fred m. baik b.a. , angela a. chang m.d. , douglas a. green m.d

1
Posttonsillectomy Lingual Artery Pseudoaneurysm Fred M. Baik B.A. 1 , Angela A. Chang M.D. 1 , Douglas A. Green M.D., Ph.D 2 , Ramin S. Pakbaz M.D. 3 , and Chris M. Bergeron M.D. 1 1 Division of OtolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA 2 Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA 3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA Common linguofacial trunks Variations in the branching patterns of the external carotid artery are not uncommon (Fig 2). Anatomical studies report that a unilateral common linguofacial trunk is seen in roughly 20% of the population, 68 while bilateral INTRODUCTION CASE PRESENTATION REFERENCES DISCUSSION, cont’d A 27 yearold female presented to an outside Emergency Department with a two day history of oral bleeding following tonsillectomy performed ten days earlier. An otolaryngologist was not available at this location so the patient was intubated and airlifted to our institution, where she was taken directly to the operating room. Intraoperative examination noted brisk bleeding emanating from exposed constrictor muscle, deep within the inferior pole of the left tonsillar fossa. Hemostasis was achieved using electrocautery, Surgiflo™, and suture. The patient was admitted to the surgical ICU for observation. The patient bled again overnight and was taken back to the operating room emergently. Hemorrhage was again controlled with cautery and suture. Due to brisk bleeding, we elected to take the patient to the angiography suite. Angiogram revealed a pseudoaneurysm of the left lingual artery, which originated from a medialized common linguofacial trunk (Fig 1A, B); a right common linguofacial trunk was also noted. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully coiled and embolized (Fig 1C). The patient did not experience further bleeding and was discharged two days later. She was seen for follow up one month later and reported no episodes of hemorrhage or other sequelae. Figure 1. Angiographic Images. A. lateral view of left lingual artery pseudoaneurysm, arising from a common linguofacial trunk. B. frontal view of left lingual artery pseudoaneurysm. C. coiled lingual pseudoaneurysm and embolized proximal lingual artery ABSTRACT Objectives : To review a case of post tonsillectomy lingual artery pseudoaneurysm and resultant hemorrhage in a patient with a common linguofacial trunk Study Design : Case report and review of the literature. Methods : A patient with a posttonsillectomy lingual artery pseudoaneurysm was studied. Clinical history, laboratory data, and imaging studies were reviewed. Results : A 27 yearold female presented to an outside Emergency Department with a two day history of oral bleeding following tonsillectomy ten days earlier. An otolaryngologist was not available at this location so the patient was intubated and airlifted to our institution, where she was taken directly to the operating room. Intraoperative examination noted brisk bleeding emanating from the deep muscle at the inferior pole of the left tonsillar fossa. Hemostasis was achieved and she was admitted to the surgical ICU for observation. The patient bled again overnight and was subsequently taken back to the operating room. Hemorrhage was controlled and angiography was performed to better evaluate the source. Angiogram revealed a pseudoaneurysm of a lingual artery, originating from a medialized common linguofacial trunk. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully coiled and embolized. The patient did not experience further bleeding and was discharged home two days post embolization. Conclusion: We hypothesize that common linguofacial trunks arise from the external carotid artery at a highly medialized angle, placing the lingual and/or facial artery in closer proximity to the tonsillar fossa. In the setting of intraoral surgery such as tonsillectomy, this orientation may increase the risk of iatrogenic vessel injury. Angiography should be considered in cases of delayed recurrent hemorrhage following tonsillectomy. [1] Russo CA et al. Ambulatory Surgery in U.S. Hospitals, 2003—HCUP Fact Book No. 9. AHRQ Publication No. 070007, January 2007. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. [2] van Cruijsen N et al. Severe delayed posttonsillectomy haemorrhage due to a pseudoaneurysm of the lingual artery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jan;265(1):1157. [3] Griffies WS et al. Spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage. Laryngoscope. 