Reading Guide for Chapter 6: Pathways the Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

Concept 6.1: ATP, Reduced Coenzymes, and Chemiosmosis Play Important Roles in Biological Energy Metabolism

I. ATP hydrolysis releases energy.a. ATP =

b. Coupling reactions

c. Structure

d. Hydrolysis

ATP + _______ ADP + _______ + ___________________

e. Phosphorylationi. Substrate-level

ii. Oxidative

II. Redox reactions transfer electrons and energya. Oxidation-reduction reaction

i. Reductionii. Oxidation

b. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidei. Oxidized form =

ii. Reduced form =iii. Redox reaction:

III. Oxidative phosphorylation couples the oxidation of NADH to the production of ATPa. Summarize the two energy-couple coenzymes

b. Catabolic reaction –

c. Anabolic reaction –

d. Oxidative phosphorylation

e. Chemiosmosis i. Proton gradient

ii. Potential energyiii. ATP synthase

What is formed during the reduction reaction in mitochondria? Write the redox reaction below.

What role does O2 play in this reaction?

Concept 6.2: Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Presence of Oxygen Releases a Large Amount of Energy.

I. Cellular Respirationa. Reaction: b. Aerobic respiration

i. Glycolysis – glucose is partially oxidized and some energy is releasedii. Pyruvate oxidation – links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

iii. Citric acid cycle – completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2

In summary:

___ Acetyl CoA enters the cycle

___ NADH are produced

___ FADH2 is produced

___ CO2 are produced as waste

___ GTP is produced

The four-carbon acceptor molecule, _____________ is regenerated to be used again in the cycle.

Remember, these are the numbers for one Acetyl CoA. Each glucose produces two Acetyl CoA molecules, for a total of two turns of the citric acid cycle, doubling each of the numbers above.

iv. Electron transport and ATP synthesis in Mitochondria

In summary:

Concept 6.3: Carbohydrate Catabolism in the Absence of Oxygen Releases a Small Amount of EnergyI. Fermentation

a. Anaerobic

b. Occurs in the cytoplasm

c. Regenerates NAD+

d. Does not synthesize ATP

e. Two typesi. Lactic acid fermentation

ii. Alcoholic fermentationSummary of reactants and products: + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2

Concept 6.4: Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways are Integrated

I. Catabolic interconversionsa. Polysaccharides –

b. Lipidsi. Glycerol –

ii. Fatty acids –

c. Proteins

II. Anabolic interconversionsa. Reverseb. Gluconeogenesis =

III. Catabolism and anabolism are integrated

Concept 6.5: During Photosynthesis, Light Energy is Converted to Chemical EnergyI. Photosynthesis means “synthesis from light”

a. Source of energy = sunb. Anabolicc. Write the formula:

II. Electromagnetic radiationa. Wavelengthb. Photons

III. Pigmentsa. Absorption spectrum –

b. Action spectrum –

c. Chlorophylls a and b

d. Structure of a chloroplast

IV. The Light Reactionsa. Where?b. When?c. Photosystem II = P680 (absorbs 680 nm)

d. Electron transport chain

e. Photosystem I = P700 (absorbs 700 nm)

Concept 6.6: Photosynthetic Organisms Use Chemical Energy to Convert CO2 to Carbohydrates

I. The Calvin Cycle (a.k.a. The Dark Reactions)a. Where?

b. When?

c. Three distinct processesi. Fixation of CO2

1. Acceptor molecule =2. Catalytic enzyme =3. 3-C molecule =

ii. Reduction of 3PG1. Molecules used

a. b.

2. Product =

iii. Regeneration of RuBP

In Summary: