fracpropt short course (march 2008)
DESCRIPTION
fracproTRANSCRIPT
Fra
ctu
re E
ng
inee
rin
g &
Mo
del
ing
•In
tro
du
ctio
n
•F
luid
Rh
eolo
gy,
Flo
w L
eak-
off
, Pro
pp
ant
Tra
nsp
ort
•R
ock
mec
han
ics
& S
tres
s, F
ract
ure
Mo
del
ing
Co
nce
pts
•T
ort
uo
sity
& P
erfo
rati
on
Fri
ctio
n
•N
et P
ress
ure
Mat
chin
g
•F
ract
ure
Co
nd
uct
ivit
y &
Des
ign
Co
nsi
der
atio
ns
•P
rod
uct
ion
Mo
del
ing
•F
ract
ure
Dia
gn
ost
ics
& M
od
el C
alib
rati
on
Mo
tiva
tio
n f
or
Fra
c E
ng
inee
rin
g &
Dia
gn
ost
ics
Hyd
raul
ic
frac
turin
g is
do
ne fo
rw
ell
stim
ulat
ion
NO
T
for
prop
pant
di
spos
al
Hyd
rau
lic F
ract
ure
Gro
wth
1 -
Fra
ctur
e in
itiat
ion
as p
umpi
ng o
f flu
id is
sta
rted
Sim
plifi
ed c
ross
-sec
tiona
l vie
w o
f the
frac
ture
2 -
Fra
ctur
e pr
opag
atio
n w
ith fl
uid
3 –
Pro
ppan
t (us
ually
san
d) e
nter
s hy
drau
lic fr
actu
re a
s it
is s
uspe
nded
in
the
frac
turin
g flu
id
4 -
Pro
ppan
t adv
ance
s fu
rthe
r in
to th
e fr
actu
re a
s pu
mpi
ng c
ontin
ues
5 –
Pro
ppan
t adv
ance
s fu
rthe
r in
the
frac
ture
and
may
rea
ch th
e ti
p of
the
hydr
aulic
frac
ture
as
fluid
con
tinue
s to
leak
into
the
perm
eabl
e fo
rmat
ion
6 –
Pum
ping
of t
he fl
uid/
prop
pant
m
ixtu
re is
sto
pped
and
flui
d co
ntin
ues
to le
ak a
wa
y in
to th
e pe
rmea
ble
form
atio
n
7 –
For
mat
ion
clos
es o
n pr
oppa
nt a
nd a
co
nduc
tive
path
rem
ains
in th
e re
serv
oir
Tim
e du
ring
frac
ture
tr
eatm
ent
Fra
c le
ngth
Fra
c w
idth
Hyd
rau
lic F
ract
ure
Gro
wth
12
3
4
5
6
7
Gen
eral
pre
ssur
e re
spon
se, f
low
rat
e, a
nd
prop
pant
con
cent
ratio
n du
ring
a p
ropp
ed
frac
ture
trea
tmen
t
1 -
Fra
ctur
e in
itiat
ion
as p
umpi
ng o
f flu
id is
sta
rted
2 -
Fra
ctur
e pr
opag
atio
n w
ith fl
uid
3 –
Pro
ppan
t (us
ually
san
d) e
nter
s hy
drau
lic fr
actu
re a
s it
is s
uspe
nded
in
the
frac
turin
g flu
id
4 -
Pro
ppan
t adv
ance
s fu
rthe
r in
to th
e fr
actu
re a
s pu
mpi
ng c
ontin
ues
5 –
Pro
ppan
t adv
ance
s fu
rthe
r in
the
frac
ture
and
may
rea
ch th
e ti
p of
the
hydr
aulic
frac
ture
as
fluid
con
tinue
s to
leak
into
the
perm
eabl
e fo
rmat
ion
6 –
Pum
ping
of t
he fl
uid/
prop
pant
m
ixtu
re is
sto
pped
and
flui
d co
ntin
ues
to le
ak a
wa
y in
to th
e pe
rmea
ble
form
atio
n
7 –
For
mat
ion
clos
es o
n pr
oppa
nt a
nd a
co
nduc
tive
path
rem
ains
in th
e re
serv
oir
Sur
face
pre
ssur
e
Flo
w r
ate
Pro
p co
nc
Hyd
rau
lic F
ract
uri
ng
•H
ydra
ulic
fra
ctu
rin
g is
a c
om
plic
ated
pro
cess
th
at
invo
lves
sev
eral
co
up
led
ph
ysic
al m
ech
anis
ms
–R
ock
def
orm
atio
n
–F
luid
flo
w in
sid
e fr
actu
re
–F
luid
leak
off
–F
ract
ure
pro
pag
atio
n
–P
rop
pan
t tr
ansp
ort
–H
eat
tran
sfer
•U
nd
erst
and
ing
th
ese
mec
han
ism
s an
d t
hei
r in
ter-
rela
tio
nsh
ips
pro
vid
es a
sta
rtin
g p
oin
t fo
r u
nd
erst
and
ing
h
ydra
ulic
fra
ctu
re g
row
th b
ehav
ior
Ph
ysic
al P
roce
sses
Co
nse
rvat
ion
Of
Mas
s
•A
t al
l tim
es, t
he
inje
cted
flu
id v
olu
me
is e
qu
al t
o t
he
frac
ture
volu
me
plu
s th
e vo
lum
e o
f fl
uid
th
at h
as le
aked
off
dtA
xt
t
CH
Lw
VV
dtQ
i
t
it
ii
ile
akof
ffr
ac
ti
i
2 )(
20
1
0∫
∫−
+=
+=
γ
tC
LH
LH
wV
VQ
tt
wle
akof
ffr
ac2
22
1+
≅+
=γ
Ass
um
es s
pu
rt lo
ss is
zer
o
Flu
id R
heo
log
y&
Lea
koff
Q =
h. q
;
∂∂
=
•=
xpw
wv
qµ3
Flu
id F
low
Insi
de
A F
ract
ure
•G
ener
ally
mo
del
ed a
s la
min
ar f
low
bet
wee
n p
aral
lel p
late
s
•F
low
rat
e is
ext
rem
ely
sen
siti
ve t
o f
ract
ure
wid
th
Lam
inar
Flu
id F
low
•F
low
bet
wee
n 2
par
alle
l pla
tes
•F
low
do
wn
an
elli
pti
cal t
ub
e
3H
wQu
12xp
= ===∂ ∂∂∂∆ ∆∆∆∂ ∂∂∂
3H
wQu
64xp
π πππ= ===
∂ ∂∂∂∆ ∆∆∆∂ ∂∂∂
PR
OP
ER
TIE
S O
F A
FR
AC
TU
RE
FL
UID
•V
isco
sity
–C
on
tro
ls F
ract
ure
Wid
th (
Nea
r W
ellb
ore
)
–Im
pac
ts P
rop
pan
t T
ran
spo
rt
•F
luid
Lo
ss–
Co
ntr
ols
Am
ou
nt
of
Flu
id in
Fra
ctu
re
–Im
pac
ts F
ract
ure
Geo
met
ry
•D
ensi
ty–
Co
ntr
ols
Hyd
rost
atic
Gra
die
nts
–Im
pac
ts P
rop
pan
t C
on
vect
ion
•F
rict
ion
–C
on
tro
ls S
urf
ace
Tre
atin
g P
ress
ure
–Im
pac
ts In
ject
ion
Rat
e
•p
H –C
on
tro
ls C
ross
linke
r R
eact
ion
s
–Im
pac
ts F
luid
Pro
per
ties
WH
AT
IS V
ISC
OS
ITY
?
Q o
r S
hear
Rat
e (
γ γγγ)
New
toni
anF
luid
µ µ µ µ C
onst
ant =
∆ ∆∆∆p Qfo
r N
ewto
nian
Flu
id
∆ ∆∆∆p
p or Shear Stress ∆∆∆∆(τ) (τ) (τ) (τ)
RE
LA
TIO
NS
HIP
OF
τ τττA
ND
γ γγγ
00
τ τττ τ τττb y
µ µµµp
µ µµµ
Bin
gham
Pla
stic
Pse
udo-
Pla
stic
(She
ar T
hinn
ing)
New
toni
an
Dila
tant
(She
ar T
hick
enin
g)
Exa
mpl
e
Dril
ling
Mud
Fra
ctur
ing
Flu
id
Wat
er
ττττ SHEAR STRESS ( )
γ γγγS
HE
AR
RA
TE
( )
FR
AC
TU
RIN
G F
LU
IDS
AR
E T
YP
ICA
LL
Y
τ
τ
τ
τ =
She
ar S
tres
s, lb
/ftγ
γ
γ
γ
= S
hear
Rat
e, s
eck
= C
onsi
sten
cy In
dex,
lb-s
ecn
/ftn
= F
low
Beh
avio
r In
dex,
di
men
sion
less
2
-12
τ τττ=
k’γ γ γ γ n
’
LOG-SHEAR STRESS ( ) ) ) )ττττ
γγγγLO
G-S
HE
AR
RA
TE
( )
k‘=
Inte
rcep
t
n’
= S
lope
VIS
CO
SIT
Y A
T A
KN
OW
N S
HE
AR
RA
TE
•T
o C
alcu
late
th
e A
pp
aren
t V
isco
sity
of
a N
on
-
New
ton
ian
Flu
id, t
he
Fo
llow
ing
Eq
uat
ion
is U
sed
Wh
ere:
µ µµµa
= ===47
880
k’
a[γ γγγ
]n’
-1
µ µµµ=
App
aren
t Vis
cosi
ty, c
pk’
= C
onsi
sten
cy In
dex,
lb-s
ecn
/ ft2
n’
= F
low
Beh
avio
r In
dex,
Dim
ensi
onle
ss
γ γγγ=
She
ar R
ate,
sec
-1
’a a
TY
PIC
AL
SH
EA
R R
AT
ES
DU
RIN
G F
RA
CT
UR
ING
•S
hea
r R
ates
in T
ub
ula
r: 1
000
-50
00 s
ec-1
•S
hea
r R
ates
in F
ract
ure
s: 1
0 -
100
sec
-1
•M
easu
rem
ents
of
n’
and
k’
Oft
en M
ade
Bet
wee
n
170
and
600
sec
-1
•M
ay N
ot
Be
Rep
rese
nta
tive
of
the
Flu
id B
ehav
ior
in t
he
Fra
ctu
re (
40 s
ec -1
)
ES
TIM
AT
ING
VIS
CO
SIT
Y IN
FR
AC
TU
RE
S
µ µµµ a= ===
4788
0 k’ a
40.4
6Q
w2
h
n’− −−−
1
•A
pp
aren
t V
isco
sity
of
a N
on
-New
ton
ian
Flu
id in
th
e
Fra
ctu
re,
Whe
re
µ µµµ=
App
aren
t Vis
cosi
ty, c
pk’
= C
onsi
sten
cy In
dex,
lb-s
ecn
’/ft
2
n’
= F
low
Beh
avio
r In
dex,
D
imen
sion
less
Q
= In
ject
ion
Rat
e, b
pmw
=
Fra
ctur
e W
idth
, in
h
=
Fra
ctur
e H
eigh
t, ftS
hear
Rat
e
{a a
VIS
CO
SIT
Y M
EA
SU
RE
ME
NT
S
Tor
sion
Spr
ing
RO
TA
TIN
G C
UP
ST
AT
ION
AR
Y B
OB
TE
ST
FLU
ID
TY
PIC
AL
VIS
CO
SIT
Y V
AL
UE
S
Wat
er
Line
ar G
el
Cro
sslin
ked
1.0
0.8
0.5
0.00
002
0.03
0.55
1.0
50 2000
Flu
id T
ype
n’
k’V
isco
sity
@ 1
70 s
ec-1
EX
AM
PL
E R
HE
OL
OG
ICA
L D
AT
A
1.0
0.1
0.01
0.00
1 01
23
45
6
ka
TIM
E, h
ours
D
BCA
.
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 0
12
34
56
nT
IME
, hou
rs
DB C A
Sou
rce:
Hal
libur
ton
Ene
rgy
Ser
vice
s
250°
F50
lb/1
000
HP
G w
/ Tita
nium
FL
UID
LO
SS
Fracture
Filtercake
Invaded Zone
Reservoir
Filtercake
Fracture
Invaded Zone
Reservoir<
1/1
0 in
ch0.
5 to
3 fe
etT
ypic
al E
xten
t10
0’s
of fe
et
Cw
Cv
Cc
FL
UID
LO
SS
EQ
UA
TIO
NS
Cm
Aw
= ===001
64
.(M
easu
red
in L
ab)
k i=
Per
mea
bilit
y to
Filt
rate
, dar
cies
∆ ∆∆∆p=
(σ σσσx
+ p
net)
-p,
psi
φ φφφ=
For
mat
ion
Por
osity
, fra
ctio
nµ µµµ a
= V
isco
sity
of F
iltra
te, c
p
k r=
Per
mea
bilit
y to
Res
ervo
ir F
luid
, md
Cr
= F
orm
atio
n F
luid
Com
pres
sibi
lity,
psi
-1
µ µµµ r
= F
orm
atio
n F
luid
Vis
cosi
ty, c
p
m=
Slo
pe o
f Vol
ume
vst
Gra
phA
= A
rea
of C
ore
Use
d to
Mea
sure
Cw
Ck
pv
i
a= ===
004
691
2
./
∆ ∆∆∆φ φφφ
µ µµµ
Ck
Cc
rr r
= ===
0
0374
12
./
p∆ ∆∆∆
φ φφφµ µµµ
ME
AS
UR
EM
EN
T O
F W
AL
L B
UIL
DIN
G
CO
EF
FIC
IEN
T (
C
)
VOLUME
TIM
E
Spu
rt L
oss
Slo
pe =
C
A
rea
/ 0.0
164
w
*
w
EF
FE
CT
OF
FL
UID
LO
SS
AD
DIT
IVE
S (
FL
A)
ON
WA
LL
-BU
ILD
ING
FL
UID
-LO
SS
CO
EF
FIC
IEN
T, C
w. 0.
008
0.00
6
0.00
4
0.00
2 5015
025
035
0
FLUID LOSS COEFFICIENT, C (ft/min ) w1/2
Tita
nate
Flu
idW
ithou
t FLA
40 lb
60 lb
40 lb
60 lb
With
25
lb/1
000
gal
Sol
id P
artic
ulat
e F
LA
FLU
ID T
EM
PE
RA
TU
RE
, °F
TO
TA
L F
LU
ID L
OS
S C
•S
erie
s A
vera
ge
•W
illia
m’s
Met
ho
d
C
CC
C
t
vc
w
= ===+ +++
+ +++
11
11
( ((() )))
[ [[[] ]]]
CC
CC
CC
CC
CC
Ct
cv
w
vw
wr
cv
w
= ===+ +++
+ ++++ +++
2
42
22
22
1/2t
Flu
id L
eako
ff A
nd
Slu
rry
Eff
icie
ncy
LOW
SLU
RR
Y E
FF
ICIE
NC
Y
Sho
rt F
ract
ure
Hig
h F
iltra
tion
Long
er F
ract
ure
HIG
H S
LUR
RY
EF
FIC
IEN
CY
Low
Filt
ratio
n
Vpu
mpe
d(t
)
Vfr
ac(t
)ef
ficie
ncy
(t)
=
FL
UID
EF
FIC
IEN
CY
•P
erce
nta
ge
of
Flu
id in
th
e F
ract
ure
•A
ffec
ts C
reat
ed F
ract
ure
Dim
ensi
on
s
•H
igh
Lea
koff
Can
Lea
d t
o S
cree
no
uts
•L
ow
Lea
koff
Will
Incr
ease
Clo
sure
Tim
e A
ffec
tin
g
Pro
pp
ant
Pla
cem
ent
–C
on
vect
ion
–S
ettl
ing
Wh
at Is
Pro
pp
ant
Set
tlin
g?
Do
wn
war
d T
ran
spo
rt O
f
Den
se P
rop
pan
t G
rain
s In
Flu
id
()
µρ
ρ 18
2f
pp
s
gdV
−=
Ter
min
al s
ettl
ing
vel
oci
ty f
or
New
ton
ian
flu
id
ρ ρ33
>
>
ρρ 22>
>
ρρ11
ρ ρ11
ρ ρ22
ρ ρ33
Wh
at Is
Pro
pp
ant
Co
nve
ctio
n ?
