freedom of association c-87
TRANSCRIPT
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Freedom of Association and Protection of the
Right to Organize Convention, 1948(No. 87)
Tim De Meyer
Specialist on International Labour Standards & Labour Law, Subregional
Office for East Asia (SRO Bangkok), Thailand
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Ratification
Ratified by 80% of States worldwide, but only 50% of States
in Asia Pacific In AP, C. 87 is the least widely ratified of the ILO
fundamental Conventions
Countries with sizeable populations have not ratified C. 87 nor
C. 98: China, India, United States + Viet Nam, IR Iran,
RoKorea, Thailand
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tm&SypdzdwfwGifrl EdkifiH 50om twnfyxm;onf?
tm&Sypdzdwfa'owGif C 87 onf ILO tajccHjyXmef;csufrsm;teuftwnfyvufrSwfa&;xdk;r_ tenf;qkH;&&Sdaom jyXmef;csufjzpfonf?
vlOD;a&rsm;jym;aom EdkifiHrsm;onf C 87 (odk@r[kwf) C 98 udktwnfyvufrSwf a&;xdk;jcif; r&Sdao;yg? w&kwf/ tdEdN,/ tar&duefESifh
AD,uferf/ tD&ef/ awmifudk;&D;,m;/ xdkif;
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Why C. 87/ C. 98?
Development (including the functioning of labour markets) is
a process that needs to be governed by democraticparticipation, particularly from the productive forces
Effective participation requires strong, independent and
representative (SIR) organizations of employers and workers
(E & W)
To be SIR, E & W organizations need rights that guarantee
their independence from the public authorities, as well as from
each other C. 87: independence from public authorities
C. 98: independence from each other, including independent
negotiation with each other on conditions of work
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bmabmabmabma====umifhvJumifhvJumifhvJumifhvJ (C 87, C 98) zHG@z;a&; qdkonfrSm (tvkyform; aps;uGufrsm;. vkyfief;rsm;tygt0if)
txl;ojzifh ukefxkwfvkyfr_ pGrf;tm;pkrsm;. 'Drdkua&pDenf;us
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cdkifrmaom (SIR) vGwfvyfaom/ udk,fpm;yr_&Sdaom tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
vdktyfonf? (E & W) xdkodk@ cdkifrm/ vGyfvyf/ udk,fpm;y&ef/ tvkyf&Sif/ tvkyform;tzGJ@rsm;onf
wOD;ESifhwOD; (odk@r[kwf) tm%mydkifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_udk
tmrcHonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;&Sd&ef vdkonf? C 87 - tm%myd kifrsm;rS oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_
C 98 - wOD;ESifhwOD; (tvkyfESifh tvkyform;) oD;jcm;uif;vGwfr_
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Fundamental Rights?
Three rights are considered fundamental
the right to organize to defend & further interests
the right to bargain collectively
the right to strike
Fundamental does not mean absolute,
i.e. they can be subject to restrictions or conditions
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tajccHtajccHtajccHtajccH tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;; tcGifhta&;rsm; (3) rsKd;tm; tajccHtjzpf ,lqonf?
ckcHumuG,f&efESifh aemufxyf tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;twGuf pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh
pkaygif;ndE_dif; ta&;qdkydkifcGifh
oydwfarSmufydkifcGifh
tajccHqdkonfrSm tuif;rJh[k t"dym,f r&yg?
Oyrm - xdktcGifhta&;rsm;onf uef@owfcsufrsm;ESifh
pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;tay: rlwnfI tajymif;tvJ &SdEdkifygonf?
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Right to Organize
= all workers, including e.g.
public servants teachers
state enterprise employees
judiciary
prison guards
security staff
civilian employees in defense industry
workers in essential services self-employed workers
except armed forces and police
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pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh
atmufygtvkyform;rsm;tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vkH; tpdk;&tr_xrf; ausmif;q&m/r tpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm; w&m;a&;0efxrf; tusOf;axmif0efxrf; vkH+cKHa&;0efxrf; umuG,fa&;vufatmufcH pufr_vkyfief;rsm;&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm; tajccH0efaqmifr_rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm; rdrdbmomrdrd cef@tyfxm;aom 0efxrf;rsm;
(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@ESifh &Jom;rsm;rSty)
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Right to Organize
= all employers, including e.g.
