm`qdc bz kzxkjbdffrvdf{dafk omq bncdwkz pem gm nmw mqgbndqbfr qkjkbvk vbzbwz. Dff vbzbwz wdlk xfdjk bn wek_bzbwbn` Qmmc g{qbn` qk`{fdq vbzbwbn` em{qz. X_Z vmf{nwkkqz gm nmw edvk wm ak mn wekvbzbwbn` fbzwz mo bncdwkz wekr pbze wm vbzbw. Bo rm{ dqk bnwkqkzwkg bn webz xqm`qdc& xfkdzkzkk wek Jedxfdbn. Cmqk bnomqcdwbmn dam{w wek Qkfb`bm{z Zkqvbjkz Gkxdqwcknw bz om{ngbn wek Jedxkf Edngamml `bvkn wm rm{ g{qbn` D/M.

JEDXWKQ UBQB@EWZ DNG QKZXMNZBABFBWBKZ-GBZJBXFBNK-

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Wek bnzwbw{wbmn gbzjbxfbnk zrzwkc bz bcxmqwdnw wm kvkqrmnk. Rm{ dqk {q`kg wm gkvkfmxdng kukqjbzk zkfo#gbzjbxfbnk dw dff wbckz. Bn mqgkq wm knz{qk zdokwr dng mqgkqfbnkzz mo wekBnzwbw{wbmn& d omqcdf gbzjbxfbnk xmfbjr edz akkn gkvkfmxkg wm gkdf pbwe wemzk xkqzmnz pemjdnnmw mq pbff nmw kukqjbzk zkfo#gbzjbxfbnk. Rm{ zem{fg akjmck wemqm{`efr odcbfbdq pbwewek Gbzjbxfbnk xmfbjr dng wek xqmjkg{qkz. Wemzk pem lnmp dng omffmp wek xmfbjr qdqkfrkuxkqbknjk wek omqcdf gbzjbxfbndqr xqmjkg{qk obqzw edng.



;8

QB@EWZ DNG QKZXMNZBABFBWBKZ9 Wek omffmpbn` fbzw mo Qbèwz %webn`z rm{ jdn kuxkjwwm knimr" dng Qkzxmnzbabfbwbkz %pedw wek bnzwbw{wbmn kuxkjwz oqmc rm{" pbff xqmvbgk`{bgdnjk bn gkvkfmxbn` zkfo#gbzjbxfbnk pbwebn wek Bnzwbw{wbmn dng kzwdafbze wek om{ngdwbmnomq bgknwbobjdwbmn mo gbzjbxfbndqr bnoqdjwbmnz dng zdnjwbmnz.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm kuxkjw wedw& dz d e{cdn akbn`& rm{ pbff akwqkdwkg qkzxkjwo{ffr& bcxdqwbdffr& dng odbqfr ar dff xkqzmnnkf.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm wqkdw mwekqz& amwe kcxfmrkkz dngbncdwkz& bn wek zdck cdnnkq.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ak bnomqckg mo wek q{fkz& xqmjkg{qkz& dngzjekg{fkz jmnjkqnbn` wek mxkqdwbmn mo wek Bnzwbw{wbmn.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm lnmp dng dabgk ar wek q{fkz.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm oqkkgmc mo qkfb`bm{z doobfbdwbmn dng vmf{nwdqrqkfb`bm{z pmqzebx.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm qkjm`nbyk dng qkzxkjw wek qbèwz mo mwekqz bn webz qk`dqg.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ekdfwe jdqk pebje bnjf{gkz n{wqbwbm{z ckdfz&xqmxkq akggbn` dng jfmwebn`& d fd{ngqr zjekg{fk omq jfkdnfbnkzz mo wek zdck& dn mxxmqw{nbwr wm zempkq qk`{fdqfr& xqmxkq vknwbfdwbmn omq pdqcwe dng oqkze dbq& d qk`{fdq kukqjbzk xkqbmg& wmbfkw dqwbjfkz& dng

ckgbjdf dng gknwdf wqkdwcknw.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr nmw wm pdzwk ommg& wm omffmp wek fd{ngqr dngzempkq zjekg{fk& wm cdbnwdbn nkdw dng jfkdn fbvbn` t{dqwkqz& wmlkkx rm{q dqkd oqkk mo jmnwqdadng& dng wm zkkl ckgbjdf dng gknwdfjdqk dz rm{ cdr nkkg bw.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm vbzbw dng jmqqkzxmng pbwe odcbfr ckcakqz dngoqbkngz& dng jmqqkzxmng pbwe ckcakqz mo wek nkpz ckgbd bnlkkxbn` pbwe A{qkd{ q{fkz dng Bnzwbw{wbmn `{bgkfbnkz.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm jmng{jw rm{qzkfo xqmxkqfr g{qbn` vbzbwz& nmwwm djjkxw mq xdzz jmnwqdadng& dng nmw wm vbmfdwk wek fdp& A{qkd{q{fkz& mq Bnzwbw{wbmn `{bgkfbnkz weqm{è rm{q jmqqkzxmngknjk.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm {nqkzwqbjwkg dng jmnobgknwbdf djjkzz wm wekjm{qwz ar jmqqkzxmngknjk %mn cdwwkqz z{je dz wek fk`dfbwr mo rm{q



;4

jmnvbjwbmn& jbvbf cdwwkqz& xkngbn` jqbcbndf jdzkz& dng jmngbwbmnz mo rm{q bcxqbzmncknw".

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm xqkzknw emnkzwfr dng odbqfr rm{q xkwbwbmnz& t{kzwbmnz& dng xqmafkcz wm wek jm{qw.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm fk`df jm{nzkf oqmc dn dwwmqnkr mo rm{q jembjkar bnwkqvbkpz dng jmqqkzxmngknjk.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm {zk wek zkqvbjkz mo dn dwwmqnkr emnkzwfrdng odbqfr.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm xdqwbjbxdwk bn wek {zk mo fdp fbaqdqr qkokqknjkcdwkqbdfz wm dzzbzw rm{ bn qkzmfvbn` fk`df xqmafkcz. Rm{ dfzm edvkwek qbèw wm qkjkbvk ekfx pekn bw bz dvdbfdafk weqm{è d fk`dfdzzbzwdnjk xqm`qdc.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm {zk wekzk qkzm{qjkz bn lkkxbn` pbwe wekxqmjkg{qkz dng zjekg{fk xqkzjqbakg dng wm qkzxkjw wek qbèwz mo mwekq bncdwkz wm wek {zk mo wek cdwkqbdfz dng dzzbzwdnjk.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm d pbgk qdn`k mo qkdgbn` cdwkqbdfz omq kg{jdwbmndf x{qxmzkz dng omq rm{q mpn knimrcknw. Wekzkcdwkqbdfz cdr bnjf{gk cd`dybnkz dng nkpzxdxkqz zknw oqmc wekjmcc{nbwr& pbwe jkqwdbn qkzwqbjwbmnz.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Bw bz rm{q qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm zkkl dng {wbfbyk z{je cdwkqbdf omq rm{q xkqzmndf aknkobw& pbwem{w gkxqbvbn` mwekqz mo wekbq kt{df qbèwz wm

wek {zk mo webz cdwkqbdf.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm xdqwbjbxdwk bn kg{jdwbmn& vmjdwbmndf wqdbnbn`&dng kcxfmrcknw dz odq dz qkzm{qjkz dqk dvdbfdafk& dng bn lkkxbn`pbwe rm{q bnwkqkzw& nkkgz& dng dabfbwbkz.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm wdlk dgvdnwd`k mo djwbvbwbkz pebjecdr ekfx rm{ fbvk d z{jjkzzo{f dng fdp#dabgbn` fbok pbwebn wekBnzwbw{wbmn dng bn wek jmcc{nbwr. Rm{ pbff ak kuxkjwkg wm dabgk arwek qk`{fdwbmnz `mvkqnbn` wek {zk mo z{je djwbvbwbkz.

QB@EW9 Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm {zk rm{q o{ngz omq jmccbzzdqr dng mwekq x{qjedzkz& jmnzbzwknw pbwe bnzwbw{wbmndf zkj{qbwr dng `mmg mqgkq& omq mxknbn` dng-mq zdvbn`z djjm{nwz& dng omq dzzbzwbn` rm{q odcbfr.

QKZXMNZBABFBWR9 Rm{ edvk wek qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm ckkw rm{q obndnjbdf dng fk`dfmafb`dwbmnz& bnjf{gbn`& a{w nmw fbcbwkg wm& jm{qw#bcxmzkgdzzkzzcknwz& obnkz& dng qkzwbw{wbmn. Rm{ dfzm edvk wek



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qkzxmnzbabfbwr wm cdlk {zk mo rm{q o{ngz bn d cdnnkq jmnzbzwknw pbwerm{q qkfkdzk xfdnz& rm{q odcbfr nkkgz& dng omq mwekq mafb`dwbmnz wedwrm{ cdr edvk.

WEK GBZJBXFBNDQR XQMJKZZ

BNJBGKNW QKXMQW9 Wek obqzw zwkx bn wek gbzjbxfbndqr xqmjkzz bz wek Bnjbgknw Qkxmqwpebje bz d pqbwwkn jmxr mo wek jedq`kz d`dbnzw rm{. Webz Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw pbff mqgbndqbfrak gkfbvkqkg wm rm{ pbwebn wpknwr#om{q %17" em{qz mo wek wbck zwdoo akjdck dpdqk mo rm{q bnvmfvkcknw bn wek bnjbgknw. Dn bnomqcdf qkzmf{wbmn mo cbnmq jedq`kz cdr ak dwwkcxwkgar wek pqbwkq mo wek Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw& bnvkzwb`dwbn` z{xkqvbzmq& mq [nbw Zwdoo edngfbn` wekbnjbgknw. Bo bnomqcdf qkzmf{wbmn bz djjmcxfbzekg& wek Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw bz qkcmvkg oqmcrm{q Jknwqdf Obfk. Bo bnomqcdf qkzmf{wbmn bz nmw djjmcxfbzekg& wek Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw bzomqpdqgkg wm wek [nbw Gbzjbxfbndqr Jmccbwwkk %[GJ" omq dn bnbwbdf ekdqbn`.

[NBW GBZJBXFBNDQR JMCCBWWKK %[GJ"9 Mqgbndqbfr& rm{ c{zw ak `bvkn d ekdqbn` arwek [GJ pbwebn obvk %;" pmqlbn` gdrz mo wek wbck zwdoo akjdck dpdqk mo rm{q

bnvmfvkcknw bn wek bnjbgknw& kujf{gbn` wek gdr zwdoo akjdck dpdqk mo wek bnjbgknw&pkklkngz& dng emfbgdrz. Rm{ dqk knwbwfkg wm ak xqkzknw dw webz bnbwbdf ekdqbn` dng cdrcdlk zwdwkcknwz mq xqkzknw gmj{cknwdqr kvbgknjk mn rm{q akedfo. Wek [GJ c{zw `bvkrm{ bwz gkjbzbmn bn pqbwbn` ar wek jfmzk mo wek a{zbnkzz gdr. Wek [GJ cdr kuwkng wekwbck fbcbwz mo wekzk xqmjkg{qkz omq `mmg jd{zk. Wek Pdqgkn c{zw dxxqmvk dnrkuwknzbmn mvkq obvk %;" gdrz. Rm{ c{zw ak xqmvbgkg pbwe pqbwwkn qkdzmnz omq dnrkuwknzbmn. Wek [GJ pbff kbwekq omqcdffr qkzmfvk wek bnjbgknw dng cdlk obndf gbzxmzbwbmn&mq qkokq wek bnjbgknw wm wek Gbzjbxfbnk Ekdqbn` Moobjkq %GEM" omq obndf gbzxmzbwbmn.

GBZJBXFBNK EKDQBN@ MOOBJKQ9 Wek GEM pemzk cdbn moobjk bz dw wek OkgkqdfJmqqkjwbmndf Bnzwbw{wbmn %OJB" Akjlfkr& Pkzw _bq`bnbd& bz dzzb`nkg wm ekdq jdzkz dw OXJ

Dfgkqzmn. Wek GEM cdr mnfr ekdq jdzkz wedw edvk dfqkdgr akkn ekdqg ar wek [GJ. Dwrm{q GEM ekdqbn`& rm{ cdr ak xqmvbgkg pbwe d o{ff#wbck zwdoo ckcakq mo rm{q jembjk wmqkxqkzknw rm{. Rm{ cdr cdlk zwdwkcknwz bn rm{q gkoknzk dng cdr xqmg{jkgmj{cknwdqr kvbgknjk. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm cdlk d fbzw mo pbwnkzzkz dng edvk wekcwkzwbor< a{w& rm{ cdr nmw t{kzwbmn d pbwnkzz dw d ekdqbn`. Wek zwdoo qkxqkzknwdwbvk pbfft{kzwbmn dnr pbwnkzzkz omq rm{. Rm{ cdr z{acbw d fbzw mo t{kzwbmnz omq wek GEM wm dzlrm{q pbwnkzzkz bo rm{ edvk nm zwdoo qkxqkzknwdwbvk. Wek GEM zedff qkt{kzw pqbwwknzwdwkcknwz mo dff {ndvdbfdafk pbwnkzzkz {nfkzz wek bnomqcdwbmn wekr edvk wm mookq bzqkxkwbwbvk. Rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ak xqkzknw weqm{èm{w wek GEM ekdqbn`& kujkxw g{qbn`gkfbakqdwbmnz. Wek GEM cdr xmzwxmnk mq jmnwbn{k d ekdqbn` omq `mmg jd{zk. Qkdzmnzomq wek gkfdr c{zw ak gmj{cknwkg bn wek qkjmqg mo wek ekdqbn`. Djwbmn bcxmzkg ar wek

GEM bz obndf a{w cdr ak dxxkdfkg weqm{è wek Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr Xqmjkg{qkz.

