FRACTURE

OF

ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Proceedings of the Joint FEFG/ICF International Conference on Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures (Singapore, 6 - 8 August 1991)

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

SHTeoh KHLee YTChew MOLai KYLam SCLim

YHLoo KCGOng CTTam AOTay TETay SKTing

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE

ASArgon MFAshby D Corderoy B Cotterell AG Evans D Francois L B Freund J R Griffiths CCHsiao J W Hutchinson KCHwang RJones HHKausch WG Knauss J F Knott H Kobayashi HLiebowitz CTLiu YWMai

R McMeel<ing S Nemat - Nasser LV Nikitin WDNix ROhtani HOkamura V ZParton A Pineau PRamaRao J R Rice R 0 Ritchie LRFRose H P Rossmanith M Sakata C FShih K Takahashi DMRTaplin TYokobori

Acknowledgement is made to C F Shih and L Cheng for the use of the figure which appears on the front cover of the Proceedings.

FRACTURE OF

ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Edited by

S H TEOH and K H LEE

Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering National University of Singapore

Singapore

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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Joint FEFG/ICF International Conference on Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures

(1991 - Singapore)

1. Fracture I. Teoh S H II. Lee K H

ISBN 1-85166-672-9

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PREFACE

Recent advances in the field of fracture of engineering materials and structures have increasingly indicated its multidisciplinary nature. This area of research now involves scientists and engineers who work in materials science, applied mathematics and mechanics, and also computer scientists. The present volume, which contains the Proceedings of the Joint FEFG/lCF International Conference on Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures held in Singapore from the 6th to 8th of August 1991, is a testimony of this multidisciplinary nature.

This International Conference was the Second Symposium of the Far East Fracture Group (FEFG) and thus provided a unique opportunity for researchers and engineers in the Far East region to exchange and acquire knowledge of new advances and applications in fracture. The Conference was also the Inter-Quadrennial International Conference on Fracture (ICF) for 1991 and thus appealed to researchers in the international arena who wished to take advantage of this meeting to present their findings. The Conference has brought together over 130 participants from more than 24 countries, and they represented government and industrial research laboratories as well as academic institutions. It has thus achieved its objective of bringing together scientists and engineers with different backgrounds and perspectives but with .a common interest in new developments in the fracture of engineering materials and structures.

This volume contains 4 keynote papers, 4 invited papers and 130 contributed papers. The keynote papers cover a broad spectrum of research from the fracture of multi-layered materials and brittle matrix composites to the fracture of polymers at interfaces and an overview of recent Japanese research on ductile fracture. The invited papers and the contributed papers, which have been grouped into 14 sections, also reflected a broad range of research activities. The papers clearly indicated that research into the fracture of composites, bimaterials and ceramics is still growing at a rapid pace. In particular, interfacial fracture mechanics would continue to attract the interest of researchers for many more years.

v

This International Conference would not have been possible had it not been for the kind help and assistance from the Executive Committee members of the Far East Fracture Group and the Council members of the International Congress on Fracture. Thanks are due to the members of the International Honorary Advisory Committee and the Organizing Committee for their generous help and advice throughout the preparations for the Conference. The strong support provided by the secretarial staff of the Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering, National University of Singapore, and the encouragement from the Head of the Department, Associate Professor Poo Aun Neow, are deeply appreciated.

The success of the Conference and the publication of this volume was not only the result of the hard work of all the members of the Organizing Committee but also that of BAC Printers for its editorial work, Applied Research Corporation for its help in the Conference logistics, Diners World Travel for looking after accommodation and travel related matters, and Elsevier Science Publishers for its advice on publishing requirements. Finally, thanks are due to all the contributors for their careful preparation of the manuscripts in camera-ready form. This method has its typographical limitations. However, it is hoped that they will not distract the reader in any way.

SHTeoh KHLee

August 1991 Singapore

vi

CONTENTS

Preface

KEYNOTE PAPERS

Some Mechanics Problems of Multi-Layered Materials C.F. Shih

The Mechanical Properties of Brittle Matrix Composites A.G. Evans

Ductile Fracture Behavior near the Crack-Tip - An Overview of Recent Japanese Research

M. Sakata

Fracture of Polymers at Interfaces H.H. Kausch and W.J. Cantwell

INVITED PAPERS

Mixed-Mode Interfacial Fracture Mechanics C.F. Shih and L. Cheng

New Insights on Interfacial Fracture Mechanics W. Yang

A Theory of Fatigue Crack Initiation T. Mura, S. Qin and H. Fan

Stress Intensity Distributions around Surface Flaws in Motor Grain Geometries

C.w. Smith and L. Wang

FRACTURE OF METALLIC MATERIALS

Study on the Ductile Fracture of Aluminium Alloy M. Kikuchi and H. Miyamoto

vii

v

3

13

23

29

41

51

57

69

77

Fracture Toughness Transition Curve Shape for Ferritic Structural 83 Steels

K.Wallin

Fracture Initiation and Steady Crack Propagation of 89 Elastic-Plastic Material in Plane-Stress Case