Do
wn
war
d T
ran
spo
rt O
f D
ense
Slu
rry
()
µρ
ργ
12
min
max
2−
≈f
cnc
gwV
Co
nve
ctio
n v
elo
city
fo
r N
ewto
nia
n f
luid
Ro
ck M
ech
anic
s, C
losu
re S
tres
s, F
ract
ure
Mo
del
ing
So
urc
es f
or
Ro
ck M
ech
anic
s &
Str
ess
Dat
a
•R
ock
mec
han
ics
–C
ore
–L
og
s
•S
tres
s D
ata
–M
ini-
frac
s, s
mal
l vo
lum
e in
ject
ion
tes
ts (
DF
IT, s
tres
s te
st)
–D
rilli
ng
dat
a
–L
og
s
–E
stim
ated
usi
ng
net
pre
ssu
re m
atch
ing
Nee
d r
ock
pro
per
ties
an
d s
tres
s fo
r al
l dep
ths
wh
ere
frac
ture
pro
pag
ates
Def
orm
atio
n O
f A
Bar
Du
e T
o U
nia
xial
Co
mp
ress
ive
Lo
ad
σ=
Str
ess
=F
/Aε
=S
trai
n=
δ/L
E=
You
ng’s
mod
ulus
=σ/
ε
L
F
δ
A
Ass
ume
linea
r el
astic
ity:
Def
orm
atio
n O
f A
Bar
Du
e T
o U
nia
xial
Co
mp
ress
ive
Lo
ad
L
F
δ
ν=
Poi
sson
’s r
atio
=
ε
r/ε(-
1,1/
2)
Ass
ume
linea
r el
astic
ity:
δ rε
=S
trai
n in
axi
al d
irect
ion
=δ/
L
ε r=
Str
ain
in r
adia
l dire
ctio
n=
δ r/R
R
Def
initi
on O
f Net
Pre
ssur
eN
et P
ress
ure
is th
e P
ress
ure
Insi
de th
e F
ract
ure
Min
us th
e C
losu
re P
ress
ure
Net
Pre
ssur
e =
2,50
0 -
2,00
0 =
500
psi
Bal
loo
n A
nal
og
y F
or
Op
enin
g F
ract
ure
Wit
h
Co
nst
ant
Rad
ius
Op
enin
g O
f A
Fra
ctu
re D
ue
To
Inte
rnal
Pre
ssu
re
Gen
eral
izat
ion:
w =
Def
lect
ion
=
γ pne
tR/ E
wp n
et
R
E=
Cra
ck-o
peni
ngm
odul
us
=
E/4
(1-υ
2 )C
=C
ompl
ianc
e=
γ R
/ E
Fra
ctur
ecr
oss-
sect
ion
Roc
k
Infl
uen
ce O
f N
et P
ress
ure
•T
wo
radi
al fr
actu
re m
odel
sol
utio
ns fo
r th
e sa
me
trea
tmen
t (no
barr
iers
):
R
=
650
feet
w=
0.25
in
R
=
260
feet
w=
1.6
in
Pne
t=
50
psi
Pne
t=
80
0 ps
i
Pre
dict
ed n
etpr
essu
reP
redi
cted
frac
ture
dim
ensi
ons
Fra
ctur
e G
eom
etry
Cha
nges
With
Net
Pre
ssur
e
•T
wo
mod
elin
g so
lutio
ns fo
r th
e sa
me
trea
tmen
t; if
500
psis
tres
s co
ntra
st e
xist
s ar
ound
pay
zone
L =
120
0 fe
et
R =
240
feet
Pne
t=
100
psi
Pne
t=
800
psi
Pre
dict
ed n
et
pres
sure
Pre
dict
ed fr
ac
dim
ensi
ons
Dif
fere
nt
Mo
del
s
•2D
mo
del
s
–P
erki
ns,
Ker
n a
nd
N
ord
gre
n(P
KN
)
–C
hri
stia
no
vitc
h,
Gee
rtsm
aan
d D
e K
lerk
(C
GD
)
–R
adia
l Mo
del
•3D
mo
del
s
–P
seu
do
3D
mo
del
s
–L
um
ped
3D
mo
del
s
–F
ull
3D m
od
els
–N
on
-pla
nar
3D
mo
del
s
Sim
plif
ied
Fra
ctu
re P
rob
lem
•S
olid
mec
han
ics
•F
luid
dyn
amic
s
•F
luid
Lea
koff
Sol
id M
echa
nics
Flu
id d
ynam
ics
Flu
id L
eako
ff
Sim
plif
ied
Fra
ctu
re P
rob
lem
–C
on
stan
t H
eig
ht
h =
H
L
Ww
Sim
ple
Dim
ensi
on
s C
alcu
lati
on
Fo
r P
KN
Mo
del
•G
iven
: vol
ume
pum
ped,
flui
d ef
ficie
ncy
and
mea
sure
d ne
t pre
ssur
e
•M
ass
bal
ance
:
•F
ract
ure
wid
th:
•C
om
bin
ing
th
ese:
εVh
Lw
≈1 22
2
whp
Enet
≈
L =
εVE
2h2 p
net
Sim
ple
Dim
ensi
on
s C
alcu
lati
on
(P
KN
)
•G
iven
: vol
ume
pum
ped,
inje
ctio
n ra
te &
job
time,
and
tota
l flu
id lo
ss c
oeffi
cien
t
•M
ass
bal
ance
:
•W
idth
& F
luid
Flo
w:
•F
luid
Lo
ss:
Qt
HL
wV
FL
=+
2
ww
QL
Ew
==
−L NM
O QPπ
πµ
νπ
54
5
1 2
21
4(
)/
VH
LC
tF
Lt
=2
22
Sim
ple
Dim
ensi
on
s C
alcu
lati
on
(P
KN
)
•G
iven
: vol
ume
pum
ped,
Fra
ctur
e H
eigh
t and
tota
l flu
id lo
ss c
oeffi
cien
t
•M
ass
bal
ance
:
•W
idth
& F
luid
Flo
w:
•F
luid
Lo
ss:
56
10
16
67
..
Qt
HL
wV
FL
=+
ww
QL
Ew
==L NMO QP
πµ
50
238
14
./
VH
LC
tF
Lt
=5
65
7.
Oil
Fie
ld U
nit
s
Ass
um
e v=
0.15
Fra
ctu
re G
row
th V
ersu
s T
ime
Fo
r P
KN
Mo
del
•L
eng
th:
•W
idth
:
•N
et p
ress
ure
:
Lt
∝4
5/
wt
∝1
5/
pt
net
∝1
5/
Sim
plif
ied
Fra
ctu
re P
rob
lem
–R
adia
l Fra
ctu
re
R
ww
Est
imat
ing
Fra
c D
imen
sio
ns
Rad
ial F
ract
ure
E
Rp
wne
t⋅≈
π2
For
: V
olum
e pu
mpe
dV
=1,
000
bbl
(~ 5
,610
ft3 )
Effi
cien
cy (
@ E
OJ)
e=
0.5
Y
oung
’s m
odul
usE
=
1x10
6ps
iP
oiss
on’s
rat
ioν
=
0.2
Net
pre
ssur
e (@
EO
J)p n
et=
500
psi
Yie
lds:
R
adiu
sR
~10
3 ft
Wid
th @
wel
lbor
ew
~1.
51 in
Mas
s ba
lanc
e
Ela
stic
ope
ning
eV
Rw
•=
2 32
π31
43
=
net
p
EeV
R
31
2
2
36
=
E
eVp
wne
t
π
Sim
ple
Dim
ensi
on
s C
alcu
lati
on
(ra
dia
l mo
del
)
•G
iven
: vol
ume
pum
ped,
inje
ctio
n ra
te &
job
time,
an
d to
tal f
luid
loss
coe
ffici
ent
•M
ass
bal
ance
:
•W
idth
& F
luid
Flo
w:
•F
luid
Lo
ss:
Qt
Rw
VF
L=
+π
2
ww
QR
Ew
==
−L NM
O QP2 3
2 3
27
1
4
2
2
14
µν
π()
/
VR
Ct
FL
t=
π22
2
Sim
ple
Dim
ensi
on
s C
alcu
lati
on
(ra
dia
l mo
del
)
•G
iven
: vol
ume
pum
ped,
Fra
ctur
e H
eigh
t and
tota
l flu
id lo
ss c
oeffi
cien
t
•M
ass
bal
ance
:
•W
idth
& F
luid
Flo
w:
•F
luid
Lo
ss:
56
10
26
22
..
Qt
Rw
VF
L=
+
ww
QR
Ew
==L NMO QP
2 30
147
14
./
µ
VR
Ct
FL
t=
88
86
2.
Oil
Fie
ld U
nit
s
Ass
um
e v=
0.15
Fra
ctu
re G
row
th V
ersu
s T
ime
Fo
r R
adia
l Mo
del
•R
adiu
s:
•W
idth
:
•N
et p
ress
ure
:
Rt
∝4
9/
wt
∝1
9/
pt
net
∝−1
3/
Sim
ple
Fo
rce
Bal
ance
fo
r H
eig
ht
Gro
wth
σ1
σ2 σ
3
GR
P
h1
h2 h3
H σ3
σ2
σ1
PH
=h
1h
2h
3+
+
Neg
lect
s fr
actu
re t
ou
gh
nes
s, t
ip e
ffec
ts, c
om
po
site
laye
r
Hei
gh
t G
row
th D
epen
ds
on
Str
ess
Co
ntr
ast,
Net
Pre
ssu
re, a
nd
Geo
log
y
Mo
de
I -
Co
nfi
ned
Hei
gh
t, U
nre
stri
cted
Gro
wth
(sl
op
e =
0.20
)
Mo
de
II-
Sta
ble
Hei
gh
t G
row
th O
r In
crea
sed
Flu
id L
oss
(sl
op
e =
0)
Mo
de
III
-G
row
th R
estr
icti
on
, Tip
Scr
een
-ou
t (s
lop
e=1)
Mo
de
IV
-R
apid
Hei
gh
t G
row
th
log (p )n
log
(∆ ∆∆∆t)
III
III
IV
p'=
Crit
ical
Net
nP
ress
ure
Cla
ssic
al In
terp
reta
tio
n o
f F
ract
uri
ng
Pre
ssu
res
Dif
fere
nt
Met
ho
ds
To
Ob
tain
Fra
ctu
re C
losu
re
Str
ess
•P
ress
ure
decl
ine
anal
ysis
•S
quar
e-ro
ot ti
me
plot
•G
-fun
ctio
n pl
ot•
Log-
log
plot
•F
low
bac
k te
st•
Ste
p-ra
te te
st (
uppe
r bo
und)
Dir
ect
Inje
ctio
ns
Lo
gs
•D
ipol
e S
onic
Log
(D
SI)
•S
ynth
etic
pro
files
from
sta
ndar
d lo
gs
Pre
ssu
re D
eclin
e A
nal
ysis
•P
ress
ure
decl
ine
afte
r a
min
i-fra
c pa
sses
thro
ugh
two
flow
reg
imes
:–
Line
ar fl
ow r
egim
e; P
ress
ure
decl
ine
depe
nds
on:
•flu
id le
akof
f rat
e
•fr
actu
re c
ompl
ianc
e
–R
adia
l flo
w r
egim
e; P
ress
ure
decl
ine
depe
nds
on:
•re
serv
oir
diffu
sivi
ty
•C
losu
re s
tres
s (p
ress
ure)
is id
entif
ied
by th
e tr
ansi
tion
betw
een
the
two
flow
reg
imes
Wh
at C
an Y
ou
Ob
tain
Fro
m P
ress
ure
Dec
line
An
alys
is?
•F
ract
ure
clos
ure
pres
sure
(m
inim
um s
tres
s)•
Flu
id e
ffici
ency
•Le
akof
f coe
ffici
ent,
rese
rvoi
r pe
rmea
bilit
y an
d pr
essu
re•
Fra
ctur
e ge
omet
ry e
stim
ate
Tp+
Tc
Bottomhole pressure
Rat
e
Clo
sure
Effi
cien
cy ~
Tim
e
Tc
Pne
t
Tp
Tc
ISIP
Tc
Tc
+ T
p
Min
i-F
rac
An
alys
is:
Sq
uar
e-ro
ot-
of-
tim
e g
rap
h
Sq
uare
-roo
t-o
f-sh
utdo
wn
time
BH
P
dP/d
t
Pressure, dP/dt
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
Ref
ere
nce
line
Sq
uare
-roo
t-o
f-sh
utdo
wn
time
BH
P
dP/d
tdP
/dt
Pressure, dP/dt
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
Ref
ere
nce
line
Min
i-F
rac
An
alys
is:
Lo
g-L
og
gra
ph
∆P
= B
HP
-IS
IP
Log Scale (∆P, t*d∆P,d∆t)
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e t*d∆
P/d∆
t
Log
Sca
le (∆
t= t
-t sh
ut-
dow
n)½-s
lop
e
∆R
adia
l flo
wli
near
flow
∆P
= B
HP
-IS
IP
Log Scale (∆P, t*d∆P,d∆t)
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e t*d∆
P/d∆
t
Log
Sca
le (∆
t= t
-t sh
ut-
dow
n)½-s
lop
e
∆R
adia
l flo
wli
near
flow
Min
i-F
rac
An
alys
is:
G-F
un
ctio
n g
rap
h
BH
P
dP/d
G
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
G*d
P/d
G
Ref
ere
nce
line
G-f
unc
tion
BH
P
dP/d
G
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
G*d
P/d
G
Ref
ere
nce
line
G-f
unc
tion
Min
i-F
rac
An
alys
is:
G-F
un
ctio
n g
rap
hH
eig
ht
rece
ssio
n
BH
P
dP/d
G
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
G*d
P/d
G
Ref
ere
nce
line
G-f
unct
ion
Dev
iati
on b
elow
ref
eren
ce li
ne
coul
d in
dica
te h
eigh
t re
cess
ion
BH
P
dP/d
G
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
G*d
P/d
G
Ref
ere
nce
line
G-f
unct
ion
Dev
iati
on b
elow
ref
eren
ce li
ne
coul
d in
dica
te h
eigh
t re
cess
ion
Min
i-F
rac
An
alys
is:
G-F
un
ctio
n g
rap
hP
ress
ure
Dep
end
ent
Lea
koff
/Fis
sure
Op
enin
g
G-f
unc
tion
BH
P
dP
/dG
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dGF
ract
ure
clos
ure
G*d
P/d
G
Ref
ere
nce
line
Dev
iati
on a
bove
ref
eren
ce li
ne
coul
d in
dica
te p
ress
ure
depe
nden
t le
akof
f/fi
ssur
e op
enin
g
G-f
unc
tion
BH
P
dP
/dG
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dGF
ract
ure
clos
ure
G*d
P/d
G
Ref
ere
nce
line
Dev
iati
on a
bove
ref
eren
ce li
ne
coul
d in
dica
te p
ress
ure
depe
nden
t le
akof
f/fi
ssur
e op
enin
g
Min
i-F
rac
An
alys
is:
G-F
un
ctio
n g
rap
hF
ract
ure
Gro
wth
Aft
er P
um
p S
hu
t-d
ow
n
BH
P
dP/d
G
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
G*d
P/d
G
G-f
unct
ion
Ref
ere
nce
line
Lin
ear
beha
vior
, but
inte
rsec
tion
ab
ove
the
orig
in c
ould
indi
cate
fr
actu
re g
row
th a
fter
sh
ut-d
own
BH
P
dP/d
G
Pressure, dP/dG, G*dP/dG
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e
G*d
P/d
G
G-f
unct
ion
Ref
ere
nce
line
Lin
ear
beha
vior
, but
inte
rsec
tion
ab
ove
the
orig
in c
ould
indi
cate
fr
actu
re g
row
th a
fter
sh
ut-d
own
Pre
ssu
re D
eclin
e A
nal
ysis
–S
qu
are-
roo
t T
ime
Plo
t
Pre
ssu
re D
eclin
e A
nal
ysis
–G
-fu
nct
ion
Plo
t
Pre
ssu
re D
eclin
e A
nal
ysis
–L
og
-lo
g D
elta
Pre
ssu
re P
lot
Ste
pra
te/F
low
bac
k te
st
•S
tep
Rat
e T
est
–S
tart
at m
atrix
rat
e
–In
crea
se in
ste
ps u
ntil
frac
ture
ext
ende
d (≈
1 to
10
BP
M)
–P
rovi
des
uppe
r bo
und
for
clos
ure
–C
an d
eter
min
e if
you
are
frac
turin
g at
all
•F
low
bac
k at
Co
nst
ant
Rat
e
Pu
mp
-In
/Flo
wb
ack/
Sh
ut-
in T
est
(SP
E 2
4844
)
•H
igh
per
m w
ell w
her
e th
e F
B-S
I is
run
aft
er t
he
gel
cal
ibra
tio
n t
est
–o
ther
wis
e vo
lum
e o
f fr
actu
re is
to
sm
all d
ue
to h
igh
leak
off
•H
ere
‘fra
c W
B p
inch
’is
iden
tifi
ed a
t cl
osu
re:
very
sm
all
~ 30
psi
SI-
Reb
ound
<
pc
inde
pend
ent o
f "
tort
uosi
ty"
SP
E P
F F
eb '9
7
FB
indu
ced
" w
ellb
ore
pinc
h”
" ne
ar-w
ell
pinc
h "
~ 15
min
To
rtu
osi
ty &
Per
fora
tio
n F
rict
ion
Per
fora
tion
Dam
age
-C
rush
ed, C
ompa
cted
, “O
nion
-Ski
n”Z
one
Per
fora
tion
Tun
nel
Cem
ent
Blu
e-D
yed
Frac
ture
Oni
on-S
kin
Unf
ract
ured
Hal
o
Pip
e
Per
fora
tion
Dam
age
-C
rush
ed, C
ompa
cted
, “O
nion
-Ski
n”Z
one
Per
fora
tion
Tun
nel
Cem
ent
Blu
e-D
yed
Frac
ture
Oni
on-S
kin
Unf
ract
ured
Hal
o
Pip
e
To
rtu
osi
ty C
an B
e M
easu
red
:
Ste
pd
ow
n T
est
•In
stan
tan
eou
s ra
te c
han
ges
, e.g
. 30,
20,
10
and
0 B
PM
-
exac
t ra
tes
are
un
imp
ort
ant,
bu
t ch
ang
es s
ho
uld
be
abru
pt
•Im
ple
men
ted
eas
iest
by
taki
ng
pu
mp
s o
ff li
ne
•E
ach
rat
e st
ep t
akes
ab
ou
t 20
sec
on
ds
--ju
st e
no
ug
h t
o
equ
ilib
rate
th
e p
ress
ure
•F
ract
ure
geo
met
ry s
ho
uld
no
t ch
ang
e d
uri
ng
ste
pd
ow
n -
tota
l ste
pd
ow
n t
est
volu
me
smal
l co
mp
ared
to
tes
t
inje
ctio
n v
olu
me
(not
e: p
frac
no
t p
rop
ort
ion
al t
o Q
1/4
du
rin
g
step
do
wn
tes
t)
•U
se d
iffe
ren
ces
in b
ehav
ior
of
the
dif
fere
nt
fric
tio
n
com
po
nen
ts w
ith
flo
w r
ate
Wh
at Is
To
rtu
osi
ty?