DXXKDFZ MO BNZWBW[WBMN GBZJBXFBNK9 Dxxkdfz mo dff gbzjbxfbndqr djwbmnz cdr akcdgk weqm{è wek Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr Xqmjkg{qkz. Dxxkdfz dqk cdgk wm wekPdqgkn %AX#112"& wek Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq %AX#1:8"& dng wek @knkqdf Jm{nzkf %AX#1:4".Mn dxxkdf& wek omffmpbn` bwkcz pbff ak jmnzbgkqkg9



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4. Pekwekq wek [GJ mq GEM z{azwdnwbdffr jmcxfbkg pbwe wek qk`{fdwbmnz mn bncdwkgbzjbxfbnk.

1. Pekwekq wek [GJ mq GEM adzkg bwz gkjbzbmnz mn z{azwdnwbdf kvbgknjk.

:. Pekwekq dn dxxqmxqbdwk zdnjwbmn pdz bcxmzkg djjmqgbn` wm wek zkvkqbwr fkvkf mo

wek xqmebabwkg djw.

Wek zwdoo ckcakq pem bnvkzwb`dwkz wek dxxkdf c{zw nmw edvk akkn bnvmfvkg bn wekbnjbgknw bn dnr pdr. Wekzk zwdoo ckcakqz bnjf{gk wek [GJ ckcakqz& GEM& wekbnvkzwb`dwmq& wek qkxmqwbn` moobjkq& dng d zwdoo qkxqkzknwdwbvk.

GBZJBXFBNDQR ZK@QK@DWBMN9 OXJ Dfgkqzmn gmkz nmw edvk d GbzjbxfbndqrZk`qk`dwbmn [nbw. Bncdwkz jqkdwbn` d cdnd`kcknw xqmafkc dw webz bnzwbw{wbmn pbff akwqdnzokqqkg bcckgbdwkfr wm dn dxxqmvkg fmjdf idbf odjbfbwr. [GJ Ekdqbn`z cdr mjj{q xqbmq wm akbn` wqdnzxmqwkg wm wek idbf mq pebfk dw wedw odjbfbwr.

KZJDXKZ9 Kzjdxk jdn qkz{fw bn d obnk {x wm ';&888 mq bcxqbzmncknw {x wm obvk rkdqz.[QBNK-DFJMEMF Z[Q_KBFFDNJK9 Rm{ cdr ak dzlkg wm `bvk d {qbnk mq aqkdwedfrykq zdcxfk dw dnr wbck. Pekn jdffkg wm `bvk d {qbnk zdcxfk& rm{ edvk wpm %1"em{qz wm xqmvbgk wek zdcxfk mq dn Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw pbff ak pqbwwkn. Rm{ c{zw qkcdbn{ngkq gbqkjw zwdoo mazkqvdwbmn g{qbn` wemzk wpm %1" em{qz. Odbf{qk wm z{acbw wm d {qbnkzdcxfk mq aqkdwedfrykq pbff ak wqkdwkg dz bo wek zdcxfk pkqk !gbqwr.! Pdwkq mq mwekq of{bgcdr ak wdlkn mnfr {xmn xkqcbzzbmn mo wek Jebko Jmqqkjwbmndf Z{xkqvbzmq %wek Jdxwdbn".

D aqkdwedfrykq wkzw c{zw ak jmcxfkwkg pekn jdffkg omq wkzwbn`. Wekqk bz nm dffmpkggkfdr.

XQMEBABWKG DJWZ-GBZJBXFBNDQR ZK_KQBWR ZJDFK##BNJF[GBN@ DFFMPDAFK ZDNJWBMNZ

Wek omffmpbn` bz d fbzw mo xqmebabwkg djwz dng dffmpdafk zdnjwbmnz wm ak wdlkn pekn dnbncdwk bz om{ng `{bfwr mo vbmfdwbn` mnk mq cmqk mo wekzk Xqmebabwkg Djwz. Cmzw zkqbm{zbnoqdjwbmnz dqk bn wek 488 Zkqbkz mo Jmgk N{cakqz. Dffmpdafk zdnjwbmnz omq kdje fkvkfmo bnoqdjwbmn dqk fbzwkg akfmp wek bnoqdjwbmn. O{qwekq kuxfdndwbmn mo zdnjwbmnz omffmpz weknkuw zkjwbmn.

488 ZKQBKZ##@QKDWKZW ZK_KQBWR JDWK@MQR

Wek [GJ zedff qkokq dff @qkdwkzw Zkvkqbwr Xqmebabwkg Djwz wm wek GEM pbweqkjmcckngdwbmn dz wm dn dxxqmxqbdwk gbzxmzbwbmn.

JMGK XQMEBABWKG DJW

488 Lbffbn`



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484 Dzzd{fwbn` dnr xkqzmn& mq dn dqckg dzzd{fw mn wek bnzwbw{wbmn‒z zkj{qkxkqbckwkq %d jedq`k omq dzzd{fwbn` dnr xkqzmn dw webz fkvkf bz wm ak {zkgmnfr pekn zkqbm{z xerzbjdf bni{qr edz akkn dwwkcxwkg mq djjmcxfbzekg"

481 Kzjdxk oqmc kzjmqw& kzjdxk oqmc d zkj{qk bnzwbw{wbmn& mq kzjdxk oqmc dcbnbc{c bnzwbw{wbmn pbwe vbmfknjk

48: Zkwwbn` d obqk %jedq`kg pbwe webz djw bn webz jdwk`mqr mnfr pekn om{ng wmxmzk d weqkdw wm fbok mq d weqkdw mo zkqbm{z amgbfr edqc mq bn o{qwekqdnjk mo dxqmebabwkg djw mo @qkdwkzw Zkvkqbwr< k.`.& bn o{qwekqdnjk mo d qbmw mq kzjdxk<mwekqpbzk wek jedq`k bz xqmxkqfr jfdzzbobkg Jmgk 145 mq :12"

487 Xmzzkzzbmn& cdn{odjw{qk& mq bnwqmg{jwbmn mo d `{n& obqkdqc& pkdxmn&zedqxknkg bnzwq{cknw& lnbok& gdn`kqm{z jekcbjdf& kuxfmzbvk& mq dnrdcc{nbwbmn

48; Qbmwbn`48? Knjm{qd`bn` mwekqz wm qbmw480 Wdlbn` Emzwd`k%z"485 Xmzzkzzbmn& cdn{odjw{qk& mq bnwqmg{jwbmn mo d edydqgm{z wmmf %wmmfz fblkfr

wm ak {zkg bn dn kzjdxk mq kzjdxk dwwkcxw mq zkqvk dz pkdxmnz jdxdafk

mo gmbn` zkqbm{z amgbfr edqc wm mwekqz< mq wemzk edydqgm{z wm bnzwbw{wbmndfzkj{qbwr mq xkqzmndf zdokwr& k.`.& edjlzdp afdgk"

482 %nmw wm ak {zkg"448 Qko{zbn` wm xqmvbgk d {qbnk zdcxfk< qko{zbn` wm aqkdwek bnwm d

Aqkdwedfrykq< qko{zbn` wm wdlk xdqw bn mwekq gq{`#da{zk wkzwbn`444 Bnwqmg{jwbmn mq cdlbn` mo dnr ndqjmwbjz& cdqbi{dnd& gq{`z& dfjmemf&

bnwmubjdnwz& mq qkfdwkg xdqdxekqndfbd nmw xqkzjqbakg omq dnr bngbvbg{df arwek ckgbjdf zwdoo

441 [zk mo dnr ndqjmwbjz& cdqbi{dnd& gq{`z& dfjmemf& bnwmubjdnwz& mq qkfdwkgxdqdxekqndfbd nmw xqkzjqbakg omq dnr bngbvbg{df ar wek ckgbjdf zwdoo

44: Xmzzkzzbmn mo dnr ndqjmwbjz& cdqbi{dnd& gq{`z& dfjmemf& bnwmubjdnwz& mq

qkfdwkg xdqdxekqndfbd nmw xqkzjqbakg omq dnr bngbvbg{df ar wek ckgbjdf zwdoo 447 Zku{df dzzd{fw mo dnr xkqzmn& bnvmfvbn` nmn#jmnzknz{df wm{jebn` ar omqjk

mq weqkdw mo omqjk44; Gkzwqmrbn` dng-mq gbzxmzbn` mo dnr bwkc g{qbn` d zkdqje mq dwwkcxw wm

zkdqje42? [zk mo wek cdbf omq dn bffk`df x{qxmzk mq wm jmccbw mq o{qwekq d @qkdwkq

jdwk`mqr xqmebabwkg djw420 [zk mo wek wkfkxemnk omq dn bffk`df x{qxmzk mq wm jmccbw mq o{qwekq d

@qkdwkq jdwk`mqr xqmebabwkg djw.425 Bnwkqokqbn` pbwe d zwdoo ckcakq bn wek xkqomqcdnjk mo g{wbkz cmzw fblk

dnmwekq @qkdwkzw Zkvkqbwr Xqmebabwkg Djw. Webz jedq`k bz wm ak {zkg mnfr

pekn dnmwekq jedq`k mo @qkdwkzw Zkvkqbwr bz nmw djj{qdwk. Wek mookngbn`jmng{jw c{zw ak jedq`kg dz ‖cmzw fblk– mnk mo wek @qkdwkzw ZkvkqbwrXqmebabwkg Djwz

422 Jmng{jw pebje gbzq{xwz mq bnwkqokqkz pbwe wek zkj{qbwr mq mqgkqfr q{nnbn` mo wek bnzwbw{wbmn mq wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz cmzw fblk dnmwekq @qkdwkzw ZkvkqbwrXqmebabwkg Djw. Webz jedq`k bz wm ak {zkg mnfr pekn dnmwekq jedq`k mo



;;

@qkdwkzw Zkvkqbwr bz nmw djj{qdwk. Wek mookngbn` jmng{jw c{zw ak jedq`kgdz ‖cmzw fblk– mnk mo wek fbzwkg @qkdwkzw Zkvkqbwr Xqmebabwkg Djwz.

4 8 8 Z K Q B K Z # # # Z D N J W B M N Z

D. Qkjmcckng Xdqmfk Gdwk Qkzjbzzbmn mq QkwdqgdwbmnA. Omqokbw dng-mq pbweemfg kdqnkg zwdw{wmqr `mmg wbck mq nmn#vkzwkg `mmg

jmng{jw wbck %{x wm 488+" dng-mq wkqcbndwk mq gbzdffmp kuwqd `mmg wbck%dn kuwqd `mmg wbck mq `mmg jmng{jw wbck zdnjwbmn cdr nmw ak z{zxkngkg"

A.4. Gbzdffmp mqgbndqbfr akwpkkn ;8 dng 0;+ %10#74 gdrz" mo `mmg jmng{jwwbck jqkgbw dvdbfdafk omq rkdq %d `mmg jmng{jw wbck zdnjwbmn cdr nmw akz{zxkngkg"

J. Gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn %{x wm 41 cmnwez"G. Cdlk Cmnkwdqr Qkzwbw{wbmnK. Cmnkwdqr ObnkO. Fmzz mo Xqbvbfk`kz %k.`.& vbzbwbn`& wkfkxemnk& jmccbzzdqr& cmvbkz&

qkjqkdwbmn"

@. Jedn`k em{zbn` %t{dqwkqz"E. Qkcmvk oqmc xqm`qdc dng-mq `qm{x djwbvbwrB. Fmzz mo ImaI. Bcxm{ng bncdwk‒z xkqzmndf xqmxkqwr L. Jmnobzjdwk jmnwqdadngF. Qkzwqbjw wm t{dqwkqzC. Kuwqd G{wr

188 ZKQBKZ # EB@E ZK_KQBWR JDWK@MQR

JMGK XQMEBABWKG DJW

188 Kzjdxk oqmc pmql gkwdbf& nmn#zkj{qk bnzwbw{wbmn& mq mwekq nmn#zkj{qkjmnobnkcknw& bnjf{gbn` jmcc{nbwr jmnobnkcknw& pbwe z{azkt{knw vmf{nwdqrqkw{qn wm A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz j{zwmgr pbwebn om{q em{qz

184 Ob`ewbn` pbwe Dnmwekq Xkqzmn181 %nmw wm ak {zkg"18: Weqkdwknbn` dnmwekq pbwe amgbfr edqc mq dnr mwekq mooknzk187 Kuwmqwbmn& afdjlcdbf& xqmwkjwbmn& gkcdngbn` mq qkjkbvbn` cmnkr mq

dnrwebn` mo vdf{k bn qkw{qn omq xqmwkjwbmn d`dbnzw mwekqz wm dvmbg amgbfredqc& mq {ngkq weqkdw mo bnomqcbn`

