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Tupac Amaru Revolutionary

Movement F¼® CÊt¨c×¢v ¨Yjº¡v J¢¶¤¼ ©k¡s¢ ̈ f¨suou,¨cÍt ̈ ot¸, e¬¥Q¢©h¡s¢ Y¤T¹¢ilj¤¨T JZJw GY¡Ù® A©YdT¢l¢lt·c« ̈ Oií ® dJt·¢lµ¢¶¤Ù®  j¡-h-J¦-nåu. ©d-j¢v o¡-h¬-h¤¾ `Y¤-d¡-J® Ahs¤ n´¥t’ F¼¤ ©dj¤¾L¡-i-J-¨c-i¤« CT-i®¨´¡-¼® ©S¡-Ù¢l¢¶¤. Ba¬« Hj¡-̈ q CÊt¨c×¢vY¸¤-J, F-¼¢-¶® AY¢v k¢Æ® ¨J¡-T¤-·¢-j¢-´¤-¼-l-j¤-¨T ©d-Q¤-J-q¢v©d¡-i¢ ©c¡-´¤-J, dפ-¨h-Æ¢v o¡-h¬-h¤¾ ©dj¤-Jq¤-¾l¨ji¤« ©i¡-L¬-¨j¼® ©f¡-b¬-¨¸-¶¡v Y¥-´¢-¨i-T¤-´¤J F¼£ Y±É¹q¡X® j¡hJ¦nåuCª ©c¡-lk¢v ±db¡-ch¡-i¤« d¢É¤-

Tt¼¢j¢´¤-¼Y®.j¡-h-J¦-nå̈ Ê l¢-lt-·c d£-V-c-

·¢-¨Ê Hj¤ Da¡-p-jX« d-s-i-¨¶.Y¤-d¡-J® Ahs¤ jÙ¡-h¨Ê h¦-L£-i-h¡i ¨J¡k l¢-l-j¢-´¤¼ C«-Lë£-n® l¢-´¢-i¢v c¢-¼¤¾ Hj¤ ¨O-s¢-i-g¡-L«:Amaru ` `was sentenced to a cruel

execution. He was forced to bear

witness to the execution of his wife, his

eldest son Hipolito, his uncle Francisco,

his brother-in-law Antonio Bastidas,

and some of his captains before his

own death. He was sentenced to be

tortured and beheaded. Preceding his

own beheading, Tupac Amaru II had

his tongue cut out and his limbs tied

to four horses.’’ O¢k Bw-´¡-j¤-¨T©dj¤Jw Hr¢l¡´¢, G¨s´¤¨s da¡c¤-da l¢lt·c« cT-·¢i j¡-hJ¦nåu (©dQ® 157) d©È, l¢´¢i¢vJ¡X¤¼ ©d¡¨k ̀Y¤d¡ ®́ Ahs¤l¢¨Ê c¡ ®́ ©Pa¢µ¤’F¼Y¢c¤-dJj«`-o®¨d-i¢-c¢v-c¢-¼¤« ¨J¡-Ù¤-l¼

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7 ¨hi® 2010

j¤-¨T hj-X-·¢-c® J¡-j-X-h¡-i-Y¡-i¢©c¡lk¢¨k 183~¡« ©dQ¢v dsi¤¼`-o®J¡t-¨k×® e£-l-s¢-¨c’ d×¢-i¤¾l¢ljX«?