managerial staff & executive staff in the public & private
sector
but they can be required to organize separately from non-
executive staff, as long as the notions of executive and non-
executive are not defined in a way to hollow out the membership
base of the non-executive unions
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pnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifhpnf;&kH;ydkifcGifh
tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduXmersm;. pDrHcef@cGJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;0efxrf;rsm;
tygt0if tvkyf&Sifrsm; tm;vkH;
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Right to bargain collectively (C. 98)
= all workers, including e.g.
teachers
state enterprise employees
security staff for private companies
civilian employees in defense industry essential services in the public and private sector
except armed forces and policeadministration of the State
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pkaygif;ndpkaygif;ndpkaygif;ndpkaygif;ndE_difE_difE_difE_dif;;;; ta&;qdkydkifcGifhta&;qdkydkifcGifhta&;qdkydkifcGifhta&;qdkydkifcGifh(C 98)
atmufygtvkyform;rsm;tygt0if tvkyform;rsm;tm;vkH;
ausmif;q&mr tpdk;& pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;0efxrf;rsm;
yk*~vdu ukr%Drsm;&Sd vkH+cKHa&;0efxrf;rsm;
umuG,fa&;Xme pufr_vkyfief;vufatmuf&Sd t&yfom;0efxrf;rsm; tpdk;& ESifh yk*~vduydkif vkyfief;rsm;&Sd t"du0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;
(vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;/ &JwyfzGJ@ESifh EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfa&;Xmersm; ryg0if&ryg0if&ryg0if&ryg0if&)
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Right to Strike
= all workers, including
state enterprise employees
security staff for private companies
civilian employees in defense industry
(unless an essential service)
Except
armed forces and police
exercising authority for the State essential services in public or private sector
acute emergency
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atmufyg0efxrf;rsm; tygt0if tvkyform;tm;vkH;
EdkifiHawmfydkifvkyfief;rsm;&Sd 0efxrf;rsm; yk*~vdu ukr%Drsm;&Sd vkHcHa&;0efxrf;rsm;
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(tajccH 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; r[kwfv#if)atmufygwdk@rS vGJv#if
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tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vduu&Sd tajccH0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;
ta&;ay:tajctae
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Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right
to Organize Convention, 1948 (No. 87)
Principle
Freedom of workers and employers to establish or join
organizations of their own choosing to defend and further their
interests, independently from the public authorities
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((((trSwftrSwftrSwftrSwf 87)87)87)87)
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tvkyf&Sifrsm;u wdk@. tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udk umuG,f&efESifh xyfrHwdk;csJ@Edkif&ef wdk@udk,fwdkifa&G;cs,fr_jzifh vGwfvyfpGm tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;xlaxmifEdkifcGifh odk@r[kwf toif;0ifEdkifcGifh
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Who has the right to organize?
WORKERS without distinction whatsoever
wage-earners & independent (self-employed) workers, i.e. anyone whopursues or is willing to pursue (e.g. unemployed) a living through work
both citizens and (regular & irregular) migrant workers
public servants, workers of state enterprises & public corporations
agricultural workers
workers in export processing zones/ industrial estates
atypical workers (temporary, fixed-term, casual, part-time, seasonal)
workers
workers in the informal economy
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tvkyfvkyfI toufarG;aom odk@r[kwf toufarG;&ef qEN&Sdaom (Oyrm - tvkyfvufrJh) rnfolrqdk/
EdkifiHom;tvkyform; (ykHrSefESifh ykHrSefr[kwfaom) ESifh a@&$ajymif;tvkyform;rsm;
tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ tpdk;&ydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&
aumfydka&;&Sif;rsm; pdkufysKd;a&; tvkyform;rsm;
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or&kd;usr[kwfaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;&Sd tvkyform;rsm;
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Who has the right to organize?
Employers, also managerial staff and executive staff in thepublic and private sector
Not necessarilyarmed forces and police
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b,folawGrSmb,folawGrSmb,folawGrSmb,folawGrSm pnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJpnf;&kH;cGifh&SdovJ ?