Wid
th R
estr
icti
on
Clo
se T
o
Wel
lbo
re
Wid
th R
estr
icti
on
Incr
ease
s N
eces
sary
Wel
lbo
re P
ress
ure
Net
frac
turin
gpr
essu
re
To
rtu
osi
ty L
ead
s T
o L
arg
e P
ress
ure
Dro
p In
Fra
ctu
re C
lose
To
Wel
l
Pre
ssur
e af
ter
shut
-in
Wel
lbor
eD
ista
nce
into
frac
ture
Fra
ctur
e tip
Nea
r-w
ellb
ore
fric
tion
Hig
h
Low
Fra
ctu
res
Gro
w P
erp
end
icu
lar
To
Th
e L
east
Pri
nci
ple
Str
ess
--B
ut
Wh
at H
app
ens
At
Th
e W
ellb
ore
?
Nea
r-w
ellb
ore
Fri
ctio
n V
s. P
erfo
rati
on
Fri
ctio
n
Nea
r-w
ellb
ore
Fri
ctio
n V
s.
Per
fora
tio
n F
rict
ion
Tim
e (m
in)
Btm
Slry
Rat
e (b
pm)
Mea
s'd
Btm
h (p
si)
17
.00
17
.80
18
.60
19
.40
20
.20
21
.00
0
.00
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
5
500
6
100
6
700
7
300
7
900
8
500
To
rtu
osi
ty C
an B
e M
easu
red
: S
tep
do
wn
Tes
t
Sou
rce:
“S
PE
pap
er 2
9989
by
C.A
. Wrig
ht e
t al.
•P
erfo
ratio
n fr
ictio
n do
min
ated
reg
ime
To
rtu
osi
ty C
an B
e M
easu
red
: S
tep
do
wn
Tes
t
•N
ear-
wel
lbor
e fr
ictio
n do
min
ated
reg
ime
Max
imu
m T
reat
ing
Pre
ssu
re L
imit
atio
n Is
Rea
ched
--
Can
’t
Pu
mp
Into
Zo
ne
Hig
h en
try
fric
tion
Hig
h pe
rf fr
ictio
nS
ever
e fr
actu
re to
rtuo
sity
Re-
perf
orat
e
Bal
l-out
trea
tmen
t
Spo
t aci
d
Use
pro
ppan
t slu
gs
Initi
ate
with
hig
h vi
scos
ity fl
uid
Incr
ease
gel
load
ing
Incr
ease
rat
e
Fut
ure
wel
ls m
ay h
ave
alte
red
com
plet
ion
stra
teg
y su
ch a
s F
EW
ER
per
fs
Exa
mp
le A
pp
licat
ion
–“P
ress
ure
Ou
t”o
n P
ad
•F
orm
atio
n:
Nat
ura
lly f
ract
ure
d d
olo
mit
e @
820
0’(g
as)
•C
om
ple
tio
n:
5-1/
2”ca
sin
g f
rac
stri
ng
, max
. su
rfac
e p
ress
ure
600
0 p
si;
70’p
erf
inte
rval
sh
ot
at 4
SP
F, 9
0° °°°, 0
.45”
dia
met
er h
ole
;
Pre
vio
usl
y ac
idiz
ed w
ith
70
gal
lon
s/ft
20%
HC
l
•S
itu
atio
n:
Dec
linin
g in
ject
ivit
y le
adin
g t
o “
pre
ssu
re-o
ut”
on
pad
•D
iag
no
sis:
Sev
ere
nea
r-w
ellb
ore
fra
ctu
re t
ort
uo
sity
•S
olu
tio
n:
1 an
d 2
PP
G p
rop
pan
t sl
ug
s ve
ry e
arly
in t
he
pad
to
sc
reen
ou
t fr
actu
re m
ult
iple
s
Tim
e (m
in)
Sur
f Pre
ss [C
sg] (
psi)
Slu
rry
Flo
w R
ate
(bpm
)P
ropp
ant C
onc
(ppg
)B
tm P
rop
Con
c (p
pg)
0
.0
28.
0
56.
0
84.
0
112.
0
140.
0
0
1
200
2
400
3
600
4
800
6
000
0
.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
10
0.0
0
.00
4
.00
8
.00
12
.00
16
.00
20
.00
0
.00
4
.00
8
.00
12
.00
16
.00
20
.00
Exa
mp
le A
pp
licat
ion
–“P
ress
ure
Ou
t”o
n P
ad
1400
psi
fric
tion
redu
ctio
n (1
st s
lug)
Max
sur
face
pre
ssur
e 60
00 p
si
Incr
ease
d m
ax
prop
con
c
S/D
#1: 1
700
psi
tort
uosi
ty; s
mal
l pe
rf fr
ic.
no to
rtuo
sity
at
end
of p
umpi
ngS
/D#2
: 300
ps
i tor
tuos
ity
Net
Pre
ssu
re H
isto
ry M
atch
ing
Encyclopedia Britannica
Petroleum Engineers
Min
imu
m M
od
el In
pu
t R
equ
irem
ents
•M
ech
anic
al r
ock
pro
per
ties
–Y
ou
ng
’s m
od
ulu
s (f
rom
co
re o
r so
nic
log
)
–cl
osu
re s
tres
s p
rofi
le (
inje
ctio
n/d
eclin
e d
ata
or
son
ic lo
g)
–P
erm
eab
ility
(fr
om
PT
A)
•W
ell c
om
ple
tio
n a
nd
per
fora
tio
ns
•T
reat
men
t sc
hed
ule
, pro
pp
ant
and
flu
id c
har
acte
rist
ics
•T
reat
men
t d
ata
–W
ith
“an
cho
r p
oin
ts”
fro
m d
iag
no
stic
inje
ctio
ns
–R
eco
rded
pre
ssu
re, s
lurr
y ra
te a
nd
pro
pp
ant
con
cen
trat
ion
•S
urf
ace
pre
ssu
re O
K f
or
dec
line
mat
ch
•D
ead
stri
ng
or
bo
tto
mh
ole
gau
ge
req
uir
ed f
or
mat
chin
g w
hile
pu
mp
ing
Ear
th M
od
el
Ear
th M
od
el
Fra
ctu
re P
ress
ure
An
alys
is -
Ad
van
tag
es
•B
asic
ana
lysi
s da
ta c
olle
cted
(in
som
e se
nse)
dur
ing
ever
y fr
ac
trea
tmen
t
•R
elat
ivel
y in
expe
nsiv
e an
d qu
ick
diag
nost
ic te
chni
que
to a
pply
•P
rovi
des
a po
wer
fult
ool f
or o
n-si
te d
iagn
osis
of f
ract
ure
entr
y
prob
lem
s
•A
llow
s on
-site
des
ign
refin
emen
t bas
ed o
n ob
serv
ed fr
actu
re
beha
vior
Fra
ctu
re D
esig
n a
nd
An
alys
is E
volu
tio
nM
od
elin
g w
ith
ou
t R
eal-
Dat
a F
eed
bac
k
Wel
lbor
e
Pay
Pay
Pre
dict
ed n
et p
ress
ure
Net
pres
sure
Pu
mp
time
Pu
mp
rate
Use
n
et p
ress
ure
pred
icte
d
•E
arly
des
igns
(pr
e-19
80)
did
not i
ncor
pora
te fe
edba
ck fr
om r
eal d
ata
•F
ract
ures
at t
hat t
ime
wer
e st
ill s
mar
t eno
ugh
to s
tay
in z
one
Fra
ctu
re D
esig
n a
nd
An
alys
is E
volu
tio
nM
od
elin
g w
ith
ou
t R
eal-
Dat
a F
eed
bac
k
•E
arly
des
igns
(pr
e-19
80)
did
not i
ncor
pora
te fe
edba
ck fr
om r
eal d
ata
•F
ract
ures
at t
hat t
ime
wer
e st
ill s
mar
t eno
ugh
to s
tay
in z
one
•B
ut m
easu
red
net p
ress
ure
was
gen
eral
ly M
UC
H h
ighe
r th
an m
odel
ne
t pre
ssur
e
Wel
lbor
e
Pay
Pay
Pre
dict
ed n
et p
ress
ure
Mea
sure
d n
et p
ress
ure
Net
pres
sure
Pu
mp
time
Pu
mp
rate
Use
n
et p
ress
ure
pred
icte
d
?
Fra
ctu
re D
esig
n a
nd
An
alys
is E
volu
tio
nM
od
elin
g w
ith
Net
Pre
ssu
re F
eed
bac
k
•N
et p
ress
ure
hist
ory
mat
ch c
an b
e ob
tain
ed b
y ad
ding
new
phy
sics
to
frac
ture
mod
els
•W
ith th
e rig
ht a
ssum
ptio
ns a
nd p
hysi
cs, i
nfer
red
geom
etry
has
a
bette
r ch
ance
to b
e co
rrec
t
Wel
lbor
e
Pay
Net
pres
sure
Pu
mp
time
Mat
chin
g m
eas
ured
net
pre
ssur
ew
ith m
ode
l net
pre
ssur
e
Use
n
et p
ress
ure
mea
sure
d
Fra
ctu
re D
esig
n a
nd
An
alys
is E
volu
tio
nM
od
elin
g w
ith
Net
Pre
ssu
re F
eed
bac
k
•N
et p
ress
ure
hist
ory
mat
chin
g ca
n be
impl
emen
ted
by a
ddin
g ne
w
phys
ics
to fr
actu
re m
odel
s
•W
ith th
e R
IGH
T a
ssum
ptio
ns a
nd p
hysi
cs, i
nfer
red
geom
etry
has
a
bette
r ch
ance
to b
e co
rrec
t
•B
UT
pre
ssur
e m
atch
ing
infe
rred
geo
met
ry d
oes
not a
lway
s fit
dire
ctly
m
easu
red
geom
etry
Wel
lbor
e
Pay
Net
pres
sure
Pu
mp
time
Mat
chin
g m
eas
ured
net
pre
ssur
ew
ith m
ode
l net
pre
ssur
e
Use
n
et p
ress
ure
mea
sure
d
Ba
sic
Fra
ctu
re P
ress
ure
An
aly
sis
Ste
ps
Ma
tch
mo
de
l net
pre
ssu
re t
o o
bse
rve
dn
et
pre
ssu
re
Pre
-fra
c co
mp
leti
on
an
d f
ract
ure
de
sig
n
De
term
ine
fra
ctu
re c
losu
rest
ress
an
d m
atc
h p
erm
eab
ility
Ch
ara
cte
rize
fri
ctio
np
ara
me
ters
usi
ng
ra
test
ep
do
wn
te
sts
De
term
ine
ob
serv
ed
ne
t p
ress
ure
Exp
lore
/ b
ou
nd
alte
rnat
ive
exp
lana
tion
s f
oro
bse
rved
ne
t
pre
ssu
re
Inte
rpre
t m
od
el r
esu
lts,
ma
ke e
ng
ine
eri
ng
de
cisi
on
s
Pe
rfo
rm t
rea
tme
nt
Po
st-f
rac
mo
del
ing
re
vie
wa
nd
inco
rpo
rate
oth
er
frac
ture
dia
gn
ost
ics
Re
pe
at
pro
cess
insu
ccee
din
g s
tag
es
or
we
lls
1
2
3 4
Req
uir
ed t
o O
bta
in O
bse
rved
Net
Pre
ssu
re
•O
bta
in s
urf
ace
pre
ssu
re f
rom
ser
vice
co
mp
anie
s
reco
rded
dat
a
•O
bta
in h
ydro
stat
ic h
ead
fro
m s
tag
ing
an
d f
luid
/pro
pp
ant
den
siti
es
•O
bta
in f
rict
ion
al c
om
po
nen
ts f
rom
S/D
tes
ts
•O
bta
in f
ract
ure
clo
sure
str
ess
fro
m p
ress
ure
dec
line
pp
pp
net
obs
surf
ace
hydr
osta
tic
fric
tion
clos
ure
,=
+−
−∆
∆σ
Net
Pre
ssu
re M
atch
ing
Net
Pre
ssu
re V
s. F
rict
ion
Pre
ssu
re
Net
Pre
ssu
re M
atch
ing
•M
atch
“o
bse
rved
”n
et p
ress
ure
wit
h c
alcu
late
d “
mo
del
”
net
pre
ssu
re
•O
bse
rved
net
pre
ssu
re o
bta
ined
fro
m s
urf
ace
or
do
wn
ho
le
trea
tmen
t p
ress
ure
–C
orr
ect
for
frac
ture
clo
sure
, fri
ctio
nal
eff
ects
an
d h
ydro
stat
ic
•M
od
el n
et p
ress
ure
can
be
chan
ged
to
mat
ch o
bse
rved
net
pre
ssu
res
usi
ng
sev
eral
“kn
ob
s”
Pu
rpo
se O
f D
iag
no
stic
Inje
ctio
ns
•P
rovi
de
“an
cho
r p
oin
ts”
for
real
-dat
a (n
et p
ress
ure
) an
alys
is
•O
bta
in a
ccu
rate
mea
sure
men
t o
f th
e tr
ue
net
pre
ssu
re in
th
e
frac
ture
•O
n s
ite
dia
gn
osi
s an
d r
emed
iati
on
of
pro
pp
ant
pla
cem
ent
–N
ear-
wel
lbo
re t
ort
uo
sity
–P
erfo
rati
on
fri
ctio
n
–fl
uid
leak
off
•B
ott
om
lin
e: p
rovi
de
accu
rate
est
imat
es o
f th
e fr
actu
re
geo
met
ry
“Typ
ical
”F
ract
ure
Tre
atm
ent
Dat
a
Tim
e (m
ins)
Sur
face
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Slu
rry
Rat
e (b
pm)
Pro
ppan
t Con
cent
ratio
n (p
pg)
50
.00
58
.00
66
.00
74
.00
82
.00
90
.00
0
6
00
1
200
1
800
2
400
3
000
0
.0
4
0.0
8
0.0
12
0.0
16
0.0
20
0.0
0
.00
4
.00
8
.00
12
.00
16
.00
20
.00
Net
pre
ssur
e ?
