framework for civil engineering research: addressing safety and sustainability through disaster risk...

7th ASEAN Environmental Engineering Conference, 21-22 Nov 2014, Palawan, Philippines ISBN 978-616-374-596-5

FRAMEWORK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING RESEARCH: ADDRESSING SAFETY AND

SUSTAINABILITY THROUGH DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

Andres Winston C. Oreta1, Renan Ma. Tanhueco2 and Lessandro Estelito Garciano3 *Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, De La Salle, University, Manila, Philippines, Tel. 5244611,

Email: [email protected] 2Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, De La Salle, University, Manila, Philippines, Tel. 5244611,

Email: [email protected] 3Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, De La Salle, University, Manila, Philippines, Tel. 5244611,

Email: [email protected]

Abstract The task of a civil engineer includes provision of safe, reliable and comfortable infrastructures for housing, transport, communication, water supply and sanitation, energy, commercial and industrial activities to meet the needs of a growing population. Today, there is an increasing demand for civil engineers to focus their efforts on the protection and preservation of the environment. With the increase in severity and frequency of natural disasters that devastated both developing and advanced countries, planning, design and construction of infrastructures that are safe for people and at the same time reduce their impact on further deterioration of the environment becomes a major challenge. Civil engineers who are experts in the various fields of specialization in structural engineering, transportation engineering, water resources engineering, geotechnical engineering and construction engineering must embed in their tasks disaster risk reduction especially in hazard-prone regions – for when they do this, they not only address safety but also sustainability – two important issues for maintaining the balance and harmony between the built and natural environment. This paper presents a research and action framework for civil engineers – researchers and practicing engineers. Sample abstracts of researches on DRR at De La Salle University are also presented. Keywords: Safety, Sustainability, Infrastructure Development, Hazard, Disaster Risk Reduction, Civil Engineering 1. UNDERSTANDING SAFETY AND SUSTAINABILITY

“Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their duties.” This is one of the fundamental canons of the Code of Ethics of Civil Engineers. Two keywords in this canon are ‘safety’ and ‘sustainable development.’ 1.1 Designing for safety. In every endeavour, civil engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public. Protection of properties and other assets are only secondary. Houses and buildings are designed and built by structural and construction engineers against environmental loads due to gravity, earthquakes, wind, temperature and other external forces to safeguard life or limb, property and public welfare. Bridges are designed and constructed to resist loads due to traffic and external forces to assure safe and comfortable travel of people and vehicles. Geotechnical engineers analyze the soil and foundation to make sure that the structures built on them or against them will remain sound and stable. A safe transportation is planned and managed by transportation engineers to move people and goods safely without accidents and efficiently from one location to another by land, water or


air. Water resources engineers design innovative ways of providing safe potable drinking water. Infrastructures are designed and constructed to utilize water for irrigation and for producing safe energy. Flood control structures are put in place to protect people and property from the harmful effects of flooding. 1.2 Addressing Sustainability. Civil engineers shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their duties. Sustainable development was first defined in 1987 by the Brundtland Commission as “development that meets the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” In the 1992, Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, sustainable development was defined as an “economic process that can be maintained long-term in line with the earth’s carrying capacity.” Today sustainability is seen in three-dimensions, namely ecological, economic and socio-cultural [1]. Ecological sustainability is focused on three goals: 1) Protection of human health deals with human toxicity of building materials, reduction of

pollutants, sick building syndrome among others 2) Protection of the ecosystem includes waste avoidance, reduction of emissions and

pollutants and proper and efficient land use, and 3) Protection of natural resources deals with resource efficiency, energy use and recycling.

Ecological sustainability is related to infrastructure development. Civil engineers, being major stakeholders in infrastructure development and the construction industry, must practice activities in construction that contribute to ecological sustainability. Aside from increasing the structure's serviceability, durability and reliability throughout its entire life, construction must also address the following goals [2]:

• Decrease exhausting of primary raw materials and energy, • Regulate consumption of renewable resources, and • Decrease the amount of harmful emissions and wastes.

These goals do not only apply in construction but also in the various projects and activities of civil engineers.