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((((vufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifhvufeufudkifwyfzGJ@rsm;ESifh &&&&JwyfzGJ@wdkJwyfzGJ@wdkJwyfzGJ@wdkJwyfzGJ@wdk@ ryg0ifyg/)@ ryg0ifyg/)@ ryg0ifyg/)@ ryg0ifyg/)
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Rights guarantee by C. 87
Establishment of organizations without prior authorization
without the Govt deciding whether the organization can be established
or not
registration is OK to ensure democratic functioning of trade unions or to prevent
financial fraud
is not OK if the registration procedure is too long and complicated, or
gives the Registrar the power to e.g. impose organization by enterprise
only
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Rights guaranteed by C. 87
Right to establish and join organizations of their own
choosing
by occupation (trade), by region, by company, by
industry
because of special position of public servants, prohibiting
individuals to join mixed unions is OK, provided public
servant unions can join mixed federations
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C 87 jzifhjzifhjzifhjzifh tmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;;
rdrdwdk@udk,fydkifa&G;cs,fr_jzifh tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf
toif;0ifydkifcGifh tvkyftudkift&/ a'ot&/ ukr%Dt& pufr_vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;t&
tpdk;&0efxrf; or*~rsm;onf trsKd;tpm;aygif;pkH or*~tzGJ@csKyf rsm;odk@
0ifa&mufEdkifonfqdkygu tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;. txl;tajctaet&trsKd;tpm;aygif;pkHor*~rsm;odk@ 0ifa&mufjcif;rS wm;jrpfjcif;onfjy\emr&Sdyg/
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Rights covered
Free to draw up constitutions and rules
e.g. no prescription in minute detail of election procedures
To elect representatives in full freedom
e.g. no requirement to be employed in the occupation since a certain time
Free to organize their administration
e.g. financial administration (e.g. strike funds) may only be subject to judicialcontrol
Free to organize their activities
e.g. unhindered disposal of all fixed and movable assets
Free to formulate their programmes
i.e. to determine the relationship with political parties in function of the need todefend occupational interests
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oufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;; zGJ@pnf;ykHESifhzGJ@pnf;ykHESifhzGJ@pnf;ykHESifhzGJ@pnf;ykHESifh pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsmpnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;;;; vGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGmvGwfvyfpGm a&;qGJcGifha&;qGJcGifha&;qGJcGifha&;qGJcGifh
Oyrm a&G;aumufwifajrmufr_ vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;wGif tao;pdwfjyXmef;r_rsm; r&Sdjcif;
vGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifhvGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifhvGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifhvGyfvyfr_tjynfht0jzifh udk,fpm;vS,frsmudk,fpm;vS,frsmudk,fpm;vS,frsmudk,fpm;vS,frsm;;;; a&G;cs,fcGifha&G;cs,fcGifha&G;cs,fcGifha&G;cs,fcGifhOyrm - tvkyftudkifESifhywfoufI rnfonfhvdktyfcsufudkr# rxm;&Sdjcif;
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Rights guaranteed by C. 87
Right of an organization not to be dissolved or suspended by
administrative authority
i.e. a trade union may be dissolved e.g. if it has completely ceased to
fulfill its mission, or if it turns out to be a cover for fraudulous
operations, but dissolution must result from the decision of an
independent judicial authority after a due process of law; if it results
from the decision of e.g. the Registrar, then the decision should not take
effect before appeal procedures have been exhausted
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C 87 jzifhjzifhjzifhjzifh tmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;;
tkyfcsKyfa&;tm%mydkifrsm;. zsufodrf;jcif; odk@r[kwf qdkif;iHhxm;jcif; rcH&cGifh
Oyrm - tvkyform;or*~wckonf .OD;wnfcsufvkyfief;udk vkH;vkH;taumiftxnfazmfjcif; r&Sdawmhv#if odk@r[kwf tjcm;vdrfvnfvSnfhzsm;aomvkyfief;wckudk aemufuG,fwGif vkyfudkifaev#if zsufodrf;jcif; cH&Edkifygonf? odk@aomfTodk@zsufodrf;r_onf Oya'a=umif;t& oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;tm%mydkiftzGJ@wckrS qkH;jzwfcsuft&omv#if jzpf&rnf/ tu,fI qkH;jzwfcsufonf Oyrm-rSwfykHwift&m&SdxHrSjzpfv#if t,lcHjzpfpOf r+yD;qkH;oa&G@ oufa&mufr_ r&Sdoifhao;yg?
