fracture toughness of filament wound bfr and gfr arc shaped specimens with charpy impact test method

Accepted Manuscript

Fracture Toughness of Filament Wound BFR and GFR Arc Shaped Specimenswith Charpy Impact Test Method

Mehmet Turan Demirci, Necmettin Tarakç ıoğlu, Ahmet Avcı, mer FarukErkendirci

PII: S1359-8368(14)00171-1DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.015Reference: JCOMB 3000

To appear in: Composites: Part B

Received Date: 21 December 2013Revised Date: 17 April 2014Accepted Date: 22 April 2014

Please cite this article as: Demirci, M.T., Tarakç ıoğlu, N., Avcı, A., Erkendirci, .F., Fracture Toughness ofFilament Wound BFR and GFR Arc Shaped Specimens with Charpy Impact Test Method, Composites: Part B(2014), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.015

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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.015

http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.04.015

Fracture Toughness of Filament Wound BFR and GFR Arc Shaped Specimens with Charpy Impact Test

Method

Mehmet Turan Demircia*, Necmettin Tarakçıoğlua, Ahmet Avcıb, Ömer Faruk Erkendircic

a *Selçuk University Metallurgy and Material Engineering Dep. Konya, Turkey

b Selçuk University Mechanical Engineering Dep. Konya, Turkey

c Zirve University, Marine Engineering Dep., Gaziantep, Turkey

*Corresponding author:

+90-332-223 2345 (phone)

+90-332-241 01 56 (fax)

[email protected] (email)

Abstract

The aim of this study is an examination of Charpy impact behaviors of ±6 layered basalt (BFR) and

glass fiber reinforced (GFR) epoxy composite pipe at the degree of ±55o filament winding angle with the arc-

shaped specimen technique of different notch depth ratios (a/W). As a result of Charpy impact experiments, BFR

composites were determined to have higher impact energy level and impact fracture toughness than GFR

composites. The occurred average delamination areas in between layers were detected by an image processing

method during the impact process. The delamination damage in GFR composites was observed to be more

dominant damage than in BFR composites. It is understood that damage modes change when the notch depth

ratio increases for composites. In BFR composites, the predominant damage mode was determined to be fiber

breakage as a consequence of experiments and SEM analyses.

Keywords: Basalt fiber, image processing, Charpy impact test, fracture toughness, arc shaped specimen,

filament winding.

Introduction

The Industrial revolution together with increased mechanization in Europe has brought forth many

problems. A new material, in other words composite material, was created to decrease costs, increase strength of

metallic materials and lighten these materials. Use of composite pipes and tanks which are produced by a

filament winding technique (one type of composite material producing method) is continuously increasing due to

advantages in aeronautics, transportation, logistics and space industry. The filament winding technique is

winding reinforced material fibers that have high strength and elasticity module by saturating it with a linking

resin then winding it on a cylinder in different angles and multiple layers until it reaches a certain thickness.

Main usage area of the materials that are produced by using this technique are pipes resistant to high pressure

and corrosion, compressed air, liquefied petroleum gas, vessel for compressed natural gas, space crafts, fuel

reservoir of war and airplane transportation, oxygen tube for submarines, muzzle of rocket launcher guns, body

of the submarine, structure of radar domes, and the body of a rocket [1-4].

Carbon fibers used as reinforced material in polymers have better mechanical characteristics that can be

utilized by specific sectors of the aerospace industry. However a redirection to use alternative fibers increased

due to the high cost of carbon fibers and difficult adhesion in between matrixes and carbon fibers [5-6]. For last

decades reinforced basalt fibers came to the forefront because they have better mechanical characteristics than

reinforced glass fibers as well as high impact resistance and lower cost than carbon fibers. Other superiorities of

basalt fibers than E-Glass and S-Glass fibers are recycling, natural long life, fire safety, chemical resistance,

thermal insulation, electrical insulation and working in high-low temperatures. These characteristics of basalt

fibers make them useful in thermal barrier insulation, underground cables, circuit boards and underground

evacuation channels [7-9]. In addition, the strength of the basalt fibers is five times higher and the density is

three times lower than low-carbon steels [4-5]. So use of basalt fibers in filament pipes and tanks had increased

nowadays and has become widespread in natural gas tanks, fire tubes, diver tubes, hydrogen tubes, medical

applications except military sectors all trade sectors. Companies of the countries which have great influence in

the natural gas sector have begun to use fiber-reinforced filament winding pipes (BTP) and tanks due to the

problems of weight and corrosion of metal tanks [10-11].

