1. FREE, OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE (FOSS):Enabling Technology Through Freedom of Choice, Open Innovation and Collaborative Computing Professor Dr R.Badlishah Ahmad Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP)

2. Introduction IT is advancing and changing at rapid pace because of Internet (TCP/IP) Access to Internet become necessity.. from fiber optic to 3G, 4G, WiMAX etc Everybody is getting connected and make themselves available and accessible anytime and anywhere What are the software technology behind this? Use by giant company such as Google and Facebook Co..2/67 3. Internet 1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching technology 1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface Message Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract 1972: BBNs Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG) forms to address need for establishing standard protocols 1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born. 3/67 4. Internet 1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (Fathers of the Internet) publish "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP 1982: TCP and IP, as the protocol suite, commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. (IPv4 to IPv6) 1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router 1990: Tim Berners-Lee, develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML) 1991: World Wide Web is introduced to the public INTERNET is based on TCP/IP and the source code is OPEN/Available4/67 5. Transmission Medium coaxial cable, the first broadband transmission medium, invented by AT&T in 1929 for Ethernet: at 400MHz, Cable Loss 5.5dB/100ft at 20GHz, Loss ~ 100dB/100ftData Rate of 10-100Mbs5/67 6. Transmission Medium Twisted Pair cabling: Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) & Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)UTP: most popular network cable in data networks for short/medium length (up to 100 meters or 328 feet) BW ~ 1GHz Data Rate of 40Gbs (50m) 1 pair of cable100Gbs (15m) 1 pair of cable1 Gigabit Ethernet (GE) 250Mb/s per pair (there are 4 pairs)10GE? Heavier, difficult to maintain Fibre is the best option6/67 7. Transmission Medium Fiber Optic BW 1THz, Loss ~ 0.93dB/1km26 Terabit/s in 1 Wavelength channel at 50km Explosive of mass data! -> Internet of Things7/67 8. Internet Evolution (Video)8/67 9. Freedom of Choice, Open Innovation and Open Access: Technology/Content/Knowledge Availability9/67 10. Education Gets IT & OPEN Massachusetts Institute of Technology is leading the way MIT Open Courseware (OCW) shares free lecture notes, exams, and other resources from more than 1,700 courses spanning MIT's entire curriculum 40 million visits from virtually every country on earth10/67 11. Education Gets IT & OPEN educational materials from its undergraduate- and graduate-level courses online, partly free and openly available to anyone, anywhere funded by the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and MIT October 2012, over 2180 courses were available online11/67 12. Open Courseware (OCW) OpenCourseWare Consortium is a worldwide community of hundreds of higher education institutions and associated organizations committed to advancing open education and its impact on global education OCW Consortium helps to solve social problems through expansion of access to education12/67 13. Open Courseware (OCW) about free and open sharing Free, meaning no cost, and open, which refers to the use of legal tools (open licenses) that give everyone permission to reuse and modify educational resourcesFree and open sharing increases access to education and knowledge for anyone, anywhere, anytime13/67 14. Open Courseware (OCW) People want to learn free and open access to education and knowledge, people can fulfill these desire Workers can learn something that will help them on the jobTeachers can find new ways to help students learnPeople can connect with others they wouldnt otherwise meet to share information and ideasMaterials can be translated, mixed together, broken apart and openly shared again, increasing access and allowing new approachesAnyone can accessNew Term: MOOC (Massive Online Open Courses)Faculty can exchange material and draw on resources from all around the world14/67 15. Microsoft Commitment (Microsoft Malaysia presentation at Malaysian Open Source Conference (MOSC) 2011) to achieve Openness and Interoperability with OSSdesigning products to support OSScollaboration with OSS vendors to ensure interoperability between productscontributing to OSS projectsreleasing some technologies under approved Open Source licenses15/67 16. Important of an Open Standard?Standards, instructions or blueprints that are created and maintained in anopenmanner. Using a democratic approach where no single individual or company controls the standard.Open standards provide choice and interoperability between systems.16/67 17. Open Source Software (OSS) or Free Software (FS)? OSS == FS A type of software defined by its collaborative development model, accessibility of code and distribution models. Examples are GNU/Linux OS, gcc, Open Office, Xpdf, GIMP etc.This is in contrast with proprietary software which is only available in a binary or closed format and typically carries a license fee. Examples are Microsoft XP & Vista, Microsoft Visual C/C++, Borland C, MS Office 2007, Adobe Photoshop etc. 17/67 18. Binary code:18/67 19. Source code:# include int main (void) { Printf ("hello, world!n"); return 0; }19/67 20. Technology Availability Free Software/Open Source Software (FOSS)20/67 21. 