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Rights covered
Solidarity: Right to establish or join federations &
confederations of organizations under the same guarantees as
for establishing first-level organizations, including
Right to receive assistance
Right to maintain contact and exchange trade union publications
Sending and receiving representatives
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oufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaomoufqdkifaom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;;
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tzGJ@csKyfrsm;xlaxmifydkifcGifh odk@r[kwf 0ifa&mufydkifcGifh
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Rights guaranteed by C. 87
respect for the law of the land
i.e. trade union rights and civil liberties are no license tocommit violence or destruction
law of the land must not impair the Conventions
guarantees
e.g. in case of violence, arrest the perpetrator for specific acts,
not the union leader
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C 87 jzifhjzifhjzifhjzifh tmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aomtmrcHxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsmtcGifhta&;rsm;;;;
EdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmf .... Oya'udkOya'udkOya'udkOya'udk av;pm;jcifav;pm;jcifav;pm;jcifav;pm;jcif;;;;
Oyrm- tvkyform;or*~ tcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh vlr_vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;onft=urf;zufr_rsm;ESifh zsufpD;r_rsm;usL;vGef&efvdkifpifrsm; r[kwfyg/
EdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmfEdkifiHawmf .... Oya'onfOya'onfOya'onfOya'onf oabmwlnDcsufoabmwlnDcsufoabmwlnDcsufoabmwlnDcsuf.... tmrcHcsufudktmrcHcsufudktmrcHcsufudktmrcHcsufudk rysufpD;ap&ygrysufpD;ap&ygrysufpD;ap&ygrysufpD;ap&yg////Oyrm- t=urf;zufr_ jzpfyGm;v#if oufqdkif&m usL;vGefoludk
ol.usL;vGefonfhtr_udpPtwGuf zrf;qD;yg/ or*~acgif;aqmifudkrzrf;qD;ygESifh/
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Civil liberties
1970 Resolution: absence of civil liberties removes meaning
from trade union rights
Right to security of person and freedom from arbitrary arrest
Freedom of opinion and expression
Freedom of assembly
Right to a fair trial by impartial judiciary
Right to protection of property of trade union organizations
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[email protected]@[email protected]@.vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;;;;
1970 ck1970 ck1970 ck1970 ck qkH;jzwfcsufqkH;jzwfcsufqkH;jzwfcsufqkH;jzwfcsuf jynfol@tcGifhta&;rsmjynfol@tcGifhta&;rsmjynfol@tcGifhta&;rsmjynfol@tcGifhta&;rsm;;;; r&Sdjcif;onfr&Sdjcif;onfr&Sdjcif;onfr&Sdjcif;onf
tvkyform;ortvkyform;ortvkyform;ortvkyform;or*~*~*~*~rsmrsmrsmrsm;.;.;.;. tcGifhta&;rsm;udktcGifhta&;rsm;udktcGifhta&;rsm;udktcGifhta&;rsm;udk t"dyg,ft"dyg,ft"dyg,ft"dyg,f uif;rJhaponfuif;rJhaponfuif;rJhaponfuif;rJhaponf???? vlyk*~KdvfwOD;csif;. vkH+cKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhta&;ESifh Oya'rJh zrf;qD;jcif;rS
uif;vGwfcGifh
vGyfvyfpGm awG;ac:jcif;ESihfoabmxm; azmfxkwfcGifh
vGyfvyfpGm pka0;cGifh
bufrvdkufaom w&m;pD&ifa&;. r#waomw&m;pD&ifcH&cGifh
tvkyform;or*~rsm;. ydkifqdkifr_rsm;tm; tumtuG,f&,lcGifh
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Right to security of person
The killing, disappearance or serious injury of trade union
leaders and trade unionists requires
the institution of independent judicial inquiries
in order to shed full light, at the earliest date, on the facts and thecircumstances in which such actions occurred and to the extent
possible, determine
where responsibilities lie
punish the guilty parties and
prevent the repetition of similar events
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vlykvlykvlykvlyk*~*~*~*~KdvfKdvfKdvfKdvf wOD;csifwOD;csifwOD;csifwOD;csif;.;.;.;. vkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhta&;&;&;&;
or*~or*~or*~or*~acgif;aqmifESifhacgif;aqmifESifhacgif;aqmifESifhacgif;aqmifESifh or*~or*~or*~or*~ta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsmta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsmta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsmta&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;;;; towfcH&jciftowfcH&jciftowfcH&jciftowfcH&jcif;/;/;/;/
aysmufqkH;jcifaysmufqkH;jcifaysmufqkH;jcifaysmufqkH;jcif;;;; odk@r[kwfodk@r[kwfodk@r[kwfodk@r[kwf tjyif;txeftjyif;txeftjyif;txeftjyif;txef xdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGufxdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGufxdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGufxdcdkufemusifjcif;wdk@twGuf ------------ vGyfvyfaom w&m;Oya'a&;&m pkHprf;ppfaq;r_
Ttjzpftysufrsm; jzpfysufonfh tajctaeESifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk apmEdkifor#apmapm od&SdazmfxkwfEdkif&ef
rnfolu wm0ef&Sdonfudk azmfxkwfjcif;
tjypf&Sdoludk tjypfay;jcif;
tvm;wl jzpf&yfrsm; xyfrHjzpfyGm;jcif;rS umuG,fjcif; ponfwdk@vdktyfonfponfwdk@vdktyfonfponfwdk@vdktyfonfponfwdk@vdktyfonf