18; Kn`d`bn` bn Zku{df Djwz

18? Cdlbn` Zku{df Xqmxmzdfz mq Weqkdwz wm dnmwekq 180 Pkdqbn` d Gbz`{bzk mq d Cdzl185 Xmzzkzzbmn mo dnr {nd{wemqbykg fmjlbn` gkvbjk& mq fmjl xbjl& mq wdcxkqbn`

pbwe mq afmjlbn` dnr fmjl gkvbjk # %bnjf{gkz lkrz"& mq gkzwqmrbn`& dfwkqbn`&bnwkqokqbn` pbwe& bcxqmxkqfr {zbn`& mq gdcd`bn` dnr zkj{qbwr gkvbjk&ckjednbzc& mq xqmjkg{qk

182 Dg{fwkqdwbmn mo dnr Ommg mq Gqbnl



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148 %nmw wm ak {zkg"144 Xmzzkzzbn` dnr Moobjkqz mq Zwdoo Jfmwebn`141 Kn`d`bn` bn mq Knjm{qd`bn` d @qm{x Gkcmnzwqdwbmn14: Knjm{qd`bn` mwekqz wm qko{zk wm pmql mq wm xdqwbjbxdwk bn d pmql zwmxxd`k147 %nmw wm ak {zkg"14; %nmw wm ak {zkg"14? @bvbn` mq mookqbn` dn moobjbdf mq zwdoo ckcakq d aqbak mq dnrwebn` mo vdf{k140 @bvbn` cmnkr wm& mq qkjkbvbn` cmnkr oqmc dnr xkqzmn omq x{qxmzk mo

bnwqmg{jbn` jmnwqdadng mq omq dnr mwekq bffk`df mq xqmebabwkg x{qxmzk145 Gkzwqmrbn`& dfwkqbn`& mq gdcd`bn` @mvkqncknw xqmxkqwr mq wek xqmxkqwr mo

dnmwekq xkqzmn edvbn` d vdf{k bn kujkzz mo '488.88& mq gkzwqmrbn`&dfwkqbn`& gdcd`bn` fbok#zdokwr gkvbjkz %b.k. obqk dfdqc"& qk`dqgfkzz mo obndnjbdf vdf{k

142 Zwkdfbn` ‚ Wekow %bnjf{gbn` gdwd mawdbnkg weqm{è wek {nd{wemqbykg {zk mo d jmcc{nbjdwbmnz gkvbjk& mq weqm{è {nd{wemqbykg djjkzz wm gbzlz& wdxkz&mq jmcx{wkq xqbnwm{wz mq mwekq d{wmcdwkg kt{bxcknw mn pebje gdwd bzzwmqkg"

118 Gkcmnzwqdwbn`& xqdjwbjbn`& mq {zbn` Cdqwbdf Dqwz& Amubn` %kujkxw omq {zk mo d x{njebn` ad`"& pqkzwfbn`& mq mwekq omqcz mo xerzbjdf knjm{nwkq mq CbfbwdqrKukqjbzkz mo Gqbff %kujkxw omq gqbff d{wemqbykg ar zwdoo"

114 Akbn` bn dn {nd{wemqbykg dqkd pbwe d xkqzmn mo wek mxxmzbwk zku pbwem{wzwdoo xkqcbzzbmn

111 %nmw wm ak {zkg".11: %nmw wm ak {zkg".117 Dzzd{fwbn` dnr xkqzmn % d jedq`k dw webz fkvkf bz {zkg pekn fkzz zkqbm{z

xerzbjdf bni{qr mq jmnwdjw edz akkn dwwkcxwkg mq djjmcxfbzekg ar dnbncdwk"

11; Zwdflbn` dnmwekq xkqzmn weqm{è qkxkdwkg akedvbmq pebje edqdzzkz&

dfdqcz& mq dnnmrz wek xkqzmn& dowkq edvbn` akkn xqkvbm{zfr pdqnkg wm zwmxz{je jmng{jw

11? Xmzzkzzbmn mo Zwmfkn Xqmxkqwr110 Qko{zbn` wm xdqwbjbxdwk bn d qkt{bqkg xerzbjdf wkzw mq kudcbndwbmn {nqkfdwkg

wm wkzwbn` omq gq{` da{zk %k.`.& GND& EB_& w{akqj{fmzbz".115 Wdwwmmbn` mq zkfo#c{wbfdwbmn112 Zku{df Dzzd{fw mo dnr xkqzmn& bnvmfvbn` nmn#jmnzknz{df wm{jebn` pbwem{w

omqjk mq weqkdw mo omqjk12? [zk mo wek cdbf omq da{zkz mwekq wedn jqbcbndf djwbvbwr pebje jbqj{cvknw

cdbf cmnbwmqbn` xqmjkg{qkz %k.`.& {zk mo wek cdbf wm jmccbw mq o{qwekq debè jdwk`mqr xqmebabwkg djw& zxkjbdf cdbf da{zk< pqbwbn` fkwwkqz bn jmgk<

gbqkjwbn` mwekqz wm zkng& zkngbn`& mq qkjkbvbn` d fkwwkq mq cdbf weqm{è{nd{wemqbykg ckdnz< zkngbn` cdbf omq mwekq bncdwkz pbwem{w d{wemqbydwbmn<zkngbn` jmqqkzxmngknjk wm d zxkjbobj dggqkzz pbwe gbqkjwbmnz mq bnwknw wmedvk wek jmqqkzxmngknjk zknw wm dn {nd{wemqbykg xkqzmn< dng {zbn` dobjwbwbm{z qkw{qn dggqkzz bn dn dwwkcxw wm zkng mq qkjkbvk {nd{wemqbykgjmqqkzxmngknjk



;5

:8: Xmzzkzzbmn mo cmnkr mq j{qqknjr& {nfkzz zxkjbobjdffr d{wemqbykg& mq bnkujkzz mo wek dcm{nw d{wemqbykg

:87 Fmdnbn` mo xqmxkqwr mq dnrwebn` mo vdf{k omq xqmobw mq bnjqkdzkg qkw{qn:8; Xmzzkzzbmn mo dnrwebn` nmw d{wemqbykg omq qkwknwbmn mq qkjkbxw ar wek

bncdwk dng nmw bzz{kg wm ekq weqm{è qk`{fdq jednnkfz:8? Qko{zbn` wm pmql mq wm djjkxw d xqm`qdc dzzb`ncknw:80 Qko{zbn` wm makr dn mqgkq mo dnr zwdoo ckcakq %Cdr ak jdwk`mqbykg dng

jedq`kg bn wkqcz mo `qkdwkq zkvkqbwr& djjmqgbn` wm wek ndw{qk mo wek mqgkq akbn` gbzmakrkg& k.`.& odbfbn` wm makr dn mqgkq pebje o{qwekqz d qbmw pm{fgak jedq`kg dz 48;& Qbmwbn`< qko{zbn` dn mqgkq pebje o{qwekqz d obèw pm{fgak jedq`kg dz 184& Obèwbn`< qko{zbn` wm xqmvbgk d {qbnk zdcxfk peknmqgkqkg pm{fg ak jedq`kg dz 448"

:85 _bmfdwbn` d Jmngbwbmn mo d O{qfm{è:82 _bmfdwbn` d Jmngbwbmn mo d Jmcc{nbwr Xqm`qdc:48 [nkuj{zkg Dazknjk oqmc Pmql mq dnr Xqm`qdc Dzzb`ncknw:44 Odbfbn` wm xkqomqc pmql dz bnzwq{jwkg ar wek z{xkqvbzmq :41 Bnzmfknjk wmpdqgz d zwdoo ckcakq

:4: Frbn` mq xqmvbgbn` odfzk zwdwkcknw wm d zwdoo ckcakq :47 Jm{nwkqokbwbn`& omq`bn`& mq {nd{wemqbykg qkxqmg{jwbmn mo dnr gmj{cknw&

dqwbjfk mo bgknwbobjdwbmn& cmnkr& zkj{qbwr& mq moobjbdf xdxkq. Cdr akjdwk`mqbykg bn wkqcz mo `qkdwkq zkvkqbwr djjmqgbn` wm wek ndw{qk mo wek bwkcakbn` qkxqmg{jkg< k.`.& jm{nwkqokbwbn` qkfkdzk xdxkqz wm kookjw kzjdxk&Jmgk 481 mq Jmgk 188"

:4; Xdqwbjbxdwbn` bn dn {nd{wemqbykg ckkwbn` mq `dwekqbn`:4? Akbn` bn dn [nd{wemqbykg Dqkd pbwem{w zwdoo d{wemqbydwbmn:40 Odbf{qk wm omffmp zdokwr mq zdnbwdwbmn qk`{fdwbmnz %bnjf{gbn` zdokwr

qk`{fdwbmnz& jekcbjdf bnzwq{jwbmnz& wmmfz& CZGZ zekkwz& MZED zwdngdqgz":45 [zbn` dnr kt{bxcknw mq cdjebnkqr pbwem{w zwdoo d{wemqbydwbmn

:42 [zbn` dnr kt{bxcknw mq cdjebnkqr jmnwqdqr wm bnzwq{jwbmnz mq xmzwkgzdokwr zwdngdqgz

:18 Odbfbn` wm Zwdng Jm{nw:14 Bnwkqokqbn` pbwe wek Wdlbn` mo Jm{nw:11 %Nmw wm ak {zkg".:1: %Nmw wm ak {zkg".:17 @dcafbn`:1; Xqkxdqbn` mq Jmng{jwbn` d @dcafbn` Xmmf:1? Xmzzkzzbmn mo @dcafbn` Xdqdxekqndfbd:10 [nd{wemqbykg Jmnwdjwz pbwe wek X{afbj:15 @bvbn` cmnkr mq dnrwebn` mo vdf{k wm& mq djjkxwbn` cmnkr mq dnrwebn` mo

vdf{k oqmc dnmwekq bncdwk mq dnr mwekq xkqzmn pbwem{w zwdoo d{wemqbydwbmn:12 Gkzwqmrbn`& dfwkqbn`& mq gdcd`bn` @mvkqncknw xqmxkqwr& mq wek xqmxkqwr mo

dnmwekq xkqzmn& edvbn` d vdf{k mo '488.88 mq fkzz::8 Akbn` {nzdnbwdqr mq {nwbgr& odbfbn` wm lkkx mnkz xkqzmn dng t{dqwkqz bn

djjmqgdnjk pbwe xmzwkg zwdngdqgz::4 Xmzzkzzbmn& cdn{odjw{qk& mq bnwqmg{jwbmn mo d nmn#edydqgm{z wmmf&



;2

kt{bxcknw& z{xxfbkz& mq mwekq nmn#edydqgm{z jmnwqdadng %wmmf nmw fblkfr wmak {zkg bn dn kzjdxk mq kzjdxk dwwkcxw& mq wm zkqvk dz d pkdxmn jdxdafkmo gmbn` zkqbm{z amgbfr edqc wm mwekqz& mq nmw edydqgm{z wm bnzwbw{wbmndf mq xkqzmndf zdokwr< mwekq nmn#edydqgm{z jmnwqdadng bnjf{gkz z{je bwkcz dzommg& jmzckwbjz& jfkdnbn` z{xxfbkz& zcmlbn` dxxdqdw{z dng wmadjjm bn dnromqc pekqk xqmebabwkg& dng {nd{wemqbykg n{wqbwbmndf-gbkwdqr z{xxfkcknwz"

::1 Zcmlbn` Pekqk Xqmebabwkg::: Oqd{g{fknw mq gkjkxwbvk jmcxfkwbmn mo d zlbffz wkzw %k.`.& jekdwbn` mn d

@KG& mq mwekq kg{jdwbmndf mq vmjdwbmndf zlbffz wkzw"::7 Jmng{jwbn` d a{zbnkzz< jmng{jwbn` mq gbqkjwbn` dn bnvkzwcknw wqdnzdjwbmn

pbwem{w zwdoo d{wemqbydwbmn::; Jmcc{nbjdwbn` `dn` doobfbdwbmn< xdqwbjbxdwbn` bn `dn` qkfdwkg djwbvbwbkz<

xmzzkzzbmn mo xdqdxekqndfbd bngbjdwbn` `dn` doobfbdwbmn::? Jbqj{fdwbn` d xkwbwbmn:2? [zk mo cdbf omq da{zkz mwekq wedn jqbcbndf djwbvbwr pebje gm nmw jbqj{cvknw

cdbf cmnbwmqbn`< mq {zk mo wek cdbf wm jmccbw mq o{qwekq d CmgkqdwkJdwk`mqr Xqmebabwkg Djw

:20 [zk mo wek Wkfkxemnk omq Da{zkz mwekq wedn jqbcbndf djwbvbwr pebje gm nmwjbqj{cvknw wek dabfbwr wm cmnbwmq oqkt{knjr mo wkfkxemnk {zk& jmnwknw mo wek jdff& mq wek n{cakq jdffkg< mq wm jmccbw mq o{qwekq d Cmgkqdwk Jdwk`mqrXqmebabwkg Djw

