french grammar 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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Present Regular
ER IR RE
E IS S
ES IS SE IT -
ONS ISSONS ONS
EZ ISSEZ EZ
ENT ISSENT ENT
Present Irregular
acheter
j'achte
tu achtesil achte
nous achetons
vous achetez
ils achtent
aller
je vais
tu vasil va
nous allons
vous allez
ils vont
avoir
j'ai
tu asil a
nous avons
vous avez
ils ont
boire
je bois
tu bois
il boitnous buvons
vous buvez
ils boivent
conduire
je conduis
tu conduis
il conduitnous conduisons
vous conduisez
ils conduisent
connatre
je connais
tu connais
il connatnous connaissons
vous connaissez
ils connaissent
courir
je cours
tu cours
il court
nous courons
vous courezils courent
croire
je crois
tu crois
il croit
nous croyons
vous croyezils croient
devoir
je dois
tu dois
il doit
nous devons
vous devezils doivent
dire
je dis
tu dis
il dit
nous disons
vous dites
ils disent
dormir
je dors
tu dors
il dort
nous dormons
vous dormez
ils dorment
crire
j'cris
tu cris
il crit
nous crivons
vous crivez
ils crivent
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tre
je suis
tu es
il est
nous sommesvous tes
ils sont
faire
je fais
tu fais
il fait
nous faisonsvous faites
ils font
falloir
il faut
lire
je lis
tu lis
il lit
nous lisons
vous lisezils lisent
mettre
je mets
tu mets
il met
nous mettons
vous mettezils mettent
partir
je pars
tu pars
il part
nous partons
vous partezils partent
pleuvoir
il pleut
pouvoir
je peux
tu peux
il peut
nous pouvons
vous pouvez
ils peuvent
prendre
je prends
tu prends
il prend
nous prenons
vous prenez
ils prennent
recevoir
je reois
tu reois
il reoit
nous recevons
vous recevez
ils reoivent
servir
je sers
tu sers
il sert
nous servons
vous servez
ils servent
sortir
je sors
tu sors
il sort
nous sortons
vous sortez
ils sortent
suivre
je suistu suis
il suit
nous suivons
vous suivez
ils suivent
venir
je vienstu viens
il vient
nous venons
vous venez
ils viennent
voir
je voistu vois
il voit
nous voyons
vous voyez
ils voient
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vouloir
je veux
tu veux
il veut
nous voulonsvous voulez
ils veulent
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Future Regular
Stem of the verb plus :
AI
AS
A
ONS
EZ
ONT
Easy way to remember these endings:
They are the verb "avoir" in the present tense, minus the "av" in the nous and
vous forms. i.e.
j'ai
tu as
il a
nous (av)ons
vous (av)ez
ils ont
Future Irregular
acheter achter
avoir aur
tre ser
aller ir
faire fer
courir courr
devoir devr
envoyer enverr
se lever se lver
pouvoir pourr
recevoir recevr
savoir saur
venir viendr
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voir verr
vouloir voudr
Future Conditional
FUTURE STEM of the verb, and adding the IMPERFECTENDINGS
AIS
AIS
AIT
IONS
IEZ
AIENT
Future Perfect
The French future perfect is acompound conjugation, which means it has two
parts:
1. future of theauxiliary verb(eitheravoirortre)2. past participleof the main verb
Note: Like all French compound conjugations, the future perfect may be
subject to grammaticalagreement:
When the auxiliary verb is tre, the past participle must agree with thesubject
When the auxiliary verb is avoir, the past participle may have to agree withits direct object
French future perfect conjugations
AIMER (auxiliary verb is avoir)
j' aurai aim nous aurons aim
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tu auras aim vous aurez aim
il,
elle
aura aim ils,
elles
auront aim
DEVENIR(tre verb)
je serai devenu(e) nous serons devenu(e)s
tu seras devenu(e) vous serez devenu(e)(s)
il sera devenu ils seront devenus
elle sera devenue elles seront devenues
SE LAVER(pronominal verb)
je me serai lav(e) nous nous serons lav(e)s
tu te seras lav(e) vous vous serez lav(e)(s)
il se sera lav ils se seront lavs
elle se sera lave elles se seront laves
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The Perfect
The perfect tense is used to talk about things that you did in the past on one
occasion which are completed, and no longer happening now.