Many researchers have studied the impact behaviors of the different structures of composite materials.

Wang et al. manufactured hybrid long angle strut hangers by using basalt (BFR) and carbon (CFR) fiber

composites, studied their implementation on bridges and has compared them with other wire and fiber types [5].

They found that basalt or carbon hybrid composites have higher damage strain than the steel wire strain.

Colombo et al. confirmed in their study that BFR/epoxy composites have better adhesion force than CFR/epoxy

composites according to shear stress test in between layers and damage analyses [7]. Sfarra et al.applied low-

speed impact tests and they determined and compared the damage mechanisms that occurred. They found that

delamination mechanism areas exposed to impact in BFR composites are lower than CFR composites. They

established that damage mechanisms in BFR composites are principally in the form of fiber breakage [9].

Manikandan et al. applied shear, tensile and Izod impact tests to BFR/polyester and GFR/polyester composites,

and determined that BFR composites have good shear, tensile and impact resistance or impact absorption

characteristics. They linked reasons why BFR composites have high energy absorption to there being high shear

stress in between layers and that basalt fibers have better adhesion force than glass fibers [6]. Dehkordi et al.

specified that fiber breakage occurs in impact damage of basalt fibers when the low-speed impact test on

basalt/nylon hybrid composites is applied, but pull-out and delamination damage occurs in nylon fibers when the

same test is applied [12].

The charpy test is commonly used on metals, but is also applied to composites, ceramics and polymers.

With charpy test one most commonly evaluates the relative toughness of materials as such, it is used as a quick

and economical quality control device. Erkendirci examined plain weave S-2 glass fiber reinforced high density

polyethylene (HDPE) thermoplastic composites of different fiber volume ratios and thicknesses by using the

Charpy impact test with impact toughness and impact energy. He observed that increasing the fiber volume ratio

increases the impact toughness and impact energy. He has identified that fiber composites exhibited brittle

fracture behavior with the increase of the fiber volume fraction [13]. Ghasemnejad et al. established delamination

in the CFR and GFR reinforced composite samples by applying the Charpy impact test. They observed

interaction of delamination and absorbed impact energy [14]. Bansal et al. added weight ratio of 2.5% alumina

fly ash to GFR/epoxy composites and applied the Charpy impact test to samples in different notch depth ratios.

They obtained the high impact energy in the alumina added GFR/epoxy composites. They identified that alumina

particles increase interlaminar adhesion strength. They found that fiber breakage is the predominant damage

mode and delamination damage decreased with increased notch depth ratios [15]. Shokrieh et al. examined the

damage mechanism of GFR/epoxy composites by applying the Charpy impact test at a different temperature.

They determined that the damage mechanism at low-temperature occurs in the form of delamination and fiber

breakage, but matrix cracking occurs at high-temperature. They expressed that interlaminar shear stress increases

when the temperature increases [16]. Molnar et al. examined fracture toughness and impact resistance of

seventeen different samples formed PP/BaSO4 elastomer composites by using the Charpy impact test. They

mentioned the importance of the effect of temperature to impact resistance [17]. Khalli et al. identified impact

behaviors of three different notch depth ratios opened aluminum plates by patching with CFR/epoxy and

GFR/epoxy and detected that more impact energy was absorbed by the CFR / epoxy patch [18]. Lee and Chean

tested interlaminar shear stress, impact energy and fracture toughness of GFR/epoxy and GFR/polyester

composites with the Charpy impact test according to changing fiber volume fraction. They found that GFR /

epoxy composites absorbed the high impact energy around 60% in fiber volume fraction and absorbed impact

energy decreased after this value. They identified that delamination damage is predominant in the composites

which have interlaminar shear stress as low fiber volume fractions, but fiber breakage and pull out damage types

are predominant in the composites which have interlaminar shear stress as high fiber volume fractions [19].

Cheon et al. contacted relation between total area of delaminated area for laminated GFR/epoxy composites and

impact energy and reported that it is effective to increase interlaminar delamination and energy absorption

capacity [20]. Niglia et al. calculated fracture toughness of arc-shaped specimens cut from polyethylene pipes to

ASTM 399 standard by carrying out Charpy impact tests. In order to calculate the shaped factor because of the

arc-shape of specimens, derived formulas for each notch depth ratios (a/W) were used in their study [21]. Özbek

et al. studied fracture toughness (Gıc) and PE 100 arc-shaped specimens by using the Charpy impact test like to

similar to Niglia et al’s work and to find the shape factors of specimens with respect to changing notch depth

ratios, they derived the formulas [22].