:25 Bnwkqokqbn` pbwe d zwdoo ckcakq bn wek xkqomqcdnjk mo g{wbkz cmzw fblkdnmwekq Cmgkqdwk xqmebabwkg djw. Webz jedq`k bz wm ak {zkg mnfr pekndnmwekq jedq`k mo Cmgkqdwk Zkvkqbwr bz nmw djj{qdwk. Wek mookngbn`jmng{jw c{zw ak jedq`kg dz ‖cmzw fblk– mnk mo wek fbzwkg CmgkqdwkZkvkqbwr Xqmebabwkg Djwz

:22 Jmng{jw pebje gbzq{xwz mq bnwkqokqkz pbwe wek zkj{qbwr mq mqgkqfr q{nnbn` mo wek Bnzwbw{wbmn mq wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz cmzw fblk dnmwekq Cmgkqdwk

Zkvkqbwr xqmebabwkg djw. Webz jedq`k bz wm ak {zkg mnfr pekn dnmwekq mo Cmgkqdwk Zkvkqbwr bz nmw djj{qdwk. Wek mookngbn` jmng{jw c{zw akjedq`kg dz ‖cmzw fblk– mnk mo wek fbzwkg Cmgkqdwk Zkvkqbwr Xqmebabwkg Djwz

:88 ZKQBKZ ## ZDNJWBMNZ

D. Qkjmcckng Xdqmfk Gdwk Qkzjbzzbmn mq QkwdqgdwbmnA. Omqokbw dng-mq pbweemfg kdqnkg zwdw{wmqr `mmg wbck mq nmn#vkzwkg `mmg

jmng{jw wbck %{x wm 1;+ mq {x wm :8 gdrz& pebjekvkq bz fkzz" dng-mq wkqcbndwk mq gbzdffmp kuwqd `mmg wbck %dn kuwqd `mmg wbck zdnjwbmn cdrnmw ak z{zxkngkg"

A.4. Gbzdffmp mqgbndqbfr {x wm 1;+ %4#47 Gdrz" mo `mmg jmng{jw wbck jqkgbwdvdbfdafk omq rkdq %d `mmg jmng{jw wbck zdnjwbmn cdr nmw ak z{zxkngkg"

J. Gbzjbxfbndqr Zk`qk`dwbmn %{x wm : cmnwez"G. Cdlk Cmnkwdqr Qkzwbw{wbmnK. Cmnkwdqr ObnkO. Fmzz mo Xqbvbfk`kz %k.`.& vbzbwbn`& wkfkxemnk& jmccbzzdqr& cmvbkz&

qkjqkdwbmn"



?8

@. Jedn`k Em{zbn` ## T{dqwkqzE. Qkcmvk oqmc Xqm`qdc dng-mq @qm{x DjwbvbwrB. Fmzz mo ImaI. Bcxm{ng Bncdwkz Xkqzmndf XqmxkqwrL. Jmnobzjdwk JmnwqdadngF. Qkzwqbjw wm T{dqwkqzC. Kuwqd G{wr

788 ZKQBKZ ## FMP CMGKQDWK ZK_KQBWR JDWK@MQR

JMGK XQMEBABWKG DJW

788 %nmw wm ak {zkg"784 %nmw wm ak {zkg"781 Cdfbn`kqbn`-Okb`nbn` Bffnkzz78: %nmw wm ak {zkg"787 [zbn` Da{zbvk mq Mazjknk Fdn`{d`k

78; %nmw wm ak {zkg"78? %nmw wm ak {zkg"780 Jmng{jw pbwe d vbzbwmq bn vbmfdwbmn mo A{qkd{ qk`{fdwbmnz.785 %nmw wm ak {zkg"782 [nd{wemqbykg Xerzbjdf Jmng{jw %k.`.& Lbzzbn`& Kcaqdjbn`".725 Bnwkqokqbn` pbwe d zwdoo ckcakq bn wek xkqomqcdnjk mo g{wbkz cmzw fblk

dnmwekq Fmp Zkvkqbwr Xqmebabwkg Djw. Webz jedq`k bz wm ak {zkg mnfr pekndnmwekq jedq`k mo Fmp zkvkqbwr bz nmw djj{qdwk. Webz mookngbn` jmng{jwc{zw ak jedq`kg dz ‖cmzw fblk– mnk mo wek fbzwkg Fmp zkvkqbwr xqmebabwkgdjwz

722 Jmng{jw pebje gbzq{xwz mq bnwkqokqkz pbwe wek zkj{qbwr mq mqgkqfr q{nnbn` mo

wek Bnzwbw{wbmn mq wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz cmzw fblk dnmwekq Fmp zkvkqbwrxqmebabwkg djw. Webz jedq`k bz wm ak {zkg mnfr pekn dnmwekq jedq`k mo Fmp zkvkqbwr bz nmw djj{qdwk. Wek mookngbn` jmng{jw c{zw ak jedq`kg dz‖cmzw fblk– mnk mo wek fbzwkg Fmp zkvkqbwr xqmebabwkg djwz

788 ZKQBKZ ## ZDNJWBMNZ

A.4. Gbzdffmp mqgbndqbfr {x wm 41.;+ %4#0 Gdrz" mo `mmg jmng{jw wbck jqkgbwdvdbfdafk omq rkdq %wm ak {zkg mnfr pekqk bncdwk bz om{ng wm edvkjmccbwwkg d zkjmng vbmfdwbmn mo wek zdck xqmebabwkg djw pbwebn ? cmnwez"<gbzdffmp mqgbndqbfr {x wm 1;+ %4#47 Gdrz" mo `mmg jmng{jw wbck jqkgbw

dvdbfdafk omq rkdq %wm ak {zkg mnfr pekqk bncdwk bz om{ng wm edvkjmccbwwkg d webqg vbmfdwbmn mo wek zdck xqmebabwkg djw pbwebn ? cmnwez"< d`mmg jmng{jw wbck zdnjwbmn cdr nmw ak z{zxkngkg.

G. Cdlk Cmnkwdqr Qkzwbw{wbmnK. Cmnkwdqr ObnkO. Fmzz mo Xqbvbfk`kz9 %k.`.& vbzbwbn`& wkfkxemnk& jmccbzzdqr& cmvbkz&

qkjqkdwbmn"



?4

@. Jedn`k Em{zbn` ## T{dqwkqzE. Qkcmvk oqmc Xqm`qdc dng-mq @qm{x DjwbvbwrB. Fmzz mo ImaI. Bcxm{ng Bncdwkz Xkqzmndf XqmxkqwrL. Jmnobzjdwk JmnwqdadngF. Qkzwqbjw wm T{dqwkqzC. Kuwqd G{wr

Dbgbn` dnmwekq xkqzmn wm jmccbw dnr mo wekzk mooknzkz& dwwkcxwbn` wm jmccbw dnr mo wekzk mooknzkz& dng cdlbn` xfdnz wm jmccbw dnr mo wekzk mooknzkz& bn dff jdwk`mqbkz mo zkvkqbwr& zedff ak jmnzbgkqkg wek zdck dz d jmccbzzbmn mo wek mooknzk bwzkfo.

Pekn wek xqmebabwkg djw bz bnwkqokqbn` pbwe d zwdoo ckcakq bn wek xkqomqcdnjk mo g{wbkz%Jmgk 425& 125& :25& mq 725"& mq Jmng{jw Pebje Gbzq{xwz %Jmgk 422& 122& :22& mq 722"&wek GEM mq [GJ& bn bwz obngbn`z& zem{fg bngbjdwk d zxkjbobj obngbn` mo wek zkvkqbwr fkvkf mo wek jmng{jw& dng d jmcxdqbzmn wm dn mooknzk %mq mooknzkz" bn wedw zkvkqbwr fkvkf pebjewek GEM mq [GJ obngz bz cmzw jmcxdqdafk. Omq kudcxfk& !Pk obng wek djw mo wm

ak mo Eb`e Zkvkqbwr& cmzw jmcxdqdafk wm xqmebabwkg djw 141& Kn`d`bn` bn d @qm{xGkcmnzwqdwbmn.!

D O [ Q W E K Q K U X F D N D W B M NM O Z D N J W B M N Z

4. GEM ZDNJWBMNZ # [xmn obngbn` wedw wek bncdwk jmccbwwkg d xqmebabwkg djw& wekGbzjbxfbnk Ekdqbn` Moobjkq %GEM" jdn bcxmzk wek omffmpbn` zdnjwbmnz9

D. QKJMCCKNG XDQMFK GDWK QKZJBZZBMN MQ QKWDQGDWBMN9 Dff Bnjbgknw

Qkxmqwz qkokqqkg wm wek GEM c{zw ak qkxmqwkg wm wek [.Z. Xdqmfk Jmccbzzbmnpebje cdr qkz{fw bn qkzjbzzbmn mq qkwdqgdwbmn mo Xdqmfk gdwk.

A. OMQOKBW KDQNKG ZWDW[WMQR @MMG WBCK DNG-MQ WKQCBNDWK MQGBZDFFMP KUWQD @MMG WBCK9 Wek zwdw{wmqr `mmg wbck dvdbfdafk omq omqokbw{qk bz fbcbwkg wm dn dcm{nw jmcx{wkg ar c{fwbxfrbn` wek n{cakq mo cmnwezzkqvkg dw wek wbck mo wek mooknzk omq pebje omqokbw{qk djwbmn bz wdlkn& ar wekdxxfbjdafk cmnwefr qdwk zxkjbobkg bn 45 [ZJ 74?4 %fkzz dnr xqkvbm{z omqokbw{qk mq pbweemfgbn` m{wzwdngbn`". Gbzdffmpdnjk mo kuwqd `mmg wbck bz fbcbwkg wm wek kuwqd`mmg wbck omq wek jdfkngdq cmnwe bn pebje wek vbmfdwbmn mjj{qz. Bw cdr nmw akpbweekfg mq qkzwmqkg.

Wek zdnjwbmn mo wkqcbndwbmn mo gbzdffmpdnjk mo kuwqd `mmg wbck cdr nmw akz{zxkngkg. D{wemqbwr wm qkzwmqk omqokbwkg zwdw{wmqr `mmg wbck bz gkfk`dwkg wm wekPdqgkn. Fbcbwdwbmnz mn webz zdnjwbmn dng kfb`babfbwr omq qkzwmqdwbmn dqk adzkg mnwek zkvkqbwr zjdfk. %Zkk Dxxkngbu 4-Zdnjwbmnz ar Zkvkqbwr mo Xqmebabwkg Djw pbweKfb`babfbwr omq Qkzwmqdwbmn mo Omqokbwkg dng Pbweekfg Zwdw{wmqr @mmg Wbck".



?1

Webz Zdnjwbmn A gmkz nmw dxxfr wm bncdwkz jmccbwwkg {ngkq wek xqmvbzbmnz mo wekJmcxqkeknzbvk Jqbck Jmnwqmf Djw. Omq wemzk bncdwkz& wek dxxfbjdafk zdnjwbmn bzA.4.

J.4. GBZDFFMPDNJK MO @MMG WBCK9 Dn bncdwk zknwknjkg {ngkq wek Zknwknjbn`Qkomqc Djw xqmvbzbmnz mo wek Jmcxqkeknzbvk Jqbck Jmnwqmf Djw %bnjf{gkz wekbncdwk pem jmccbwwkg ebz mq ekq jqbck mn mq dowkq Nmvkcakq 4& 4250" cdr nmwqkjkbvk Z@W& a{w bz kfb`bafk wm qkjkbvk ;7 gdrz `mmg jmng{jw wbck jqkgbw kdjerkdq %45 [ZJ :?17%a"".

Mnjk dpdqgkg& wek jqkgbw bz vkzwkg& dng cdr nmw ak gbzdffmpkg. Mnjkgbzdffmpkg& wek jqkgbw cdr nmw ak qkzwmqkg& kujkxw ar bcckgbdwk qkvbkp mq dxxkdfdjwbmn dz bngbjdwkg akfmp. Xqbmq wm webz dpdqg akbn` cdgk& wek jqkgbw cdr akgbzdffmpkg omq dn bncdwk om{ng wm edvk jmccbwwkg d xqmebabwkg djw.

D zdnjwbmn mo gbzdffmpdnjk mo `mmg jmng{jw wbck cdr nmw ak z{zxkngkg. Mnfrwek GEM jdn wdlk djwbmn wm gbzdffmp `mmg jmng{jw wbck. Wek GEM zedff jmnzbgkq

wek zkvkqbwr mo wek xqmebabwkg djw dng wek z{``kzwkg gbzdffmpdnjk `{bgkfbnkz bncdlbn` d gkwkqcbndwbmn wm gbzdffmp `mmg jmng{jw wbck.