©c¡-l-k¢v Hj¤ Ì-k·® d¡wFt©a¡n®  (Paul Erdos, 1913-1996) F¼

±dmoíc¡i LX¢Ym¡-o® ±YѨcJ-n® T¢-µ® Cj¤-dY¤ li-o椾 ¨h¡-s¢-L¡-h¢¨i¼ j¡-hJ¦nå̈ Ê JZ¡-d¡-±Y«(l¢´¢d£V¢ii¢v J¡X¡·Y¢c¡vAY® j¡-hJ¦nå̈ Ê o§-ɨh¼® Ds¸¢´¤¼¤) ̈ J¶¢¸¢T¢´¤¼¤. ©c¡lk¢vc¢-¼®: -̀̈ Y¡-¶¡v ¨d¡-¾¤¼ ±d¡-i«.oª-z-j¬-l¤« mj£-j-l¤« A-´¡-a-h¢-J®  ©c¶¹w´¤©lÙ¢ Dd©i¡L¢´¤¼Y¢v ̈ Y×¢¿ F¼¡X® F¨Ê c¢kd¡¨T¼® c¢-c-´-s¢-i¡-h-©¿¡. S¡u BBk¢«Lc« Jn® T¢µ® Ajh¢c¢×¤ ©cj«J¥T¢ a£tM¢¸¢µ¤ ©c¡-́ ¢. F¼¢¶¤«H¼¤« o«-g-l¢-µ¢-¿. A-©Àp« F¨Êmj£j¨· ±mÚ¢µY¤©d¡k¤h¢¿. S¡¨c¡-j¤ ¨dXå¡-¨X¼® hcoæ ¢k¡-i¢¶¤-©Ù¡ F¼¤ ©d¡k¤¨hc¢ ®́ o«mi«©Y¡¼¢. (©dQ® 190). h¨×¡j¤ Ìk·® ,Cs¡-́ ® i¤-Ú·¢v ̈ dxJ¤-¶¢J¨qf-k¡v-Ë«-L« ¨O-à¡u-©lÙ¢ i¤.-F-o® . ̈ ¨oc¬-·¢v ©Ot¼® Hj¤ d¢Õ¤J¤¶¢¨i JT¢µ¤J£s¢iY¢c¤©mn«¨¨k«L¢©J¡Ú¡jX ©mn¢ cn® Th¡i

C¶¢©´¡j©i¡T® , ̈ h¡s¢L¡h¢ dsi¤¼¤:` -̀C-¶¢-©´¡-j, c£-i¢-©¸¡w d¡w Ft-©a¡-n¢-¨c-©¸¡-¨k-i¡-X®. ©d¡-¸¡-l¡-c¤¾ dj£È-̈ i-r¤-Y¢i¡v c¥s¤-mYh¡c« h¡t©´¡¨T d¡oæ¡J¤«.’’ (©dQ® 191)

B-Y®h¡t-Ï-l¤« hc¤-n¬-Y§-d-j-l¤-h¡i c¢-k-d¡-T¤-J-q¤-¨T ©d-j¢v ©k¡-J-Q-c-Y-i¤-¨T hc-oæ ¢v CT« d¢-T¢-µ,C¼® ±e¡u-o¢¨kl¢¨T-©i¡ HY¤-¹¢Q£l¢´¤¼ LX¢Ym¡o® ±YÑc¡iAk-J®o¡-Ùt ©±L¡-¨Zu-V¢-´¢-¨c(Alexander Grothendieck) J¤-s¢µ¤¾l¢´¢d£V¢i ©dQ¢vc¢¼® Hj¤ l¡-OJ« Cl¢-̈ T F-T¤-¨·-r¤-Y¤-¼¤. ``In

 january 2010, Grothendieck wrote a

letter to luc lllusie In this ̀ `Declaration

d'intention de non-publication’’ , he

states that essentially all materials

that have been published in his absence

have been done without his permission.

He asks that none of his work should

be reproduced in whole or in part, and

even further that libraries containing

such copies of his work remove them.’’Y¨Ê Ac¤-l¡-a-h¢-¿¡-¨Y-r¤-Y¢i m¡-o®±Y-©k-K-c-¹w-©d¡-k¤« c£´«¨Oà¡u Blm¬-̈ ¸¶ ©±L¡-̈ Zu-V¢´¢©c¡-T® J¡-X¢µ ±J¥jYi¡-X® j¡-hJ¦nåu Y¨Ê ©c¡lk¢v A©Àp¨·¨´¡Ù® c¡TJ« Jq¢¸¢´¤¼Y¢k¥¨T¨O-ií-¨Y-Æ¢-k¤« ©±L¡-¨Zu-V¢-J® h-k-