Figure 1. Interaction of the Built and Natural Environment

1.3 Living in hazard-prone regions We live in an environment where nature and infrastructures interact as shown in Figure 1. Our built environment is a product of society’s utilization of resources and energy obtained from nature. Infrastructure development, however, produces negative outputs like air pollution and waste that have severe impact on human systems and the natural environment including climate change. Nature, on the other hand, provides us with useful resources but at

Climate Change

SAFETY: Human losses Material Damage

SUSTAINABILITY:

Wasted Energy Depleted Resources Debris

Outputs of

Development

Natural Hazards

Vulnerabilities

Natural Environment

Built Environment

Extreme Hazards

DISASTER

Disaster Impact Risk


the same time produces natural hazards that threaten the built environment. Achieving safety and sustainability is a major challenge in regions or countries that are vulnerable to adverse natural hazards like earthquakes, typhoons, floods, volcanic eruptions, drought and tsunamis. Infrastructures, if vulnerable to these hazards, become inoperable making them useless. Many buildings and bridges have collapsed in the past due to strong earthquakes and tsunamis. Traffic leads to a standstill when roads and highways become flooded. Water infrastructures become ineffective during water shortages due to drought. When these disasters occur, the quality of life and safety of the people are affected. Safety from harm due to collapsed buildings, safety from accidents during travel from office to homes and lack of safe drinking water are examples of the impact of disasters on safety in hazard-prone regions. Table 1 shows the impact of various types of hazards on (a) urban infrastructure, (b) human health and safety, and (c) vulnerable communities/urban poor. These impacts of hazards are directly related to the safety of the people and affect the infrastructures. Table 1. Impact of Hazards

GEOPHYSICAL HAZARDS

Hazards Urban infrastructure & Built Environment

Human Health & Safety

Vulnerable Communities

Earthquakes • Damage & collapse of buildings, bridges & lifelines

• Death & injuries • Displacement of seismic-prone communities

Landslides • Damage of infrastructures near cliffs & slopes

• Death & injuries • Displacement of landslide-prone communities

Tsunamis • Losses to coastal infrastructures, ports and piers

• Flood, debris and drowning deaths

• Displacement of coastal communities

Volcanic eruptions • Damage to infrastructures near volcanoes

• Death & injuries • Air quality: skin &

respiratory illnesses

• Displacement of communities near volcanoes

HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL & CLIMATE-RELATED HAZARDS ( Based on a Table by Otto-Zimmermann, K. Ed., 2011[3]

Hazards Urban infrastructure & Built Environment

Human Health & Safety

Vulnerable Communities

Temperature change; heat/cold waves

• Pavement & track damage from extreme heat

• Intensified urban heat island effect

• Air quality: skin & respiratory illnesses

• Thermal comfort • Heat stroke &

dehydration • Water contamination

• Heat fatalities in congested slums due to poor air circulation

Drought • Difficulties for inland waterway transportation

• Ground water subsidence

• Malnutrition & dehydration

• Reduced water supply for drinking & sanitation

• Rural migration to cities • Scarce water in slums/informal

settlements

Extreme precipitation patterns & flooding

• Overflowing drainage systems and waste water treatment plants

• Disruption of traffic & transportation system

• Flooding of airports, roads, rails, tunnels

• Spread of water borne and airborne diseases

• Drowning deaths

• Flooding of urban poor settlements in hazardous flood plains

Storm surge • Damage to roads, bridges, ports, marine infrastructure

• Flood, debris and wind casualties

• Displacement of informal settlers • Forced migration Relocation

Sea-level rise & coastal erosion

• Losses to coastal and water infrastructures

• Saline intrusion: effects on drinking water

• Displacement of communities in low lying coastal areas and near rivers


Based on the trend of natural disasters between 1900-2011 of EM-DAT in Figure 2 (a), the number of natural disasters reported has increased drastically reaching more than 500 in year 2000. A positive observation from Figure (b) is that the number of people killed have decreased from millions (during the 1900’s) to less than 500,000 deaths after 2000.The most recent disasters with large fatalities are the 2004 Indian Ocean Earthquake and

Tsunami (227898 deaths) and the 2010 Haiti earthquake (316000 deaths). Figures 2(c) and (d), however, shows a gloomy trend. The number of affected people and the economic costs due to the reported disasters are increasing. The reported economic damages from the 2011 Great East Japan or Tohoku earthquake was US$ 214 billion followed by damages due to Hurricane Katrina of US$ 182 billion. The increase in the number of affected people and damage costs may be attributed to the larger exposure and high vulnerability of the community, infrastructures and investments to the hazards.