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Right to security of person
Impunity reinforces the climate of violence and
insecurity and thus has an extremely damagingeffect on the exercise of trade union rights
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vlykvlykvlykvlyk*~*~*~*~KdvfwOD;csifKdvfwOD;csifKdvfwOD;csifKdvfwOD;csif;.;.;.;. vkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&mvkHjcKHa&;qdkif&m tcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhtatcGifhta&;&;&;&;
t=urf;zufjcif;ESifh vkHcHr_r&Sdjcif;qdkif&m wdk@onfor*~tcGifhta&;rsm;tm;usifhoHk;a&;udk tvGeftrif; ysufpD; xdcdkufaponf@twGuftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onftjypfay;&jcif;rSuif;vGwfcGif@onff [email protected]&mufjcif;rS
umuG,f&ef ydkrdktm;aumif;aponf?
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Right to Strike in international law
Guaranteed in Art. 8 of the UN International Covenant on
Economic, Social & Cultural Rights
Referred to in the ILO Abolition of Forced Labour
Convention, 1957 (No. 105); Voluntary Conciliation and
Arbitration Recommendation (No. 92)
Not explicitly mentioned in the Freedom of Association and
Protection of the Right to Organize Convention, 1948(No. 87), but considered implicit in the right to organize
activities, and in the right to further and defend interests
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EdkifiHwumEdkifiHwumEdkifiHwumEdkifiHwum Oya'tOya'tOya'tOya't&&&& oydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifhoydwfarSmufcGifh ukvor*~. pD;yGm;a&; vlr_a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;r_qdkif&m tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m
jyXmef;csuf tydk'f (8) t& tmrcHxm;+yD;jzpf
ILO t"rRvkyftm;ay; cdkif;apjcif;qdkif&m jyXmef;csuf 1957/
trSwf- 1051 &Sd rdrdoabmqENt& ndE_dif;oabmwla=uat;jcif; qdkif&mt}uHycsuf (trSwf 92)
vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;zGJ@pnf;cGifhESifh pnf;&kH;cGifhtm;tumtuG,fay;jcif;jyXmef;csuf 1948/ trSwf- 87 Y xif&Sm;pGmazmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; vkyfief;rsm; pnf;&kH;vkyfaqmifcGifhESifhtusKd;pD;yGm; xyfrHcsJ@xGifcGifhwdk@wGif tusKH;0ifonf[k ,lqEdkifonf?
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Function of the Right to Strike
Fundamental workers right, meant to enable workers to bring
pressure to bear on employers, not to destroy productive assets
Market principle: temporarily withholding labour is the only
negotiation tool which workers have
collective bargaining right to strike = collective begging
structuring collective bargaining is in the M/L term a more effective
way to deal with strikes over interest disputes than the present
regulation
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Function of the Right to Strike
Pressure valve in situations where market dynamics between employers
and workers are emerging and law enforcement and dispute settlement
machinery do not yet function perfectly role of courts which is to enforce the law is also to be limited
role for a mechanism to legitimize strikes and resolve disputes (e.g. OSH),
rather than pushing disputes into illegality
> - regulation of strike
action should be limited to the fringes, situations where the public interest
is at stake beyond reasonable doubt
NO absolute right, i.e. subject to conditions
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oydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&m vkyfief;rsmvkyfief;rsmvkyfief;rsmvkyfief;rsm;;;; tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh tvkyform;rsm;t=um;&Sd ndE_dif;r_ tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/
tiftm;pkrsm;ESifh tjiif;yGm;r_ajz&Sif;a&; ,EW&m;u xdxda&mufa&muf
ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;r&Sdv#if vnf;aumif;/ zdtm;ay;r_udk twdk;tavsmhyvkyfEdkifonf? Oya'udkouf0ifaprnfh w&m;&kH;rsm;.tcef;u uef@owfcsuf&Sdjcif;
tjiif;yGm;r_udk w&m;r0ifr_rsm;jzifh tjypfay;jcif;xuf oydwfarSmufjcif;udk w&m;0iftodtrSwfy+yD;
tjiif;yGm;r_udk ajz&Sif;ay;aom ,EW&m;w&yftwGuf vdktyfaom tcef;u
trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;onf owdxm;rdEdkifavmufatmiftEW&m,f&Sdvmonfhtaetxm;odk@ a&muf&Sdvmv#if oydwfarSmufjcif;tm;
xdef;odrf;xm;Edkifaompnf;rsOf; tvHk;pHktjynfht0&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;[lonf r&Sd/ tajctaetay: rlwnfonf/
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Substantive Restrictions
a general prohibition is only acceptable
when normal functioning of society has ceased
for a limited period
to the extend necessary to meet the requirements of the situation
a sectoral prohibition is acceptable
for public servants exercizing authority in the name of the State
essential services, provided there are compensatory guarantees
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t"duusaomt"duusaomt"duusaomt"duusaom twm;tqD;rsmtwm;tqD;rsmtwm;tqD;rsmtwm;tqD;rsm;;;; atmufygwdk@twGufom a,bl,suef@owfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?