Clo
sure
?
Leak
-off
?
Fric
tion
?
Rec
om
men
ded
Dia
gn
ost
ic In
ject
ion
Pro
ced
ure
s
Dia
gnos
tic S
tep
Whe
n F
luid
& V
olum
e P
urpo
se /
Res
ults
B
reak
dow
n In
ject
ion
/ ra
te
step
dow
n / p
ress
ure
decl
ine
Alw
ays
~50
-100
Bbl
KC
l E
stab
lish
inje
ctiv
ity; o
btai
n sm
all v
olum
e IS
IP;
estim
ate
clos
ure
pres
sure
and
form
atio
n pe
rmea
bilit
y.
Cro
sslin
ked
Gel
Min
ifrac
with
pr
oppa
nt s
lug
/ rat
e st
epdo
wn
/ pr
essu
re d
eclin
e
New
are
as
Rea
l-tim
e pa
d re
sizi
ng
TS
O tr
eatm
ents
~10
0-50
0 B
bl fr
actu
re
fluid
incl
udin
g 25
-50
Bbl
pro
ppan
t slu
g (p
ossi
ble
rang
e 0.
5-5
PP
G)
Leak
off c
alib
ratio
n;
Net
pre
ssur
e se
nsiti
vity
to v
olum
e an
d cr
ossl
ink
gel;
Cha
ract
eriz
e fr
actu
re e
ntry
fric
tion;
E
valu
ate
near
-wel
lbor
e re
actio
n to
pro
ppan
t; S
cree
n ou
t or
erod
e ne
ar-w
ellb
ore
mul
tiple
frac
ture
s.
End
Fra
c R
ate
Ste
pdow
n /
Pre
ssur
e D
eclin
e M
onito
ring
Alw
ays
Min
imum
of 1
0 m
inut
e de
clin
e da
ta
Cha
ract
eriz
e fr
actu
re e
ntry
fric
tion;
P
ost-
frac
leak
off c
alib
ratio
n.
Tim
e (m
ins)
Slu
rry
Rat
e (b
pm)
Pro
p C
onc
(ppg
)S
urf P
ress
ure
(psi
)
0
.0
70.
0
140.
0
210.
0
280.
0
350.
0
0.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
10
0.0
0
.00
4
.00
8
.00
12
.00
16
.00
20
.00
0
2
000
4
000
6
000
8
000
10
000
Bre
akdo
wn
Inje
ctio
nM
ini-F
rac
Ste
p-do
wn
Tes
t
Pul
ses
?
Ste
p-do
wn
Test
Ste
p-do
wn
Tes
t
Pro
ppan
t S
lug
?R
ate
Su
rfac
e T
reat
ing
P
ress
ure
Pro
pp
ant
His
tory
Mat
chin
g “
An
cho
r P
oin
ts”:
Sh
ut-
in P
ress
ure
Dec
line
Slo
pe
and
Net
Pre
ssu
re L
evel
His
tory
Mat
chin
g “
An
cho
r P
oin
ts”:
Sh
ut-
in P
ress
ure
Dec
line
Slo
pe
and
Net
Pre
ssu
re L
evel
Tim
e (m
in)
Obs
erve
d N
et (
psi)
Net
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Slu
rry
Rat
e (b
pm)
Pro
p C
onc
(ppg
)B
tm P
rop
Con
c (p
pg)
0
.0
30.
0
60.
0
90.
0
120.
0
150.
0
0
5
00
1
000
1
500
2
000
2
500
0
5
00
1
000
1
500
2
000
2
500
0
.0
2
5.0
5
0.0
7
5.0
10
0.0
12
5.0
0
.00
5
.00
10
.00
15
.00
20
.00
25
.00
0
.00
5
.00
10
.00
15
.00
20
.00
25
.00
Fra
cpro
PT
Net
Pre
ssu
re M
atch
ing
Par
amet
ers
•“D
eclin
e S
lop
e”p
aram
eter
s
–P
erm
eab
ility
–W
allb
uild
ing
co
effi
cien
t (C
w)
–P
ress
ure
-dep
end
ent
leak
off
(M
ult
iple
fra
ctu
re le
ako
ff f
acto
r)
•“L
evel
”p
aram
eter
s
–(S
and
-sh
ale)
Clo
sure
str
ess
con
tras
t
–F
ract
ure
co
mp
lexi
ty (
Mu
ltip
le f
ract
ure
op
enin
g/v
olu
me
fact
or)
–T
ip e
ffec
ts c
oef
fici
ent
–P
rop
pan
t d
rag
exp
on
ent
–T
ip s
cree
n-o
ut
bac
kfill
co
effi
cien
t
–(Y
ou
ng
’s m
od
ulu
s)
•“G
eom
etry
”p
aram
eter
s
–C
om
po
site
laye
rin
g e
ffec
t
–C
rack
op
enin
g /
wid
th c
ou
plin
g c
oef
fici
ent
Net
Pre
ssu
re M
atch
ing
Str
ateg
y
•B
/D In
ject
ion
–L
evel
: T
ip e
ffec
ts, F
ract
ure
co
mp
lexi
ty
–D
eclin
e s
lop
e: p
erm
eab
ility
•M
inif
rac
–L
evel
: T
ip e
ffec
ts, F
ract
ure
co
mp
lexi
ty
–D
eclin
e sl
op
e: W
allb
uild
ing
co
effi
cien
t C
w
•P
rop
fra
c:
–L
evel
(lo
w p
erm
): s
tres
s co
ntr
ast,
pro
pp
ant
dra
g
–L
evel
(h
igh
per
m):
TS
O b
ackf
ill, Y
ou
ng
’s m
od
ulu
s, s
tres
s
con
tras
t, p
rop
pan
t d
rag
–D
eclin
e sl
op
e: P
ress
ure
-dep
end
ent
leak
off
–G
eom
etry
: co
mp
osi
te la
yeri
ng
eff
ect,
wid
th d
eco
up
ling
Exa
mp
le A
pp
licat
ion
–E
stim
atio
n o
f R
ealis
tic
Fra
ctu
re L
eng
th
•F
orm
atio
n:
Har
d s
and
sto
ne
@ 7
600’
(gas
) in
Wes
t T
exas
•C
om
ple
tio
n:
5-1/
2”ca
sin
g f
rac
stri
ng
; 4
0’p
erf
inte
rval
sh
ot
wit
h 4
S
PF
, 90° °°°
ph
asin
g, 0
.31”
dia
met
er h
ole
s
•S
itu
atio
n:
Dis
app
oin
tin
g p
rod
uct
ion
per
form
ance
fo
r ex
pec
ted
60
0 ft
fra
ctu
re h
alf-
len
gth
(b
ased
on
fra
ctu
re g
row
th
des
ign
wit
ho
ut
real
-dat
a fe
edb
ack)
•D
iag
no
sis:
San
d/s
hal
e st
ress
co
ntr
ast
mu
ch lo
wer
th
an
esti
mat
ed, r
esu
ltin
g in
sig
nif
ican
t fr
actu
re h
eig
ht
gro
wth
an
d a
mu
ch s
ho
rter
fra
ctu
re h
alf-
len
gth
(25
0’)
•S
olu
tio
n:
Uti
lize
frac
ture
pre
ssu
re a
nal
ysis
to
op
tim
ize
frac
ture
tr
eatm
ent
des
ign
Exa
mp
le A
pp
licat
ion
: E
stim
atio
n o
f R
ealis
tic
Fra
ctu
re L
eng
th
Geo
met
ry in
ferr
ed d
esig
n w
ithou
t rea
l-dat
a fe
edba
ckH
igh
stre
ss c
ontr
ast 0
.3 p
si/ft
(ba
sed
on
Dip
ole
Son
ic lo
g in
terp
reta
tion)
Tim
e (m
in)
Slu
rry
Rat
e (b
pm)
Pro
p C
onc
(ppg
)B
tm P
rop
Con
c (p
pg)
Net
Pre
ssur
e (A
) (p
si)
0
.0
20.
0
40.
0
60.
0
80.
0
100.
0
0.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
10
0.0
0
.00
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
0
.00
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
0
4
00
8
00
1
200
1
600
2
000
Exa
mp
le A
pp
licat
ion
–E
stim
atio
n o
f R
ealis
tic
Fra
ctu
re
Hal
f-L
eng
th
Geo
met
ry in
ferr
ed d
esig
n w
ithou
t rea
l-dat
a fe
edba
ck
Tim
e (m
in)
Obs
erve
d N
et (
psi)
Slu
rry
Rat
e (b
pm)
Pro
p C
onc
(ppg
)B
tm P
rop
Con
c (p
pg)
Net
Pre
ssur
e (A
) (p
si)
0
.0
20.
0
40.
0
60.
0
80.
0
100.
0
0
4
00
8
00
1
200
1
600
2
000
0
.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
10
0.0
0
.00
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
0
.00
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
0
4
00
8
00
1
200
1
600
2
000
Obs
erve
d ne
t pre
ssur
e do
es n
ot m
atch
des
ign
net p
ress
ure
resp
onse
Exa
mp
le A
pp
licat
ion
–E
stim
atio
n o
f R
ealis
tic
Fra
ctu
re
Hal
f-L
eng
th
Geo
met
ry in
ferr
ed fr
om n
et
pres
sure
mat
chin
g
Geo
met
ry in
ferr
ed d
esig
n w
ithou
t rea
l-dat
a fe
edba
ck
Tim
e (m
in)
Obs
erve
d N
et (
psi)
Net
Pre
ssur
e (p
si)
Slu
rry
Rat
e (b
pm)
Pro
p C
onc
(ppg
)B
tm P
rop
Con
c (p
pg)
Net
Pre
ssur
e (A
) (p
si)
0
.0
20.
0
40.
0
60.
0
80.
0
100.
0
0
4
00
8
00
1
200
1
600
2
000
0
4
00
8
00
1
200
1
600
2
000
0
.0
2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
10
0.0
0
.00
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
0
.00
10
.00
20
.00
30
.00
40
.00
50
.00
0
4
00
8
00
1
200
1
600
2
000
Low
er s
tres
s co
ntra
st (
0.1
psi/f
t) r
equi
red
to m
atch
obs
erve
d ne
t pre
ssur
e
Con
firm
ed w
ith s
hale
str
ess
test
in s
ubse
quen
t wel
ls
Clo
sure
Str
ess
Pro
file
•C
losu
re s
tres
s σ σσσ m
ind
eter
min
es m
inim
um
pre
ssu
re t
o o
pen
a f
ract
ure
•U
sual
ly c
losu
re in
crea
ses
wit
h d
epth
•C
losu
re s
tres
s is
lith
olo
gy
dep
end
ent
(sh
ales
usu
ally
hig
her
th
an s
and
s)
•R
epre
sen
ts o
nly
th
e m
inim
um
pri
nci
pal
st
ress
co
mp
on
ent
in t
he
vici
nit
y o
f th
e w
ell
Mat
chin
g P
aram
eter
-C
losu
re S
tres
s P
rofi
le•
Clo
sure
str
ess
pro
file
det
erm
ines
fra
ctu
re s
hap
e
–R
adia
l if
stre
ss p
rofi
le is
un
ifo
rm (
theo
reti
cal d
ecre
ase
in n
etp
ress
ure
wit
h
pu
mp
tim
e)
–C
on
fin
ed h
eig
ht
gro
wth
if c
losu
re s
tres
s “b
arri
ers”
are
pre
sen
t (t
heo
reti
cal
incr
ease
in n
et p
ress
ure
wit
h p
um
p t
ime)
•E
ffec
tive
nes
s o
f “b
arri
er”
det
erm
ined
by
–C
losu
re s
tres
s co
ntr
ast
–L
evel
of
net
pre
ssu
re
•“T
ypic
al”
san
d-s
hal
e cl
osu
re s
tres
s co
ntr
ast
0.05
-0.
1 p
si/f
t
–H
igh
er if
th
ere
has
bee
n s
ign
ific
ant
dep
leti
on
(~
2/3
of
po
re p
ress
ure
ch
ang
e)
–L
ow
er if
san
ds
and
sh
ales
are
no
t cl
ean
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it?
–In
crea
se c
on
tras
t w
hen
net
ob
serv
ed p
ress
ure
s ar
e h
igh
er
–In
crea
se c
on
tras
t w
hen
fra
ctu
re is
mo
re c
on
fin
ed (
up
to
1.0
psi
/ft)
Mai
n In
pu
t P
aram
eter
-Y
ou
ng
’s M
od
ulu
s
•M
od
ulu
s sh
ou
ld b
e o
bta
ined
fro
m s
tati
c te
sts
(pre
fera
bly
sim
ilar
to
frac
turi
ng
co
nd
itio
ns)
–D
ynam
ic m
od
ulu
s tw
o t
imes
or
mo
re la
rger
th
an s
tati
c m
od
ulu
s (u
se w
ith
cau
tio
n !
)
•O
nce
mo
du
lus
is d
eter
min
ed, t
his
sh
ou
ld b
e a
FIX
ED
par
amet
er in
a n
et
pre
ssu
re m
atch
ing
pro
ced
ure
s
•A
n in
crea
se in
Yo
un
g’s
mo
du
lus
resu
lts
in le
ss f
ract
ure
wid
th (
for
the
sam
e n
et p
ress
ure
)
•F
or
sim
ple
rad
ial m
od
el:
Lfr
ac∝ ∝∝∝
E1/
3 (f
or
the
sam
e n
et p
ress
ure
)
•M
od
elin
g r
esu
lts
no
t ex
trem
ely
sen
siti
ve t
o m
od
ulu
s.
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it?
–W
ith
low
mo
du
li in
GO
M e
nvi
ron
men
t w
hen
mo
du
lus
un
cert
ain
ty is
hig
h
–C
har
acte
r o
f T
SO
net
pre
ssu
re s
lop
e d
epen
ds
on
mo
du
lus
Dev
elo
pin
g a
n E
arth
Mo
del
fro
m L
og
Dat
a
Icsh
ale
w
t
N
bD
shea
r
com
p
KV
GR
kS
R
or
CL
EE
TT
....
......
....
......
....
......
......
....
......
.
,
.....
......
....
......
....
......
....
......
....
......
.
......
....
....
......
....
......
....
......
....
....
......
....
....
......
.
,,
....
......
....
......
....
....
......
....
......
.
......
.....
......
....
......
....
......
....
......
.
Φ
ΦΦ
Mρ
σν
Icsh
ale
wtN
KC
LE
VG
R
kS
R
E
,,
,..
....
....
....
....
....
....
...
....
....
....
....
..
,..
...
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
....
..,
....
....
....
....
....
..
σν
ΦΦ
Icsh
ale
KC
LE
EV
GR
,,
,,
,...
....
......
....
......
....
......
....
......
....
σν
Φ
•C
alcu
lati
on
log
ic f
or
qu
ad-c
om
bo
log
dat
a:
•C
alcu
lati
on
log
ic f
or
trip
le-c
om
bo
log
dat
a:
•C
alcu
lati
on
log
ic f
or
GR
-on
ly lo
g d
ata
(fo
r sa
nd
-sh
ale
rese
rvo
irs)
:
Cal
cula
tin
g D
ynam
ic M
od
ulu
s
You
ng’s
Mod
ulus
Poi
sson
’s R
atio
E =
VS
( 3
VP
-4
VS
)
( V
P-
VS
)
22
2
22
=V
P-
3 V
S
2 (
VP
-V
S)
22
22
VP
--C
ompr
essi
onal
Wav
e V
eloc
ityV
S--
She
ar W
ave
Vel
ocity
--D
ensi
ty
Obt
aine
d F
rom
Logs
or
Tom
ogra
ms
Est
imat
ing
In S
itu
Str
ess
fro
m L
og
s
Hm
in=
1 -
( O
V-
1)
+2
P +
OV
P1
2= =
1.0
5 x
Dep
th (
ft)
= 0
.2
= 0
.45
x D
epth
(ft)
=
0.9
ST
AN
DA
RD
UN
IAX
IAL
ST
RA
IN
PT
T=
Der
ived
Val
ue
Ass
umpt
ions
Ela
stic
Beh
avio
rN
o H
isto
ry E
ffect
sN
o T
herm
al S
tres
ses
No
Str
ain
B.C
.