The objectives of this study of basalt and E-glass fiber reinforced composite filament wound pipes are to

research the possibility of alternate basalt fibers, to contribute to the literature, and to increase the usability of the

Charpy impact tests on pipes for wide application. The Charpy impact test was applied on the arc-shaped

specimens taken from ±6-layered filament wound BFR and GFR reinforced pipes with a layup [±55o]6 and were

opened to different notch depth ratios (a/W). To minimize spring effect that stem from arc shape of specimen

according to the different depth ratios, the equations derived from the literature were used for the calculation of

the shape factors of the arc-shaped specimens. The fracture toughness (energy release rate) and impact energy of

basalt and E- glass reinforced filament wound specimens were compared. After the Charpy impact test, occurred

damage types were investigated and interlaminar delamination areas of BFR and GFR specimens were observed

and determined by the image processing method and compared with the impact energy.

Preparation of specimens

In this study, Kammany Vek 400 tex and 600 tex Vetrotex E-Glass fiber reinforcement were used in

filament wound pipes. The diameters of used fibers measured were measured by using ZEISS LS-10 Scanning

Electron Microscope. The measured average diameter is about 13 µm for E -glass fiber and 11,14µm for basalt

fiber given in Fig. 1. Modified Bisphenol A epoxy resin used as matrix material. Some important mechanical,

physical, and thermal properties of basalt are compared with E- glass fibers in Table 1, which clearly illustrate

the advantages of properties provided by the basalt. The filament wound pipes manufactured by IZOREEL

Composites Company via using CNC filament winding machines according to 10N fiber tension, average 11 mm

bandwidth and 60oC resin bath as filament winding parameters. The fibers passed through a resin bath in 60oC

and were manufactured to be ±6-layer, 72 mm internal diameter, average 2.62 mm thickness for BFR and

average 2,75 mm thickness for GFR ±55o winding angle in the same temperature over mandrel. After winding

processes, pre-curing and curing operations were applied at 135oC and at 150oC respectively.

Table 1 Comparison of mechanical properties of basalt and E-glass [7].

Fig. 1. Diameter values of basalt fiber.

To determine the fiber volume fraction, a burn-off test was applied to specimens according to ASTM-

D2584.The fiber fractions of [±55o]6 filament wound BFR and GFR specimens were found to be about 0,61.

Specimens cut from pipes, under a coolant that is manufactured in accordance with studies of Niglia et

al., Özbek et al. and ASTM 399-90 side cross-sectional areas, were grinded with 1200 grid abrasive papers to

minimize edge effects of the arc shaped specimens. The preparation scheme of specimens is given in Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Specimens obtained from BFR and GFR filament wound pipes[21].

Four different notch depths for arc shaped specimens were determined and prepared by cutting them with a 1

mm thick diamond disk and bistoury according to four different a/W ratios (0.25, 0.38, 0.5, and 0.63). In totally,

24 specimens were prepared. To get fine results, tests for each type specimen were repeated three times and their

average results were evaluated.

Experimental procedure

BFR and GFR specimens were prepared as four different notch depth ratios tested by using the

Zwick/Roel Charpy impact test device at room temperature with respect to ISO 179/92 standard (Fig 3a). Impact

energy and energy release rates (Gc) were ascertained. Fig. 3c shows the fundamental principle of the Charpy

impact test and Fig. 4 shows the experimental setup of specimen.

a) b)

Fig. 3. a) Charpy test device b) Fundamental Principle of the Charpy impact test.

Fig. 4 Experimental set up of specimen

Energy release rate (impact toughness), which is one of fracture toughness methods, were benefited from the

studies of Niglia et al. and Özbek et al. These formulas given below, Eq.1 & Eq. 2, were used to calculate

fracture toughness [21-22].

U Ua Ub= − (1)

UG =c

BWφ(a/W) (2)

In here, c

G is the energy release rate (fracture toughness), U is absorbed impact energy, B is material width, W

is the height of the material specimen, and ( / )a Wφ is a shape factor of the specimen to minimize the spring

effect of arc shape according to the changing depth ratio. Derived equations (Eq. 3,4,5,6) from Niglia et al [21].

and Özbek et al. by finite element method for calculating shape factors are shown below. In here x , 0C and r

represents /a W , fixed number, and 1 2/r r respectively [22].