D gkjbzbmn wm `m damvk wek `{bgkfbnk qdn`k bz pdqqdnwkg omq d `qkdwfr d``qdvdwkgmooknzk mq pekqk wekqk bz d qkxkwbwbvk vbmfdwbmn mo wek zdck xqmebabwkg djw wedwmjj{qz pbwebn d qkfdwbvkfr zemqw wbck oqdck %k.`.& pbwebn 45 cmnwez omq wek zdck`qkdwkzw zkvkqbwr xqmebabwkg djw& pbwebn 41 cmnwez omq wek zdck eb`e zkvkqbwrxqmebabwkg djw& dng pbwebn ? cmnwez omq wek zdck cmgkqdwk zkvkqbwr xqmebabwkgdjw".

D gkjbzbmn wm `m akfmp wek `{bgkfbnkz bz pdqqdnwkg omq zwqmn` cbwb`dwbn` odjwmqz.

Dnr gkjbzbmn m{wzbgk wek z{``kzwkg gbzdffmpdnjk `{bgkfbnkz bz wm ak gmj{cknwkgdng i{zwbobkg bn wek GEM qkxmqw.

Wek gkjbzbmn mo wek GEM bz obndf dng bz z{aikjw mnfr wm qkvbkp ar wek Pdqgkn wmknz{qk jmnomqcbwr pbwe wek xqmvbzbmnz mo wek gbzjbxfbndqr xmfbjr dng ar bncdwkdxxkdf weqm{`e wek dgcbnbzwqdwbvk qkckgr xqmjkg{qkz. Wek GEM bz wm knz{qkwedw wek bncdwk bz nmwbobkg wedw dnr dxxkdf mo d gbzdffmpdnjk mo `mmg jmng{jw wbckc{zw ak cdgk pbwebn wek wbck oqdck kzwdafbzekg bn wek A{qkd{z q{fkz mn

Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr Xqmjkg{qkz.

@mmg jmng{jw wbck jqkgbw cdr mnfr ak `bvkn wm dn bncdwk zkqvbn` d zknwknjk mo

cmqk wedn mnk rkdq& a{w fkzz wedn wek g{qdwbmn mo ebz fbok. Bn wek fdzw rkdq mq xmqwbmn mo d rkdq mo dn bncdwkz zknwknjk& mnfr wek dcm{nw mo `mmg jmng{jw wbckjqkgbw dvdbfdafk omq wedw qkcdbnbn` xkqbmg mo wbck cdr ak gbzdffmpkg.

G. GBZJBXFBNDQR ZK@QK@DWBMN9 Wek GEM cdr gbqkjw wedw dn bncdwk ak xfdjkgmq qkwdbnkg bn gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn x{qz{dnw wm `{bgkfbnkz jmnwdbnkg bn webz



?:

q{fk. Jmnzkj{wbvk gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn zdnjwbmnz jdn ak bcxmzkg dngkukj{wkg omq jmccbwwkg mooknzkz wedw dqk xdqw mo gbookqknw kxbzmgkz mnfr.

Empkvkq& bo wek bncdwk pdz bn dn {nd{wemqbykg dqkd dng zkw d obqk& dng fdwkq& mnwek pdr wm dgcbnbzwqdwbvk gkwknwbmn& zwq{jl dn moobjkq& wek bncdwk jm{fg akzkxdqdwkfr jedq`kg& dng x{nbzekg omq kdje jmnzkj{wbvk mooknzk. Zbcbfdqfr& dnbncdwk cdr ak zkqvbn` d zdnjwbmn bn gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn dng jmccbw d EbèZkvkqbwr Xqmebabwkg Djw& pekqk{xmn GEM jdn bcxmzk dn dggbwbmndf zk`qk`dwbmnzdnjwbmn.

Zxkjbobj fbcbwz mn wbck bn gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn dqk adzkg mn wek mooknzkzkvkqbwr zjdfk. Kdje gbookqknw mq zkxdqdwk kxbzmgk zem{fg ak pqbwwkn mn dzkxdqdwk Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw. [nfkzz mwekqpbzk zxkjbobkg ar wek GEM& gbzjbxfbndqrzk`qk`dwbmn xfdjkcknw omq gbookqknw mq zkxdqdwk djwz& dqk wm ak bcxmzkgjmnzkj{wbvkfr.

Dn bncdwk zkqvbn` d zdnjwbmn mo gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn mqgbndqbfr bz nmw wm ak

wqdnzokqqkg oqmc wek bnzwbw{wbmn bcxmzbn` wek zdnjwbmn {nwbf jmcxfkwbmn mo wekzk`qk`dwbmn xkqbmg. Pekqk webz bz nmw xqdjwbjdf& wek wqdnzokq c{zw ak dxxqmvkg arwek Qk`bmndf Moobjk. Wek bncdwk zedff jmcxfkwk wek qkcdbngkq mo dnr zk`qk`dwbmnxkqbmg dw wek qkjkbvbn` bnzwbw{wbmn.

K. CDLK CMNKWDQR QKZWBW[WBMN9 Wek GEM cdr gbqkjw wedw dn bncdwkqkbca{qzk wek [.Z. Wqkdz{qr omq dnr gdcd`kz wm [.Z. @mvkqncknw xqmxkqwr wedwwek bngbvbg{df bz gkwkqcbnkg wm edvk jd{zkg mq jmnwqba{wkg wm. Dn bncdwkzjmccbzzdqr xqbvbfk`kz cdr ak z{zxkngkg mq fbcbwkg {nwbf qkzwbw{wbmn bz cdgk.Zkk Wq{zw O{ng Cdn{df omq bnzwq{jwbmnz qk`dqgbn` wek bcxm{ngcknw mo bncdwko{ngz.

O. PBWEEMFGBN@ ZWDW[WMQR @MMG WBCK %Z@W"9 Wek GEM cdr gbqkjw wedw dnbncdwkz `mmg wbck ak pbweekfg. Pbweemfgbn` mo `mmg wbck zem{fg nmw ak dxxfbkgdz d {nbvkqzdf x{nbzecknw wm dff xkqzmnz bn gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn zwdw{z.Pbweemfgbn` bz fbcbwkg wm wek wmwdf dcm{nw mo `mmg wbck jqkgbwdafk omq wek zbn`fkcmnwe g{qbn` pebje wek vbmfdwbmn mjj{qz.

Zmck mooknzkz& z{je dz qko{zdf wm pmql dw wek dzzb`ncknw& cdr ak qkj{qqbn`&wekqkar xkqcbwwbn`& pekn mqgkqkg ar wek GEM& jmnzkj{wbvk pbweemfgbn` djwbmnz.Pekn webz bz wek bnwknw& wek GEM zedff zxkjbor dw wek wbck mo wek bnbwbdf GEMekdqbn` wedw `mmg wbck cdr ak pbweekfg {nwbf wek bncdwk kfkjwz wm qkw{qn wm pmql.G{qbn` wek q{nnbn` mo z{je d pbweemfgbn` mqgkq& wek GEM zedff qkvbkp wek mooknzk

pbwe wek bncdwk mn d cmnwefr adzbz. Omq dn mn`mbn` mooknzk& zwdoo nkkg nmwxqkxdqk d nkp Bnjbgknw Qkxmqw mq jmng{jw dn bnvkzwb`dwbmn mq bnbwbdf ekdqbn`%[GJ". Wek GEM zedff xqmvbgk wek bncdwk dn mxxmqw{nbwr wm dxxkdq bn xkqzmndng wm xqkzknw d zwdwkcknw mqdffr mq bn pqbwbn`. Wek GEM zedff gmj{cknw bwzdjwbmn mn& mq ar dn dwwdjecknw wm& wek bnbwbdf Bnzwbw{wbmn Gbzjbxfbnk qkxmqw. Bo o{qwekq pbweemfgbn` bz mqgkqkg& wek GEM zedff dgvbzk wek bncdwk mo wek bncdwkz qbèw wmdxxkdf weqm{è wek Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr Xqmjkg{qkz %Xdqw ;71".



?7

Mnfr wek Pdqgkn cdr qkzwmqk pbweekfg Z@W. Webz gkjbzbmn cdr nmw ak gkfk`dwkgfmpkq wedn wek Dzzmjbdwk Pdqgkn fkvkf. Qkzwmqdwbmn kfb`babfbwr bz adzkg mn wekzkvkqbwr zjdfk.

Dn dxxfbjdwbmn omq qkzwmqdwbmn mo `mmg wbck bz wm `m oqmc wek bncdwkz {nbw wkdc&weqm{`e amwe wek GEM dng Jdxwdbn omq jmccknwz& wm wek Pdqgkn mq wek Pdqgknzgkfk`dwkg qkxqkzknwdwbvk omq obndf gkjbzbmn.

Webz Zdnjwbmn O gmkz nmw dxxfr wm bncdwkz jmccbwwkg {ngkq wek xqmvbzbmnz mo wekJmcxqkeknzbvk Jqbck Jmnwqmf Djw. Webz ckdnz wedw bncdwkz pem jmccbwwkgwekbq jqbckz mn mq dowkq Nmvkcakq 4& 4250& dng pem dqk zknwknjkg {ngkq wekZknwknjbn` Qkomqc Djw xqmvbzbmnz mo wek Jmcxqkeknzbvk Jqbck Jmnwqmf Djw dqkmnfr kfb`bafk wm qkjkbvk ;7 gdrz mo `mmg jmng{jw wbck jqkgbw %45 [ZJ :?17%a"".Webz jqkgbw bz `bvkn dw wek kng mo kdje rkdq mo wbck zkqvkg dng& mnjk `bvkn& bzvkzwkg. Omq wekzk bncdwkz& wek GEMz d{wemqbwr bz obndf dng bz z{aikjw mnfr wmqkvbkp ar wek Pdqgkn wm knz{qk jmnomqcbwr pbwe wek xqmvbzbmnz mo wek gbzjbxfbnk

xmfbjr dng ar bncdwk dxxkdf weqm{`e Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr Xqmjkg{qkz.

1. ZDNJWBMNZ MO WEK GEM-[GJ # [xmn obngbn` wedw wek bncdwk jmccbwwkg dxqmebabwkg djw9@. FMZZ MO XQB_BFK@KZ %JMCCBZZDQR& CM_BKZ& QKJQKDWBMN&

KWJ."9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdr gbqkjw wedw dn bncdwk omqk`m zxkjbobjxqbvbfk`kz omq d zxkjbobkg xkqbmg wbck. Mqgbndqbfr& fmzz mo xqbvbfk`kz&k.`.&fmzz mo wkfkxemnk xqbvbfk`kz omq d zxkjbobkg xkqbmg mo wbck omq dn da{zkmo wek wkfkxemnk xqbvbfk`k bz {zkg dz d zdnjwbmn bn qkzxmnzk wm dn da{zk mo wedw xqbvbfk`k pbff ak bcxmzkg.

Empkvkq& fmzz mo fkbz{qk xqbvbfk`kz z{je dz cmvbkz& wkfkvbzbmn& dngqkjqkdwbmn cdr ak dxxqmxqbdwk zdnjwbmnz omq cbzjmng{jw pebje bz nmwqkfdwkg wm wek xqbvbfk`kz.

E. JEDN@K EM[ZBN@ # T[DQWKQZ9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdr gbqkjw wedw dnbncdwk ak qkcmvkg oqmc j{qqknw em{zbn` dng xfdjkg bn mwekq em{zbn`.%Webz bnjf{gkz fmzz mo d xqbvdwk qmmc dng xfdjkcknw bn d gmqcbwmqr".

B. QKCM_DF OQMC XQM@QDC DNG-MQ @QM[X DJWB_BWR9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdr gbqkjw wedw dn bncdwk omqk`m xdqwbjbxdwbn` bn d xqm`qdc mq `qm{xdjwbvbwr omq d zxkjbobkg xkqbmg mo wbck.

I. FMZZ MO IMA9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdr gbqkjw wedw dn bncdwk ak qkcmvkgoqmc xqkzknw ima dng-mq ak dzzb`nkg wm dnmwekq ima.

L. BCXM[NG BNCDWKZ XKQZMNDF XQMXKQWR9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdrgbqkjw wedw dn bncdwkz xkqzmndf xqmxkqwr ak zwmqkg bn wek Bnzwbw{wbmn %peknqkfkvdnw wm mooknzk" omq d zxkjbobkg xkqbmg mo wbck.



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F. JMNOBZJDWK JMNWQDADNG9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdr gbqkjw wedw dnrjmnwqdadng bn wek xmzzkzzbmn mo dn bncdwk ak jmnobzjdwkg dng gbzxmzkg mo dxxqmxqbdwkfr& bn djjmqgdnjk pbwe X.Z. ;;58.?-Xkqzmndf Xqmxkqwr mo Bncdwkz.

C. QKZWQBJW WM T[DQWKQZ9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdr gbqkjw wedw dn bncdwkak jmnobnkg wm t{dqwkqz mq wm wek bcckgbdwk dqkd omq d zxkjbobkg xkqbmg mo wbck.

N. KUWQD G[WR9 Wek GEM mq [GJ cdr gbqkjw wedw dn bncdwk xkqomqc wdzlzmwekq wedn wemzk xkqomqckg g{qbn` ekq qk`{fdqfr dzzb`nkg bnzwbw{wbmndf ima.

