free convection
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FREE CONVECTION. Nazaruddin Sinaga Laboratorium Efisiensi dan Konservasi Energi Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Diponegoro. FREE CONVECTION . The cooling of a boiled egg in a cooler environment by natural convection. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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FREE CONVECTION
Nazaruddin SinagaLaboratorium Efisiensi dan Konservasi EnergiJurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Diponegoro
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FREE CONVECTION
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The cooling of a boiled egg in a cooler environment by natural convection.
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The warming up of a cold drink in a warmer environment by natural convection
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Natural ConvectionWhere we’ve been ……• Up to now, have considered forced convection, that is
an external driving force causes the flow.Where we’re going:• Consider the case where fluid movement is by
buoyancy effects caused by temperature differential
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Events due to natural convection• Weather events such as a thunderstorm• Glider planes• Radiator heaters• Hot air balloon
• Heat flow through and on outside of a double pane window
• Oceanic and atmospheric motions• Coffee cup example ….
Small velocity
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Natural Convection
• New terms – Volumetric thermal expansion coefficient– Grashof number– Rayleigh number
• Buoyancy is the driving force– Stable versus unstable conditions
• Nusselt number relationship for laminar free convection on hot or cold surface
• Boundary layer impacts: laminar turbulent
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Buoyancy is the driving force in Natural Convection
• Buoyancy is due to combination of– Differences in fluid density– Body force proportional to density– Body forces namely, gravity, also Coriolis force in
atmosphere and oceans• Convection flow is driven by buoyancy in unstable conditions• Fluid motion may be
(no constraining surface) or along a surface
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Buoyancy is the driving force
• Free boundary layer flow
Heated wire or hot pipe
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Typical velocity and temperature profiles for natural convection flow over a hot vertical plate at Ts inserted in a fluid at temperature T.
A heated vertical plate
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Natural Convection Boundary Layer : Governing Equations
• The difference between the two flows (forced flow and free flow) is that, in free convection, a major role is played by buoyancy forces.
gX Very important
2
2
g 1 yu
xP
yuv
xuu
• Consider the x-momentum equation.
• As we know, , hence the x-pressure gradient in the boundary layer must equal that in the quiescent region outside the boundary layer.
0/ yp
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g-xP
2
2
g yu
yuv
xuu
Buoyancy force
2
2
g 1 yug
yuv
xuu
Pascal Law :
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Governing Equations
• Define , the volumetric thermal expansion coefficient.
1 PT
For all liquids and gases
TTT
11
)( TTDensity gradient is due to the temperature gradient
TThus
RTPRTP
1 :
:gas idealan For
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Governing Equations • Buoyancy effects replace pressure gradient in the momentum
equation.
2
2)(
yuvTTg
yuv
xuu
0
yv
xu
2
2
2
yu
cyT
yTv
xTu
p
Strongly coupled and must be solved simultaneously
• The buoyancy effects are confined to the momentum equation, so the mass and energy equations are the same.
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Dimensionless Similarity Parameter
• The x-momentum and energy equations are
velocityreferencearbitrary an is u and length, sticcharacteri a is L where
TTT
0
*
00
sTT
uvvand
uuu
Lyyand
Lxx
2*
*2*
20
*
**
*
**
Re1 T )(
y
uu
LTTgyuv
xuu
L
s
PrRe
1 2*
*2
*
**
*
**
yT
yTv
xTu
L
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Dimensionless Similarity Parameter
• Define new dimensionless parameter,
1Re2
L
LGr1
Re2 L
LGr
2
320
20
)()(
LTTgLuu
LTTgGr ssL
forced natural
• Grashof number in natural convection is analogous to the Reynolds number in forced convection.
• Grashof number indicates the ratio of the buoyancy force to the viscous force.
• Higher Gr number means increased natural convection flow
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for pipes
for vertical flat plates
for bluff bodies
The transition to turbulent flow occurs in the range for natural convection from vertical flat plates. At higher Grashof numbers, the boundary layer is turbulent; at lower Grashof numbers, the boundary layer is laminar.