21/67 22. GNU Project GNU = GNU is Not Unix (a recursive acronym!) Project to implement a completely free Unix-like operating system Started by Richard Stallman in 1984, an MIT researcher, in a time when Unix sources were researcher no longer free. Initial components: C compiler (gcc), make (GNU make), Emacs, C library (glibc), coreutils (ls, cp ...) However, in 1991, the GNU project was still missing a kernel and was running only on proprietary unice, until the invention of Linux kernel!!Richard Stallman 22/67 23. Linux Kernel (part of an OS) Linus TorvaldFree Unix-like kernel created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds The whole system uses GNU tools: C library, gcc, binutils, fileutils, make, emacs... So the whole system is called GNU/Linux Shared very early as free software (GPL license), which attracted more and more contributors and users Since 1991, growing faster than any other operating system (not only Unix)23/67 24. Unix family tree 1980197020001990FreeBSDBSDfamilyOpenBSDBSD(BerkeleySoftwareDistribution) BillJoyTimeNetBSDBillJoySunOS(StanfordUniversityNetwork) NextStep BellLabs(AT&T)GNUMacOSX GNU/LinuxRichardStallmanKenThompson DennisRitchie(Clanguage createdtoimplementaportableOS)LinusTorvaldsIRIX(SGI) SRV5 Ritchie,ThompsonSystemVfamilyHPUX SunSolaris AIX(IBM)24/67 25. Linux Kernel Evolution25/67 26. GNU/Linux DISTRIBUTIONS (Distros)26/67 27. Distros... All in 1 Disc!! LibreOffice.org: word processing, spreadsheet & presentation Thunderbird+Lightning: email & calendaring Firefox, Chrome: Web browsing try the add-ons!Pidgin: instant messagingGimp: image manipulation, animationsBlender: 3D imaging, rendering and animationsExaile: music manager and playerVLC: video & music playerMuch more... 27/67 28. More Sample of FOSS28/67 29. The GIMP The GNU Image Manipulation Program http://gimp.org License: GPLMain developers: communityExtremely powerful image processor Similar to PhotoshopPlatforms: Unix/Linux/MacOS , WindowsExtensible and scriptable through pluginsAlternative to Adobe Photoshop 29/67 30. OpenOffice.org Full featured and popular free office suite http://openoffice.org/ License: LGPL (since version 2.0) Main developer: Sun Microsystems, with support from a big community. Business model: selling desktop solutions without Microsoft software.Supported platforms: Unix, Windows, MacOSXAlternative to Microsoft Office30/67 31. LibreOffice Main developer: The Document FoundationA fork of OpenOffice.org.Support Open Document Format (ODF) to provide freedomLibreOffice has been downloaded approximately 7.5 million times since its first stable launch in January 2011. Default office suite in many different Linux distributions, such as Fedora, Linux Mint, openSUSE and Ubuntu.Google also supports the LibreOffice projectLibreOffice is licensed under the terms of the LGPLv3Alternative to Microsoft Office http://www.libreoffice.org/31/67 32. Inkscape A vector graphics editor http://inkscape.org License: GNU GPLDevelopers: communitySupported platforms: Linux/Unix, Windows and MacOS X Alternative to Corel Draw and Adobe Illustrator32/67 33. Mozilla Firefox Most advanced and friendly web browser & No 1 browser http://mozilla.org/projects/firefox License: MPL (copyleft type) Main developers: Mozilla Foundation, community Supported platforms: Unix / Linux, Windows, MacOS X Market share (March 2007): 24% in Europe. It even reaches 44% in Slovenia, 41% in Finland and 36% in Germany! More statistics on http://www.xitimonitor.com. Alternative to IE33/67 34. Eclipse Integrated development environment (IDE) comprising a base workspace and an extensible plug-in system for customizing the environment written mostly in Java and able to compile JAVA other programming languages including Ada, C, C++, COBOL, Fortran, Haskell, JavaScript, Lasso, Perl, PHP, Python, R, Ruby (including Ruby on Rails framework), Scala, Clojure, Groovy, Scheme, and Erlang Alternative to Borland C/C++, Visual Basic, Microsoft Visual34/67 35. Scilab Open Source Scilab is open source software distributed under CeCILL license cross-platform numerical computational package high-level, numerically oriented programming language Alternative to MATLAB 35/67 36. KiCAD software suite for electronic design automation (EDA) integrated environment for all of the stages of the design process: PCB layoutSchematic Capture Gerber file generation/visualization and library editingcross-platform program, written with wxWidgets to run on FreeBSD, Linux, Microsoft Windows and Mac OS XAlternative to OrCAD36/67 37. Android