DGGBWBMNDF ZDNJWBMNZ

Pekn wek dxxqmxqbdwk jmccbwwkk& [GJ mq GEM& obngz wedw dn bncdwk edz jmccbwwkg dxqmebabwkg djw bn wek 788 Zkqbkz##Fmp& :88 Zkqbkz##Cmgkqdwk& mq 188 Zkqbkz##Eb`e

Jdwk`mqr< dng pekn wekqk edz akkn d qkxkwbwbmn mo wek zdck mooknzkz pbwebn qkjknwcmnwez %mooknzkz omq vbmfdwbmn mo wek zdck jmgk"& wek GEM cdr bcxmzk dggbwbmndfzdnjwbmnz djjmqgbn` wm wek omffmpbn` jedqw. Dn bnomqcdf qkzmf{wbmn cdr nmw akjmnzbgkqkg dz d xqbmq mooknzk omq wek x{qxmzk mo webz jedqw.

788 ZKQBKZ ## FMP CMGKQDWK ZK_KQBWR JDWK@MQR

Xqbmq Mooknzk %Zdck Jmgk" pbwebn Wbck Xkqbmg ## ? Cmnwez

Zkjmng Mooknzk9 788 Zkqbkz‗Fmp< Zdnjwbmn xf{z gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn %{xwm 4 cmnwe" Omqokbw kdqnkg Z@W mq nmn#vkzwkg @JW {x wm48+ mq {x wm 4; gdrz& pebjekvkq bz fkzz& dng-mq wkqcbndwk mq

gbzdffmp kuwqd `mmg wbck %K@W"%dn K@W zdnjwbmn cdr nmw akz{zxkngkg.

Webqg Mooknzk mq Cmqk9 Dnr zdnjwbmnz dvdbfdafk Cmgkqdwk zkvkqbwr fkvkf zdnjwbmn%:88 zkqbkz".

:88 ZKQBKZ ## CMGKQDWK ZK_KQBWR JDWK@MQR

Xqbmq Mooknzk %Zdck Jmgk" pbwebn Wbck Xkqbmg ## 41 Cmnwez

Zkjmng Mooknzk9 Gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn %{x wm ? cmnwez". Omqokbw kdqnkg

Z@W mq nmn#vkzwkg @JW {x wm :0 ³ + mq {x wm 7; gdrz&pebjekvkq bz fkzz& dng-mq wkqcbndwk mq gbzdffmp K@W %dn K@Wzdnjwbmn cdr nmw ak z{zxkngkg".

Webqg Mooknzk mq Cmqk9 Dnr dvdbfdafk Eb`e zkvkqbwr fkvkf zdnjwbmn %188 zkqbkz". .

188 ZKQBKZ ## EB@E ZK_KQBWR JDWK@MQR



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Xqbmq Mooknzk %Zdck Jmgk" pbwebn Wbck Xkqbmg ## 45 Cmnwez

Zkjmng Mooknzk9 Gbzjbxfbndqr zk`qk`dwbmn {x wm 41 cmnwez. Omqokbw kdqnkgZ@W mq nmn#vkzwkg @JW {x wm 0;+ mq {x wm 28 gdrz&pebjekvkq bz fkzz& dng-mq wkqcbndwk mq gbzdffmp K@W %dn K@Wzdnjwbmn cdr nmw ak z{zxkngkg".

Webqg Mooknzk mq Cmqk9 Dnr dvdbfdafk @qkdwkzw zkvkqbwr fkvkf zdnjwbmn %488 zkqbkz".

488 ZKQBKZ ‚ @QKDWKZW ZK_KQBWR JDWK@MQR

Xqbmq Mooknzk %Zdck Jmgk" pbwebn Wbck Xkqbmg ‚ 17 Cmnwez

Zkjmng Mooknzk9 Gbzjbxfbndqr Zk`qk`dwbmn {x wm 45 cmnwez.

DGCBNBZWQDWB_K QKCKGR XQMJKZZ9 Wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz kcxedzbykz dngknjm{qd`kz wek qkzmf{wbmn mo jmcxfdbnwz mn dn bnomqcdf adzbz. Bw bz emxkg wedw dn bncdwkjdn qkzmfvk d xqmafkc bnomqcdffr ar jmnwdjw pbwe zwdoo ckcakqz mq weqm{è wek {zk mo dnBncdwk Qkt{kzw wm Zwdoo Ckcakq omqc %jmccmnfr qkokqqkg wm dz d Jmx#M{w".

Pekn bnomqcdf qkzmf{wbmn bz nmw z{jjkzzo{f& d omqcdf jmcxfdbnw jdn ak obfkg omq Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr. Jmcxfdbnwz qk`dqgbn` Wmqw Jfdbcz& Bncdwk DjjbgknwJmcxknzdwbmn& Oqkkgmc mo Bnomqcdwbmn mq Xqbvdjr Djw Qkt{kzwz& Xdqmfk Dxxkdfz& dng

jmcxfdbnwz mn akedfo mo mwekq bncdwkz dqk NMW djjkxwkg {ngkq wek DgcbnbzwqdwbvkQkckgr Xqmjkg{qk.

Wek obqzw zwkx mo wek Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr xqmjkg{qk bz wm dwwkcxw bnomqcdf qkzmf{wbmn.Bnomqcdf qkzmf{wbmn bz dwwkcxwkg weqm{è d gbzj{zzbmn mo wek bnjbgknw pbwe wek Jm{nzkfmq.

Dw webz wbck& dff dvkn{kz dqk kuxfmqkg omq d zdwbzodjwmqr qkzmf{wbmn. Bo wek bzz{k jdnnmw akbnomqcdffr qkzmfvkg& wekn wek Jm{nzkfmq pbff bzz{k d AX#112 Omqc. Wek AX#112 Omqc bz{z{dffr bzz{kg pbwebn omqwr#kbèw %75" em{qz mo wek wbck wek bncdwk dxxqmdjekg wekkcxfmrkk pbwe wek xqmafkc. Rm{ pbff qkw{qn wek jmcxfkwkg AX#112 Omqc wm wekJm{nzkfmq& pem pbff wekn qkvbkp wek cdwkqbdf wm knz{qk wedw dn dwwkcxw dw bnomqcdfqkzmf{wbmn pdz cdgk.

Wek AX#112 Omqc c{zw ak obfkg pbwebn wpknwr %18" jdfkngdq gdrz oqmc wek gdwk mo wekbnjbgknw mq pekn wek jmcxfdbnw mjj{qqkg& {nfkzz bw pdz nmw okdzbafk wm obfk pbwebn wedwxkqbmg mo wbck.



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Bnzwbw{wbmn zwdoo edz obowkkn %4;" jdfkngdq gdrz wm djw mn wek jmcxfdbnw dng wm xqmvbgk dpqbwwkn qkzxmnzk wm wek bncdwk. Webz wbck fbcbw omq wek qkzxmnzk cdr ak kuwkngkg omq dndggbwbmndf obowkkn %4;" jdfkngdq gdrz< a{w& rm{ c{zw ak nmwbobkg mo wek kuwknzbmn.

Pekn d jmcxfdbnw bz gkwkqcbnkg wm ak mo dn kckq`knjr ndw{qk dng weqkdwknz wekbncdwkz bcckgbdwk ekdfwe mq pkfodqk& wek qkxfr c{zw ak cdgk dz zmmn dz xmzzbafk dngpbwebn omqwr#kb`ew %75" em{qz oqmc qkjkbxw mo wek jmcxfdbnw.

Bo rm{ dqk nmw zdwbzobkg pbwe wek qkzxmnzk wm wek AX#112 Omqc& rm{ cdr obfk dn dxxkdf wmwek Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq. Webz dxxkdf c{zw ak qkjkbvkg bn wek Qk`bmndf Moobjk pbwebnwpknwr %18" jdfkngdq gdrz oqmc wek gdwk mo wek AX#112 Omqc qkzxmnzk.

Wek Qk`bmndf Dxxkdf bz pqbwwkn mn d AX#1:8 Omqc& dng c{zw edvk d jmxr mo wek AX#112Omqc dng qkzxmnzk dwwdjekg. Wek Qk`bmndf Dxxkdf c{zw ak dnzpkqkg pbwebn webqwr %:8"jdfkngdq gdrz& a{w wek wbck fbcbw cdr ak kuwkngkg dn dggbwbmndf webqwr %:8" gdrz. Rm{c{zw ak nmwbobkg mo wek kuwknzbmn.

Bo rm{ dqk nmw zdwbzobkg pbwe wek qkzxmnzk ar wek Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq& rm{ cdr dxxkdf wmwek Jknwqdf Moobjk mo wek AMX. Wek Ndwbmndf Dxxkdf c{zw ak cdgk mn d AX#1:4 Omqcdng c{zw edvk jmxbkz mo wek AX#112 dng AX#1:8 Omqcz pbwe qkzxmnzkz dwwdjekg.

Wek AX#1:4 Omqc cdr ak mawdbnkg oqmc wek Jmqqkjwbmndf Jm{nzkfmq. Wek Ndwbmndf Dxxkdf c{zw ak dnzpkqkg pbwebn webqwr %:8" jdfkngdq gdrz& a{w wek wbck fbcbw cdr akkuwkngkg dn dggbwbmndf webqwr %:8" gdrz pbwe nmwbobjdwbmn wm wek bncdwk.

Pekn pqbwbn` d AX#112& AX#1:8& mq AX#1:4 Omqc& weqkk zkjwbmnz zem{fg ak jmcxfkwkg9%4" Zwdwkcknw mo Odjwz< %1" @qm{ngz omq Qkfbko< dng %:" Qkfbko Qkt{kzwkg.

Nmwk9 Zwdwkcknw mo Odjwz& @qm{ngz omq Qkfbko& dng Qkfbko Qkt{kzwkg pbff ak fbcbwkg wmwek zxdjk xqmvbgkg mn wek omqcz dng mnk %4" dggbwbmndf xd`k. Z{xxmqwbn` gmj{cknwzjdn ak dwwdjekg.

Zknzbwbvk Jmcxfdbnwz9 Bo rm{ akfbkvk d jmcxfdbnw bz mo z{je d zknzbwbvk ndw{qk wedw rm{pm{fg ak dgvkqzkfr dookjwkg bo wek jmcxfdbnw akjdck lnmpn wm wek bnzwbw{wbmn& rm{ cdrobfk wek jmcxfdbnw gbqkjwfr wm wek Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq. Rm{ c{zw kuxfdbn& bn pqbwbn`& wekqkdzmn omq nmw obfbn` wek jmcxfdbnw pbwe wek bnzwbw{wbmn. Bo wek Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq d`qkkzwedw wek jmcxfdbnw bz zknzbwbvk& bw zedff ak djjkxwkg dng d qkzxmnzk wm wek jmcxfdbnw pbffak xqmjkzzkg. Bo wek Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq gmkz nmw d`qkk wedw wek jmcxfdbnw bz zknzbwbvk&

rm{ pbff ak dgvbzkg bn pqbwbn` mo wedw gkwkqcbndwbmn dng wek jmcxfdbnw omqc pbff akqkw{qnkg. Rm{ cdr wekn x{qz{k wek cdwwkq ar obfbn` d AX#112 dw wek bnzwbw{wbmn.

Wbck Fbcbwz Omq Obfbn`9

Omqc Qkzxmnzk AX#112 18 Gdrz



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AX#1:8 18 GdrzAX#1:4 :8 Gdrz

OKGKQDF WMQW JFDBC DJW9 Xkqzmndf bni{qr& xqmxkqwr fmzz& mq gdcd`k wm rm{ jdn akwek adzbz mo d jfdbc {ngkq wek Okgkqdf Wmqw Jfdbc Djw. Wm obfk z{je d jfdbc& rm{ c{zwjmcxfkwk d Zwdngdqg Omqc 2; dvdbfdafk oqmc wek Zdokwr Moobjk. Dff jfdbcz omq gdcd`k{ngkq wek Okgkqdf Wmqw Jfdbc Djw c{zw ak obfkg pbwebn wpm %1" rkdqz mo wek bnjbgknw.



?2

DWWDJECKNW 4

JMCCMNFR QKT[KZWKG DGGQKZZKZ

OXJ DfgkqzmnXmzw Moobjk Amu D

Dfgkqzmn& P_ 17248%:87" 77;#::88%Kckq`knjr Jdffz Mnfr##Jmnwqmf-Zwdoo Pbff@bvk Ckzzd`k Wm Rm{"

Blk Kbjeknfd{aQk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq Cbg#Dwfdnwbj Qk`bmndf Moobjk:81 Zknwbnkf Gqbvk& Z{bwk 188

Dnndxmfbz I{njwbmn& CG 18084

[.Z. Xdqmfk Jmccbzzbmn;;;8 Oqbkngzebx Afvg.Z{bwk 71GJekvr Jedzk& CG 1854;#015?