Mai
n In
pu
t P
aram
eter
–P
erm
eab
ility
, Cw
•M
atch
ing
per
m is
“p
erm
eab
ility
un
der
fra
ctu
rin
g
con
dit
ion
s”–
no
t n
eces
sari
ly u
nd
er p
rod
uct
ion
co
nd
itio
ns
–R
elat
ive
per
mea
bili
ty is
sues
–O
pen
ing
of
nat
ura
l fra
ctu
res
–R
elie
s o
n m
any
oth
er a
ssu
mp
tio
ns
•K
eep
it s
imp
le:
–o
nly
ch
ang
e p
erm
eab
ility
in p
ay in
terv
al.
•If
per
mea
bili
ty p
rofi
le is
“kn
ow
n”,
use
Kp
/Klr
atio
fo
r
mat
chin
g in
stea
d
•F
ix b
y m
atch
ing
dec
line
slo
pe
of
B/D
KC
l in
ject
ion
•A
dju
st C
wto
mat
ch d
eclin
e fo
r g
elle
d f
luid
s
Eff
ect
of
Lea
koff
Lo
w L
eako
ff, 6
5% F
luid
Eff
icie
ncy
Mo
der
ate
Lea
koff
, 50%
Flu
id E
ffic
ien
cy
Hig
h L
eako
ff, 2
5% F
luid
Eff
icie
ncy
Mai
n M
atch
ing
Par
amet
ers
–T
ip E
ffec
ts
Co
effi
cien
t (G
amm
a 2)
•H
ow
do
es it
wo
rk?
–T
his
par
amet
er c
on
tro
ls t
he
nea
r-ti
p p
ress
ure
dro
p a
nd
th
us
the
net
pre
ssu
re le
vel i
n t
he
frac
ture
.
–M
imic
s in
crea
sed
fra
ctu
re g
row
th r
esis
tan
ce a
t th
e ti
p•
Tip
pro
cess
zo
ne
(wit
h o
pen
ing
fra
ctu
res)
slo
ws
do
wn
fra
ctu
re g
row
th
•N
on
-lin
ear
rock
beh
avio
r at
larg
e d
iffe
ren
tial
co
mp
ress
ion
al s
tres
s
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it?
–In
crea
se f
rom
def
ault
0.0
001
up
to
0.4
wh
en o
bse
rved
net
p
ress
ure
is lo
wer
th
an m
od
el (
w/o
mu
ltip
les)
–W
hen
flu
id v
isco
sity
ch
ang
e h
as s
ign
ific
ant
effe
ct o
n
ob
serv
ed n
et p
ress
ure
beh
avio
r
Tip
Eff
ects
H,m
in
H,m
ax
σ
σp fr
ac
Hig
h S
hear
Str
ess:
Pla
stic
Zon
e
Flu
id L
ag
Coh
esiv
e Z
one
Shi
eldi
ng o
f pr
oces
s zo
ne,
crac
k br
idgi
ng a
nd o
ffset
s
Tip
Effe
cts
Coe
ffici
ent
Non
-line
ar e
last
ic m
odel
(G
amm
a 2
= 0
.000
1)
Line
ar e
last
ic m
odel
(G
amm
a 2
= 0
.4)
p net
L f
Non
-line
ar e
last
ic m
odel
Line
ar e
last
ic m
odel
wfr
ac
L f
Net
pre
ssur
e de
clin
e sl
ope
w/ d
ista
nce
repr
esen
ts G
amm
a 2)
Tip
Eff
ects
-In
crea
sed
Fra
ctu
re G
row
th R
esis
tan
ce
Pro
cess
Zo
ne
Aro
un
d
Fra
ctu
re T
ip
•E
xper
imen
ts b
y S
hly
apo
ber
sky
reve
al f
ract
ure
pro
cess
zo
ne
•P
roce
ss z
on
e is
sca
le
dep
end
ent,
an
d r
esu
lts
in
mu
ltip
le f
ract
ure
s ah
ead
of
hyd
rau
lic f
ract
ure
tip
•C
an r
esu
lt in
hig
her
net
pre
ssu
res
to p
rop
agat
e fr
actu
re
Mai
n M
atch
ing
Par
amet
er –
Mu
ltip
le F
ract
ure
s
•H
ow
do
es it
wo
rk?
–O
pen
ing
an
d v
olu
me
fact
or
con
tro
l th
e d
egre
e o
f fr
actu
re c
om
ple
xity
usi
ng
th
e am
ou
nt
of
ove
rlap
pin
g “
equ
ival
ent”
(eq
ual
siz
ed)
frac
ture
s
–L
eako
ff f
acto
r ca
n m
imic
incr
ease
leak
off
or
pre
ssu
re-d
epen
den
t
leak
off
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it?
–W
hen
ob
serv
ed n
et p
ress
ure
wit
h d
efau
lt G
amm
a 2
(0.0
001)
is
sig
nif
ican
tly
hig
her
th
an m
od
el n
et p
ress
ure
–U
se s
pec
ific
sta
rtin
g p
oin
ts f
or
dis
trib
ute
d li
mit
ed e
ntr
y an
d p
oin
t
sou
rce
per
fora
tio
n s
trat
egie
s
–U
se s
tric
t ru
les
•O
nly
ch
ang
e d
uri
ng
inje
ctio
ns
•T
ie o
pen
ing
an
d v
olu
me
fact
ors
fo
r “p
oin
t so
urc
e”p
erfs
•T
ie le
ako
ff a
nd
vo
lum
e fa
cto
rs f
or
“dis
trib
ute
d li
mit
ed e
ntr
y”p
erfs
Mu
ltip
le H
ydra
ulic
Fra
ctu
res
In F
racp
roP
T
Sp
ecu
lati
on
On
Gen
esis
Of
Mu
ltip
le F
ract
ure
s
Offs
ets
at N
atur
al F
ract
ures
Reg
ener
atio
n D
ue to
Plu
ggin
g
Fai
lure
Zon
e A
roun
d T
ip
200
psi
400
1000
4 ft
Mo
del
ing
Ap
pro
ach
fo
r M
ult
iple
Hyd
rau
lic F
ract
ure
s
Situ
atio
nE
quiv
alen
t nu
mbe
r of
gr
owin
g m
ultip
le
frac
s (M
V)
Equ
ival
ent
num
ber
of
frac
ture
s w
ith le
akof
f (M
L)
Equ
ival
ent
num
ber
of
frac
s co
mpe
ting
for w
idth
(M
O)
33
1
32
2
31
3
Equ
ival
ent n
umbe
r of
sp
aced
iden
tical
frac
ture
sw
ithou
t int
erfe
renc
e
Equ
ival
ent n
umbe
r of
fr
actu
res
com
petin
gF
or w
idth
Eff
ect
of
Mu
ltip
le F
ract
ure
s
4-F
ract
ure
s
1-F
ract
ure
2-F
ract
ure
s
3-F
ract
ure
s
Mea
sure
d N
et
Pre
ssu
re
Evi
den
ce f
or
the
Sim
ult
aneo
us
Pro
pag
atio
n o
f
Mu
ltip
le H
ydra
ulic
Fra
ctu
res
•C
ore
th
rou
gh
an
d m
ineb
ack
exp
erim
ents
•D
irec
t o
bse
rvat
ion
s o
f m
ult
i-p
lan
ar f
ract
ure
pro
pag
atio
n
•F
ract
ure
gro
wth
ou
tsid
e p
lan
e o
f w
ellb
ore
•O
bse
rvat
ion
of
hig
h n
et f
ract
uri
ng
pre
ssu
res
•C
on
tin
uo
us
incr
ease
s in
ISIP
s fo
r su
bse
qu
ent
inje
ctio
ns
Co
ncl
usi
on
: m
ult
iple
fra
ctu
res
may
be
the
rule
rat
her
th
an
the
exce
pti
on
Ob
serv
atio
ns
of
Fra
ctu
re C
om
ple
xity
NE
VA
DA
TE
ST
SIT
EH
YD
RA
ULI
C F
RA
CT
UR
E M
INE
BA
CK
Ph
ysic
al e
vid
ence
of
frac
ture
s n
earl
y al
way
s co
mp
lex
Mu
ltip
le S
tran
ds
in a
Pro
pp
ed
Fra
ctu
re
(Ver
tica
l Wel
l)
NE
VA
DA
TE
ST
SIT
EH
YD
RA
ULI
C F
RA
CT
UR
E
MIN
EB
AC
K
Ph
ysic
al e
vid
ence
of
frac
ture
s n
earl
y al
way
s co
mp
lex
Mu
ltip
le H
ydra
ulic
Fra
ctu
re S
tran
ds
in a
Ho
rizo
nta
l Wel
l
NE
VA
DA
TE
ST
SIT
E M
INE
BA
CK
Cou
rtes
y: N
.R. W
arpi
nski
, San
dia
Labs
Mu
ltip
le S
tran
ds
in a
Pro
pp
ed F
ract
ure
(Ver
tica
l Wel
l)
M-S
ite E
xper
imen
t
Ph
ysic
al e
vid
ence
of
frac
ture
s n
earl
y al
way
s co
mp
lex
Use
Mu
ltip
le H
ydra
ulic
Fra
ctu
res
Pru
den
tly
for
Mo
del
ing
Pu
rpo
ses
•P
ote
nti
al c
ause
s fo
r h
igh
net
pre
ssu
res:
–C
on
fin
ed f
ract
ure
hei
gh
t g
row
th
–In
crea
sed
fra
ctu
re c
losu
re s
tres
s d
ue
to p
ore
pre
ssu
re in
crea
se
–H
igh
er Y
ou
ng
’s m
od
ulu
s th
an a
nti
cip
ated
–F
ract
ure
tip
eff
ects
–T
ip s
cree
n-o
ut
init
iati
on
–S
imu
ltan
eou
sly
pro
pag
atin
g m
ult
iple
hyd
rau
lic
frac
ture
s
Mai
n M
atch
ing
Par
amet
ers
–P
rop
pan
t D
rag
Exp
on
ent
•H
ow
do
es it
wo
rk?
–M
imic
s th
e in
crea
se in
fri
ctio
nal
pre
ssu
re d
rop
alo
ng
th
e fr
actu
re a
s p
rop
pan
t is
intr
od
uce
d
–C
on
tro
ls h
ow
mu
ch t
he
pro
pp
ant
in t
he
frac
ture
slo
ws
the
frac
ture
le
ng
th a
nd
hei
gh
t g
row
th.
–S
epar
ate
term
s fo
r U
pp
er a
nd
Lo
wer
hei
gh
t g
row
th c
alcu
late
d. L
eng
th
effe
ct is
bas
ed o
n a
vera
ge
of
up
per
an
d lo
wer
ter
ms.
–O
nce
a s
tag
e h
as b
eco
me
pac
ked
wit
h s
and
(“i
mm
ob
ile p
rop
pan
t b
ank”
), t
her
e is
no
mo
re g
row
th in
th
at d
irec
tio
n
–If
bo
th a
n u
pp
er a
nd
low
er s
tag
e ar
e d
ehyd
rate
d, q
uad
rati
c b
ackf
ill
mo
del
tak
es o
ver
(if
enab
led
)
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it?
–S
ign
ific
ant
pro
pp
ant
ind
uce
d o
bse
rved
net
pre
ssu
re in
crea
se d
uri
ng
p
rop
pan
t st
ages
(th
at is
no
t d
ue
to T
SO
)
Eff
ect
of
Pro
pp
ant
Dra
g
Dra
g =
2
Dra
g =
6
Dra
g =
10
Dra
g =
14
Eff
ect
of
Lea
koff
Lo
w
Lea
koff
Hig
h
Lea
koff
Mai
n M
atch
ing
Par
amet
er –
Qu
adra
tic
Bac
kfill
Exp
on
ent
•H
ow
do
es it
wo
rk
–W
hen
fra
ctu
re h
eig
ht
and
len
gth
gro
wth
are
sto
pp
ed d
ue
to
deh
ydra
tio
n o
f an
up
per
an
d lo
wer
sta
ge,
qu
adra
tic
bac
kfill
mo
del
sta
rts
wo
rkin
g (
if e
nab
led
)
–Q
uad
rati
c b
ackf
ill is
bas
ed o
n t
he
idea
th
e th
e fr
actu
re
dim
ensi
on
co
ntr
olli
ng
fra
ctu
re s
tiff
nes
s w
ill d
ecre
ase
as t
he
frac
ture
fill
s w
ith
imm
ob
ile p
acke
d p
rop
pan
t fr
om
th
e ti
p b
ack
to
the
wel
lbo
re.
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it?
–In
crea
se it
wh
en t
he
TS
O-i
nd
uce
d o
bse
rved
net
pre
ssu
re r
ise
is
stee
per
th
an m
od
el p
red
icts
Eff
ect
of
Qu
adra
tic
Bac
kfill
DB
F=
0
DB
F=
0.5
Lin
ear
TS
O
resp
on
se
Hei
gh
t G
row
th d
ue
to L
ever
age
Po
orl
y U
nd
erst
oo
d C
riti
cal M
od
el In
pu
t P
aram
eter
s F
ract
ure
Hei
gh
t C
on
fin
emen
t M
ech
anis
ms
Fra
ctur
e cl
osur
e st
ress
/pe
rmea
bilit
y ba
rrie
rIn
terf
ace
slip
page
Com
posi
te la
yerin
g /
wid
th d
ecou
plin
g
Mai
n M
atch
ing
Par
amet
ers
–C
om
po
site
Lay
erin
g E
ffec
t
•H
ow
do
es it
wo
rk ?
–T
his
par
amet
er c
on
tro
ls t
he
nea
r-ti
p p
ress
ure
dro
p in
eac
h
ind
ivid
ual
laye
r
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it ?
–In
crea
se in
laye
r ad
jace
nt
to p
ay z
on
e if
no
oth
er c
on
fin
ing
mec
han
ism
can
exp
lain
act
ual
leve
l of
frac
ture
co
nfi
nem
ent
–K
eep
un
ity
in p
ay z
on
eC
ompo
site
Mec
hani
sms:
Occ
urs
with
Hei
ght G
row
th
Fra
ctu
re
Co
mp
lexi
ty D
ue
To
Jo
ints
NE
VA
DA
TE
ST
SIT
EH
YD
RA
ULI
C F
RA
CT
UR
E
MIN
EB
AC
K
New
Mat
chin
g P
aram
eter
–W
idth
Co
up
ling
Co
effi
cien
t
•H
ow
do
es it
wo
rk ?
–M
ult
iplie
r fo
r G
amm
a 1
rep
rese
nti
ng
ho
w f
ract
ure
wid
th is
dec
ou
ple
d
alo
ng
fra
ctu
re h
eig
ht
–W
e w
ill p
rovi
de
auto
mat
ic c
orr
elat
ion
as
a fu
nct
ion
of
com
po
site
laye
rin
g e
ffec
t
•W
hen
do
yo
u c
han
ge
it ?
–D
ecre
ase
it t
o t
rad
e fr
actu
re w
idth
fo
r h
alf-
len
gth
–D
ecre
ase
it t
o m
imic
red
uce
d c
ou
plin
g “
shea
r-d
eco
up
ling
”o
ver
frac
ture
hei
gh
t (a
lso
ass
oci
ated
wit
h u
se o
f co
mp
osi
te la
yeri
ng
eff
ect)
δp n
et
R
δ=
Wcγ
1 pne
tR/ E
Net
Pre
ssu
re A
nal
ysis
Un
tru
ths
•“Y
ou c
an g
et a
ny a
nsw
er y
ou w
ant”
–N
ot if
you
are
con
stra
ined
by
real
-dat
a fe
edba
ck, e
ngin
eerin
g
judg
men
t, an
d th
e re
sults
of o
ther
frac
ture
dia
gnos
tics
!
•“Y
ou u
sed
the
wro
ng fr
ac m
odel
!”