Sustainability is also at stake in hazard-prone regions. Disasters lead to wastage of resources and energy and produces debris which contributes to environmental deterioration. The large amount of disaster-caused waste and debris poses another environmental problem. Debris removal is a major component of every disaster recovery operation. Soil, building material, and green waste, such as trees and shrubs, make up most of the volume of disaster

(a) Number of Disasters Reported (b) Number of People Killed

(c) Number of People Affected (d) Estimated Damage

Figure 2. Natural Disaster Trends in the World (1900 – 2011) Source: http://www.emdat.be/natural-disasters-trends


debris. Disposal of hazardous materials complicates the problem. The most severe natural disasters generate debris in quantities that can overwhelm existing solid waste management facilities or force communities to use disposal options that otherwise would not be acceptable. The volume of debris from past earthquakes are 15 million tonnes from the Great Hanshin-Awaji (Kobe) earthquake, 20 million tonnes from the 2008 Sichuan earthquake, and 10 million m3 found in Indonesia alone following the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami [4]. The debris of 20 to 25 million tonnes from the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake is said to be15 times the annual waste production of the three most affected prefectures - Fukushima, Iwate and Miyagi. In the port town of Ishinomachi, the tsunami waste was equivalent to 100 years of collection [5]. Managing the disaster debris following disasters in a post disaster recovery effort takes times and is costly. For example, management of the tsunami debris of 1.35 million tonnes at Sendai city costs 92.5 Billion Yen or US$ 1.15 Billion [6]. 2. A FRAMEWORK FOR RESEARCH AND ACTION Addressing safety and sustainability issues in hazard-prone regions like the Philippines is a challenge. However, by understanding the critical factors that contribute to disasters, a framework for research and action for civil engineers can be formulated. The risk model:

Risk = Hazard x Elements at Risk x Vulnerability simplifies our understanding of the cause of disasters. Figure 3 shows that the frequency and intensity of a disaster depends on the magnitude or scale of the hazard and degree of vulnerability of the elements at risk (people, assets, infrastructures). Vulnerability is a function of physical, social, economic, environmental and political factors but in the case of infrastructures, vulnerability is related to the degree of safety and sustainable features provided. 2.1 DRR as a framework for research One strategy to address safety and sustainability is disaster risk reduction (DRR). UNISDR [7] defines DRR as “the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.”

There are three important phases in DRR that must be considered to successfully realize its objectives: (a) Hazard Assessment. Know the hazards that threaten the assets (people, structures and

investment) of a community. (b) Vulnerability Assessment. Identify the ‘elements at risk’ or ‘asset’ and their

vulnerabilities to the hazard that may trigger a potential disaster.

PEOPLEASSETS

INFRASTRUCTURES

HUMAN HEALTHRESOURCES ECOSYSTEM

NATURAL HAZARDS

VULNERABILITIES

ELEMENTS AT RISK

DEGREE OFSAFETY

PROVIDED SUSTAINABILITY

FEATURES

Frequency & Intensity of Disaster

IMPA

CTS

IMPA

CTS

HAZARD-PRONE REGIONS

Figure 3. The problem of safety and

sustainability in hazard-prone regions


(c) Risk Assessment and Risk Reduction. Assess the risk to the hazard and identify how

the risk can be reduced by implementing risk reduction strategies. Risk reduction involves decisions and actions addressing the following strategies:

• Prevention – Reduce or Avoid the hazard • Mitigation – Reduce the vulnerabilities to the hazard • Adaptation – Build capacity and resilience to the hazard

If we integrate DRR in the planning, designing, constructing and management of

infrastructures, then we will address safety and sustainability issues as shown in Figure 4. Hence researches that aim to reduce or avoid hazards and reduce vulnerabilities on infrastructures and the community will lead to reduction of disaster risks. Reduced disaster risks leads to safer structures and improved safety to the people. Reduced disaster risks also leads to sustainability since there will be less damage to infrastructures and less wastage of resources and less impact to the people which translates to better living conditions. When we protect our people, assets and infrastructures, we increase the people’s resilience and health, preserve our resources and maintain the balance between built and natural environment.

DRR research in civil engineering must be promoted in the academe. Depending on the hazard, various researches that focus on the three phases of DRR – hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment and risk assessment and reduction must be conducted. There are various DRR strategies which can be investigated by researchers. Here are some examples:

• Flood risk reduction – hazard maps, land use management, flood forecasting, early warning systems, flood control structures, evacuations from lowlands, expanded flood plain areas, emergency flood reservoirs, preserved areas for flash flood water, improved construction techniques, upgrading and rehabilitation of waterways, declogging of sewerage canals, proper disposal of garbage and waste

• Seismic risk reduction – hazard maps, land use planning, resistant designs and construction, building regulations and permitting systems, enforcement of urban plans and building codes, seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, relocation from hazard-prone areas (fault-zones, coastal areas, unstable slopes, cliffs, soft soil), early warning from tsunami, awareness and preparedness education

• Landslide monitoring and mitigation – risk mapping, environmental management, GIS mapping on morphology, hydrogeology, land use and soil type; and development of alternative land-use plans, soil stabilization, awareness programs

PEOPLEASSETS

INFRASTRUCTURES

HUMAN HEALTHRESOURCES ECOSYSTEM

DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

REDUCE/AVOIDHAZARDS

REDUCE VULNERABILITIES

PROTECTED ELEMENTS

REDUCED DISASTER

RISKS

SAFETYIMPROVED

SUSTAINABILITYINCREASED

+

Figure 4. Role of DRR on Safety & Sustainability


2.2 Framework for Action for Civil Engineers Civil engineers have an enormous task towards realizing safe and sustainable infrastructure development. The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015 [8] which focuses on disaster risk reduction (DRR) is an appropriate guide for civil engineers to attain this goal. The HFA was formulated and adopted by 168 governments at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Kobe, Japan and aims to promote a strategic and systematic approach to reducing vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. It underscored the need for, and identified ways of, building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters through the five priorities for action (Box 1, ISDR 2005). The HFA approach to disaster risk reduction encourages all stakeholders to take into consideration the key activities listed under each of these five priorities and should implement them, as appropriate, to their own circumstances and capacities [8]. “If you could actually tackle these five things, you will be a safer nation and a safer world,” Margareta Wahlström, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction stated in one of her keynote speeches. Following the HFA, engineers can contribute substantially in the implementation of the key activities especially on those related to HFA2, HFA3 and HFA4. Among the key activities that civil engineers can engage in are listed in Box 2.

Box 1. Goals of the Hyogo Framework for Action

Box 2. Key Activities of the HFA related to Civil Engineering Developing and maintaining people-centered early warning systems (HFA2). Developing infrastructure, capacities and methods for risk assessment, forecasting hazards,

vulnerabilities, disaster impacts (HFA2). Strengthening networks among disaster experts, managers and planners across sectors and between

regions and promoting and improving dialogue and cooperation among scientific communities and practitioners working on disaster risk reduction (HFA3).

Promoting disaster risk reduction knowledge, local risk assessment and training programmes in schools and in the community (HFA3).

Promoting the sustainable use and management of ecosystems such as better land-use planning and development activities to reduce risk and vulnerabilities (HFA4).

Implementing integrated environmental and natural resource management approaches that incorporate disaster risk reduction, including structural and non-structural measures, such as integrated flood management and appropriate management of fragile ecosystems (HFA4).

Protecting and strengthening critical public facilities and physical infrastructure, particularly schools, clinics, hospitals, water and power plants, communications and transport lifelines, disaster warning and management centres, and culturally important lands and structures through proper design, retrofitting and re-building, in order to render them adequately resilient to hazards. (HFA4).

Incorporating disaster risk assessments into the urban planning and management of disaster-prone human settlements, in particular highly populated areas and quickly urbanizing settlements (HFA4).

Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters


3. DRR RESEARCHES: DLSU CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT The faculty and students of the Civil Engineering Department at De La Salle University which has specialized division in Structural Engineering (STE), Construction Technology and Management (CTM), Transportation Engineering (TRE), Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering (HWR) and soon Geotechnical Engineering (GTE) have pursued a number of researches on DRR that address the issue of safety and sustainability issues and concerns in hazard-prone countries. Summarized below are abstracts of selected completed researches and student thesis: • Pull-Out and Pull-over Failure Probability of Residential House Roofs due to

Extreme Wind Speeds: A Case Study in Malate, Metro Manila [10] This research investigated the probability of pullout and pullover failures of roof panels in low-rise residential structures subjected to extreme wind speeds in Malate, Manila. Using Monte Carlo simulation the pullout failure was determined as the main mode of failure. A risk curve was obtained using the annualized expected loss and the average annual exceedence probability of the wind speeds. A GIS map was developed to help local authorities identify house roofs vulnerable to strong typhoons. This hazard map may also help residents strengthen their roofs to lessen damage during typhoons.

• Development of an Alternative Referenced Wind Zone Map of the Philippines by

GEV Modelling And Kriging Interpolation Method [11] The effects of climate change have brought several impacts in the country including the recent super typhoon Haiyan. To help mitigate the risks due to extreme wind speeds caused by climate change and changing weather patterns the researchers proposed a wind zone and contour map. Contour and wind zone maps with 50, 75 and 100 – year return periods were therefore developed. These maps showed a significant change in the basic wind speed of the current National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP 2010). This map (Figure 5) can be used to help mitigate the effects of extreme winds in the future.

• Environmental Impact Assessment of

Structural Systems of Residential Housing Units [12]

Structural engineers, aside from considering safety, serviceability and economy must also address the sustainability of structures. The paper proposes a “Structural Sustainability Index (SSI).” Five environmental impact parameters of structural systems of houses were assessed using Life Cycle Assessment tools and a single score called as SSI was derived. The SSI can be used for ranking houses based on environmental impact and can be used as a parameter to guide structural engineers in comparing various design alternatives and selecting “greener designs.”

Figure 5: Alternative Wind Zone Map

(De Leoz [11])


• A Computer-Aided Semi-Quantitative Seismic Risk Assessment Tool To Promote Safe School Buildings [13] Following the seismic risk framework in Figure 6, a computer-aided earthquake risk assessment tool that includes a checklist to assess qualitatively the school building’s assets, seismic hazards and vulnerabilities to the various seismic hazards is developed. In the framework, a seismic risk index is utilized which is defined as the product of hazard, vulnerability and asset. Depending on the index, the school building may be classified at low, medium or high risk to a specific seismic hazard. Based in the indices, the school buildings in a specific compound are ranked and prioritized for further detailed inspections and possible repair or retrofitting.

• Study on the Effects of Land Use Changes to the Urban Hydrology of Tarlac City,

Tarlac [14] The study aims to estimate the storm run-off potential of small-watersheds draining to the Masalasa Creek utilizing the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve number hydrology methods under several hypothetical design rainfalls (5, 10,25, 50, 100 year return periods). The curve numbers were estimated for different land use zone categories under existing land uses and the approved future land uses in Tarlac City. Hydrographs generated between the two scenarios at different junctions and outlet points of smaller creeks draining to the Masalasa creek revealed small differences. Inadequate pipe culvert segments of Tarlac City’s drainage network near the central business area were also identified utilizing EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM 5.0) for different hypothetical single rainfall events (24 hrs). Studies are continued to make use of LIDAR based terrain models and two-dimensional flood models to refine results. The study was pursued to provide an assessment on Tarlac city’s flooding problems.

Figure 6. Framework for Seismic Risk Assessment (Brizuela and Oreta [13])


• Risk Analysis of Power Supply Due to Extreme Floods in San Juan, Surigao City, Philippines [15]

The power supply system and its network components are at risk due to extreme floods. Although various adaptive measures can reduce this risk, the infrastructure connected to the substation are still at risk to extreme inundation primarily because of its elevation, thus rendering the adaptation measures inadequate. In this paper, the authors use geographic information technology to quantify the risk of power loss to the consumers and the ensuing economic loss to the power producer considering various extreme inundation events. These extreme flood events were based on hypothetical rainfall with return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25 and 50 years (Figure 7). Specifically, the authors developed a risk curve for the power supply system in barangay San Juan, Surigao City, Surigao Del Norte, Philippines. The study shows that the percentage of households vulnerable to extreme floods for each return period are 22, 91, 93, 94 and 96. This power outage translates to a potential money loss range from US$ 1800 to US$ 36,000 for the power provider.