omreftajctaetwdkif; vnfywfaqmif&Gufr_rsm; &yfqdkif;aev#if owfrSwfxm;aom umvtydkif;tjcm; wcktwGuf tajctaet& vdktyfI twdkif;twmwcktxd aqmif&Gufjcif;
utvdkuf uef@owfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf?
EdkifiHawmf.wm0efay;csuft& tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;u vkyfydkifcGifhudk tokH;y&jcif; jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfEdkifaom tmrcHcsuf&Sdonfh r&dSrjzpfta&;ygaom
0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
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Procedural Restrictions
Legal procedural restrictions are acceptable, if they do not
place a substantial limitation on the right to strike
obligation of prior notice to employer = OK
prior exhaustion of voluntary mediation and arbitration = OK, if not too
long
obligation of secret ballot to validate strike decision = OK
obligation of quorum = OK, if
the quorum is not too high
taking into account the size of the undertakings
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vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&mvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&mvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&mvkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufrsmwm;jrpfcsufrsmwm;jrpfcsufrsmwm;jrpfcsufrsm;;;; oydwfarSmufcGifhtay: tvGeftrif; uef@owfr_r&Sdv#if Oya'a=umif;t&
vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;qdkif&m wm;jrpfcsufonf vufcHEdkifzG,f &Sdonf? tvkyf&Siftay: }uKdwifowday;&ef wm0ef&Sdjcif; ] OK
rdrdoabmjzifh =um;0ifaphpyfI a=uat;&ef}uKd;pm;jcif; ] OK
(tcsdef=um=umr,lv#if) oydwfarSmuf&efqkH;jzwfcsuftm; twnfy&ef v#Kd@0SufrJjzifh qENyjcif; ] OK
oabmwlnDr_twdkif;twm owfrSwfxm;jcif; ] OK
(tu,fI twdkif;twmonf odyfrjrifhrm;vGef;v#ifwm0ef,laqmif&Guf&rnfh yrm%udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;v#if)
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Essential services
= services which, if interrupted, endanger the life, personal
safety/ health of whole or part of the population
Petroleum refinery Banking
Transport
Radio and television
broadcasting
Telephone services Air traffic controllers
Hospital workers
Public utilities
(water, gas, electricity)
NOT Essential ServiceEssential Service
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r&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
a&eH oef@pifa&;
b%f vkyfief;
o,f,lydk@aqmifa&;
a&'D,dk w,fvDaA;&Sif;
w,fvDzkef; 0efaqmifr_
ava=umif; xdef;odrf;a&;
aq;&kH0efxrf;rsm;
jynfol@ 0efaqmifr_ vkyfief;rsm;
(a&/ "mwfaiG@/ v#yfppf)
r&Sdrjzpfr&Sdrjzpfr&Sdrjzpfr&Sdrjzpf r[kwfaomr[kwfaomr[kwfaomr[kwfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;r&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
] tu,fI taESmifht,Sufay;cH&ygu vl@touf/ yk*~dKvfa&;vkHcHr_/ vltrsm;pk(odk@) wpdwfwydkif;. usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuftEW&m,fyEdkifaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;
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Essential Services
Compensatory guarantees required in the event of
restriction of the right to strike conciliation and mediation procedures
impartial
arbitration awards
binding on both parties
implemented rapidly and completely
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r&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaomr&Sdrjzpfaom 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; oydwfarSmufcGifhtm; csKyfcGifhxdef;odrf;&mwGif vdktyfaom
jyefvnftpm;xdk;ay;avsmfr_ tmrcHcsufrsm; jyefvnfaphpyfndE_dif;jcif; vkyfxkH;vkyfenf;rsm;
bufrvdkufjcif;
a=uat;r_qkvm'frsm;
ESpfbufpvkH;odk@ oufa&mufr_&Sdjcif;
tvsiftjref ESifh jynfhpkHpGm taumiftxnfazmfjcif;
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Body of principles on the right to strike
Conclusion of the right to strike as a fundamental right to be
enjoyed by workers and their organizations (trade unions,
federations & confederations), which is protected at
international level, provided that the right is exercised in a
peaceful manner.