Or
The
ana
lysi
s is
cre
dibl
e be
caus
e I u
sed
the
‘Fra
cRoc
ket’
mod
el”
–R
esul
ts u
sefu
lnes
s de
term
ined
90%
by
engi
neer
, 10%
by
mod
el
•“W
e an
alyz
ed th
e tr
eatm
ent a
nd d
eter
min
ed o
ptim
um fr
ac d
esig
n”
–O
ptim
izat
ion
is a
n ev
olut
iona
ry p
roce
ss, c
ompl
eted
ove
r th
e
cour
se o
f a s
erie
s of
frac
ture
trea
tmen
ts
Fra
ctu
re P
ress
ure
An
alys
is -
Lim
itat
ion
s
•F
ract
ure
Ent
ry F
rictio
n E
valu
atio
n–
Usi
ng s
urfa
ce p
ress
ure
incr
ease
s re
sults
unc
erta
inty
–P
robl
emat
ic n
ear-
wel
lbor
e fr
ictio
n le
vel v
aria
ble
•N
et P
ress
ure
His
tory
Mat
chin
g–
Indi
rect
Dia
gnos
tic T
echn
ique
-fr
ac g
eom
etry
infe
rred
from
ne
t pre
ssur
e an
d le
akof
f beh
avio
r
–S
olut
ion
non-
uniq
ue –
care
ful &
con
sist
ent a
pplic
atio
n re
quire
d fo
r us
eful
res
ults
–T
echn
ique
mos
t use
ful w
hen
resu
lts a
re in
tegr
ated
or
calib
rate
d w
ith r
esul
ts o
f oth
er d
iagn
ostic
s•
Pro
duct
ion
data
& w
ellte
st a
naly
sis
•D
irect
frac
ture
dia
gnos
tics
Fra
ctu
re P
ress
ure
An
alys
is
Pro
ble
ms
/ Op
po
rtu
nit
ies
•M
inim
izin
g di
agno
stic
inje
ctio
n tim
e &
cos
t with
out c
ompr
omis
ing
effe
ctiv
enes
s
•D
iffer
entia
ting
betw
een
“eng
inee
ring”
and
“sci
ence
”
•U
ncle
ar fr
actu
re c
losu
re p
ress
ure
•P
ract
ical
bot
tom
hol
e pr
essu
re m
easu
rem
ent
•S
urfa
ce p
ress
ure
rate
ste
pdow
n co
mpl
icat
ions
–P
ipe
fric
tion
vs. p
erfo
ratio
n fr
ictio
n
–Id
entif
ying
mar
gina
lly u
nfav
orab
le e
ntry
fric
tion
•A
ppro
pria
te M
echa
nism
s fo
r N
et P
ress
ure
His
tory
Mat
chin
g
–?
Mod
ulus
, str
ess,
leak
off,
and
mul
tiple
frac
ture
s
–?
Laye
r in
terf
ace
mec
hani
sms
Fra
ctu
re A
nal
ysis
-C
on
clu
sio
ns
•B
enef
its
of
real
-dat
a fr
actu
re t
reat
men
t an
alys
is c
an b
e
eno
rmo
us
–R
edu
cin
g s
cree
n-o
ut
pro
ble
ms
–Im
pro
vin
g p
rod
uct
ion
eco
no
mic
s
–A
chie
vin
g a
pp
rop
riat
e fr
actu
re c
on
du
ctiv
ity
•M
easu
rem
ent
of
real
-dat
a is
rel
ativ
ely
sim
ple
an
d
chea
p
•T
he
rig
ht
anal
ysis
ass
um
pti
on
s an
d a
co
nsi
sten
t
app
roac
h c
an g
et y
ou
“o
n t
he
rig
ht
pag
e”, b
ut
geo
met
ry r
equ
ire
calib
rati
on
wit
h d
irec
t m
easu
rem
ents
Fra
ctu
re C
on
du
ctiv
ity
–th
e ke
y to
fra
c d
esig
n
Imp
ort
ant
Par
amet
er Is
Rel
ativ
e F
ract
ure
Co
nd
uct
ivit
y A
t R
eser
voir
Co
nd
itio
ns
•F
ract
ure
Co
nd
uct
ivit
y, w
k f
wk f
= f
ract
ure
wid
th x
fra
ctu
re p
erm
eab
ility
•P
rop
ped
Fra
ctu
re W
idth
is P
rim
arily
a F
un
ctio
n o
f
Pro
pp
ant
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
Fra
ctu
re C
on
du
ctiv
ity
Con
duct
ivity
(C
f) is
a m
easu
re o
f the
frac
ture
’s a
bilit
y to
tran
smit
fluid
s
wf
c f=
k f*w
f
k f
Wh
y is
Co
nd
uct
ivit
y Im
po
rtan
t?
Dim
ensi
onle
ss F
ract
ure
Con
duct
ivity
(F
CD)
is a
mea
sure
of t
he c
ontr
ast
betw
een
the
flow
cap
acity
of t
he f
ract
ure
and
the
form
atio
n
k f*w
f
k f
wf
k fo
rm x f
k fo
rm*x f
FC
D=
Dim
ensi
on
less
Fra
ctu
re C
on
du
ctiv
ity
(FC
D)
Is U
sed
To
Des
ign
Fra
ctu
re T
reat
men
ts
F
=
C
Dw
k f kLf
wk
f=
Fra
ctur
e C
ondu
ctiv
ity, m
d-ft
k =
For
mat
ion
Per
mea
bilit
y, m
d
For
FC
D>
30 o
r C
r >
10, L
fis
infin
ite c
ondu
ctiv
e-
No
Sig
nific
ant P
ress
ure
Dro
p in
Fra
ctur
e-
Val
ue o
f 1.6
or
larg
er g
ener
ally
suf
ficie
nt
L =
Fra
ctur
e H
alf-
Leng
th, f
tf
wk
Cr
= f
π πππkL
or
0.1
0.2
0.5
12
510
2050
100
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.050.1
0.2
0.3
0.51
Fcd
= (
Kp)(W
f) / (
Xf)(K
f)
rw' / Xf
Pra
tsC
orr
elat
ion
Pra
ts, M
.: "E
ffect
of V
ertic
al F
ract
ures
on
Res
ervo
ir B
ehav
ior-
Inco
mpr
essi
ble
Flu
id C
ase,
" pa
per
SP
E 1
575-
G
Fcd
= (
Kf)(
Wf)
/ (X
f)(K
form
)
Incr
easi
ng
Effe
ctiv
enes
s of
the
Fra
ctur
e
Nee
d L
eng
th O
r C
on
du
ctiv
ity?
(A
fter
McG
uir
e&S
iko
ra)
Incr
ease
in
frac
leng
th
Incr
ease
in
cond
uctiv
ity
Productivity increase
Fra
c de
sign
ch
ange
with
sa
me
amou
nt o
f pr
oppa
nt
Des
ign
In L
ow
-per
mea
bili
ty F
orm
atio
n
•N
eed
lon
g f
ract
ure
s
•D
imen
sio
nle
ss c
on
du
ctiv
ity
“eas
ily”
gre
ater
th
an 1
0
–F
ract
ure
co
nd
uct
ivit
y g
ener
ally
no
t an
issu
e
–“S
elf
pro
pp
ing
”(w
ater
) fr
actu
res
may
alr
ead
y p
rovi
de
suff
icie
nt
con
du
ctiv
ity
•T
reat
men
t d
esig
n
–M
od
erat
e p
ad s
ize
(avo
id lo
ng
clo
sure
tim
es o
n p
rop
pan
t)
–R
elat
ivel
y lo
w m
axim
um
pro
pp
ant
con
cen
trat
ion
s
–P
oo
r q
ual
ity
pro
pp
ant
can
be
OK
(if
clo
sure
str
ess
is r
elat
ivel
ylo
w)
–P
um
p r
ate
no
t ve
ry c
riti
cal
Des
ign
In H
igh
-per
mea
bili
ty F
orm
atio
n
•S
uff
icie
nt
frac
ture
co
nd
uct
ivit
y is
cri
tica
l
•T
reat
men
t d
esig
n
–M
inim
um
pad
siz
e to
cre
ate
TS
O (
Tip
Scr
een
-Ou
t) b
ased
on
cr
oss
link
gel
min
ifra
c
–U
se b
est
po
ssib
le (
and
eco
no
mic
) p
rop
pan
t fo
r ex
pec
ted
cl
osu
re s
tres
s
–L
arg
er d
iam
eter
pro
pp
ant
pro
vid
es m
ore
co
nd
uct
ivit
y an
d
red
uce
s p
rop
pan
t fl
ow
bac
k p
rob
lem
s
–U
se h
igh
max
imu
m p
rop
pan
t co
nce
ntr
atio
ns
–U
se o
f la
rge
casi
ng
fra
c st
rin
g m
akes
ach
ievi
ng
TS
O d
iffi
cult
fo
r sm
all t
reat
men
ts
–P
um
p r
ates
gen
eral
ly h
igh
, bu
t ca
n b
e d
ecre
ased
to
init
iate
T
SO
Fra
ctu
re C
on
du
ctiv
ity
In T
he
Res
ervo
ir
•C
on
du
ctiv
ity
is r
edu
ced
by
–C
losu
re S
tres
s
–E
mb
edm
ent
–C
rush
ing
(g
ener
ates
fin
es a
nd
dam
ages
pro
pp
ant)
–C
orr
osi
on
–G
el R
esid
ue
Plu
gg
ing
–C
on
vect
ion
–P
rop
pan
t S
ettl
ing
–M
ult
iph
ase
flo
w e
ffec
ts
–T
urb
ule
nt
flo
w
AP
I 15-
Min
ute
Co
nd
uct
ivit
y T
est
Ref
eren
ce: A
PI R
P-6
1
•S
teel
pis
ton
s
•2
lb/f
t2p
rop
pan
t lo
adin
g
•S
tres
s m
ain
tain
ed f
or
15 m
inu
tes
•A
mb
ien
t te
mp
erat
ure
•E
xtre
mel
y lo
w w
ater
vel
oci
ty (
2
ml/m
in)
Pro
ble
m
To
ob
tain
a r
ealis
tic
pro
pp
ant
con
du
ctiv
ity
for
des
ign
, th
e A
PI
test
res
ult
s m
ust
be
mo
dif
ied
to
acc
ou
nt
for:
1.E
mb
edm
ent,
Du
rati
on
, Tem
per
atu
re
2.N
on
-Dar
cy F
low
3.R
edu
ced
Pro
pp
ant
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
4.M
ult
iph
ase
Flo
w
5.G
el D
amag
e
6.F
ines
Mig
rati
on
7.C
yclic
Str
ess
•S
teel
pis
ton
s
•S
tres
s m
ain
tain
ed f
or
on
ly 1
5
min
ute
s
•A
mb
ien
t te
mp
erat
ure
•E
xtre
mel
y lo
w w
ater
vel
oci
ty (
2
ml/m
in)
Mo
dif
ied
AP
I RP
61 C
on
du
ctiv
ity
Tes
t
1. E
mb
edm
ent,
Du
rati
on
, Tem
per
atu
re
Def
icie
nci
es o
f th
e A
PI c
on
du
ctiv
ity
test
ing
rec
og
niz
ed
–S
tim
-Lab
Co
nso
rtiu
m
–40
+ m
emb
ers
fro
m in
du
stry
co
mp
anie
s
–D
evel
op
ed a
nd
pu
blis
hed
a m
od
ifie
d p
roce
du
re in
SP
E 1
6415
–M
od
ifie
d A
PI t
est
to a
dd
ress
:•
Em
bed
men
t
•D
ura
tio
n
•T
emp
erat
ure
.
Em
bed
men
t/S
pal
ling
Tes
t Im
pro
vem
ents
:
a)F
rom
Ste
el P
late
to
San
dst
on
e co
re;
allo
ws
mo
des
t em
bed
men
t an
d s
pal
ling
With
pro
ppan
t con
cent
ratio
ns o
f 1 lb
/ft2
(5 k
g/m
2 ) a
nd s
oft c
ore,
90
% lo
ss o
f con
duct
ivity
has
bee
n ob
serv
ed.
Ref
eren
ces:
Stim
-Lab
Con
sort
ia F
eb 2
002
1.6-
46, S
PE
164
15
Spa
lling
Fig
4, S
PE
164
15
100
1000
025
5075
100
Hou
rs a
t Con
stan
t Stre
ss
Conductivity (md-ft)
20/4
0 Jo
rdan
san
d,80
00 p
si
Du
rati
on
Tes
t Im
pro
vem
ents
:
b)
Tes
t d
ura
tio
n in
crea
sed
to
50
ho
urs
(fr
om
15
min
ute
s)
Ref
eren
ces:
SP
E 1
6415
, 141
33
Long
er te
st c
aptu
res
a po
rtio
n of
th
e tim
e-de
pend
ent d
eclin
e
Tem
per
atu
reT
est
Imp
rove
men
ts
(was
am
bie
nt)
:
c)R
ealis
tic
tem
per
atu
res
150°
F S
and
s
150-
250°
F R
esin
Co
at
250°
F C
eram
ics
Tem
pera
ture
Deg
rada
tion
of P
rem
ium
Pr
ecur
ed R
esin
Coa
ted
Sand
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.81
02
46
810
1214
Stre
ss (x
1000
psi
)
Permeability Impact25
0F (1
21C
)30
0F (1
49C
)35
0F (1
77C
)
•U
ncoa
ted
and
resi
n-co
ated
sa
nd s
how
deg
rada
tion
at
high
tem
pera
ture
s.•
Cer
amic
pro
ppan
ts a
re
man
ufac
ture
d at
~27
00°F
(1
500°
C)
and
are
unaf
fect
ed
by r
eser
voir
tem
pera
ture
.
Ref
eren
ce: S
tim-L
ab C
onso
rtia
Feb
20
02 F
ig 1
.7-8
1500
7000
1137
5715
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
AP
I Tes
t50
Hou
r T
est
Jord
an S
and
Car
bo
LIT
E
1) A
PI T
est
vers
us
Mo
dif
ied
50-
ho
ur
Tes
t
~20
to
30%
re
duct
ion
agai
nst
hard
cor
e an
d m
odes
t co
nditi
ons
Ref
eren
ces:
ST
San
d: S
PE
141
33, 1
6415
, CL:
Car
bo ty
pica
l, LT
: Stim
-Lab
Pre
dK 2
002
Con
ditio
ns: Y
M=
5e6
psi,
zero
gel
dam
age,
250
°F, 2
lb/ft
2 , 6
000
psi
YM
=34
e3M
Pa,
zer
o ge
l dam
age,
121
°C, 1
0 kg
/m2 ,
41
MP
a
Pro
ble
m
To
ob
tain
a r
ealis
tic
pro
pp
ant
con
du
ctiv
ity
for
des
ign
, th
e A
PI
test
res
ult
s m
ust
be
mo
dif
ied
to
acc
ou
nt
for:
1.1.E
mb
edm
ent,
Du
rati
on
, Tem
per
atu
reE
mb
edm
ent,
Du
rati
on
, Tem
per
atu
re
2.N
on
-Dar
cy F
low
3.R
edu
ced
Pro
pp
ant
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n
4.M
ult
iph
ase
Flo
w
5.G
el D
amag
e
6.F
ines
Mig
rati
on
7.C
yclic
Str
ess
2) N
on
-Dar
cy F
low
(In
erti
al E
ffec
ts)
In th
e A
PI t
est,
the
fluid
vel
ocity
is e
xtre
mel
y lo
w.
Pre
ssur
e lo
sses
are
dom
inat
ed b
y fr
ictio
n, a
nd c
an b
e de
scrib
ed b
y D
arcy
’s L
aw.
∆P
/L =
µv
/ k
In r
ealis
tic te
sts,
the
fluid
vel
ocity
is h
igh.
Pre
ssur
e lo
sses
are
dom
inat
ed b
y ac
cele
ratio
n (in
ertia
l effe
cts)
, and
are
de
scrib
ed b
y F
orch
heim
er’s
Equ
atio
n. T
his
depa
rtur
e fr
om
Dar
cy’s
Law
can
be
cons
ider
ed a
loss
of e
ffect
ive
cond
uctiv
ity.
∆P
/L =
µv
/ k+
βρ
v2
1137
5715
672
3481
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
50 H
our
Te
stIn
ert
ial F
low
with
Non
-Dar
cy E
ffect
s
Jord
an S
and
Car
boLI
TE
2) N
on
-Dar
cy F
low
(In
erti
al E
ffec
ts)
~40
%
redu
ctio
n fo
r lo
w
prod
uctiv
ity
dry
gas
wel
l
Ref
eren
ces:
Stim
-Lab
Pre
dK20
02, F
orch
heim
er e
ffect
, SP
E 5
4630
, 776
75
Con
ditio
ns: Y
M=
5e6
psi,
zero
gel
dam
age,
250
°F, 2
lb/ft
2 , 6
000
psi,
250
mcf
d, 1
000
psi b
hfp,
20
ft pa
y Y
M=
34e3
MP
a, z
ero
gel d
amag
e, 1
21°C
, 10
kg/m
2 , 4
1 M
Pa,
700
0 m
3 /d,
7 M
Pa
bhfp
, 6 m
pay
Low
vel
ocity
te
stin
g m
easu
res
only
fric
tion.