T. Zhuang and Z.F. Wang

Fracture Toughness of Double Austenitized AISI M2 High Speed Tool 99 Steel

E. Tekin and B. agel

Elastic-Plastic Asymptotic Solution for Crack under Triaxial 107 Stress Constraint

W.L. Guo and XJ. Fu

Influence of Nickel on the Fracture Behaviour of Fe-O.2C Alloy 113 M. Srinivas, G. Malakondaiah and P. Rama Rao

Fracture Toughness Simulation of Low Alloy Steel 119 M. Ayoub, H. Hamed and M. EI-Nagar

Effects of Cooling Rate on Fracture Toughness 125 M.a. Lai, H.S. Fong and W.Y. Lee

Dynamic Fracture Study on CrNiMoV Alloy Steel under Different Heat 130 Treatments and Impact Rates

Y.E. Sun, K.H. Lee and T.E. Tay

A Study of Fracture Behaviour of Steel in Metal Cutting 139 HZ. Wu and Z.W. Chen

FRACTURE OF COMPOSITES AND POLYMERS

On the Fibre Pullout and Pushin Problem in Composite Materials with Controlled Interfaces

M.G. Lau and Y.W. Mai

Crack Tip Plasticity in Unidirectional Metal Matrix Composites S. Venkatakrishnaiah, M.W. Kennett, RA. Dupuy and L.R. Dharani

Stiffness Change and R-Curve Behaviour due to Matrix Cracking in Off-Axis Plies of Glass/Epoxy Laminates

P. Lee-Sullivan and A. Poursartip

viii

147

153

159

The Influence of Loading Rate on the Strength of Composite Materials

CR. Chiang

Stresses of Composite Laminates Containing Holes and Cracks H.Y. Yeh and MD. Le

A Probabilistic Approach to Tensile Fracture of Composites with Holes

K.Y. Lin and M.C. Cheng

The Effect of Ductile Innerlayer on the Fatigue and Transverse Tensile Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

MB.Hsu

Fatigue of an Aluminium Alloy Reinforced with Oxide Ceramic Microspheres

M J. Couper, BR. Crawford,] R. Griffiths and K. Xia

Influence of Microstructure on Cyclic Stress Response and Cyclic Fracture Behavior of Aluminium Alloy Metal-Matrix Composite

T.S. Srivatsan, R. Auradkar, A. Prakash and £J. Lavernia

Effects of InternallResidual Stresses on the Crack-Tip Failure Micromechanisms of Engineering Materials

I.M. Low and X.S. Li

Static and Fatigue Damage Progression in Graphite Fibre Reinforced Peek

F. Aymerich, F. Ginesu, P. Priolo and s.w. Ming

The Fatigue Crack Propagation Behaviour of Short Carbon Fibre Reinforced PEEK Composites

K.S. Saib, W.J. Evans and D.H. Isaac

Applicability of Fracture-Based and Strength-Based Criteria to Debonding in Fibrous Composites

C.Y. Yue and W.L. Cheung

Deformation and Fracture related to Friction and Wear of Aluminium Alloy (2014)-50 Vol% Graphite Particle Composites

YB.Liu

Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Fracture Behavior of Thermoplastic Film

K. Kishimoto, M. Notomi and T. Koizumi

ix

165

170

176

182

188

194

203

209

215

221

228

237

Creep Rupture Modelling of Polyacetal S.H. Teoh and W. Michaeli

An Investigation of Damage Accumulation in Cross-Ply Glass/Epoxy Laminates

K.H. Leong and J.E. King

Effects of Rate and Temperature on the Impact Fracture Toughness of Short Fibre Reinforced Plastics

I.M.LowandX.s.Li

FRACTURE OF BIMATERIALS & ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

Mixed-Mode Fracture Analysis of Debonding and Matrix Crack Processes by the Virtual Crack Closure Method

F.G. Buchholz

Three-Dimensional Fracture Analysis of a Thin Film on a Rigid Substrate

T.Nakamura

Stress Concentration Prediction at a Fracture Site in Composite Bimaterial Plates under Axial Load

A. Harrison

A Method for Evaluating the Lower Bound of Thermal Fatigue Life in Microelectronic Package Metals