A software platform and operating system for mobile devicesBased on the Linux kernelFound way back in 2003.Developed in Palo Alto, California.Developed by the Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White. Purchased by GOOGLE in AUGUST, 2005 for $50million Alternative to MS Mobile, IOS, Blackberry37/67 38. Market Share38/67 39. Android - Open Handset Alliance (OHA) Its consortium of several companies. This group of companies are allowed to use source code of Android and develop applications. Nokia, Blackberry and Apple - not part of OHA.39/67 40. Embedded SystemBeagle BoardRasberry PieArduino 40/67 41. Why FOSS? Is it because of Cost?41/67 42. Free Software (Open Source Software) Free Software grants the below 4 freedoms to the user: The freedom to run the program, for any purpose The freedom to study how the program works, and adapt it to one's needs The freedom to redistribute copies to help others The freedom to improve the program, and release one's improvements to the public See http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html42/67 43. Proprietary Software Microsoft & EULA (End User License Agreement)You give up all rights You accept all obligations placed on you for limited benefitYou may not share the softwareYou may not change the softwareYou do not own the softwareYou may only install the software to one deviceWe reserve the right to change the license for any reason or purpose at any time You may only run the software as specifically spelled out in the EULA43/67 44. It is because of Freedom!44/67 45. Government Adoption Trends Worldwide, 265 government policy initiatives ranging from pilot projects to preferences (and even mandates) for the use of OSS (Center for Strategic and International Studies April 2006) Most OSS policy initiatives are in Europe (47%), Asia (27%), LATAM (15%) followed by N. America (9%) Local/state level more likely to be approved by council/legislative action ***Data taken from CSIS Study on Government Open Source Policies45/67 46. Microsoft Commitment (Microsoft Malaysia presentation at Malaysian Open Source Conference (MOSC) 2011) to achieve Openness and Interoperability with OSSdesigning products to support OSScollaboration with OSS vendors to ensure interoperability between productscontributing to OSS projectsreleasing some technologies under approved Open Source licenses46/67 47. Why US Governments move to open sourcePublic sector organizations must cut costs in an environment of software upgrades, security issues and piracy The level of acceptance of open source has been raised The need to provide increased access for business and people To promote a local software industry The software can be shared 47/67 48. U.S. Federal Government OSS users U.S. Air ForceDHSDISANOAArmyCensus BureauNavyDOJMarine CorpGSACoast GuardEnergyNASAPTOFAAU.S. Courts48/67 49. Sampling of 5,000+ users in the U.S. City of New York DoITTConnecticut DoITCity of ChicagoIndiana UniversityPenn State UniversityFlorida EPAUniversity of MichiganNC DPICity of HoustonMinnesota DOTLouisiana Health & Human ServicesPennsylvania OITCity of PhiladelphiaDeKalb County, GALos Angeles CountyNC University SystemState of North Carolina ITSHenrico County, VAMinnesota Department of Natural ResourcesCity of SeattlePurdue UniversityArizona State UniversityUniversity of PhoenixMITCUNY & SUNYMiami-Dade County, FLUniversity of TexasUniversity of ChicagoFlorida Department of HealthMassachusetts ITDCarnegie Mellon UniversityWisconsin DETBaltimore County, MDGeorgia University SystemEmory UniversityNY State Insurance Dept.City of Los AngelesMD AndersonCalifornia DOJ Johns Hopkins University49/67 50. Brazil's government Many ministries have switched to Linux and other OSS The number one reason for this change is economic - Sergio Amadeu, National Institute for Information Technology (BBC, 2005)Plan open source when digitizing the Federal court systemState of Parana The world of technology is opening up; there are hundreds of thousands of people working to improve free software. The old, closed model must adapt in order to survive. adopting eGroupWare, MySQL solution for its 10,000 usersCerqueira Cesar, Head of IT, Banco do BrasilMany ministries have switched to Linux and other OSS All Schools will be using Linux PC (825,000 installation 2008), 2009 another 150,000 LXF Magazine July 2008.50/67 51. India's government State Government of Kerala Announced in 2006 it will be a completely FLOSS zone Deploying linux in 12,500 schoolsGoa, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal using Linux to save costs on e-governance Sam Pitroda, National Knowledge Commission: ... we must actively encourage wherever possible open source software implementations and open standards. Several national and local government projects to distribute OSS freely in local languages51/67 52. 