'C + C0φ = 'dC /dx

(3)

'dC 2 2

= -52.488 + 10, 080r + 1.031r + (5 .645 - 21.312r)x + 18.023rx +dx

2(64.224 - 26.064r + 0.202r ) (19.44 - 5 .059r) 31.683

(59.328 - 47.52r)x + - +2 3(1 - x) (1 - x) (1 - x)

(4)

(2.655-4.425r) 2C (r) = 10.879 + 3.136e - 2.165r - 2.51r0 (5)

' 2 2 3C = (-52.488 +10.08r +1.031r )x + (2.822 -10.656r)x + 6.008rx +

4 2(-14.832 +11.88)x + (-64.224 + 26.064r - 0.202r )ln(1- x)

(19.44 - 5.059r) (15.84)- + 2(1- x) (1- x)

(6)

The white colorant which has low viscosity was injected with needle tip among layers of specimens in

order to determine interaction between interlaminar delamination and impact energy at the end of impact tests.

Then layers were separated and photographed to depict the colored delamination surface under the light source

with a high density CCD camera. The approximate percentage of dissemination areas of these photos were

examined by imaging with a MATLAB image processing toolbox. Schematic picture of the image processing

system and steps of the image processing are shown Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 c) : raw picture (1), making gray operation

(2), and noise suppression filtering (3). Diaz et al. determined damages by the same method of recording with a

high density camera to see fatigue damage that plastic deformation caused on the crack tip [23].

Fig. 5. Schematic picture of the Image Processing System.

a) b)

c)

Fig. 6. Injected white color layer a) Separated layer b) Identification of % delamination areas by Image processing method for BFR specimen c).

Experimental results and discussion

BFR and GFR composite specimens were tested three times for determining impact energy and fracture

toughness in four different a/W ratios (0.25, 0.38, 0.5, and 0.63). Impact energies and fracture toughness, which

are obtained according to notch depth of BFR and GFR composite specimens, were analyzed and compared. The

standard deviations of impact energies of composites are given on Fig. 7 as vertical bars. Comparing impact

energies of BFR and GFR specimens according to notch depth ratio revealed a decrease in impact energy of each

composite specimen with increasing notch depth ratio (Fig. 7). While BFR composite specimens have an average

value of 10.8 J by 0.25 a/W ratio, GFR composite specimens have an average value of 8.8 J. BFR composite

specimens have an average value of 5.2 J by 0.63 a/W ratio, but GFR composite specimens have an average

value of 4.4 J. All of average impact energies of BFR and GFR composites are presented on Fig.7.

Fig. 7. Impact energies of the BFR and GFR composite specimens.

Being at a high level of absorbed impact energy for both of the composites in low notch depth ratios

(a/W), it is thought that the predominant type of damage that occurred in the Charpy impact test originates from

delamination damage for GFR and BFR composites as give in Fig. 8. It can be interpreted that the reasons of

decrease in absorbed impact energy are fast crack propagation and passing from predominant delamination

damage through predominant fiber breakage. In short, impact energy was absorbed with predominant fiber

breakage damage for specimens which had high notch depth ratios, while impact energy was absorbed with

predominant delamination damage for specimens which had low notch depth ratios (Fig. 8, 9). In Fig. 7, it is

noticable in the two composites compared to each other, impact energies of BFR composite specimens are higher

than GFR composite specimens in all notch depth. Bansal et al. expressed in their study that predominant

damage by decreasing notch depth ratio is delamination damage and they found similar evidences in this study

[15]. When compared the diameters of basalt and E-glass fibers each other, the tested E-glass fiber has larger

average diameter (13µm) then basalt fiber (11.14). However, basalt fiber has higher tensile strength, elastic

module (Table 1.) and impact energy then E-glass fiber [7]. According to literature data, the mechanical

properties of basalt and E-glass fiber are strongly dependent on their Al2O3 content. This identification gives us

that the strengths of these fibers increase by adding Al2O3 [24-25]. Therefore, for understanding higher

mechanical behaviors of basalt fiber than E-glass, the chemical compositions of fibers play an important role.