The Perfect Tense in French is formed of two parts:
i) an AUXILIARY VERB ii) a PAST PARTICIPLE
The auxiliary verb is always the present tense of either AVOIR or ETRE. The
past participle is formed from the verb being used in the sentence, as
explained below.
AVOIR verbs
Auxiliary verb is the present tense of avoir:
j'aitu as
il a
nous avons
vous avez
ils ont
Regular Verbs form their past participle in the following ways:
ER Verbs RE Verbs IR Verbs
jouer = jou vendre = vendu finir = fini
Thus, when we put it all together, we end up with sentences like:
J'ai jou au tennis. (I played tennis / have played tennis)
Mon frre a vendu son vlo. (My brother sold his bike / has sold hisbike)
Elles ont fini les devoirs. (They finished / have finished the
homework)
Nous avons regard un trs bon film la tl.
Tu as attendu un autobus ou un train?
Vous avez choisi, Madame?
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IRREGULAR VERBS:
A number of verbs do not form their past participle following the rules above.
These need to be learned separately, and the main ones as as follows:
avoir = eu tre = t faire = fait
boire = bu conduire = conduit connatre = connu
courir = couru croire = cru devoir = d
dire = dit dormir = dormi crire = crit
falloir = fallu lire = lu mettre = mis
ouvrir = ouvert pleuvoir = plu prendre = pris
comprendre = compris
apprendre = appris
pouvoir = pu recevoir = reu rire = ri
savoir = su tenir = tenu vivre = vcu
voir = vu vouloir = voulu suivre = suivi
e.g. J'ai ouvert mes cadeaux aprs le petit djeuner.
Nous avons fait de la natation au centre sportif.
Pierre et Paul ont lu un bon livre.
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ETRE VERBS
A number of verbs take ETRE as their auxiliary verb instead of AVOIR.
The Auxiliary verb is therefore the present tense of ETRE:
je suis
tu es
il est
nous sommes
vous tes
ils sont
The main verbs involved here are as follows. They often come in opposites,
and there are a few irregulars to look out for:
aller = all venir = venu
entrer = entr sortir = sorti
arriver = arriv partir = parti
descendre = descendu monter = mont
natre = n mourir = mort
rester = rest
tomber = tomb
retourner = retourn
rentrer = rentr
revenir = revenu
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There is one further point to bear in mind here. Verbs taking tre as an
auxiliary verb need to agree with their subject. If the subject of the sentence is
feminine, we add an "e", and if the subject is plural we add an "s". The verb
aller can therefore have the following forms:
(m = masculine, f = feminine)
je suis all (m)
je suis alle (f)
Tu es all (m)
Tu es alle (f)
Il est all
Elle est alle
Nous sommes alls (m or mixed)
Nous sommes alles (f)
Vous tes all (m singular)
Vous tes alle (f singular)
Vous tes alls (m or mixed plural)
Vous tes alles (f plural)
Ils sont alls
Elles sont alles
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Or, summarised more simply, as follows, whereby we can add agreements as
necessary:
je suis all (e)
Tu es all (e)
Il est all
Elle est alle
Nous sommes all (e) (s)
Vous tes all (e)(s)
Ils sont alls
Elles sont alles
e.g. Je suis all au cinma hier soir.
Nous sommes partis 8h30.
Vous tes rests la maison hier soir?
Elle est venue chez nous le weekend dernier.
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Reflexive Verbs in the Perfect Tense
ALL reflexive verbs take ETRE as their auxiliary verb, and consequently their
past participle also needs to agree. The reflexive pronoun goes before the
auxiliary verb. The verb "se coucher" looks like this in all its forms with possible
agreements where needed:
je me suis couch (e)
Tu t'es couch (e)
Il s'est couch
Elle s'est couche
Nous nous sommes couch (e) (s)
Vous vous tes couch (e)(s)
Ils se sont couchs
Elles se sont couches
A few examples:
Lundi matin je me suis lev six heures.
Ma mre s'est dpche pour ne pas tre en retard.
Marie et Claire se sont coiffes avant de sortir.
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Imperfect tense
The Imperfect tense is an easy tense to learn.