R. Ohtani and T. Kitamura

A Penny-Shaped Crack at a Transversely Isotropic Bimaterial Interface

Y. Wang andR.KND. Rajapakse

A Rigid Line Inclusion between Dissimilar Media C.P. Jiang and C.T. Liu

FRACTURE OF CERAMICS AND CONCRETE

Theoretical Modeling of Fracture Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Ceramics

A.A. Rubinstein

An Evaluation of Static Fatigue Characteristics of Glass Ceramics in Water

Y. Kimura, T. Yagasaki, M. Ito and M. Watanabe

x

243

251

257

265

271

277

283

289

295

303

309

Cycle Dependence in Fatigue Strength of Smooth Round Bar Specimens 315 and Crack Growth Characteristics

A. Otsuka, H. Sugawara and T. Amano

Creep and Static Fatigue of Magnesia-Partially-Stabilized Zirconia 321 at Room Temperature

T R. Finlayson, JR. Griffiths, A.K. Gross and C.S. Lim

Computer Simulation of Piezoceramic Fracture 327 D N. Karpinsky and I A. Parinov

Fracture Process Zone for Mode I Concrete Fracture 332 Z.K. Guo, A.S. Kobayashi and N.M. Hawkins

Some Observations on Microcracking in Concrete under Uniaxial 338 Compression

YH.Loo

Size and Notch Effects in Cementitious Materials 348 B. Cotterell and Y.w. Mai

Evaluation of Fracture Toughness for Large Size Concrete 355 Structures

R. Kumar and G.C. Nayak

Indentation Fracture of High-Energy Ion Implanted Alpha-Alumina 361 Single Crystals

R. Nowak, Y. Horino, K. Veno, M. Kinoshita, W. Ensinger andM. Satou

FRACTURE OF ADHESIVE JOINTS

A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Adhesion at Steel-Polymer Interface

P. Balladon, J. Heritier, Y.T. Sun and A. Bannard

A Stress Analysis of a Butt Adhesive Joint Filled with Rigid Circular Fillers in an Adhesive

T. Sawa, K. Temma and T. Hiroshima

Fracture Mechanics of Adhesive Joints - Effects of High Loading Rates and Low Temperatures

D. Grapotte and J-L. Lataillade

xi

369

375

381

Thennal Stress Distribution in Butt Adhesive Joints having a Circular Hole in an Adhesive

Y. Nakano, F. Nakagawa and T. Sawa

The Application of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics to the Investigation of the Thennal Degradation of Adhesive Joints

Y.Q. Ye and B.w. Cherry

The Fracture Strength of Circular Flange Joints Combining an Adhesive with Bolts

T. Sawa and K. Muto

COMPUTATIONAL FRACTURE MECHANICS

Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Surface Cracks under Tension

A. Carpinteri

Finite Element Analysis of Nonunifonn Defonnation of Laminated Plate

S. Aoki, K. Kishimoto and Y. Moriya

Boundary Element Elastic Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Cracks at Inclusions

CL. Tan, XJ. Zheng and Y.L. Gao

The Dynamic Behavior of the Middle or Side Impact Loaded 3-Point Bend Specimen

H.R. Kao

The Numerical Solution of Some Problems in Dynamic Fracture Mechanics

V.G. Boriskovski and V Z. Parton

On Calculating Forces on Dislocations with FEM P. Stahle

Crack Closure Studies of Bending Plate using a Mongrel Singular Finite Element

CH. Kang, Z.Q. Feng, G. de Saxce and H. Nguyen-Dang

Finite Deformation Analysis of Crack Tip Opening in a Power Hardening Material

F.S. Ma and Z.B. Kuang

XII

387

393

399

407

413

419

425

431

437

443

450

Modelling the True Microstructural Role in Deformation-Fracture Process of Real Compound Engineering Materials

VN.lvanov

Finite Element Analysis of a Cracked Body with Residual Stresses Z.M. Wu, B.H. Zheng, Z.Y. Zhao and S.Y. Du

EXPERIMENTAL FRACTURE MECHANICS

Predicting Compressive and Shear Strengths of Anisotropic Sheets from Off-Axis Tensile Tests

J. Pouyet and R. Huchon

Relationship between the Shape of Load-Deflection Curves and Fracture Surface observed using Instrumented Impact Testing

T. Varga, Q.C. Liu and F. Loibnegger

Damage Detection using Holography and Shearography S.L. Toh, H.M. Shang, F.S. Chau, C.J. Tay and T.E. Tay

Digital Photoelastic Determination of SIFs for a Crack Arbitrarily nclined to and Terminated at a Bimaterial Interface