The main composition of glass fiber contains Al2O3, SiO2, CaO and B2O3 while basalt fiber contains higher

Al2O3 and SiO2, CaO, TiO2, K2O, MgO, Na2O and Fe2O3 except boron oxide [26]. Deak and Czigany studied the

effect of diameters and chemical composition of basalt and E-glass fibers. They found that basalt and E-glass

fiber did not depended on the mechanical properties on diameter after diameters of fibers exceed 9µm. In

addition, they reported that SiO2 and Al2O3 higher contents and ceramic materials of basalt fiber exhibited

correlation with the mechanical properties [26]. In this paper, the effect of the diameter of fibers was not

considered for impact properties and delamination.

a) b)

c) d)

Fig. 8. Damage types of GFR a) 0.25 a/W b) 0,38 a/W) and BFR c) 0.25 a/W d) 0,38 a/W

a) b)

c) d)


Image processing method is used to compare the delamination damages which occur in BFR and

GFR/epoxy composites and to opine both of the composite damages. Also average the delamination damage

areas which occurred in the layers were identified for a/W depth ratios. The average delamination areas of each

a/W depth ratios and their standard deviations are given in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10. Delamination areas of BFR and GFR composites.

GFR composites have higher values than BFR composites for the delamination damage areas in each of a/W

ratios measured from the impact tests, as given in Fig. 10. Here, for BFR composites it can be mentioned that

basalt fibers have strong adhesion force with matrix and so they provide better interface than glass fibers [6, 9].

In this case, fiber breakage is the predominant damage mode for BFR composites (Fig. 8, 9). While increasing

the notch depth ratio, impact energy decreased and so the delamination damaged areas of both composites were

decreased. The differences between the the delamination areas, in particular 0.5 and 0.63 a/W nothes decreased.

From here, it can be commented that while the a/W ratio increased, fiber breakage and pull out damages highly

occurred as seen Fig. 9 and SEM micrographs. In Fig. 10 the differences of delamination areas between BFR

and GFR composites can be explained by two cases. First are the differences of impact energies of BFR and

GFR composites (see Fig.7) due to their different module which may cause debonding and delamination between

fibers and polymer matrix at the interface and other is the surface roughness of fibers (see Fig.1) Mility et al.

reported that the smooth surface roughness of E-glass fibers greatly affected the bonding between fibers and

matrix. Wu et al. mentioned that the surface characteristics of fibers contributed to the delamination damage of

composites and the smooth surface of glass fibers resulted in delamination damage, whereas the rough surface of

basalt fibers assured a fine bonding anf providing the enhancement of mechanical properties [27]. Sfarra et al.

reported that the delamination and whitening (debonding) damages of GFR were observed higher than BFR

composites. It was mentioned that the interface ability of fiber and epoxy is significant and basalt fibers have

good interface with epoxy [9]. Manikandan et al.found that the impact energy of BFR polyester composites take

higher values than GFR polyester composites owing to fact that basalt fibers have higher adhesion force with

polyester than glass fibers [6]. At the same time they stated that low shear strength triggers the interlaminar

delamination in their study. Colombo et al. found evidence in parallel with the findings that basalt fibers create a

strong adhesion force with epoxy [7]. For representation of general crack propagation, assumed crack

propagation of 0.25 a/W notched BFR specimen are given in Fig. 11.

Fig. 11. Assumed crack propagation of 0.25 a/W notched BFR composite.

Fig. 12. Fracture toughness of GFR and BFR composites.

The fracture toughness values (energy release rate) of BFR and GFR composite were calculated

according to Equation 1 and are given in Fig. 12. When the values in the chart were examined, fracture

toughness of BFR specimens for each a/W ratio was found to be higher than GFR specimens. The fracture

toughness of GFR and BFR specimens for notch depth ratios get slightly different values. While the notch depth

ratio is increasing, a very small decrease in the fracture toughness values is observed.

When the fracture toughness was analyzed, high values were attained due to the high fiber volume

fraction. In many studies it was examined that impact energies increase when fiber volume fraction increased.

Lee and Cheon observed that maximum impact energies increased when the fiber volume fraction of filament

wound GFR / epoxy composites was around 60% and they reported that above this fiber volume fraction, impact

energies decreased [19]. While in their study the fracture toughness was about 600 kJ/m2 at 60-65% fiber volume

fractions, the fracture toughness values of GFR composites at the fiber volume fraction of 61% in our study were

similar to the work of Lee and Cheon.