To form the Imperfect we take the NOUS form of the PRESENT TENSE, and
take off theONS to get the Imperfect stem.
To this stem we add the endings as follows:
je ....................... ais
tu ....................... ais
il ....................... ait
nous ....................... ions
vous ....................... iez
ils ....................... aient
EXCEPTION: There are very few exceptions to this rule. The main one in ETRE,
whose stem is t. In addition, verbs like manger and ranger, which have an
extra "e" in the nous form of the present tense, retain this in the imperfect to
make the "g" sound soft (Mon frre mangeait). Similarly verbs like
commencer, which have a "" in the nous form, retain this to make the "c"
sound soft (Je commenais).
All very easy as long as you have a good working knowledge of the present
tense!!
USES OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE
The Imperfect tense is used in the following cases:
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v Description in the past: La maison tait norme et avait trois
fentres.
v Describing the weather at a time in the past: Il faisait trs beau.
v Giving an opinion in the past, c'tait + adjective: C'tait
magnifique.
v Talking about something that used to happen regularly in the
past:
Nous allions en France chaque anne. On faisait du ski dans les
Alpes.
v Talking about how things used to be over a period of time in the
past: Mon pre avait une voiture rouge et ma mre travaillait
l'hpital.
v Making excuses: Ce n'tait pas de ma faute. Je voulais aider!
v Saying what was happening, when something else happened; (one
action (in the perfect tense) cuts across another on-going one (in
the imperfect) Je lisais le journal quand mon pre est entr dans
le salon. Ma mre travaillait dans le jardin, quand le tlphone asonn.
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Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs are verbs which either:
1. reflect the action back onto the subject
(e.g. I wash myself: Je me lave), or2. have the sense of "each other"
(e.g. They love each other: Ils s'aiment)
Reflexive Verbs in the Present Tense
Reflexive verbs only differ from ordinary verbs in that they have an
additional Reflexive Pronoun. These are as follows, given here with the verb se
laver, to wash:
je me lave nous nous lavons
tu te laves vous vous lavez
il se lave ils se lavent
elle se lave elles se lavent
on se lave
Reflexive Verbs in the Infinitive
Another important difference is that when these verbs are used in the
infinitive, although the verb itself is infinitive, the reflexive pronoun must still
agree with its subject. e.g. Je dois me raser avant de sortir.
Nous voulons nous rveiller
6h30 demain.
Reflexive Verbs in the Perfect Tense
In the Perfect Tense, reflexive verbs take tre as their auxiliary verb, and
consequently the past participle needs to agree with the subject, as with
other tre verbs.Thus if the subject is feminine, we add an "e" to the pastparticiple, and if the subject is plural, we add an "s". The following table shows
the verb se rveiller in all its forms in the perfect tense. Letters in brackets may
be needed, depending on the gender and the number of the subject.
Je me suis rveill (e) Nous nous sommes rveill(e)s
Tu t'es rveill (e) Vous vous tes rveill (e) (s)
Il s'est rveill Ils se sont rveills
Elle s'est rveille Elles se sont rveilles
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On s'est rveill
BUT: If the reflexive verb has a direct object, as in the examples below, the
reflexive pronoun is the indirect objectand therefore the past participle
does not need to agree: e.g. Marie s'est bless la jambe. (la jambe is
direct object)
Mes frres se sont lav les
mains. (les mains is the direct object)
Other Tenses
In other tenses reflexive verbs follow the same patterns as above
i.e. As normal verbs in simple tenses, but with a reflexive pronoun.
As tre verbs in compound tenses, with a reflexive pronoun andagreement of the past participle.
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Passive
The passive voice is formed with the conjugated verbtre+ thepast participle.
The past participle has to agree with the subject, not theagent, in gender and
number, just like tre verbsin thepass compos (more about agreement):
Le livre est crit par des lycens.
The book is written by high schoolers.
La vaisselle est faite par Henri.
The dishes are done by Henri.
Les enfants sont nourris par Luc.
The kids are fed by Luc.
To use the French passive voice in any othertense or mood, just
conjugate treaccordingly:
Active voice Passive voice
prsent Anne fait la tarte.
Anne makes the pie.
La tarte est faite par Anne.
The pie is made by Anne.
pass compos Anne a fait la tarte.
Anne made the pie.