W.C. Wang and J.T. Chen

Fracto-Electron Emission during Fracture of Engineering Ceramics Y. Enomoto and M.M. Chaudhri

Anomalous Post-Yield Brittle Fracture in Textured Zinc - Application of Neutron and X-Ray Analysis

R. Nowak and R. Wawszczak

Fracture Toughness of Thin CCT Specimen K. Machida, M. Kikuchi and H. Miyamoto

A Study of the Loading Rate Effect on the Crack Growth Behavior in a Composite Solid Propellant

H.Y. Yeh, M.D. Le and C.T. Liu

The Growth of the Surface Crack on Shaft Component and a Reliability Analysis of Fracture Parameter

K.J. Peng, Y J. Zhao and Y.L. Wei

FATIGUE FRACTURE

Cumulative Damage Effects in High Cycle Multiaxial Fatigue D.L. McDiarmid

xiii

456

462

471

479

489

497

503

511

517

523

529

537

The Mixed Mode IIIIII Threshold for Mild Steel 543 A. Hellier, M. Young and D. Corderoy

The Effect of Repeated Annealing on Fatigue Behavior in Extremely 551 Low Cycle Fatigue

J. Komotori, H. Hongo and M. Shimizu

Load Interaction Toughening under Monotonic and Cyclic Conditions 558 Y. Katz, M. Kupiec and A. Bussiba

Estimation of the Maximum Crack Length for Prediction of Remaining 564 Life based on Statistics of Extremes

M.lchikawa, T. Takamatsu and T. Sawada

Cyclic Properties and Hysteresis Energy Accumulation in Selected 570 Sintered Steels

J. Kaleta, A. Piotrowski and H. Harig

Experimental Study on Fatigue Crack Closure of Small Cracks at Notches

Y.Q. He, ZN. Li, C.H. Kou and Q.Z. He

Shape-Optimized Frameworks with Increased Fatigue Life A. Baumgartner and C. Mattheck

Simplified Elastoplastic Analysis of Three-Dimensional Fatigue Crack Growth

C. Poette

Negative Overload Effects in Fatigue Crack Growth HJ.C. Voorwald and MA.S. Torres

CREEP FRACTURE

Near-Tip Fields around Cracks Growing Steadily in Creeping Materials with Damage

K.C. Hwang, W. Jiang and T.F. Guo

Creep Fracture by Finite Element Method A.T. Chang and Y. Kim

Effect of Substructure on Creep Ductility L.C. Urn, H.H. Lu and O. Ajaja

Creep Fracture Resistance of Uranium Dioxide T.E. Chung and T J. Davies

xiv

576

582

585

591

599

605

611

619

Investigation on the Grain Boundary Cracking Mechanism of Cyclic Creep in an AI-4% Mg Solid Solution Alloy

S.W. Nam, Sl. Park and D.H. Lee

FRACTURE OF WELDMENTS AND HEAT AFFECTED ZONES

The Fracture Mechanics of Electron Beam Welded Rotors PA. Coulon

Fatigue Analysis of Un stress-Relieved Crucifonn Welded Joints HL.l. Pang and T.G.F. Gray

Brittle Fracture Initiation in Local Brittle Zones P. Woollin and l.F. Knott

Fracture Behaviour of the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of Boron Treated QT Steel

J.G. foun and J.F. Knott

Crack Initiation Mechanisms in Duplex Stainless Steel HAZ Microstructures

S. Atamert and I.E. King

Cleavage Initiation in Simulated HAZ Microstructures V.M. Linton and J.E. King

FRACTURE OF AEROSPACE AND ADVANCED MATERIALS

625

633

639

645

653

659

665

The Growth of Microstructurally Small Cracks in a Near Alpha 673 Titanium Alloy

S.H. Spence, W J. Evans and P.l. Nicholas

Fracture Mechanics Characterization of Intennetallic T.Al 679 1

Compounds at High Temperatures K. Hirano

Growth of Fatigue Cracks Emanating from Notches in Titanium 685 Aluminide

B.K. Parida andT. Nicholas

Cyclic Stress Response and Fatigue Fracture Characteristics of 691 7150 Aluminium Alloy

T.S. Srivatsan, D. Lanning, V.K. Vasudevan and GB. Viswanathan

xv

The Role of Crack Closure in Corrosion Fatigue of Aluminium Alloy Plate for Aerospace Structures

R.M.l. Kemp, R.N. Wilson and P.l. Gregson

Some Features of Fatigue Fracture of the Superalloy Monocrystals R. Tkachenko and M. Rozanov

