freedom’s boundaries, at home and abroad, 1890-1900 by: sydnee brown, tania tapia, antonette...
TRANSCRIPT
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Freedom’s Boundaries, At Home and Abroad, 1890-1900
By: Sydnee Brown, Tania Tapia, Antonette Narvasa,, Roshandeep Singh
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The Redeemers in Power
• Redeemers came to existence after the failure of Populism in the South for a new racial order.
• Redeemers claimed to have redeemed the South from alleged horrors of misgovernment and “black rule.”
• Redeemers were merchants, planters and business entrepreneurs.
• Reconstruction budgets were slashed and taxes were reduced.
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The Failure of the South Dream
• Henry Grady believed in a New South that’ll be prosperous based on industrial expansion and agricultural diversification.
• The region sank deeper into poverty.
• The main attraction were the low wages and availability of convict labor.
• Largely dependent on the North for capital and manufactured goods.
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Black Life in The South
• In the Upper South, economic development offered some opportunities– mines, iron furnaces, laborers, and many acquired land.
• Political autonomy became more restricted.
• 1890-1906: all southern states had laws against blacks voting.
• “Negro domination”
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The Kansas Exodus
• 1879-1880: 40,000-60,000 blacks migrated to Kansas.
• They were seeking political equality, freedom from violence, access to education, and economic opportunity.
• The term, “Exodus” derived from the biblical account of the Jews escaping slavery in Egypt– indicated that its roots lay in deep longings for the substance for freedom.
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The Law of Segregation
• Southern schools and many other institutions had been segregated during Reconstruction.
• Civil Rights Cases (1833)
• Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896), the Court gave its approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites.
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Lynching• Blacks who challenged the system or
refused to accept demeaning behavior, faced not only political and legal power but also violent threats.
• 1880’s to mid-20th Century, nearly 5,000 people were lynched– murdered by a mob.
• Lynchings were done secretly at night or advertised in advance, attracting large crowds.
• Sam Hose, laborer who killed his employer in self-defense was lynched. His ears, fingers, genitals, were cut off and then burned alive. Executioners fought over pieces of bones as souvenirs.
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The Politics of Memory
• Slavery was seen as a minor issue, not the war’s fundamental cause.
• Role of black soldiers in winning the war was all but forgotten.
• Civil War came to be remembered as a tragic family quarrel.
• Southern school textbooks pictured happy slaves and the evils of Reconstruction.
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Redrawing the Boundaries
• “The South has its negro, the city has its slums… The friends of American institution fear the ignorant immigrant, and the workingmen dislikes the Chinese.”
• Americans embraced a more restricted definition of nationhood.
• Periodicals depicted blacks as savages and criminals.
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The New Immigration And The New Nativism
• 3.5 million immigrants came from Southern and Eastern Europe to areas in the North and Midwest looking for substandard wages.
• Immigration Restriction League (1899) sought to reduce immigration by barring illiterate from entering the United States.
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Chinese Exclusion and Chinese Rights
• Congress excluded Chinese from entering because they were preserving the health of white citizens.
• This was temporary for the first 10 years, starting from 1882. After then, it became permanent until 1965.
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The Emergence of Booker T. Washington
• Born: April 5th, 1856
• Died: November 14th, 1915
• He was a educator, author, African American Civil Rights Leader
• He repudiated the abolitionist tradition that stressed ceaseless agitation for full equality. Urged blacks not to try to combat segregation, but instead seek assistance of white employers.
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The Rise of The AFL
• As Homestead and Pullman strikes demonstrated, direct confrontation with corporations proved to be suicidal.
• Samuel Gompers, founder of AFL, sought Knights Utopian image, not economic independence, but a cooperative commonwealth.
• Membership was restricted to skilled workers.
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The Women’s Era
• There was increased autonomy for women during these 3 decades.
• Although they weren’t able to vote, married women had control over their wages, property, and the right to sign separate contracts
• Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874)was a comprehensive program of economic and political reform.
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The Lure of Empire: American Imperialism and Expansionism
• America acquired Alaska from Russia and was interested in the Alevtian islands.
• Aim was to expand trade, not territorial expansion
• Jame C. Blaine influenced to try to acquire Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Cuba as strategic naval bases
• Dwight Moody inspired a student volunteer movement for foreign missions to send 8,000 missionaries to spread Christianity, prepare the world for the second coming of Christ and uplift poor
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The “Splendid Little War”
• Cuba struggled for independence from Spain
• Cuba won support from the U.S.
• Teller Amendment was adopted by Congress that stated that the U.S. had not intention annexing of dominating the Island.
• McKinley embraced the idea of imperial expansion.
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Roosevelt at San Juan Hill
• Roosevelt believed that war would reinvigorate the nation’s unity and sense of manhood
• Rough Riders was a cross section of American society and enrolled athletes from Ivy League colleges.
• He was elected governor of New York and became Vice President of McKinley in 1900.
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An American Empire• McKinley convinced Congress that U.S. can’t
return Philippines to Spain or grant them independence.
• Treaty with Spain ended the war in which the U.S. got Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam, and Guantanamo Bay.
• Open Door Policy (1899) by Sas John Jay demanded European powers to grant equal access to American exports to China
• It was a free movement of goods, NOT people
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The Philippine War
• Cubans, Filipinos and Puerto Ricans believed with the Americans on their side, this would led to a new social reform and political self government
• Pres. McKinley came to intervene Filipino leader Emilio Aguinaldo after Aguinaldo established a new government based off the American Government
• This led to a new war that lasted 4 years (1899-1903) with 100,000 Filipino and 4,200 American casualties
• Americans modernized the Philippines with railroads, harbors, schoolteachers and public health officials
• But by the 1920s, the Philippines became one of the poorest countries in the Caribbean
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Citizens or Subjects?
• After the Spanish-American war, the whole idea of “empire of liberty” was entitled to the Anglo-Saxons more than other people
• Puerto Rico was declared an “Insular Territory” because of The Foraker Act of 1900
• This gave P.R limited “American Freedom”, no taxation without representation and a government created by the people
• By 1917 Congress granted citizenship to P.R and became a Commonwealth.
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Drawing the Global Color Line
• Americans idea toward racial attitudes was now known all over the world
• The Chinese exclusion in the US influenced the anti-Chinese laws in Canada
• Segregation in America helped model for new governments in both Australia and South Africa
• South African segregation later became known as apartheid
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“Republic or Empire?”
• There was a debate on growing power the United States had in the world
• Instead of gaining power by claiming more land, they gained power by bringing “a new day of freedom” to other parts of the world
• This made sense in the way of breaking up large territories, such as Spain, made the US a stronger force by making Spain weaker