Rea
listic
flo
wra
tes
also
co
nsid
er fl
uid
acce
lera
tion.
3) E
ffec
t o
f L
ow
er P
rop
pan
t C
on
cen
trat
ion
•In
th
e A
PI t
est,
pro
pp
ant
is u
nif
orm
ly d
istr
ibu
ted
wit
h a
co
nce
ntr
atio
n o
f 2
lb/f
t2 , o
r 10
kg
/m2 .
•In
act
ual
fra
ctu
res,
th
e ac
hie
ved
pro
pp
ant
con
cen
trat
ion
may
be
mu
ch lo
wer
.
•It
is li
kely
th
at t
her
e ar
e so
me
un
pro
pp
ed r
egio
ns,
wh
ich
in
crea
ses
the
stre
ss, c
rush
, an
d e
mb
edm
ent
of
the
surr
ou
nd
ing
g
rain
s.
•T
he
follo
win
g p
lot
sho
ws
the
effe
ct o
f re
du
cin
g t
he
con
cen
trat
ion
bu
t m
ain
tain
ing
a u
nif
orm
ly p
acke
d f
ract
ure
.
3) E
ffec
t o
f L
ow
er P
rop
pan
t C
on
cen
trat
ion
672
3481
225
1243
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
2 lb
/sq
ft
(10
kg/s
q m
)1
lb/s
q ft
(5 k
g/sq
m)
Jord
an S
and
Car
bo
LIT
E
~65
%
dam
age
for
cutti
ng
conc
entr
atio
n by
50%
.
Non
-line
ar, a
s pr
essu
re d
rop
func
tion
of
velo
city
-sq
uare
d, a
nd
embe
dmen
t m
ore
sign
ifica
nt
Ref
eren
ces:
Stim
-Lab
Pre
dK20
02, F
orch
heim
er e
ffect
, SP
E 5
4630
, 776
75
225
1243
49
479
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
Dry
Gas
Mul
tipha
seF
lowJo
rdan
San
d
Car
boLI
TE
4) E
ffec
t o
f M
ult
iph
ase
Flo
w
~60
to 8
0%
redu
ctio
n fo
r m
odes
t liq
uid
rate
s
Ref
eren
ces:
Stim
-Lab
Pre
dK20
02, F
orch
heim
er e
ffect
, SP
E 5
4630
, 776
75
Con
ditio
ns: Y
M=
5e6
psi,
zero
gel
dam
age,
250
°F, 1
lb/ft
2 , 6
000
psi,
250
mcf
d, 1
000
psi b
hfp,
20
ft pa
y, 1
0 bl
pdY
M=
34e3
MP
a, z
ero
gel d
amag
e, 1
21°C
, 5 k
g/m
2 , 4
1 M
Pa,
700
0 m
3 /d,
7 M
Pa
bhfp
, 6 m
pay
, 1.6
m3 l
/d
liqui
d
gas
49
479
1414
4
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
Cle
an P
ack
50%
Gel
Dam
age
Jord
an S
and
Car
boLI
TE
5) E
ffec
t o
f G
el D
amag
e
~70
%
dam
age
for
50%
loss
in
lam
inar
flow
. (G
el d
amag
e af
fect
s be
ta
mor
e th
an
perm
)
Ref
eren
ces:
Stim
-Lab
Pre
dK20
02, S
tim-L
ab S
EM
pho
tos
Con
ditio
ns: Y
M=
5e6
psi,
50%
gel
dam
age,
250
°F, 1
lb/ft
2 , 6
000
psi,
250
mcf
d, 1
000
psi b
hfp,
20
ft pa
y, 1
0 bl
pdY
M=
34e3
MP
a, 5
0% g
el d
amag
e, 1
21°C
, 5 k
g/m
2 , 4
1 M
Pa,
700
0 m
3 /d,
7 M
Pa
bhfp
, 6 m
pay
, 1.6
m3 l
/d
1414
47
130
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
No
Fin
esM
odes
tF
inesJo
rdan
San
d
Car
boLI
TE
6) E
ffec
t o
f F
ines
Mig
rati
on
/Plu
gg
ing
Ref
eren
ces:
Stim
-Lab
thin
sec
tion
phot
os, S
PE
240
08, 3
298,
757
3, 1
1634
Con
ditio
ns: Y
M=
5e6
psi,
50%
gel
dam
age,
250
°F, 1
lb/ft
2 , 6
000
psi,
250
mcf
d, 1
000
psi b
hfp,
20
ft pa
y, 1
0 bl
pdY
M=
34e3
MP
a, 5
0% g
el d
amag
e, 1
21°C
, 5 k
g/m
2 , 4
1 M
Pa,
700
0 m
3 /d,
7 M
Pa
bhfp
, 6 m
pay
, 1.6
m3 l
/d
RC
San
dC
eram
icU
nifo
rmly
si
zed,
sp
heric
al
prop
pant
s le
ss
susc
eptib
le to
pl
uggi
ng.
Larg
er p
ore
thro
ats
redu
ce
brid
ging
.
713
04
96
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
Sin
gle
Str
ess
Cyc
le25
Cyc
les
Jord
an S
and
Car
boLI
TE
7) E
ffec
t o
f C
yclic
Str
ess
Ref
eren
ces:
CA
RB
O T
ech
Rpt
99-
062,
Stim
Lab
July
200
0, S
PE
169
12, 1
9091
, 228
50
Con
ditio
ns: Y
M=
5e6
psi,
50%
gel
dam
age,
250
°F, 1
lb/ft
2 , 6
000
psi,
250
mcf
d, 1
000
psi b
hfp,
20
ft pa
y, 1
0 bl
pdY
M=
34e3
MP
a, 5
0% g
el d
amag
e, 1
21°C
, 5 k
g/m
2 , 4
1 M
Pa,
700
0 m
3 /d,
7 M
Pa
bhfp
, 6 m
pay
, 1.6
m3 l
/d
Str
onge
r pr
oppa
nts
are
less
dam
aged
by
rep
eate
d st
ress
cyc
les.
1500
7000
1137
5715
672
3481
225
1243
49
479
1414
4
713
04
96
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
Effective Conductivity (md-ft)
AP
I T
est
Mod
ifie
d50
-Hou
rT
est
"Ine
rtia
lF
low
" w
ithN
on-D
arc
yE
ffect
s
Low
er
Ach
ieve
dW
idth
(1
lb/s
q ft)
Mul
tipha
seF
low
50%
Ge
lD
am
age
Fin
es
Mig
ratio
n /
Plu
ggin
g
Cyc
licS
tress
Jord
an S
and
Car
boLI
TE
Cu
mu
lati
ve C
on
du
ctiv
ity
Red
uct
ion
s
0.00
1 D
-m
0.02
9 D
-m
Con
ditio
ns:
YM
=5e
6ps
i, 50
% g
el d
amag
e, 2
50°F
, 1 lb
/ft2
, 600
0 ps
i, 25
0 m
cfd
, 100
0 p
si b
hfp,
20
ft p
ay,
10
blpd
Y
M=
34e3
MP
a, 5
0% g
el d
amag
e, 1
21°C
, 5 k
g/m
2 , 4
1 M
Pa,
700
0 m
3 /d,
7 M
Pa
bhfp
, 6 m
pa
y, 1
.6 m
3 l/d
Ref
eren
ces:
ST
San
d: S
PE
141
33, 1
641
5, C
L: C
arbo
typ
ical
, LT
: Stim
-Lab
Pre
dK 2
002
, SP
E 2
400
8, 3
298,
757
3, 1
1634
, CA
RB
O T
ech
Rpt
99-
062,
Run
#65
42,
Stim
Lab
July
200
0, S
PE
169
12,
1909
1, 2
2850
Effe
ctiv
e co
nduc
tiviti
es
can
be le
ss
than
1%
of A
PI
test
val
ues
99.7
3%
redu
ctio
n
98.6
3%
redu
ctio
n
Eff
ecti
ve F
ract
ure
Len
gth
•C
avea
t: A
ssu
mes
sin
gle
, pla
nar
fra
c, h
om
og
eneo
us
rese
rvo
ir
Map
ped
half-
leng
th
Slu
rry
/ Pro
pped
Len
gth
may
be
low
er
Gel
-plu
gged
tip
“App
aren
t”fr
ac m
atch
ed to
pr
oduc
tion
data
, ass
umin
g ap
pare
nt
cond
uctiv
ity o
f 10
md-
ft
“Equ
ival
ent”
infin
ite-
cond
uctiv
ity fr
ac
Cle
aned
up
/ Flo
win
g le
ngth
is
likel
y lo
wer
Pro
du
ctio
n M
od
elin
g Tim
e (d
ays)
HC
Rat
e (M
scf/d
)P
rod
uctio
n G
as R
ate
(Msc
f/d)
Cal
c'd
Top
h P
ress
(p
si)
Pro
duc
tion
Sur
f Pre
s (p
si)
0.
000
0
.360
0.
720
1.
080
1.
440
1
.800
0
4
000
8
000
12
000
16
000
20
000
0
4
000
8
000
1
2000
1
6000
2
0000
0
1
000
2
000
3
000
4
000
5
000
0
1
000
2
000
3
000
4
000
5
000
Tub
ing
Pre
ssur
es
(sca
le =
0-5
000
psi)
Tes
t
Mod
el
Gas
Rat
es
(s
cale
= 0
-20,
000
MC
FD
)
Tes
tMod
el
Tim
e (d
ays)
HC
Rat
e (M
scf/d
)P
rod
uctio
n G
as R
ate
(Msc
f/d)
Cal
c'd
Top
h P
ress
(p
si)
Pro
duc
tion
Sur
f Pre
s (p
si)
0.
000
0
.360
0.
720
1.
080
1.
440
1
.800
0
4
000
8
000
12
000
16
000
20
000
0
4
000
8
000
1
2000
1
6000
2
0000
0
1
000
2
000
3
000
4
000
5
000
0
1
000
2
000
3
000
4
000
5
000
Tub
ing
Pre
ssur
es
(sca
le =
0-5
000
psi)
Tes
t
Mod
el
Gas
Rat
es
(s
cale
= 0
-20,
000
MC
FD
)
Tes
tMod
el
Pro
du
ctio
n M
od
elin
g -
Res
ervo
irP
T
•F
inite
-Diff
eren
ce•
Num
eric
al S
olut
ion
to D
iffus
ivity
Equ
atio
n•
Res
ervo
ir A
s G
rid S
yste
m•
Sin
gle
Wel
l With
in R
ecta
ngul
ar G
rid S
yste
m•
Sin
gle
Flo
win
g P
hase
•2-
D•
Unf
ract
ured
and
Hyd
raul
ical
ly F
ract
ured
Wel
ls•
Fra
ctur
e In
put F
rom
Fra
cpro
PT
•P
ropp
ant C
rush
ing
•N
on-D
arcy
and
Mul
ti-P
hase
Flo
w E
ffect
s in
Fra
ctur
e•
Fra
ctur
e F
ace
Cle
an-u
p
110100
1000
1010
010
0010
000
Tim
e (d
ays)
Oil Rate (bbl/day)
Log
-Log
Rat
e ve
rsus
Tim
e P
lot
Tra
nsie
nt &
Bou
ndar
y In
flue
nced
Flo
w
Hig
h C
ondu
ctiv
ity
Fra
ctur
e
2300
ac
100
ac
200
ac
360
ac
Tra
nsie
nt F
low
Bou
ndar
y In
flue
nced
Flo
w
110100
1000
010
0020
0030
0040
0050
0060
0070
0080
0090
0010
000
Tim
e (d
ays)
Oil Rate (bpd)
Sem
i-L
og R
ate
vers
us T
ime
Plo
t T
rans
ient
& B
ound
ary
Infl
uenc
ed F
low
H
igh
Con
duct
ivit
y F
ract
ure
2300
ac
360
ac
200
ac10
0 ac
110100
1000
1010
010
0010
000
Tim
e (d
ays)
Oil Rate (bbl/day)
Log
-Log
Rat
e ve
rsus
Tim
e P
lot
T
rans
ient
& B
ound
ary
Infl
uenc
ed F
low
Hig
h &
Low
Con
duct
ivit
y F
ract
ure
& U
n-fr
actu
red
Cas
e
Hig
h C
ondu
ctiv
ity
Fra
ctur
e
No
Fra
ctur
e
Low
Con
duct
ivit
y F
ract
ure
360
acre
s
Beg
inni
ng o
f B
ound
ary
Infl
uenc
ed F
low
110100
1000
010
0020
0030
0040
0050
0060
0070
0080
0090
0010
000
Tim
e (d
ays)
Rate (bbl/day)
Sem
i-L
og R
ate
vers
us T
ime
Plo
t
Tra
nsie
nt &
Bou
ndar
y In
flue
nced
Flo
w
H
igh
& L
ow C
ondu
ctiv
ity
Fra
ctur
e &
Un-
frac
ture
d C
ase
Hig
h C
ondu
ctiv
ity
Fra
ctur
e
Low
Con
duct
ivit
y F
ract
ure
No
Fra
ctur
e
360
acre
s
Fra
ctu
re M
app
ing
& M
od
el C
alib
rati
on
An
alo
gie
s B
etw
een
Hyd
rau
lic F
rac
and
Bal
loo
n
Pay
Pay
p net
L?H
?
W?
An
alo
gie
s B
etw
een
Hyd
rau
lic F
rac
and
Bal
loo
n
Pay
Pay
p net
L?H
?
W?
R?
p net
Mo
ther
Nat
ure
’s B
irth
day
Par
tyS
om
e b
allo
on
s h
ave
a te
nd
ency
to
mo
ve u
p
Mo
ther
Nat
ure
’s B
irth
day
Par
tyS
om
e sh
ow
a h
ug
e le
ng
th-h
eig
ht
asp
ect
rati
o …
Mo
ther
Nat
ure
’s B
irth
day
Par
ty…
wh
ile o
ther
s sh
ow
hig
h le
vels
of
com
ple
xity
Mo
ther
Nat
ure
’s B
irth
day
Par
tyS
om
e g
row
in a
sp
ecif
ic w
ay in
th
e U
S …
Mo
ther
Nat
ure
’s B
irth
day
Par
ty…
and
qu
ite
dif
fere
ntl
y in
th
e re
st o
f th
e w
orl
d
Per
fect
ly c
on
fin
ed f
rac
Wh
y M
ap F
racs
? W
hy
Mo
del
Fra
cs?