The Mechanism and Kinetics of Propagation - Low Cycle Fatigue Cracks in the Components of Jet Engine

I. Birger and T. Balepina

Biaxial Fatigue Testing of a High Strength Titanium Alloy W J. Evans and MR. Bache

Effect of Heat Treatment on Tensile Properties and Fracture Behaviour of Titanium Alloys VT9 and IMI685

M. Tavafoghi, AK Singh, C. Ramachandra and V. Singh

Effect of Cold Work after Quenching on the Fatigue Life of a Type 7475 Aluminium Alloy

A. Zangrandi and A.M.M. Nazar

ENVIRONMENT AL EFFECTS ON FRACTURE

Hydrogen-Assisted Fatigue Crack Growth in Structural Steel M.W. Carroll and J.E. King

Fatigue Behaviour of Structural Carbon Steel under Corrosive Media M. Ayoub, M. WI-Nagar and H. Hamed

The Combined Effects of Ageing and Hydrogen Embrittlement on Fatigue Crack Propagation in a Duplex Stainless Steel

T J. Marrow and J.E. King

Cracking of 5052 Al Alloy in 3% NaCI K.S. Khawaja and F. Sarioglu

Corrosion Fatigue and Fracture Behaviour of Shot Peened Carbon Steels

M.C. Sharma and NK Mitral

FAILURE CRITERIA AND DAMAGE MECHANICS

700

706

711

714

720

726

735

741

747

753

758

Two-Parameter Fracture Mechanics: A Comparison of Continuum and 767 Micromechanics Approaches

T L. Anderson

xvi

A New Concept to Determine the Fracture Load of Cracked and Notched Components

H.A. Richard and G. Kullmer

Study on the Fracture Criterion of a Completely Brittle Crack by Considering the Restraining Stress between Atomic Planes

K. Watanabe, Y. Saw and Y. Sasaki

A New Fracture Theory for Solids and Composite Systems C.C. Hsiao

The Prediction of Low Cycle Fatigue Life by Continuum Damage Mechanics

Q. Gao, J. Zhai and G.Q. Wang

A General Ductile Damage Model for Engineering Materials TJ. Wang

Energy Based Z-Criterion in Fracture Analysis of Composite Plate under Bending

S.Q. Zhang, Y.z. Zhu and W.Y. Yang

Deformation of Cavitated Superplastic Alloys AR. Ragab andM. Zaki

Instabilities in Fracture of Elastic-Softening Structures L. Biolzi and JP. Labuz

Fracture of Brittle Materials under Compression L. V. Nikitin

Statistical Theory of Fracture of Structural Materials at Damage Accumulation

I.M.Dunaev

Continual Theory of Fracture of Composite Materials at Bearing Strain of End Faces in Compression

AN. Guz

Delayed Fracture of High Strength Steels and its Criteria VI. Sarrak, V.M. Mishin and A.Y. Spector

METHODS AND APPLICATIONS

Leak-Area Evaluations in Fast Breeder Reactor Piping S. Bhandari, J.P. Debaene, C. Faidy and L. Grueter

xvii

773

779

785

792

798

804

810

821

827

832

838

844

853

ApplIcations of Fracture Mechanics in Residual Stress Measurement 859 of Cold Worked Holes

M.a. Lai, l.T. Oh and A.Y.C. Nee

Some Observations of Damaged Bridge Specimens subjected to 866 Repeated Loading

T.S. Lok, l.AJ. Hamel, 1 R. White and G.A. Nield

Failure Prevention by Shape Optimization on the Basis of 876 Biological Growth

F. Walther and C. Mallheck

Stress Conditions at Propagating Fatigue Cracks 882 Y. Lin, S. Wu and A. Abel

Shear Stress Distribution in Notch Problem under Sliding Mode Case 888 W.z. Lin, K.H. Lee, S.T. Chow and Y.z. Chen

Analysis of a Flat Annular Crack under Skew-Symmetric Loading 895 H.G. Beom and Y.Y. Earmme

An Engineering Method for Elastic-Plastic Fracture Analysis and 901 Integrity Assessment of Surface Cracked Structures

Ning lie

Crack Border Stresses in Three-Dimensional Elastic Bodies 907 W L. Guo and XJ. Fu

Prediction of Carrying Capacity Loss in Metal Structures during 913 their Service

V.Y. Mikhailov and V.P. Larionov

Using The Bessel Integral Equation to Solve the Orthotropic Plate 917 with Crack Problem in Equivalent Space

ZR. Tian

A General Method for Multiple Crack Problems in a Finite Plate 923 Y.H. Wang and C.Z. Li

Author Index

xviii