52/67 53. Focus on Malaysia's government Approved by the Government IT and Internet Committee on 19 th February 2004 Announcement of OSS Master Plan 16th July 2004 Formulated through consultative process involving government agencies, institutions of higher learning, nonprofit organizations Institute of Microelectronic Systems established OS R&D group; maintain Asian Open Source Centre Administration Modernization and Management Planning Unit created Open Source Competency Centre (OSCC) and wrote a government-approved OSS plan Migration roadmap for e-mail, browsers first, then databases 53/67 54. List of Linux adopters in Education - 1/2 Examples of large scale adoption of Linux in education include the following: The OLPC XO-1 (previously called the MIT $100 laptop and The Children's Machine), is an inexpensive laptop running Linux, which will be distributed to millions of children as part of the One Laptop Per Child project, especially in developing countries. Republic of Macedonia deployed 5,000 Linux desktops running Ubuntu across all 468 public schools and 182 computer labs (December 2005). Later in 2007, another 180,000 Ubuntu thin client computers were deployed.54/67 55. List of Linux adopters in Education - 2/2 Schools in Bolzano, Italy, with a student population of 16,000, switched to a custom distribution of Linux, (FUSS Soledad GNU/Linux), in September 2005. Brazil has around 20,000 Linux desktops running in elementary and secondary public schools. Government officials of Kerala, India announced they will use only free software, running on the Linux platform, for computer education, starting with the 2,650 government and government-aided high schools. 22,000 students in the US state of Indiana had access to Linux Workstations at their high schools in 2006. 55/67 56. Linux Foundation Report 2010 Linux is poised for growth in the coming years (2011): 77% of companies are planning to add more GNU/Linux servers in the next twelve monthsonly 41% of respondents are planning to add Windows servers in the next yearwhile 44% say that they will decreasing or maintaining the number of Windows servers in their organizations over the same time periodover the next five years, 80% of respondents plan on adding more GNU/Linux, relative to other operating systems, compared to only 21% planning on adding more Microsoft servers in the same period. 56/67 57. It took 10 years (2003-2013) to do the transformation57/67 58. Summary of FOSSFOSS is about Freedom and not Cost!! Do you know?? Internet Technology is based on TCP/IP TCP/IP is FOSS..58/67 59. THE END...The free software movement is one of the most successful social movements to emerge in the past 25 years, driven by a worldwide community of ethical programmers dedicated to the cause of freedom and sharing. But the ultimate success of the free software movement depends upon teaching our friends, neighbors and work colleagues about the danger of not having software freedom, about the danger of a society losing control over its computing www.fsf.org 59/67 60. Next Slide is on FOSS Licences (Brief)60/67 61. FOSS Licences Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted to the author or creator of an original work: includes the right to copy, reproduce, distribute and adapt the work.Copyright owners have the exclusive right to: exercise control over copying and other exploitation of the works for a specific period of time. Anyone requiring to exploit and use any copyrighted work requires permission to use that work. Can grant permission and grant license for exploitation of the work.61/67 62. FOSS Licences Copyleft is a term used in respect of FOSS licensing which is used for copyright: Copyleft is a practice of using copyright law to offer the right to distribute copies and modified versions of a work and requiring that the same rights be preserved in modified versions of the work.Main idea behind copylefting the open source software was: to not let the product fall into the domain of proprietary software. If open source software is put into public domain with no copyright, people can make the said software proprietary and it would defeat the whole purpose of open source freedom. To guarantees that every user has the freedom.62/67 63. FOSS Licences Copyright law has been used to withhold permission: to copy, modify or distribute software,Copyleft ensures that the project remains free, and all modified and extended versions of the program remains free as well. Proprietary software developers use copyright to: take away the users' freedom;Copyleft guarantees their freedom. That's why the name has been reversed from copyright to copyleft63/67 64. FOSS Licences FOSS licenses are categorized as: strong,weak orwith no copyleft provisionsNon-copyleft licenses, also known as permissive licenses, allows those using the software to relicense it under any terms as they want. The most popular copyleft license is GPL. The most popular non-copyleft license is BSD style. These licenses place no restriction on licensing for modified works.64/67 65. FOSS Licences - Copyleft The strength of the copyleft governing a work is an expression of the extent that the copyleft provisions can be efficiently imposed on all kinds of derived works6567 66. FOSS Licences - Copyleft6667 67. THE END THANK YOU...6767