1988 Apr;98(4):3658. [4] Windfuhr JP et al. Posttonsillectomy pseudoaneurysm: an underestimated entity? J Laryngol Otol. 2010 Jan;124(1):5966.Review. [5] Menauer F et al. Pseudoaneurysm of the lingual artery after tonsillectomy. A rare complication. Laryngorhinootologie. 1999 Jul;78(7):4057. [6] Hayashi N et al. Surgical anatomy of the cervical carotid artery for carotid endarterectomy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2005 Jan;45(1):259. [7] Lucev N et al. Variations of the great arteries in the carotid triangle. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:590–591. [8] Lippert H et al. Arterial variations in man. Classification and frequency. J.F. Bergmann Verlag, Müchen, 1985, p 83. [9] Fazan VP et al. An anatomical study on the lingualfacial trunk. Surg Radiol Anat. 2009 Apr;31(4):26770. [10] Lemaire V et al. Thyrolingual trunk arising from the common carotid artery: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat 23:135–137, 2001. [11] Nizankowski C. Common truncus thyrolinguofacialis. Anat Anz. 1972;132(5):5304. B A C Tonsillectomy is the third most common surgical procedure performed in the United States. 1 With an incidence of around 3%, posttonsillectomy hemorrhage can be a serious complication. 2 Causes of posttonsillectomy hemorrhage may be stratified into noniatrogenic and iatrogenic categories. Noniatrogenic causes may include bacterial tonsillitis, infectious mononucleosis, or neoplasm, and result in spontaneous tonsillar hemmorhage. 3 Iatrogenic causes of hemorrhage include trauma during surgical dissection, sharp injury from injection of local anesthetic or during suturing. While uncommon, iatrogenic injuries may also cause the formation of a pseudoaneurysm, another source of postoperative bleeding. In this case report, we describe posttonsillectomy hemorrhage in a patient with iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm in the lingual artery of a common linguofacial trunk. Figure 3. Hypothesized Medialization from a Common LinguoFacial Trunk, axial views. DISCUSSION Pseudoaneurysms Pseudoaneurysms, also known as false aneurysms, typically arise from blunt or penetrating injury of the arterial wall. Bleeding from the injured site results in a periarterial hematoma that is bound by surrounding connective tissue or adventitia of the vessel wall. An endothelial layer eventually lines the hematoma and expands the potential space. This endothelial layer is fragile and ruptures with increased volume and pressure, resulting in a larger hematoma. This cycle may repeat, causing multiple episodes of severe bleeding and subsequent quiescent periods, 4 as was observed in our patient. Bleeding from pseudoaneurysms may also present as a painful cervical mass or unilateral palatal swelling. 5 The lingual artery is the most common site of pseudoaneurysm formation during tonsillectomy. 4 Conclusion Treatment of hemorrhage resulting from a pseudoaneurysm requires rapid diagnosis based on a high index of suspicion and the availability of immediate consultation for arteriography and embolization. In our patient, the pharyngeal constrictors appeared to have been partially resected during the original surgery, increasing our index of suspicion and necessitating angiographic evaluation. With a reported incidence of 20%, anomalous common linguofacial trunk may increase the risk of iatrogenic lingual artery injury during tonsillectomy. Presence of a lingual artery pseudoaneurysm should be considered in the differential diagnosis of recurrent post tonsillectomy hemorrhage. linguofacial trunks have a prevalence of 4.8%. 9 Other rare variations include common thyrolingual trunks 9 and common thyrolinguofacial trunks. 11 There is no significant difference between lingual artery diameters arising from common linguofacial trunks and those arising from the external carotid artery. 9 This may suggest the physiologic blood flow in the lingual branch of a common trunk is not compromised. We postulate that the anomalous branching pattern of a common linguofacial trunk may have implications in the surgical field. We hypothesize that common trunks appear may (1) tend to have a more medial course, and/or (2) have a more medial origin (Fig 3). This places the lingual and/or facial artery in closer proximity to the tonsillar fossa, thereby increasing the risk of iatrogenic injury. Figure 2. Common LinguoFacial Trunk