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oydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&moydwfarSmufcGifhqdkif&m oabmxm;rsmoabmxm;rsmoabmxm;rsmoabmxm;rsm;;;; +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh usifhokH;vsif oydwfarSmufcGifhtm;
tvkyform;rsm;ESifh wdk@. tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; (tvkyform;or*~rsm;/tzGJ@csKyfrsm;) cHpm;&&SdEdkifonfh tajccHtcGifhta&;w&yfaejzifh oabmxm;I
EdkifiHwumtqifhwGif umuG,fr_ay;xm;onf?
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General recognition of the right to strike for workers in the
public and the private sectors, with the sole possible
exceptions being members of the armed and police forces,
public servants who exercise authority in the name of the State
and workers employed in essential services in the strict sense
of the term (the interruption of which could endanger the life,safety or health of the whole or part of the population), or in
situations of acute national crisis.
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vufeufudkiftiftm;pk/ &JwyfzGJ@0ifrsm;/ EdkifiHawmf.tm%mudk
tokH;yae&aom tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;/ owfrSwfxm;aom r&Sdrjzpf0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; (vl@touf/ vkH+cKHr_ESifh vlwpk odk@r[kwfvltrsm;.usef;rma&;udk xdcdkuftEW&m,fjzpfapEdkifaom tvkyfrsm;) Ywm0ef,lae&aom tvkyform;rsm; odk@r[kwf ta&;}uD;aomtrsKd;om;a&; t=uyftwnf;umvrsm;/ ponfh jzpfEdkifacs&Sdaomcif;csufrsm;rSty tpdk;&ESifh yk*~vdu u&Sd tvkyform;rsm;twGufoydwfarSmufcGifhudk a,bl,s todtrSwfyjcif;
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The principles of freedom of association do not cover strikes
of apurely political nature, although they do cover those
which seek a solution to major issues in economic and social
policy
A blanket ban on sympathy strikes could lead to abuse.Workers should be able to enjoy the right to take such action
when the initial strike they are supporting is itself lawful.
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oydwfarSufr_rsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlr_a&; rl0g'rsm;qdkif&m t"duusaomjy\emrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef }udK;pm;aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;obm0oufoufjzifhoydwfarSmufjcif;onf vGwfvyfpGm toif;tzGJ@ zGJ@pnf;cGifhqdkif&moabmw&m;ESifh roufqdkifyg/
tm;ay;axmufcH&eftwGuf oydwfarSmufjcif;onf tvGJokH;pm;yvkyfjcif;jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ Todk@oabmjzifh oydwfarSmufrnf qdkyguwdk@axmufcHaom ueOD;oydwfarSmufr_onf w&m;0if&ef vdktyfygonf/
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A minimum safety service may be imposed in all
cases of strike action when such minimum servicesare intended to ensure the safety of persons, the
prevention of accidents and the safety of machinery
and equipment.
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vlyk*~Kdvfrsm;. vkHcHr_/ rawmfwqr_rsm;rS umuG,fay;jcif;ESifh
pufypPnf; ud&d,m rsm;. vkHcHr_udk tmrcH&ef &nf&G,faomtedrfhqkH;tqifh 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;onfoydwfarSmufjcif;tm;vkH;Y r&Sdrjzpf &Sdoifhonf/
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A minimum operational service may be established
(in the undertaking or institution in question) in thecase of strikes in public utility services and in public
services of fundamental importance; employers and
workers organizations and the public authorities
should be able to participate in determining this
minimum service.