Fig. 13. SEM image of the fracture surface of BFR (a) and GFR (b) composites.

According to experimental results and SEM images of BFR composites as given in Fig. 13 (a), it was

observed that the fiber breakage was more dominant than delamination and pullout damages, especially in low

notch depth ratios for BFR composites due to their good adhesion strength with epoxy. Surface roughness of

basalt fiber (see Fig.1) may be decreased pull out and debonding damage by providing good bonding [27].

However, in GFR composites, as given in Fig. 13(b), both pull-out and fiber breakage damage modes were seen

as damage modes. All of the damage modes are clearly visible in Fig. 13 (a) and (b). Dehkordi et al. indicated

that impact energy was transferred to the matrix during low-speed impact tests applied to BFR composites and

when impact strength exceeded basalt fiber strength, depending on the fiber matrix adhesion strength, the fiber

breakage occurred on fracture surface. And so they found that fiber breakage was the effective fracture

mechanism on fracture surfaces of BFR composites [12].

Conclusions

At the end of the Charpy impact test and image processing of arc shaped [±55o]6 BFR and GFR/epoxy

composites, the main findings are given below.

• The Charpy impact test to determine the fracture toughness and damage types of BFR and GFR/epoxy

composites was applied as practically.

• BFR/epoxy composites showed higher impact energies and fracture toughness than GFR/epoxy

composites for each of the notch depth ratios (a/W).

• The absorbed impact energy decreased when the notch depth ratio of BFR and GFR composites

increased. The delamination damage is most effective to absorb high impact energy for low-notch

depth ratio (a/W).

• The delamination areas of BFR and GFR/epoxy composites were calculated by using the image

processing method. The highest delamination areas for each a/W ratio were founded on GFR/epoxy

composites. As the notch depth ratio (a/W) increased, the differences in the delamination areas between

BFR and GFR/epoxy composites decreased. It was considered that this was caused by the increasing

a/w ratio activating fiber breakage damage.

• According to the test results and literatures, the effect of surface roughness of fiber for providing good

bonding with matrix particularly in polymer resins, was observed on BFR/epoxy composites and lower

delamination area of BFR/epoxy composites were clarified by this identification. The fine interface

adhesion of BFR affected the delamination damage.

• The delamination and pull-out damage modes occurred at low a/W ratios (0.25 and 0.38), while fiber

breakage damage mode were observed at high a/W ratios (0.5 and 0.63).

• When SEM images of the fracture surface of the composites were analyzed, the fiber breakage and pull-

out were found out to be the more effective damage modes on GFR composites. However, the fiber

breakage was observed intensively on BFR composites due to the fine interaction between the basalt

fiber and epoxy.

Acknowledgements

Some basalt fiber data was benefited from a Ph.D. thesis studies of Mehmet Turan Demirci supported by the

Selcuk University Scientific Research Projects (B.A.P) under grant number 11101030. In addition, Thanks to

Asist. Prof. Dr. Rahmi Akın at Nişantaşı University for his helping us.

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process around a notch using digital image measurement system. Optics and Lasers in Engineering 2004; 41:

477-487.

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Figure Captions and Figures




Fig. 4 Experimental set up of specimen.

Fig. 5. Schematic picture of the Image Processing System�

Fig. 6. Injected white color layer a) Separated layer b) Identification of % delamination areas by Image

processing method for BFR specimen c).








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Fig. 4 Experimental set up of specimen.

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Fig. 5. Schematic picture of the Image Processing System�

a) b)

c)

Fig. 6. Injected white color layer a) Separated layer b) Identification of % delamination areas by Image processing method for BFR specimen c).

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a) b)

c) d)

Fig. 8. Damage types of GFR a) 0.25 a/W b) 0,38 a/W) and BFR c) 0.25 a/W d) 0,38 a/W.

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a) b)

c) d)


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List of Tables

Table 1 Comparison of mechanical properties of basalt and E-glass [7].

Table 1 Comparison of mechanical properties of basalt and E-glass [7]. �

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Tensile strength

(MPa)

Elastic modulus

(GPa)

Density

(g/cm3)

Elongation

at break(%)

Max operating

temp. (oC)

Basalt 4840 89 2.8 3.1 650

E-Glass 3450 72.4 2.6 4.7 380

fracture toughness of filament wound bfr and gfr arc shaped specimens with charpy impact test method

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