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Page 1: Fred M. Baik B.A. , Angela A. Chang M.D. , Douglas A. Green M.D

Post‐tonsillectomy Lingual Artery PseudoaneurysmFred M. Baik B.A.1, Angela A. Chang M.D.1, Douglas A. Green M.D., Ph.D2, 

Ramin S. Pakbaz M.D.3, and Chris M. Bergeron M.D.11 Division of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

2 Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA

Common linguo‐facial trunksVariations  in  the  branching patterns  of  the  external carotid  artery  are  not uncommon (Fig 2).  Anatomical studies report that a unilateral common  linguo‐facial  trunk  is seen  in  roughly  20%  of  the population,6‐8 while bilateral

INTRODUCTION

CASE PRESENTATION

REFERENCES

DISCUSSION, cont’d

A 27 year‐old female presented to an outside Emergency Department with a two day history  of  oral  bleeding  following  tonsillectomy  performed  ten  days  earlier.  An otolaryngologist was not available at this  location so the patient was  intubated and airlifted  to  our  institution,  where  she  was  taken  directly  to  the  operating  room.  Intraoperative examination noted brisk bleeding emanating from exposed constrictor muscle,  deep within  the  inferior  pole  of  the  left  tonsillar  fossa.  Hemostasis was achieved using electrocautery, Surgiflo™, and suture. The patient was admitted to the surgical ICU for observation.  The patient bled again overnight and was taken back to the operating room emergently.  Hemorrhage was again controlled with cautery and suture.   Due  to  brisk  bleeding, we  elected  to  take  the  patient  to  the  angiography suite.    Angiogram  revealed  a  pseudoaneurysm  of  the  left  lingual  artery,  which originated from a medialized common linguo‐facial trunk (Fig 1A, B); a right common linguo‐facial trunk was also noted.   The pseudoaneurysm was successfully coiled and embolized  (Fig  1C).    The  patient  did  not  experience  further  bleeding  and  was discharged two days later. She was seen for follow up one month later and reported no episodes of hemorrhage or other sequelae. 

Figure 1. Angiographic Images.  A. lateral view of left lingual artery pseudoaneurysm, arising from a common linguo‐facial trunk.  B. frontal view  of left lingual artery pseudoaneurysm.  C. coiled lingual pseudoaneurysm and embolized proximal lingual artery 

ABSTRACTObjectives:  To  review  a  case  of  post  tonsillectomy lingual  artery  pseudoaneurysm  and  resultant hemorrhage  in  a  patient with  a  common  linguo‐facial trunk

Study Design:  Case report and review of the literature.  

Methods:  A  patient  with  a  post‐tonsillectomy  lingual artery  pseudoaneurysm  was  studied.    Clinical  history, laboratory data, and imaging studies were reviewed.  

Results: A  27  year‐old  female  presented  to  an  outside Emergency Department with  a  two  day  history  of  oral bleeding  following  tonsillectomy  ten  days  earlier.  An otolaryngologist was not available at this location so the patient  was  intubated  and  airlifted  to  our  institution, where  she  was  taken  directly  to  the  operating  room.  Intraoperative  examination  noted  brisk  bleeding emanating from the deep muscle at the  inferior pole of the left tonsillar fossa. Hemostasis was achieved and she was admitted  to  the  surgical  ICU  for observation.   The patient  bled  again  overnight  and  was  subsequently taken  back  to  the  operating  room.    Hemorrhage  was controlled  and  angiography  was  performed  to  better evaluate  the  source.    Angiogram  revealed  a pseudoaneurysm of  a  lingual  artery, originating  from  a medialized  common  linguo‐facial  trunk.    The pseudoaneurysm was successfully coiled and embolized.  The patient did not experience further bleeding and was discharged home two days post embolization. 

Conclusion: We hypothesize  that  common  linguo‐facial trunks arise  from the external carotid artery at a highly medialized angle, placing the lingual and/or facial artery in closer proximity  to  the  tonsillar  fossa.    In  the setting of  intra‐oral  surgery  such  as  tonsillectomy,  this orientation  may  increase  the  risk  of  iatrogenic  vessel injury.  Angiography  should  be  considered  in  cases  of delayed recurrent hemorrhage following tonsillectomy.

[1] Russo CA et al. Ambulatory Surgery in U.S. Hospitals, 2003—HCUP Fact Book No. 9. AHRQ Publication No. 07‐0007, January 2007. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD.        [2] van Cruijsen N et al. Severe delayed posttonsillectomy haemorrhage due  to a pseudoaneurysm of  the  lingual artery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2008 Jan;265(1):115‐7.       [3] Griffies WS et al. Spontaneous tonsillar hemorrhage. Laryngoscope. 1988 Apr;98(4):365‐8.       [4] Windfuhr JP et al. Post‐tonsillectomy pseudoaneurysm: an underestimated entity? J Laryngol Otol. 2010 Jan;124(1):59‐66.Review.    [5] Menauer F et al. Pseudoaneurysm of the lingual artery after tonsillectomy. A rare complication. Laryngorhinootologie. 1999 Jul;78(7):405‐7.   [6] Hayashi N et al. Surgical anatomy of the cervical carotid artery for carotid endarterectomy. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2005 Jan;45(1):25‐9.    [7] Lucev N et al. Variations of the great arteries in the carotid triangle. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 122:590–591.    [8] Lippert H et al.  Arterial variations in man. Classification and frequency. J.F. Bergmann Verlag, Müchen, 1985, p 83.    [9] Fazan VP et al. An anatomical study on the lingual‐facial trunk. Surg Radiol Anat. 2009 Apr;31(4):267‐70.    [10] Lemaire V et al. Thyrolingual trunk arising from the common carotid artery: a case report. Surg Radiol Anat 23:135–137, 2001.   [11] Nizankowski C. Common truncus thyrolinguofacialis. Anat Anz.  1972;132(5):530‐4.