i¡-q« ©c¡-lv l¡-i¢´¢¿©¿¡-¨i¼®  j¡-hJ¦nåc® B-m§-o¢´¡«. dkt´¤«Cª ©c¡lk¢k¥¨T A©Àp¨· As¢i¡u Jr¢-º¤ F¼ J¡-j¬« Ag¢-c-z-c£-i« Y¨¼! d-©È, Cª d¤-oí-J-h¢-s-¹¢-´-r¢-º-Y¢-c¤ ©m-n-h¡-X® ©±L¡-¨Zu-V¢-´¢-¨Ê J·¤ l¼Y®  F¼-Y¢-c¡v C-c¢-i¢-s-¹¤¼ FV¢-nc¢¨kÆ¢k¤« h¡×¹w lj¤·¤¼Y¢¨c-̧ ×¢ B©k¡-O¢-́ ¡u j¡-h-J¦-nåc®  Alojh¤-Ù® .

h-s¢h¡-i-¹w-́ ® d¢¼¢v

C«-Lë £n® l¢´¢i¢v ©o¡-e¢ ̈ Qt¨hi¢¨c¸×¢ (Sophie Germain) dsi¤¼Y¤ ©c¡ ¤́J. In 1794, when Germain

was 18, the Ecole Polytechnique opened.

As a woman, Germain was barred

from attending, but the new system

of education made the ``lecture notes

available to all who asked.’’ the new

method also required the students

to ``submit written observations"

Germain obtained the lecture notes and

began sending her work to joseph Louis

Lagrange, a faculty member. She used

the name M. LeBlanc, fearing’’, as she

later explained to Gauss, ̀ `the ridicule

attached to a female scientist.’’ When

Lagrange saw the intelligence of M.LeBlanc, he requested a meeting, and

thus Sophie was forced to disclose her

true identity. Fortunately, Lagrange did

not mind that Germain was a woman,

and he became her mentor. He too

visited her in her home, giving her

moral support’’. Cc¢ j¡-h-J¦-nå¨Êl¢lt·c« ©c¡-lk¢v (©dQ® 204):``-©o¡-e¢-´® d-Y¢-¨c¶® li-oæ¤-¾-©¸¡w 1794~k¡X® j¡Q¬·¢c¤©lÙLX¢Ym¡o® ±YÑÁ¡¨ji¤« m¡o® ±YÑ-Á¡-̈ j-i¤« d-j¢-m£-k¢-¸¢-´¤-¼-Y¢-c¡i¢ d¡j£o¢v C©´¡w ̈ d¡q¢¨TJ® c¢J® Ì¡d¢´¨¸T¤¼Y® . Al¢¨T¨dxJ¤¶¢Jw ®́ ±d©lmch¢¿¡Y¢j¤¼Y¢c¡v F«.k£ fë¡Æ® F¼ d¥tll¢-a¬¡t-Ï¢-i¤-¨T ©d-j¢v ©o¡-e¢Al¢-T¨· Ab¬¡-d-J-c¤« ±d-o¢ÚL-X¢-Y-m¡-o®±Y-Ñ-c¤-h¡i ©Q¡xk¥-i¢-o® k¡t-Lu-Q¢-c® Hj¤ s¢-ot-µ®  ©d¸t Aiµ¤¨J¡T¤·¤. B ©d¸tl¡-i¢-µ® Aa®g¤-Y-¨¸¶ k¡t-Lu-Q® 

A-¨Y-r¤-Y¢i l¢-a¬¡t-Ï¢-¨i ©c-j¢-¶®  J¡-X-X-̈ h¼® B-lm¬-̈ ¸¶¤. F«.k£fë¡-Æ® Hj¤ ¨dxJ¤-¶¢i¡-̈ X¼ oY¬-h-s¢-º-©¸¡w Aa®g¤-Y-̈ ¸¶ k¡t-Lu-Q® ©o¡-e¢-¨i d¡-j£-o¢-¨k hפLX¢Y m¡-o®±YÑÁ¡-̈ j dj¢Oi-¨¸-T¤-·¤-J-i¤« Lª-j-l-h¡i L-©l-n-X-j«-L-©·-i®´® ¨J¡-Ù¤-l-j¢-J-i¤«¨Oií ¤.’’