Ou
t-o
f-zo
ne
gro
wth
Tw
isti
ng
frac
ture
s
Po
or
flu
idd
iver
sio
n
T-s
hap
edfr
actu
res
Ho
rizo
nta
lfr
actu
res
Mu
ltip
le f
ract
ure
sd
ipp
ing
fro
m v
erti
cal
Inco
mp
lete
co
vera
ge
FR
AC
TU
RE
DIA
GN
OS
TIC
S
Pri
nci
ple
of
Tilt
Fra
ctu
re M
app
ing
Dir
ect
Fra
ctu
re D
iag
no
stic
Tec
hn
iqu
e
Hyd
rau
lic f
ract
ure
in
du
ces
a ch
arac
teri
stic
def
orm
atio
n p
atte
rn
Ind
uce
d t
ilt r
efle
cts
the
geo
met
ry a
nd
ori
enta
tio
n o
f cr
eate
d
hyd
rau
lic f
ract
ure
Fra
ctu
re
Fra
ctu
re-i
nd
uce
dsu
rfac
e tr
ou
gh
Do
wn
ho
le t
iltm
eter
sIn
off
set
wel
lg
as b
ub
ble
Pic
k-u
p e
lect
rod
es
con
du
ctiv
e liq
uid
exci
tati
on
ele
ctro
de
Fra
cSei
s M
icro
seis
mic
Fra
cmap
pin
g
•M
easu
re f
rac
hei
gh
t,
len
gth
an
d a
zim
uth
in
rea
l-ti
me
Wh
y B
ad M
od
els
Hap
pen
to
Go
od
En
gin
eers
PR
OB
LE
M:
Po
orl
y d
efin
ed in
pu
t p
aram
eter
s
SO
LU
TIO
N:
Sp
end
tim
e an
d m
on
ey t
o o
bta
in b
ette
r in
pu
ts
PR
OB
LE
M:
Ph
ysic
s o
f m
od
el n
ot
con
sist
ent
wit
h r
eser
voir
SO
LU
TIO
N:
Cal
ibra
te m
od
el
Fra
ctu
re M
od
els
So
met
imes
Nee
d C
alib
rati
on
Cap
tain
, my
frac
m
od
elin
g b
uild
s a
mo
un
tain
of
resu
lts
on
a
mo
leh
ill o
f in
pu
ts
Use
so
me
fud
ge
fact
ors
an
d le
t’s
frac
th
is w
ell
Wh
y B
ad M
od
els
Hap
pen
to
Go
od
En
gin
eers
To
o m
any
kno
bs
to t
urn
Cri
tica
l Mo
del
Inp
ut
Par
amet
ers
•F
luid
rh
eolo
gy
•W
allb
uild
ing
co
effi
cien
t
•P
ress
ure
-dep
end
ent
leak
off
•C
losu
re s
tres
s in
pay
•Y
ou
ng
’s m
od
ulu
s
•P
erm
eab
ility
an
d p
ore
pre
ssu
re
•C
losu
re s
tres
s in
nei
gh
bo
rin
g la
yers
•F
ract
ure
co
mp
lexi
ty
•T
ip e
ffec
ts
•P
rop
pan
t d
rag
•C
om
po
site
laye
rin
g
•F
ract
ure
wid
th d
eco
up
ling
Co
lor
Key
:
Rel
ativ
ely
easy
& r
elia
ble
mea
sure
men
t
Har
der
to
mea
sure
dir
ectl
y an
d le
ss r
elia
ble
Imp
oss
ible
to
mea
sure
dir
ectl
y an
d p
hys
ics
no
t w
ell u
nd
erst
oo
d
Imp
rove
M
easu
rem
ents
Gra
ssh
op
per
, No
w Y
ou
Mu
st C
ho
ose
!
Wh
y B
ad M
od
els
Hap
pen
to
Go
od
En
gin
eers
Kn
ob
s “l
ock
ed in
”b
y im
pro
ved
mea
sure
men
ts
Cri
tica
l Mo
del
Inp
ut
Par
amet
ers
•F
luid
rh
eolo
gy
•W
allb
uild
ing
co
effi
cien
t
•P
ress
ure
-dep
end
ent
leak
off
•C
losu
re s
tres
s in
pay
•Y
ou
ng
’s m
od
ulu
s
•P
erm
eab
ility
an
d p
ore
pre
ssu
re
•C
losu
re s
tres
s in
nei
gh
bo
rin
g la
yers
•F
ract
ure
co
mp
lexi
ty
•T
ip e
ffec
ts
•P
rop
pan
t d
rag
•C
om
po
site
laye
rin
g
•F
ract
ure
wid
th d
eco
up
ling
Co
lor
Key
:
Rel
ativ
ely
easy
& r
elia
ble
mea
sure
men
t
Har
der
to
mea
sure
dir
ectl
y an
d le
ss r
elia
ble
Imp
oss
ible
to
mea
sure
dir
ectl
y an
d p
hys
ics
no
t w
ell u
nd
erst
oo
d
Imp
rove
M
easu
rem
ents
Dir
ectl
y M
easu
red
Mo
del
Ou
tpu
ts
•N
et p
ress
ure
•F
ract
ure
len
gth
•F
ract
ure
hei
gh
t
•F
ract
ure
wid
th a
nd
co
nd
uct
ivit
y
Mo
del
Cal
ibra
tio
n
Wh
y B
ad M
od
els
Hap
pen
to
Go
od
En
gin
eers
Kn
ob
s “l
ock
ed in
”b
y m
od
el c
alib
rati
on
Cri
tica
l Mo
del
Inp
ut
Par
amet
ers
•F
luid
rh
eolo
gy
•W
allb
uild
ing
co
effi
cien
t
•P
ress
ure
-dep
end
ent
leak
off
•C
losu
re s
tres
s in
pay
•Y
ou
ng
’s m
od
ulu
s
•P
erm
eab
ility
an
d p
ore
pre
ssu
re
•C
losu
re s
tres
s in
nei
gh
bo
rin
g la
yers
•F
ract
ure
co
mp
lexi
ty
•T
ip e
ffec
ts
•P
rop
pan
t d
rag
•C
om
po
site
laye
rin
g
•F
ract
ure
wid
th d
eco
up
ling
Dir
ectl
y M
easu
red
Mo
del
Ou
tpu
ts
•N
et p
ress
ure
•F
ract
ure
len
gth
•F
ract
ure
hei
gh
t
•F
ract
ure
wid
th a
nd
co
nd
uct
ivit
y
Mo
del
Cal
ibra
tio
n
Co
lor
Key
:
Rel
ativ
ely
easy
& r
elia
ble
mea
sure
men
t
Har
der
to
mea
sure
dir
ectl
y an
d le
ss r
elia
ble
Imp
oss
ible
to
mea
sure
dir
ectl
y an
d p
hys
ics
no
t w
ell u
nd
erst
oo
d
Imp
rove
M
easu
rem
ents
So
met
imes
th
e M
od
els
Wo
rk W
ith
ou
t C
alib
rati
on
•Diff
eren
t fra
ctur
e he
ight
gro
wth
beh
avio
r in
two
we
lls is
exp
lain
ed b
y po
re p
ress
ure
depl
etio
n–U
ncon
fined
hei
ght g
row
th in
und
eple
ted
sand
–Con
fined
frac
ture
gro
wth
in s
igni
fican
tly d
eple
ted
sand
1600
1950
2300
2650
3000
340
0
338
0
336
0
334
0
332
0
330
0
328
0
326
0
324
0
322
0
320
0St
ress
Pro
file
Clo
sure
Stre
ss (p
si)
Per
mea
bilit
y
Low
Hig
h
Prop
pant
Con
cent
ratio
n (lb
/ft²)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0
Con
cent
ratio
n of
Pro
ppan
t in
each
Fra
ctur
e (lb
/ft²)
050
100
150
200
Leng
th (f
t)
Depth (ft)
Pres
sure
ana
lysis
resu
lts
Perfs
Dow
nhol
e til
t ana
lysi
s re
sults
Larg
e sa
nd-s
hale
st
ress
con
trast
Dow
nhol
e til
tP
ress
ure
anal
ysis
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
3550
3520
3490
3460
3430
3400
3370
3340
3310
3280
3250
Stre
ssPr
ofile
Clo
sure
Stre
ss(p
si)
Pe
rme
abili
ty
Low
Hig
h
Pro
ppa
ntC
onc
entra
tion
(lb/ft
²)
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
pp(
Con
cent
ratio
nof
Pro
anti
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Leng
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1120
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1125
0
1130
0
1135
0
1140
0
1145
05GR
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GC
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AP
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ands
Taylor S
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1120
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1125
0
1130
0
1135
0
1140
0
1145
05GR
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GC
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AP
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ands
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10000
10200
10400
10600
10800
11000
11200
11400
11600
11800
12000
-2000
-1800
-1600
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Dis
tan
ce A
lon
g W
ellb
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(ft)
Depth (ft)
Ca
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Mo
del
On
frac
win
g w
as n
ot fu
lly s
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S m
appi
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frac
is a
ssum
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sym
met
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One
Wrig
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et P
ress
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Mat
ch
Cot
ton
Val
ley
Tay
lor
8/26
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Tim
e (m
in)
Obs
erve
d Net
(psi
)Net
Pre
ssur
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si)
0
.0
80.
0
160.
0
240.
0
320.
0
400.
0
0
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00
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00
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1
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00
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00
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t M
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-Cal
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Mo
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Ap
pro
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: M
od
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g a
nd
Mea
suri
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Cal
ibra
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mo
del
s m
ore
rea
listi
cally
pre
dic
t h
ow
fra
ctu
res
will
ph
ysic
ally
gro
w f
or
alte
rnat
ive
des
ign
s
Fra
ctu
re g
row
th m
od
els
inco
mp
lete
ph
ysic
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der
stan
din
g
Dir
ect
dia
gn
ost
ics
no
t p
red
icti
ve
Co
ncl
usi
on
s
•M
od
els
of
tod
ay a
re m
ore
so
ph
isti
cate
d t
han
20
year
s ag
o,
bu
t o
ften
sti
ll d
o N
OT
acc
ura
tely
pre
dic
t fr
actu
re g
row
th
–P
oo
r ch
arac
teri
zati
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of
rock
/ re
serv
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/ g
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gy
–In
com
ple
te u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
rele
van
t p
hys
ics,
esp
ecia
lly w
ith
re
spec
t to
hei
gh
t g
row
th
•M
od
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alib
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is c
urr
entl
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nly
do
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emp
iric
ally
, by
mat
chin
g g
eom
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es
–H
op
efu
lly le
adin
g t
o im
pro
ved
ph
ysic
s in
mo
del
s
•M
od
el c
alib
rati
on
can
pro
vid
e “G
oo
d M
od
els
to G
oo
d
En
gin
eers
”
Qu
esti
on
s ?
Fra
cpro
PT
Ove
rvie
w
Tim
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in)
Net
Pre
ssu
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psi)
Ob
serv
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et (
psi
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lurr
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low
Rat
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pm
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tm P
rop
Con
c (p
pg)
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5
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0
4
00
8
00
1
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1
600
2
000
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4
00
8
00
1
200
1
600
2
000
0
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2
0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
10
0.0
0
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4
.00
8
.00
12
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16
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20
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Mod
el N
et P
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Act
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et P
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Rat
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Bot
tom
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opp
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conc
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Tim
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in)
Net
Pre
ssu
re (
psi)
Ob
serv
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et (
psi
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lurr
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low
Rat
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pm
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tm P
rop
Con
c (p
pg)
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0
4
00
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00
1
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00
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00
1
200
1
600
2
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0.0
4
0.0
6
0.0
8
0.0
10
0.0
0
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4
.00
8
.00
12
.00
16
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20
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Mod
el N
et P
ress
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Act
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et P
ress
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Rat
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Bot
tom
hol
e pr
opp
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conc
entr
atio
n82
00
8250
8300
8350
8400
8450
8500
8550
8600
020
0G
amm
a R
ay (
AP
I)
150
350
Tem
p 1
150
350
Tem
p 2
150
350
Tem
p 3
150
350
Tem
p 4
150
350
Tem
p 5
Depth, TVD (ft)
Co
ncen
trat
ion
of
Pro
ppan
t in
Fra
ctur
e (lb
/ft²
)
5010
015
020
025
030
035
0
8100
8150
8200
8250
8300
8350
8400
8450
8500
8550
8600
Depth, TVD (ft)
00.
300.
600.
901.
21.
51.
82.
12.
42.
73.
0
Pro
ppan
t Con
cent
ratio
n (lb
/ft²)
Wid
th P
rofil
e (in
)
10
1
Depth (ft-TVD)
8200
8250
8300
8350
8400
8450
8500
8550
8600
020
0G
amm
a R
ay (
AP
I)
150
350
Tem
p 1
150
350
Tem
p 2
150
350
Tem
p 3
150
350
Tem
p 4
150
350
Tem
p 5
Depth, TVD (ft)
Co
ncen
trat
ion
of
Pro
ppan
t in
Fra
ctur
e (lb
/ft²
)
5010
015
020
025
030
035
0
8100
8150
8200
8250
8300
8350
8400
8450
8500
8550
8600
Depth, TVD (ft)
00.
300.
600.
901.
21.
51.
82.
12.
42.
73.
0
Pro
ppan
t Con
cent
ratio
n (lb
/ft²)
Wid
th P
rofil
e (in
)
10
1
Depth (ft-TVD)
Net
Pre
ssu
re M
atch
Pre
dic
ted
Fra
ctu
re G
eom
etry
Fra
cpro
PT
Sys
tem
-H
igh
ligh
ts
•E
stim
ates
frac
ture
geo
met
ry a
nd p
ropp
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lace
men
t in
rea
l-tim
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net
pre
ssur
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stor
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atch
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rovi
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uniq
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ol to
cap
ture
wha
t is
lear
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fro
m d
irect
frac
ture
di
agno
stic
s th
roug
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libra
ted
mod
el s
ettin
gs
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erfo
rms
near
-wel
lbor
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rtuo
sity
/ pe
rf fr
ictio
n a
naly
sis
–al
low
s id
entif
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and
rem
edia
tion
of p
oten
tial p
rem
atu
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cree
nout
pr
oble
ms
•In
tegr
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res
ervo
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mul
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for
prod
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rec
astin
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d m
atch
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•O
ptim
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ture
trea
tmen
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nom
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uppo
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rem
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acce
ss v
ia m
odem
or
inte
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prel
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s of
stim
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s, p
ropp
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, an
d ro
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rope
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r m
any
litho
logi
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Fra
cpro
PT
Mo
du
le In
tera
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Pro
duct
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Dat
a
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ibra
ted
Mod
elS
ettin
gs
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cpro
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ract
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Ana
lysi
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racp
roP
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Pro
duct
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lysi
s
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cpro
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nom
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ptim
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cpro
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ract
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Des
ign
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ched
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For
ecas
tor
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ch
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lbor
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form
atio
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g/la
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met
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a
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R
eal-T
ime
Dat
a A
cqui
sitio
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Fra
cpro
PT
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Ph
iloso
ph
y
•A
fter
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
pse
ud
o-3
D m
od
els
(ear
ly 1
980’
s) t
he
ind
ust
ry w
as
jub
ilan
t as
it w
as n
ow
kn
ow
n h
ow
fra
ctu
res
real
ly b
ehav
ed -
-o
r n
ot
?
•O
bse
rved
net
pre
ssu
res
wer
e co
nsi
sten
tly
far
hig
her
th
an n
et p
ress
ure
s
pre
dic
ted
by
thes
e m
od
els
(dis
cove
red
in e
arly
198
0’s)
--
par
amet
er
sen
siti
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als
o in
con
sist
ent
•D
evel
op
men
t o
f F
racp
ro s
tart
ed in
198
0’s
wit
h t
he
aim
to
ho
no
r th
e
“mes
sag
e”co
nta
ined
in r
eal-
dat
a
–C
aptu
rin
g t
he
ph
ysic
s o
f d
etai
ls is
no
t as
imp
ort
ant
as h
on
ori
ng
larg
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elas
tici
ty a
nd
mas
s b
alan
ce
–C
alib
rate
d s
imp
lifie
d a
pp
roxi
mat
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wit
h f
ull
3D g
row
th m
od
el, l
ab t
ests
an
d f
ield
ob
serv
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–M
od
el c
alib
rati
on
is n
ow
a c
on
tin
uo
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effo
rt
Fra
ctu
re M
od
elin
g in
Fra
cpro
PT
•W
ellb
ore
Mo
del
•P
erfo
rati
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an
d N
ear-
Wel
lbo
re M
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el
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ract
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Gro
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Mo
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(s)
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koff
Mo
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ract
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Tem
per
atu
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Mo
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rop
pan
t T
ran
spo
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Mo
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(s)
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cid
Fra
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od
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)
•B
acks
tres
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oro
-ela
stic
)
Mo
del
•M
ult
iple
Fra
ctu
re M
od
el
Fra
cpro
PT
is J
ust
a T
oo
l•
Th
e F
racp
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yste
m c
on
tain
s se
vera
l 2D
mo
del
s, a
co
nve
nti
on
al 3
D m
od
el, a
n a
dju
stab
le 3
D m
od
el
inco
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rati
ng
“ti
p e
ffec
ts”,
an
d a
gro
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g n
um
ber
of
calib
rate
d m
od
el s
etti
ng
s
•T
her
e is
NO
“F
racp
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nsw
er”
•D
esig
ned
fo
r o
n-s
ite
eng
inee
rin
g f
lexi
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ty
•Q
ual
ity
of
resu
lts
are
mo
re u
ser-
dep
end
ent
than
m
od
el d
epen
den
t–
Mak
ing
th
e ri
gh
t en
gin
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ng
ass
um
pti
on
s is
key
–G
arb
age
in =
gar
bag
e o
ut
–T
he
KE
Y is
to
ho
no
r th
e o
bse
rved
dat
a w
ith
th
e m
ost
re
aso
nab
le a
ssu
mp
tio
ns
po
ssib
le