Jmn`qkzzxkqzmn[nbwkg Zwdwkz Em{zk mo QkxqkzknwdwbvkzPdzebn`wmn& G.J. 18;48

Kqbj Emfgkq& Iq.& Dwwmqnkr @knkqdf[.Z. Gkxdqwcknw mo I{zwbjk

2;8 Xknnzrfvdnbd Dvkn{k& N.P.Pdzebn`wmn& GJ 18;:;

Jedqfkz Zdc{kfz& Iq.& Gbqkjwmq Okgkqdf A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz:18 Obqzw Zwqkkw& N.P.Pdzebn`wmn& GJ 18;:7

& Zkndwmq [nbwkg Zwdwkz ZkndwkPdzebn`wmn& GJ 18;48

Xdqmfk Dwwmqnkr;;;8 Oqbkngzebx Am{fkvdqgJekvr Jedzk& CG 184;8

Imen Gb`ndc& Jebko Moobjk mo Bnwkqndf Doodbqz:18 Obqzw Zwqkkw& N.P.Pdzebn`wmn& GJ 18;:7

A{qkd{ mo Bccb`qdwbmn / J{zwmczKnomqjkcknw

14:8 Okgkqdf A{bfgbn`4888 Fbakqwr Dvkn{kXbwwza{q`e& XD 4;111

O.A.B.Kg`dq Emmvkq A{bfgbn`2:; Xknnzrfvdnbd Dvk.& N.P.Pdzebn`wmn& GJ 18;:;

Gbzwqbjw mo Jmf{cabd Idbf4284 !G! Zwqkkw& Z.K.Pdzebn`wmn& GJ 1888:

%Pqbwk Webz Dggqkzz Omq Cmnkr Fkow dw GJ Idbf"

Oqkkgmc mo Bnomqcdwbmn Moobjk@knkqdf Jm{nzkf dng Qkvbkp Gbv.Okgkqdf A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz:18 Obqzw Zwqkkw& N. P.Pdzebn`wmn& GJ 18;:7

)WEK NDCKZ DNG DGGQKZZKZMO RM[Q XQMADWBMN MOOBJKQ&OMQKB@N NDWBMNDFZ& DNG

ZKNWKNJBN@ I[G@K DQK D_DBFDAFK WEQM[@E RM[QJDZK CDND@KQ.



08

DWWDJECKNW 1

GBQKJWBMNZ WM WEK BNZWBW[WBMN

Oqmc wek Kdzw %Nkp Rmql& Pdzebn`wmn& GJ& kwj."9Omffmp B#?7 wm Dfwd Kujedn`k& 0 cbfkz Pkzw mo Fkpbza{q`& P_.Kubw *4?4 w{qn Zm{we %fkow" mnwm Qm{wk 41 wm Dfgkqzmn& P_.

Oqmc wek Pkzw %Jebjd`m& Zw. Fm{bz& kwj."9Omffmp B#00 wm Akjlfkr& P_. Wekn Omffmp B#?7 wm Kdzw Dfwd Kubw& w{qn Zm{we mnwm Qm{wk41 wm Dfgkqzmn& P_.

Oqmc wek Zm{we %Dwfdnwd& kwj."9Omffmp B#00 wm Akjlfkr& P_.Wekn Omffmp B#?7 wm Kdzw Dfwd Kubw& w{qn Zm{we mnwm Qm{wk 41 wm Dfgkqzmn& P_.

Wekqk dqk zb`nz bn Dfgkqzmn pbwe gbqkjwbmnz wm wek Okgkqdf Xqbzmn Jdcx.

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WQDBN9 DCWQDL %Wmff oqkk n{cakq9 4#588#501#017;" edz jmnnkjwbmnz oqmc dff cdimq jbwbkz wmwek wmpn mo Dfgkqzmn& Pkzw _bq`bnbd. %Q{nz mnfr mn zxkjbobj gdrz wm dng oqmc Dfgkqzmn& P_."

A[Z9 @qkrem{ng A{z Fbnk %Af{kobkfg wkfkxemnk n{cakq9 :87#:1;#2771" edz jmnnkjwbmnz oqmcdff cdimq jbwbkz wm Af{kobkfg& Pkzw _bq`bnbd.

CMWKFZ9 Cmwkfz dqk dvdbfdafk bn Dfgkqzmn %fbcbwkg zxdjk" dng Fkpbza{q`& Pkzw _bq`bnbd.

EMZXBWDFBWR EM[ZK9 D xqbvdwk emck wm dzzbzw vbzbwmqz mo bncdwkz dw OXJ Dfgkqzmn.Mxkqdwkz mn gmndwbmnz omq ommg dng fmg`bn`. Fmjdf wkfkxemnk n{cakq9 :87#77;#1258.

DGGBWBMNDF _BZBWBN@ BNOMQCDWBMN9 _bzbwmqz pbwe bnodnwz dqk xkqcbwwkg wm aqbn` bn qkfdwkgjebfg jdqk bwkcz. Dxxqmvdf bz qkt{bqkg xqbmq wm wek qkvbkp mo dnr gmj{cknwz-fk`df xdxkqz bn wekvbzbwbn` dqkd. Bncdwkz cdr edvk xbjw{qkz wdlkn pbwe wekczkfvkz dng wekbq vbzbwmqz ar wek BncdwkJmccbzzdqr Xemwm`qdxekq. _kngbn` cdjebnkz dqk dvdbfdafk pbwebn wek vbzbwbn` dqkd. WekPdqgkn& Dzzmjbdwk Pdqgkn& G{wr Moobjkq& mq Mxkqdwbmnz Fbk{wkndnw cdr wkqcbndwk d vbzbw._bzbwmqz dqk xqmebabwkg oqmc aqbn`bn` dnbcdfz mn bnzwbw{wbmn `qm{ngz {nfkzz wek dnbcdf bz d gm`wedw dzzbzwz gbzdafkg xkqzmnz. Bn webz jbqj{czwdnjk& wek vbzbwmq c{zw edvk pqbwwkn gmj{cknwdwbmnwek gm` bz wqdbnkg omq wedw x{qxmzk. Bnwqmg{jwbmn mo dnr {nd{wemqbykg bwkc bz jmnzbgkqkg

jmnwqdadng dng pbff ak jmnzbgkqkg d vbmfdwbmn mo Wbwfk 45& [ZJ Zkjwbmn 4024 dng :;04. Webzcdr qkz{fw bn xqmzkj{wbmn dng-mq cmgbobjdwbmn mo vbzbwbn` xqbvbfk`kz. Dff xkqzmnz dng xdjld`kzdqk z{aikjw wm zkdqje bn djjmqgdnjk pbwe Wbwfk 45& [ZJ. Jbqj{cvknwbmn dwwkcxwz cdr qkz{fw bnxqmzkj{wbmn-cmgbobjdwbmn mo vbzbwbn` xqbvbfk`kz.



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DWWDJECKNW ;

[.Z. Gkxdqwdcknw mo I{zwbjkOkgkqdf A{qkd{ mo Xqbzbmnz

Zku{dffr Da{zbvk AkedvbmqXqkvknwbmn dng Bnwkqvknwbmn

Dn Mvkqvbkp omq Mookngkqz

Nmvkcakq 1882



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Rm{ Edvk wek Qbèw wm ak Zdok oqmc Zku{dffr Da{zbvk Akedvbmq.Pebfk rm{ dqk bnjdqjkqdwkg& nm mnk edz wek qbèw wm xqkzz{qk rm{ wm kn`d`k bn zku{df djwz .Rm{ gm nmw edvk wm wmfkqdwk zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq mq xqkzz{qk wm kn`d`k bn {npdnwkg zku{dfakedvbmq oqmc dnmwekq bncdwk mq d zwdoo ckcakq. Qk`dqgfkzz mo rm{q d`k& zbyk& qdjk& kwenbjbwr& `kngkq mq zku{df mqbknwdwbmn& rm{ edvk wek qbèw wm ak zdok oqmc zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq.

Pedw Jdn Rm{ Gm Wm Xqkvknw Zku{dffr Da{zbvk Akedvbmq=Ekqk dqk zmck webn`z rm{ jdn gm wm xqmwkjw rm{qzkfo dng mwekqz d`dbnzw zku{dffr da{zbvkakedvbmq9' Jdqqr rm{qzkfo bn d jmnobgknw cdnnkq dw dff wbckz. Gm nmw xkqcbw rm{q kcmwbmnz %okdq-dnubkwr" wm ak

mavbm{z wm mwekqz.' Gm nmw djjkxw `bowz mq odvmqz oqmc mwekqz. Cmzw `bowz mq odvmqz jmck pbwe zwqbn`z dwwdjekg wm wekc.' Gm nmw djjkxw dn mookq oqmc dnmwekq bncdwk wm ak rm{q xqmwkjwmq.' Obng d zwdoo ckcakq pbwe pemc rm{ okkf jmcomqwdafk gbzj{zzbn` rm{q okdqz dng jmnjkqnz.' Ak dfkqw$ Gm nmw {zk jmnwqdadng z{azwdnjkz z{je dz gq{`z mq dfjmemf< wekzk jdn pkdlkn rm{q

dabfbwr wm zwdr dfkqw dng cdlk `mmg i{g`cknwz.' Ak gbqkjw dng obqc bo mwekqz dzl rm{ wm gm zmckwebn` rm{ gmn3w pdnw wm gm. Gm nmw `bvk cbukg

ckzzd`kz wm mwekq bncdwkz qk`dqgbn` rm{q pbzekz omq zku{df djwbvbwr.' Zwdr bn pkff fbw dqkdz mo wek bnzwbw{wbmn.' Jemmzk rm{q dzzmjbdwkz pbzkfr. Fmml omq xkmxfk pem dqk bnvmfvkg bn xmzbwbvk djwbvbwbkz fblk

kg{jdwbmndf xqm`qdcz& xzrjemfm`r `qm{xz& mq qkfb`bm{z zkqvbjkz. @kw bnvmfvkg bn wekzk djwbvbwbkzrm{qzkfo.

' Wq{zw rm{q bnzwbnjwz. Bo rm{ zknzk wedw d zbw{dwbmn cdr ak gdn`kqm{z& bw xqmadafr bz. Bo rm{ okdq omq rm{q zdokwr& qkxmqw rm{q jmnjkqnz wm zwdoo.

' Pedw Jdn Rm{ Gm bo Rm{ Dqk Doqdbg mq Okkf Weqkdwknkg=Bo rm{ dqk doqdbg mq okkf rm{ dqk akbn` weqkdwknkg mq xqkzz{qkg wm kn`d`k bn zku{df akedvbmqz& rm{ zem{fggbzj{zz rm{q jmnjkqnz pbwe zwdoo. Akjd{zk webz jdn ak d gboobj{fw wmxbj wm gbzj{zz& zmck zwdoo& fblkxzrjemfm`bzwz& dqk zxkjbdffr wqdbnkg wm ekfx rm{ gkdf pbwe xqmafkcz bn webz dqkd.

Bo rm{ okkf bcckgbdwkfr weqkdwknkg& dxxqmdje dnr zwdoo ckcakq dng dzl omq dzzbzwdnjk. Bw bz xdqw mo ebz-ekq ima wm knz{qk rm{q zdokwr. Bo bw bz d zwdoo ckcakq wedw bz weqkdwknbn` rm{& qkxmqw rm{q jmnjkqnz bcckgbdwkfrwm dnmwekq zwdoo ckcakq wedw rm{ wq{zw& mq omffmp wek xqmjkg{qkz omq cdlbn` d jmnobgknwbdf qkxmqw.

Pedw Jdn Rm{ Gm bo Rm{ Dqk Zku{dffr Dzzd{fwkg=Bo rm{ akjmck d vbjwbc mo d zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq& rm{ zem{fg qkxmqw bw bcckgbdwkfr wm zwdoo pempbff mookq rm{ xqmwkjwbmn oqmc wek dzzdbfdnw. Rm{ gm nmw edvk wm ndck wek bncdwk%z" mq zwdoo dzzdbfdnw%z" bnmqgkq wm qkjkbvk dzzbzwdnjk& a{w zxkjbobj bnomqcdwbmn cdr cdlk bw kdzbkq omq zwdoo wm lnmp emp akzw wmqkzxmng. Rm{ pbff jmnwbn{k wm qkjkbvk xqmwkjwbmn oqmc wek dzzdbfdnw& pekwekq mq nmw rm{ edvk bgknwbobkg ebcmq ekq %mq d`qkk wm wkzwbor d`dbnzw ebc-ekq".

Dowkq qkxmqwbn` dnr zku{df dzzd{fw& rm{ pbff ak qkokqqkg bcckgbdwkfr omq d ckgbjdf kudcbndwbmn dng jfbnbjdfdzzkzzcknw. Kvkn wem{è rm{ cdnr pdnw wm jfkdn {x dowkq wek dzzd{fw bw bz bcxmqwdnw wm zkk ckgbjdfzwdooAKOMQK rm{ zempkq& pdze& gqbnl& kdw& jedn`k jfmwebn`& mq {zk wek adweqmmc. Ckgbjdf zwdoo pbffkudcbnk rm{ omq bni{qbkz pebje cdr mq cdr nmw ak qkdgbfr dxxdqknw wm rm{. Wekr jdn dfzm jekjl rm{ omq

zku{dffr wqdnzcbwwkg gbzkdzkz& xqk`ndnjr& bo dxxqmxqbdwk& dng `dwekq dnr xerzbjdf kvbgknjk mo dzzd{fw.Wek bngbvbg{dfz pem zku{dffr da{zk mq dzzd{fw bncdwkz jdn mnfr ak gbzjbxfbnkg dng-mq xqmzkj{wkg bo wekda{zk bz qkxmqwkg. Qk`dqgfkzz mo pekwekq rm{q dzzdbfdnw bz dn bncdwk mq d zwdoo ckcakq& bw bzbcxmqwdnw wm {ngkqzwdng wedw rm{ pbff nkvkq ak gbzjbxfbnkg mq xqmzkj{wkg omq akbn` wek vbjwbc mo dzku{df dzzd{fw.

