The CrusadesThe Crusades

Causes of the CrusadesCauses of the Crusades• Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control

– Seljuq Turks• Captured Holy Land

– Dates back to when Byzantines still controlled Constantinople

– Started by Pope Urban II– 10,000 Europeans joined cause

• Wore a cross on shoulder or back• Reasons people went:

– To save souls – Money and land– Adventure

The First CrusadeThe First Crusade

• Brought much of the Holy Land under European control

• Lead by French and Italian Lords– Lacked food and water

• Brought European customs to Holy Land– Feudalism– Fiefs– Trade

Other Major CrusadesOther Major Crusades• The Second Crusade

– Failed to recapture Damascus– France (Louis VII) and Germany (Conrad III)

• The Third Crusade– Again failed to recapture Jerusalem– Saladin helped the lead the Muslims to regain control of Jerusalem– Rome (Barbarossa), France (Phillip II), England (Richard I)

• The Fourth Crusade– French Knights attacked Constantinople, Europeans still controlled

Constantinople at the end of the 4th crusade– Constantinople collapsed in 1453

• Other crusades– crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in

1291

Results of the CrusadesResults of the Crusades

• Weapons and warfare– Crossbow– New ways to wage war

• Political changes– Fewer lords– Stronger kings– End of feudalism, gave way to a stronger

monarchy– More powerful Christian church

The Revival of TradeThe Revival of Trade

Trade RoutesTrade Routes

• Trade in Italy– Sea and overland trade routes

• Trade in northern Europe• Growth in population and wealth occurred as a

result of revival of trade• The Hanseatic League

– German trading cities joined together to increase trade

– Controlled trade on Baltic and North Sea

Trade Goods and MarketsTrade Goods and Markets• Luxury goods

– Dyes– Medicines– Silks– Spices

• Manufactured goods– Cotton– Linen– Art objects

• Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax– Barter Economy– Fairs are where early merchants sold most of their goods

• Social events– Tournaments