4. CONCLUSION Civil engineers must address the following safety and sustainability issues and concerns in hazard-prone countries to realize ‘safe and sustainable infrastructure development.’ The safety and sustainability problem in hazard-prone regions can be summarized by the following key points: • Disaster risk increases when a growing population and increasing investments are

exposed or located in hazard-prone regions. • Disaster risk reduction must be embedded in the planning, design, construction and

management of infrastructures to reduce the impact of disasters to people, property and investments.

• A higher performance level in design of infrastructures and systems must be implemented in hazard-prone regions like the Philippines to make them more robust and resilient to unexpected events.

Civil engineers play a major role in disaster risk reduction (DRR) which is a key to achieve a safe and sustainable infrastructure development. The academe can contribute to this challenge by pursuing researches related to DRR. The Civil Engineering Department of De La Salle University is pursuing activities and researches towards this end. The statement of the head of the UNISDR, Ms Margareta Wahlström during the 2013 Joint Meeting of the Pacific Platform for Disaster Risk Management and Pacific Climate Change Roundtable in Fiji is very timely. She said: “Neither disaster nor climate change is an issue for the future; it’s an issue for today.”

Figure 7. 50-year return period for

flood depths (Garciano et al [15])


References: [1] Maydl, Peter (2004). “Sustainable Engineering: State-of-the-Art and Prospects,” Structural Engineering International, J. of the IABSE, Vol. 14, No. 13, pp. 176-180.

[2] Hajek Petr (2002). “Sustainable Construction through Environment-Based Optimisation,” Proc. IABSE Symposium Melbourne 2002 towards a Better Built Environment

[3] Otto-Zimmermann, K. Ed. (2011). Resilient Cities. Proceedings of the Global Forum 2010, Springer [ 4] Brown, C et al. (2011). “Disaster Waste Management: A Review Article.” Waste Management, 31: 1085–98.

[5] Robin des Bois (2011). “The waste from the Japanese earthquake and tsunami,” Progress Report, www.robindesbois.org

[6] UNEP (2012). Managing post-disaster debris: the Japan experience, United Nations Environment Programme

[7] UNISDR (2008). Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. [8] ISDR (2005). Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters

[9] US Environmental Protection Agency (2010). Storm Water management Model User’s Manual v.5, Water Supply and Water Resources Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268 [10] I.P. Alvarez, J. Colobong, C. Decal, A. Tan and L. E. Garciano (2013). “Pull-Out and Pull-over Failure Probability of Residential House Roofs due to Extreme Wind Speeds: A Case Study in Malate, Metro Manila,” Undergraduate Thesis, DLSU,Manila [11] T. DeLeoz, E. Kaw, A. Quidilla& J. Valbuena and L. E. Garciano (2014), “Development of an Alternative Referenced Wind Zone Map of the Philippines by GEV Modelling And Kriging Interpolation Method,” Undergraduate Thesis, DLSU,Manila

[12] N. Arcilla, J. Ong and A.W.C. Oreta (2013). “Environmental Impact Assessment of Structural Systems of Residential Housing Units,” Undergraduate Thesis, DLSU,Manila [13] K. Brizuela and A.W.C. Oreta (2014). “A Computer-Aided Semi-Quantitative Seismic Risk Assessment Tool To Promote Safe School Buildings,” Undergraduate Thesis, DLSU,Manila [14] J.V.Mercado, A.V.Peyra, J.Tadena, K.W.Zosa and R. T. Tanhueco (2014). “Study on the Effects of Land Use Changes to the Urban Hydrology of Tarlac City, Tarlac,” Undergraduate Thesis, DLSU,Manila

[15] L. E. Garciano, R. M. Tanhueco, T. Koike & I. Yoshida (2014), “Risk Analysis of Power Supply Due to Extreme Floods in San Juan, Surigao City, Philippines,” Proc. 2nd Int’l Conference on Vulnerability and Risk Analysis and Management (ICVRAM2014) and the 6th Int’l Symposium on Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis (ISUMA2014), July 12-14, 2014, University of Liverpool, UK

framework for civil engineering research: addressing safety and sustainability through disaster risk...

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