BA

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Tonsillectomy  is  the  third most  common surgical  procedure  performed  in  the United  States.1 With  an  incidence  of around  3%,  post‐tonsillectomy hemorrhage  can  be  a  serious complication.2 Causes  of  post‐tonsillectomy  hemorrhage  may  be stratified  into  non‐iatrogenic  and iatrogenic  categories.    Non‐iatrogenic causes  may  include  bacterial  tonsillitis, infectious  mononucleosis,  or  neoplasm, and  result  in  spontaneous  tonsillar hemmorhage.3  Iatrogenic  causes  of hemorrhage  include  trauma  during surgical  dissection,  sharp  injury  from injection  of  local  anesthetic  or  during suturing.    While  uncommon,  iatrogenic injuries may also cause the formation of a pseudoaneurysm, another source of post‐operative bleeding.  In this case report, we describe  post‐tonsillectomy  hemorrhage in  a  patient  with  iatrogenic pseudoaneurysm  in the  lingual artery of a common linguo‐facial trunk.

Figure 3.  Hypothesized Medialization from a Common Linguo‐Facial Trunk, axial views.

DISCUSSION

PseudoaneurysmsPseudoaneurysms,  also  known  as  false  aneurysms,  typically  arise  from  blunt  or penetrating  injury of  the  arterial wall.   Bleeding  from  the  injured  site  results  in  a periarterial hematoma that is bound by surrounding connective tissue or adventitia of the vessel wall.  An endothelial layer eventually lines the hematoma and expands the  potential  space.    This  endothelial  layer  is  fragile  and  ruptures with  increased volume and pressure, resulting in a larger hematoma.  This cycle may repeat, causing multiple  episodes  of  severe  bleeding  and  subsequent  quiescent  periods,4 as was observed  in  our  patient.    Bleeding  from  pseudoaneurysms may  also  present  as  a painful cervical mass or unilateral palatal  swelling.5 The  lingual artery  is  the most common site of pseudoaneurysm formation during tonsillectomy.4

ConclusionTreatment of hemorrhage resulting from a pseudoaneurysm requiresrapid diagnosis based on a high index of suspicion and the availability of  immediate  consultation  for  arteriography  and  embolization.    In our  patient,  the  pharyngeal  constrictors  appeared  to  have  been partially resected during the original surgery, increasing our index of suspicion and necessitating angiographic evaluation.  

With a reported  incidence of 20%, anomalous common  linguo‐facial trunk may  increase the risk of  iatrogenic  lingual artery  injury during tonsillectomy. Presence of a  lingual artery pseudoaneurysm  should be  considered  in  the  differential  diagnosis  of  recurrent  post tonsillectomy hemorrhage.

linguo‐facial  trunks  have  a  prevalence  of  4.8%.9 Other  rare variations  include  common  thyrolingual  trunks9 and  common thyrolinguofacial trunks.11 There  is  no  significant  difference between lingual artery diameters arising from common linguo‐facial trunks and those arising from the external carotid artery.9 This may suggest  the  physiologic  blood  flow  in  the  lingual  branch  of  a common trunk is not compromised.  

We postulate  that  the anomalous branching pattern of  a  common linguo‐facial  trunk may have  implications  in  the  surgical  field.   We hypothesize  that  common  trunks  appear may  (1)  tend  to  have  a more medial  course, and/or  (2) have a more medial origin  (Fig 3).  This places the lingual and/or facial artery in closer proximity to the tonsillar fossa, thereby increasing the risk of iatrogenic injury. 

Figure 2. Common Linguo‐Facial Trunk