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where the L and D subscripts indicates the length scale basis for the Grashof Number.g = acceleration due to Earth's gravityβ = volumetric thermal expansion coefficient (equal to
approximately 1/T, for ideal fluids, where T is absolute temperature)
Ts = surface temperatureT∞ = bulk temperatureL = lengthD = diameterν = kinematic viscosity
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Franz GrashofBorn 11 July 1826
Düsseldorf, GermanyDied 26 October 1893 (aged 67)
Karlsruhe, GermanyNationality GermanFields Engineering
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TTs
u(x,y)
y
g
sT
T
x
vu
Laminar Free Convection on Vertical Surface• As y : u = 0, T = T
• As y 0 : u = 0, T = Ts
• With little or no external driving flow, Re 0 and forced convection effects can be safely neglects
Pr),( LL GrfNu
1Re2
L
LGr
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The simple empirical correlations for the average Nusselt number Nu in natural convection are of the form :
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where RaL is the Rayleigh number, which is the product of the Grashof and Prandtl numbers:
o The values of the constants C and n depend on the geometry of the surface and the flow regime, which is characterized by the range of the Rayleigh number.
o The value of n is usually ¼ for laminar flow and 1/3 for turbulent flow, while the value of the constant C is normally less than 1.
o All fluid properties are to be evaluated at the film temperature Tf = (Ts + T)/2.
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Empirical solution for the local Nusselt number in laminar free convection
(Pr)4
4/1
fGrkhxNu L
x
4/1Pr238.1Pr 1.2210.609
Pr 75.0Pr
f
(Pr)43
4 4/1
fGrkLhNu L
L
Average Nusselt # =
Where
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Effects of Turbulence• Just like in forced convection flow, hydrodynamic instabilities may
result in the flow.• For example, illustrated for a heated vertical surface:• Define the Rayleigh number for relative magnitude of buoyancy
and viscous forces
TTs
3
,,
)(
Pr
xTTg
GrRa
s
cxcx
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Empirical Correlations
Typical correlations for heat transfer coefficient developed from experimental data are expressed as:
3 Pr LTTg GrRa sLL
nLL CRa
kLhNu
3/14/1
nn For Turbulent
For Laminar
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Vertical Plate at constant Ts
LNuLog10
LRaLog10
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• Alternative applicable to entire Rayleigh number range (for constant Ts)
2
27/816/9
6/1
Pr)/492.0(1
387.0825.0
L
LRaNu
Vertical Cylinders
4/135 ~
LGrLD
D
L
D
• Use same correlations for vertical flat plate if:
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Free Convection : Vertical Plate
Cold plate or Hot fluidHot plate or Cold fluid
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Free Convection from Inclined Plate
Cold plate or Hot fluid
Hot plate or Cold fluid
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Horizontal Plate
Cold Plate (Ts < T)
Hot Plate (Ts > T)
Active Upper Surface Active Lower Surface
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Empirical Correlations : Horizontal Plate
• Define the characteristic length, L asPAL s
• Upper surface of heated plate, or Lower surface of cooled plate :
1173/1
744/1
1010 15.0 1010 54.0
LLL
LLL
RaRaNuRaRaNu
• Lower surface of heated plate, or Upper surface of cooled plate :
1054/1 1010 27.0 LLL RaRaNu
Note: Use fluid properties at the film temperature2
TTT s
f
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Empirical Correlations : Long Horizontal Cylinder
• Very common geometry (pipes, wires)• For isothermal cylinder surface, use general form equation
for computing Nusselt #
nDD CRa
kDhNu
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RaD C n
0.333 0.125 10 - 100.250 0.480 10 - 100.188 0.850 10 - 100.148 1.02 10 - 100.058 0.675 10 - 10
127
74
42
22
210
Constants for general Nusselt number Equation
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The End
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EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION LABORATORY OF DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
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