¨Qt-¨h-i¢-¨c, Qt-h¢-iu B´¢-iY¤ ©d¡¨¶, ©Q¡oe® k¥i¢ k±L¡uQ®  (Joseph Louis Lagrange) F¼ AY¢±dmoíc¡i LX¢YѨc ̀©Q¡xk¥i¢o® k¡tLu-Q® ' F¼® d¤ct c¡-h-J-jX« ¨Oií¤ j¡-h-J¦-nåu. ©d-j¢-¨kÉ¢j¢´¤-¼¤ F¼ ©nJ® o® d¢itl¡-J¬-©h¡, l¢-´¢-d£-V¢-i-i¤-¨T o§-Y±É l¢lt·ch¡X¢¨Y¼ l¡a©h¡j¡-hJ¦nå̈ c Y¤-X-i® ́ -̈ ¶. h¡-±Yh¿,`A-Y¢-o¤-z-j¢ -i¡-i¢ -j¤¼ ©o¡-e¢Y¨Ê oª-z-j¬-¨· oht-Ï-h¡-i¢D-d-©i¡-L¢-µ¤-̈ J¡-Ù¡-X® k¡t-Lu-Q¤-h¡-i¢ AT¤-·-¨Y-¼¤« Q£-l¢-Y-J¡-k«

h¤r¤lc¤« B fÜ« c¢kc¢¼¢j¤¼¤

Y¨Ê Ac¤l¡ah¢-¿¡¨Yr¤Y¢im¡o®±Y©kK-c¹w-©d¡k¤«c£´« ¨Oà¡u Bl-m¬-¨¸¶©±L¡ZuV¢´¢©c¡T® J¡X¢µ

±J¥j-Yi¡X® j¡hJ¦-nåu Y¨Ê©c¡l-k¢v A©Àp¨·-̈ ´¡Ù® 

c¡TJ« J-q¢-̧ ¢-´¤¼Y¢-k¥¨T¨Oií¨YÆ¢-k¤« ©±L¡¨Zu-V¢-J® 

hki¡q« ©c¡lv l¡i¢-´¢-¿©¿¡¨i¼® j¡hJ¦-nåc® Bm§o¢-́ ¡«.

dkt´¤« Cª ©c¡l-k¢-k¥¨TA©Àp¨· As¢-i¡uJr¢-º¤ F¼ J¡j¬«

Ag¢-czc£i« Y¨¼!

8/6/2019 Francis Ittikkora.novel Padanam

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7 ¨hi® 2010

¨l-¼¤-h¡-X® ds-i-̈ ¸-T¤-¼-Y®’’ F¼®  J¥-¶¢-©µt-´¡-c¤« hs-¼¢¿ j¡-h-J¦-nå-¨c¼ hk-i¡-q¢. `-kÉu f©·-j¢-i¢v Fu.Fo® . h¡blc¤d©i¡L¢µ¢¶¤Ù©¿¡, d¢¨¼ Fc¢´¡i¡¨kÉ¡’F¼ Y·§©h¡, Fermat F¼¡X©¿¡o®¨d-¿¢-N® F¼-©Y¡ ¨et-h¨i`¨et-h¡-×®’ F¼® l¢-q¢-µ-Y¢-k¤« j¡-h-J¦-nå¨c Y¤-X-i® ́ -̈ ¶. ¨et-h-i¤-¨T

Alo¡c¨· o¢Ú¡É« h¡tQ¢c¢vFr¤-Y¢lµY¢¨c d×¢i¤¾ o«-mi«B-a¬-h¡-i¢ D¼-i¢-µY® j¡-h-J¦-nåc¿F¼ J¡j¬« CÊt¨c×¢v djY¢i¡vBt´¤« ©f¡-b¬-h¡-J¤«.

``C-j¤-dY¡« li-oæ ¢v hj¢µ C©À-ph¤Ù¡´¢i Y¢is¢ 25 lioæ¡i¢¶¤«c½w-´® dU¢-´¡u dפ-¼¢-¿-©¿¡"F¼® l¢-k-d¢-́ ¡-s¤-Ù¡-i¢-j¤¼ ¨J¡-µ¢u i¥-X¢-©l-r®o¢-×¢-i¢-¨k F«.-F-o®o¢ h¡-·-h¡-×¢-J®o® o¤-p¦-·¤-´-q¢v c¢-¼¤« ©J-¶-s¢ -º, ±L¥-¸®  Y¢i-s¢i¤-̈ T-¨i¡-̈ ´ DdÑ¡-Y¡-́ -q¢¨k¡j¡q¡i Fl¡s¢Í® L¡©k¡i¢o®  (Evariste Galois) F¼ AY¤-k¬-±d-Y¢g, ±e¡u-o¢o® C-¶¢©´¡-ji¤-̈ T 79h -́q¢v G×-l¤« Cqi A±V¢-i¡c©J¡-ji¤-̈ T d¢Á¤-s´¡-jc¡-X® F¼j¡-h-J¦-nå¨Ê l¢-l-jX« (©dQ® 206)JÙ-©¸¡w oÆT« ©Y¡-¼¢ (`G-J¡-É-Y-i¤-¨T c¥-s¤-lt-n-¹-q¢-v’ Yk-h¤-s-J-q¤-¨T Oj¢-±Y« F±Y h-©c¡-p-j-h¡-

i¡-X® h¡t©´o® l¢lj¢´¤-¼¨Y¼®  H¡t´¤-J.)

V¡t-l¢-¨Ê dj¢-X¡-h-o¢-Ú¡-É-·¢c® ±dO¡jX« J¢¶¢¨i¼¤ Jj¤Y¢,C¼® B©j¡-̈ T-Æ¢k¤« ̀c£ pc¤-h¡-̈ Êd¢-Á¤-s-´¡-j-c-©¿-T¡’ F¼¤ ©O¡-a¢-´¤-¼-Y¢-¨k Ad-JT« H¼® B©k¡-O¢µ¤ ©c¡´¤J. o® ±Y£i¤¨T cÞh¡id¢u-g¡-L-¨h¼® c¡-l¢-Jt l¢-O¡-j¢-µ¢-

j¤-¼Y¡-i¢ l¢´¢d£V¢i Y¨¼ dsi¤¼ Coco de Mer F¼ l¢-·¢-¨cd×¢-i¤¾ Hj¤ l¡-O-J«: ``Until the

true source of nut was discovered in

1768, it was believed by many to grow

on a mythical tree at the bottom of the

sea.’’  Cc¢ j¡-h-J¦-nåu ©c¡-l-k¢v(©dQ® 250): ̀`1768~v o£¨nvo¢¨k±d¡-oë ¢u a§£d¢v ̈ J¡- ©´¡ V¢ ̈ htl¦-ȹw JÙ¤-d¢-T¢-´¤-¼-Y¤-l¨jCY® JTk¢cT¢i¢v lqj¤¼ G©Y¡ a¢l¬l¦È·¢¨Ê J¡i® Jq¡¨X¼¡X®  Jj¤Y¨¸¶¢j¤¼Y® ’’. CY¢k¥¨T h¢Jµl¢-lt-·-J-c¡-X® j¡-h-J¦-nåu F¼J¡j¬·¢v jÙ¤dÈh¤Ù¡J¤¨h¼® ©Y¡-¼¤-¼¢¿.

Oj¢±Y« h¡×¢¨ir¤Y¤¼ ©d¡¨k A±Y Fq¤¸·¢v, j¡hJ¦nåc® ©c¡lvh¡-×¢-¨i-r¤-Y¡u d-×¢-¨¿-¼-Y¢-c¡v,- Cc¢ j¡-h-J¦-nå-c¤« ±d-o¡-b-J-j¡iV¢.-o¢. f¤-J®o¢-c¤« AT¤· C¶¢-©´¡j FV¢nc¢s´¤©Ø¡w ̈ Oà¡