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trsm;jynfol tokH;taqmifqdkif&m 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;ESifh tajccHusIta&;}uD;aom trsm;jynfol 0efaqmifr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufaomoydwfarSmufr_rsm;wGif (oydwfarSmuf umvtwGif; odk@r[kwfjy\emjzpfaomXmetwGif;) tedrfhqkH; tvkyfjzpfEdkif&kH 0efaqmifr_aqmif&Gufay;&ef vdkaumif; vdkygvdrfhrnf? tvkyf&Sifrsm;/tvkyform;tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;utedrfhqkH;0efaqmifr_udk owfrSwf&mwGif yg0ifoifhonf?
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The obligation to give prior notice, the obligation to
engage in conciliation, have recourse tovoluntary
arbitration, comply with a given quorum and obtain
the agreement of a given majority where this does not
cause the strike to become very difficult or even
impossible in practice and the secret ballot method to
decide strike action are all acceptable conditions for
the exercise of the right to strike
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}uKdwifowday;jcif;ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;Y rdrdqENjzifh ausat;Edkif
onfhenf;vrf; &Sdaeonf? oydwfarSmufjcif;udk tcuftcJ rawG@apvdkv#ifodk@r[kwf vufawG@aqmif&Guf&ef rjzpfEdkifv#if tedrfhqkH;oabmwl&rnfhvlOD;a&yrm% owfrSwfI xdkowfrSwfcsufjzifh vdkufavsmoabmwlEdkifonf? v#Kd@0SufrJpHepfjzifh oydwfarSmufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;qkH;jzwfjcif;onfvnf; oydwfarSmufcGifh usifhokH;&mY vufcHEdkifonf?
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Restrictions on picketing should be confined to cases in which
such action ceases to be peaceful, and picketing should not
interfere with the freedom to work of non-strikers.
Requisitioning of the workers of an undertaking or institution
in the event of a strike is admissible only in the case of a strikein an essential service or under circumstances of utmost
gravity and in situations of acute national crisis.
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qENjyjcif;tm; uef@owfr_rsm;onf xdkvkyfief;rsm;tm; +idrf;csrf;pGmraqmif&GufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif usifhokH;oifhonf? qENjyr_rsm;onfoydwfarSmuf&mY ryg0ifolrsm;.vkyfief;tm; taESmifht,Suf rjzpfap&?
oydwfarSmufaecsdefY tvkyform;rsm;tm; wpkHw&myvkyf&ef
awmif;qdkjcif;onf r&Sdrjzpf 0efaqmifr_vkyfief;rsm;Y oydwfarSmuf&mYvnf;aumif; tjrifhqkH; tifjznfh tm;jznfh aqmif&Guf&rnfh tajctaersKd;Yvnf;aumif;/ wrsKd;om;vkH;qdkif t=uyftwnf; jzpfay:aeonfh
tajctaersKd;Y vnf;aumif; cGifhyEdkifygonf?
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The hiring of workers to replace strikers seriously
impairs the right to strike and is acceptable only in
strikes in an essential service or in situations of acute
national crisis
Legal provisions regarding wage deductions for days
of strike give rise to no objection.
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8/6/2019 Freedom of Association C-87
71/75
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r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfaom 0efaqmifr_rsm; odk@r[kwf trsKd;om;a&;t=uyftwnf;umvrsm;Yom vufcHEdkifonf?
oydwfarSmufumvtwGuf vkyftm;cav#mhcsjcif;ESifhywfoufI Oya't&jyXmef;xm;jcif;udk uef@uGuf&ef r&Sdyg?
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8/6/2019 Freedom of Association C-87
72/75
Appropriate protection should be afforded to trade
union officials and workers against dismissal and
other detrimental acts at work for organizing or
participating in a legitimate strike, in particular
through prompt, efficient and impartial procedures,
accompanied by sufficiently dissuasive remedies and
sanctions.
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8/6/2019 Freedom of Association C-87
73/75
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8/6/2019 Freedom of Association C-87
74/75
The protection of freedom of association does not
cover abuses in the exercise of the right to strike
involving failure to comply with reasonable
requirements regarding lawfulness, or consisting of
acts of a criminal nature; any sanctions imposed in
the event of abuse should not be disproportionate to
the seriousness of the violations.
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8/6/2019 Freedom of Association C-87
75/75
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