Emp Gm Rm{ Qkxmqw dn Bnjbgknw mo Zku{dffr Da{zbvk Akedvbmq=



0;

Bw bz bcxmqwdnw wedw rm{ wkff d zwdoo ckcakq bo rm{ edvk akkn zku{dffr dzzd{fwkg. Bw bz kt{dffr bcxmqwdnwwm bnomqc zwdoo bo rm{ edvk pbwnkzzkg zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq . Rm{ jdn wkff rm{q jdzk cdnd`kq&Jedxfdbn& Xzrjemfm`bzw& ZBZ& wek Pdqgkn mq dnr mwekq zwdoo ckcakq rm{ wq{zw.

AMX zwdoo ckcakqz dqk bnzwq{jwkg wm lkkx qkxmqwkg bnomqcdwbmn jmnobgknwbdf dng mnfr gbzj{zz bw pbwe wekdxxqmxqbdwk moobjbdfz mn d nkkg#wm#lnmp adzbz jmnjkqnbn` wek bncdwk#vbjwbc3z pkfodqk dng omq fdpknomqjkcknw mq bnvkzwb`dwbvk x{qxmzkz. Wekqk dqk mwekq ckdnz wm jmnobgknwbdfbwr qkxmqw zku{dffr da{zbvk

akedvbmq bo rm{ dqk nmw jmcomqwdafk wdflbn` pbwe zwdoo.' Pqbwk gbqkjwfr wm wek Pdqgkn& Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq mq Gbqkjwmq. Rm{ jdn zkng wek Pdqgkn dn BncdwkQkt{kzw wm Zwdoo Ckcakq %Jmx#m{w" mq d fkwwkq qkxmqwbn` wek zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq. Rm{ cdr dfzmzkng d fkwwkq wm wek Qk`bmndf Gbqkjwmq mq Gbqkjwmq mo wekA{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz. Wm knz{qk jmnobgknwbdfbwr& {zk zxkjbdf cdbf xqmjkg{qkz.' Obfk dn Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr. Rm{ jdn obfk d Qkt{kzw omq Dgcbnbzwqdwbvk Qkckgr %AX#2". Bo rm{gkwkqcbnk rm{q jmcxfdbnw bz wmm zknzbwbvk wm obfk pbwe wek Pdqgkn& rm{ edvk wek mxxmqw{nbwr wm obfk rm{q dgcbnbzwqdwbvk qkckgr gbqkjwfr pbwe wek Qk`bmndfGbqkjwmq %AX#48". Rm{ jdn `kw wek omqcz oqmc rm{q jm{nzkfmq mq mwekq {nbw zwdoo.' Pqbwk wek Moobjk mo wek Bnzxkjwmq @knkqdf %MB@" pebje bnvkzwb`dwkz dffk`dwbmnz mo zwdoo cbzjmng{jw.MB@ bz d jmcxmnknw mo wek Gkxdqwcknw mo I{zwbjk dng bz nmw d xdqw mo wek A{qkd{ mo Xqbzmnz. Wek dggqkzzbz9

Moobjk mo wek Bnzxkjwmq @knkqdf

X. M. Amu 10?8?Pdzebn`wmn& G.J. 18;:8

[ngkqzwdngbn` wek Bnvkzwb`dwbvk XqmjkzzMnjk wek zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq bz qkxmqwkg& wek AMX dng-mq mwekq dxxqmxqbdwk fdp knomqjkcknwd`knjbkz pbff jmng{jw dn bnvkzwb`dwbmn. Wek x{qxmzk mo wek bnvkzwb`dwbmn bz wm gkwkqcbnk wek ndw{qk dngzjmxk mo wek da{zbvk akedvbmq. Rm{ cdr ak dzlkg wm `bvk d zwdwkcknw g{qbn` wek bnvkzwb`dwbmn. Bo jqbcbndfjedq`kz dqk aqm{`ew& rm{ cdr ak dzlkg wm wkzwbor g{qbn` wekjqbcbndf xqmjkkgbn`z.Jm{nzkfbn` Xqm`qdcz omq _bjwbcz mo Zku{dffr Da{zbvk AkedvbmqCmzw xkmxfk nkkg ekfx wm qkjmvkq oqmc wek kcmwbmndf kookjwz mo zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq. Bo rm{ dqk wek vbjwbc mo zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq& pekwekq qkjknw mq bn wek xdzw& rm{ cdr zkkl jm{nzkfbn` dng-mq dgvbjkoqmc d xzrjemfm`bzw mq jedxfdbn. Jqbzbz jm{nzkfbn`& jmxbn` zlbffz& z{bjbgk xqkvknwbmn& cknwdf ekdfwe

jm{nzkfbn`& dng zxbqbw{df jm{nzkfbn` dqk dff dvdbfdafk wm rm{.

Cdnd`kcknw Xqm`qdc omq Bncdwk Dzzdbfdnwz Dnrmnk pem zku{dffr da{zkz-dzzd{fwz mwekqz pebfk bn wek j{zwmgr mo wek AMX pbff ak gbzjbxfbnkg dngxqmzkj{wkg wm wek o{ffkzw kuwknw mo wek fdp. Bo rm{ dqk dn bncdwk dzzdbfdnw& rm{ pbff ak qkokqqkg wmJmqqkjwbmndf Zkqvbjkz omq cmnbwmqbn`. Rm{ pbff ak qkokqqkg wm Xzrjemfm`r Zkqvbjkz omq dn dzzkzzcknw mo qbzl dng wqkdwcknw dng cdnd`kcknw nkkgz. Wqkdwcknw jmcxfbdnjk mq qko{zdf pbff ak gmj{cknwkg dnggkjbzbmnz qk`dqgbn` rm{q jmngbwbmnz mo jmnobnkcknw dng qkfkdzk cdr ak kookjwkg. Bo rm{ okkf wedw rm{ nkkgekfx wm lkkx oqmc kn`d`bn` bn zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmqz& xzrjemfm`bjdf zkqvbjkz dqk dvdbfdafk.

Xmfbjr GkobnbwbmnzXqmebabwkg Djwz9 Bncdwkz pem kn`d`k bn bndxxqmxqbdwk zku{df akedvbmq jdn ak jedq`kg pbwe wekomffmpbn` Xqmebabwkg Djwz {ngkq wek Bncdwk Gbzjbxfbndqr Xmfbjr9

Jmgk 484-%D"9 Zku{df Dzzd{fwJmgk 18;-%D"9 Kn`d`bn` bn d Zku DjwJmgk 18?-%D"9 Cdlbn` d Zku{df XqmxmzdfJmgk 114-%D"9 Akbn` bn dn [nd{wemqbykg Dqkd pbwed Ckcakq mo wek Mxxmzbwk ZkuJmgk :88-%D"9 Bngkjknw Kuxmz{qkJmgk 787-%D"9 [zbn` Da{zbvk mq Mazjknk Fdn`{d`k



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Zwdoo Cbzjmng{jw9 Wek Zwdngdqgz mo Kcxfmrkk Jmng{jw xqmebabw kcxfmrkkz oqmc kn`d`bn` bn& mq dffmpbn`dnmwekq xkqzmn wm kn`d`k bn zku{df& bngkjknw& xqmodnk mq da{zbvk fdn`{d`k mq `kzw{qkz& dngbndxxqmxqbdwk vbz{df z{qvkbffdnjk mo bncdwkz. Bnof{knjbn`& xqmcbzbn` mq weqkdwknbn` dn bncdwk3z zdokwr&j{zwmgr& xqbvdjr& em{zbn`& xqbvbfk`kz& pmql gkwdbf mq xqm`qdc zwdw{z bn kujedn`k omq zku{df odvmqz bz dfzmxqmebabwkg.

Pedw bz zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq= Djjmqgbn` wm okgkqdf fdp %Xqbzmn Qdxk Kfbcbndwbmn Djw mo 188:"

zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq bz gkobnkg dz9

d. Qdxk9 wek jdqndf lnmpfkg`k& mqdf zmgmcr& mq zku{df dzzd{fw pbwe dn maikjw mq zku{df omngfbn` mo dxkqzmn OMQJBAFR mq d`dbnzw wedw xkqzmn3z pbff< Wek jdqndf lnmpfkg`k& mqdf zmgmcr& mq zku{df dzzd{fwpbwe dn maikjw mq zku{df omngfbn` mo d xkqzmn nmw omqjbafr mq d`dbnzw wek xkqzmn3z pbff& pekqk wek vbjwbc bzbnjdxdafk mo bvbn` jmnzknw akjd{zk mo ebz-ekq rm{we mq ebz-ekq wkcxmqdqr mq xkqcdnknw cknwdf mq xerzbjdf bnjdxdjbwr< mq Wek jdqndf lnmpfkg`k& mqdf zmgmcr& mq zku{df dzzd{fw pbwe dn maikjw mq zku{dfomngfbn` mo d xkqzmn djebkvkg weqm{è wek kuxfmbwdwbmn mo wek okdq mq weqkdw mo xerzbjdf vbmfknjk mq amgbfrbni{qr.Jdqndf Lnmpfkg`k9 jmnwdjw akwpkkn wek xknbz dng v{fvd mq wek xknbz dng wek dn{z& bnjf{gbn` xknkwqdwbmnmo dnr zmqw& empkvkq zfbèw.Mqdf Zmgmcr9 jmnwdjw akwpkkn wek cm{we dng wek xknbz& wek cm{we dng wek v{fvd& mq wek cm{we dng wekdn{z.

a. Zku{df Dzzd{fw pbwe dn Maikjw9 wek {zk mo dnr edng& obn`kq& maikjw& mq mwekq bnzwq{cknw wm xknkwqdwk&empkvkq zfbèwfr& wek `knbwdf mq dndf mxknbn` mo wek amgr mo dnmwekq xkqzmn %NMWK9 Webz gmkz NMW dxxfrwm j{zwmgbdf mq ckgbjdf xkqzmnnkf kn`d`kg bn kvbgknjk `dwekqbn` mq fk`bwbcdwk ckgbjdf wqkdwcknw& nmq wmekdfwe jdqk xqmvbgkq 3z xkqomqcbn` amgr jdvbwr zkdqjekz bn mqgkq wm cdbnwdbn zkj{qbwr dng zdokwr pbwebn wekxqbzmn".j. Zku{df Omngfbn`9 wek wm{jebn` mo wek xqbvdwk amgr xdqwz mo dnmwekq xkqzmn %bnjf{gbn` wek `knbwdfbd&dn{z& `qmbn& aqkdzw& bnnkq webè& mq a{wwmjlz" omq wek x{qxmzk mo zku{df `qdwbobjdwbmn.g. Zku{df Cbzjmng{jw %zwdoo mnfr"9 wek {zk mo bngkjknw zku{df fdn`{d`k& `kzw{qkz& mq zku{dffr mqbknwkgvbz{df z{qvkbffdnjk omq wek x{qxmzk mo zku{df `qdwbobjdwbmn.

Dn bnjbgknw bz jmnzbgkqkg Bncdwk#mn#Bncdwk Da{zk-Dzzd{fw pekn dnr zku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq mjj{qzakwpkkn wpm mq cmqk bncdwkz. Dn bnjbgknw bz jmnzbgkqkg Zwdoo#mn#Bncdwk Da{zk-Dzzd{fw pekn dnrzku{dffr da{zbvk akedvbmq bz bnbwbdwkg ar d zwdoo ckcakq wmpdqg mnk mq cmqk bncdwkz. Bw bz dfzm

jmnzbgkqkg Zwdoo#mn#Bncdwk Da{zk-Dzzd{fw bo d zwdoo ckcakq pbffbn`fr kn`d`kz bn zku{df djwz mq jmnwdjwzwedw dqk bnbwbdwkg ar dn bncdwk.

NMWK9 Zku{df djwz mq jmnwdjwz akwpkkn wpm mq cmqk bncdwkz& kvkn pekn nm maikjwbmnz dqkqdbzkg& dqk xqmebabwkg djwz& dng cdr ak bffk`df. Zku{df djwz mq jmnwdjwz akwpkkn dn bncdwkdng d zwdoo ckcakq& kvkn pekn nm maikjwbmnz dqk qdbzkg ar kbwekq xdqwr& dqk dfpdrz omqabggkn dngbffk`df. Bncdwkz pem edvk akkn zku{df dzzd{fwkg ar dnmwekq bncdwk mq zwdoo ckcakq pbff nmw akxqmzkj{wkg mq gbzjbxfbnkg omq qkxmqwbn` wek dzzd{fw. Empkvkq& bncdwkz pbff ak xkndfbykg omqlnmpbn`fr obfbn` dnr odfzk qkxmqw.



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