l¤¼ O¢k J¡-j¬-¹w d-s-i-¨¶.H-¼®, ©c¡-l-k¢-̈ Ê h¤-©¼¡-T¢-i¡-i¢

¨J¡-T¤-·¢-j¢-´¤¼ ``-CY® Oj¢-±Y-h¿,©J¶¤-©Jw-l¢Jq¤« ̈ J¶¤-JZ-Jq¤« c¤-X-J-q¤« ©Ot-·® Hj¤ JZ ¨d¡-k¢-¸¢¨µT¤-́ ¡-c¤¾ ±mh« h¡-±Y«’’ F¼

l¡-OJ« O¤-j¤-´¢, ``-CY® Oj¢-±Y-h¿,l¢´¢d£V¢ii¤« c¤XJq¤« ©Ot·®  Hj¤ JZ ¨d¡-k¢-¸¢-¨µ-T¤-´¡-c¤¾±mh« h¡-±Y«’’ F¼® B´¤-J.

jÙ® , ©±L¡¨ZuV¢J¢¨c d×¢i¤¾dj¡-htm« H¼¤-J¥T¢ B-©k¡-O¢µ® h¡-×¹w lj¤-·¤-J-©i¡ c£-´¤-J-©i¡¨Oà¤-J.

h¥-¼® , d¡w Ft-©a¡-n¢-̈ c-̧ -×¢-i¤¾ ©a¡nJjh¡i dj¡htm¹w Hr¢l¡-́ ¤J

c¡k® , Fl¡s¢Í® L¡©k¡i¢o® , ©J¡j-¸¡-¸¨Ê d¢-Á¤-s-i¡-¨X¼ dj¡-htm« Hr¢l¡´©X¡ ©lÙ©i¡ F¼®  O¢É¢´¤-J.

AÕ® , dפ-̈ hÆ¢v l¢´¢d£V¢ig¡L« C-ס-k¢-J®o¢-©k¡ A¨¿-Æ¢vj¡-hJ¦nå-g¡-L« ©f¡w-V® ¨k×-s¢©k¡B´¤J (hs¢µ¤« Bl¡«-)

Bs® , l¡ic´¡j¨Ê Ag¢j¤O¢ ®́  ±d¡-b¡-c¬« ̈ J¡-T¤-´¤-¼-Y¢-c¡v l¢-m-ah¡i of® QJ® T® CuVJ® o® ©Ot´¤J.

Cc¢ ±e¡u-o¢-o® C¶¢-©´¡j F¼ ©c¡-l-k¢v Fc¢-´® Jª-Y¤-J«©Y¡-¼¢i O¢k lj¢-Jw (©dQ® 139)F-T¤-¨·-r¤-Y¢-¨´¡-Ù® J¤-s¢-¸® Al-o¡-c¢-̧ ¢-́ -¨¶, C-Y® , ©k-K-c-·¢-̈ ÊY¤-T-́ -·¢v o¥O¢¸¢µ ̈ J.F. Q-i-m£-k¨Ê Jl¢-Y-i¤-¨T A©Y Cª-X-·¢v d¡-T¡-l¤-¼Y¡-X® .h¤-·¸u ©J¡-©j¨Êh¤-·¸u ©J¡-©j¨Êh¤-·¸u©J¡-©j¨Ê J¡-q¢´¤-©¶¬...h¤-·¸u ©J¡-©j¨Êh¤-·¸u ©J¡-©j¨Êh¤-·¸u©J¡-©j¨Ê J¡-q¢´¤-©¶¬...J¡-q¢´¤-¶¢¨´É¡ ©h¡-s®  ¨O¡-l -́©X©h¡-s® ̈ O¡-l´©X J¡-q¢´¤-©¶¬...J¡-q¢´¤-¶¢¨´É¡ ©h¡-s®  ¨O¡-l -́©X©h¡-s® ̈ O¡-l´©X J¡-q¢´¤-©¶¬...

In January 2010, Grothendieck wrote a letter to Luc Illusie. In this

“Declaration d’intention de non-publication”, he states that essentially all

materials that have been published in his absence have been done without

his permission. He asks that none of his work should be reproduced in

whole or in part, and even further that libraries containing such copies

of his work remove them.

©±L¡ZuV¢´¢¨c´¤s¢µ¤¾ l¢´¢d£V¢i dj¡htm«