La tarte a t faite par Anne.
The pie was made by Anne.
imparfait Anne faisait la tarte.
Anne was making the pie.
La tarte tait faite par Anne.
The pie was being made by Anne.
futur Anne fera la tarte.
Anne will make the pie.
La tarte sera faite par Anne.
The pie will be made by Anne.
subjonctif e veux qu'Anne fasse la
tarte.
I want Anne to make the pie.
e veux que la tarte soit faite par
Anne.
I want the pie to be made by Anne.
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Relative pronouns
Before you can use French relative pronouns correctly, you first need to
understand the grammar behind them. Like its English counterpart, a French
relative pronoun links a dependentor relative clause to a main clause. If theprevious sentence makes no sense to you, learn aboutclausesbefore working
on this lesson. Also, since relative pronouns may replace asubject, direct
object, indirect object, orpreposition, click to learn about these grammar
concepts if you aren't sure what they are.
Once you understand the above grammar terms, you're ready to learn about
the French relative pronouns que, qui, lequel, dont, and o. There are no one-
to-one equivalents for these words; depending on context, the English
translation may be who, whom, that, which, whose, where, or when. Note thatin French, relative pronouns are required, whereas in English, they are
sometimes optional.
The following table summarizes the functions and possible meanings of each
relative pronoun; click the pronouns to read detailed lessons.
Pronoun Function(s) Possible Translations
Qui SubjectIndirect object (person)
who, whatwhich, that, whom
Que Direct object whom, what, which, that
Lequel Indirect object (thing) what, which, that
Dont Object ofde
Indicate possession
of which, from which, that
whose
O Indicate place or time when, where, which, that
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Indirect relative pronouns
Just as in English, a relative pronoun links arelative clauseto amain clause.
This is true for bothrelative pronounsand indefinite relative pronouns. The
difference is that regular relative pronouns have a specificantecedent, butindefinite relative pronouns do not. If you don't understand relative pronouns,
I highly recommend that you go back to that lesson before studying this one.
There are four* French indefinite relative pronouns; each form is used only in a
particular structure, as summarized here:
Subject
ce qui what
Direct object
ce que/qu' what
Object ofde**
ce dont which, what
Object of a preposition**
quoi which, what
*There's a fifth indefinite relative pronoun,quiconque, but it is rare and
complicated, so I address it in a separate lesson.
**Remember that French verbs often require differentprepositionsthan
English verbs, so you really need to be careful with ce dontand quoi- it's not
always obvious which one is correct. When there is no preposition, of course,
you use ce que.
Note that when the pronountoutis used with indefinite relative pronouns, it
changes the meaning to "everything" or "all."
Ce quiserves as thesubjectof a relative clause and takes the ilform of the
http://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/relativeclause.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/relativeclause.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/relativeclause.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/mainclause.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/mainclause.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/mainclause.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/a/relativepronouns.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/a/relativepronouns.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/a/relativepronouns.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/antecedent.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/antecedent.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/antecedent.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/bl-quiconque.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/bl-quiconque.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa010800.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa010800.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa010800.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa121500p.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa121500p.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa121500p.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/subject.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/subject.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/subject.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/subject.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa121500p.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/aa010800.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/weekly/bl-quiconque.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/antecedent.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/a/relativepronouns.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/mainclause.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/relativeclause.htm -
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verb.
Ce qui m'intresse, c'est la langue.
What interests me is language.
Sais-tu ce qui lui plat?
Do you know what pleases him?
C'est ce qui me drange.
That's what bothers me.
Tout ce qui brille n'est pas or.All that glitters is not gold.
Ce que is used as the indefinitedirect objectin a relative clause.
Ce que je veux, c'est tre trilingue.
What I want is to be trilingual.
Sais-tu ce que Pierre a fait ?
Do you know what Pierre did?
C'est ce que je dteste.
That's what I hate.
Tout ce qu'il crit est amusant.Everything he writes is funny.
Ce dontis used as the object of the prepositionde.
Ce dont j'ai besoin, c'est un bon dico.
What I need is a good dictionary.
http://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/directobject.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/directobject.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/directobject.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/prepositions/bl_prep_de.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/prepositions/bl_prep_de.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/prepositions/bl_prep_de.htmhttp://french.about.com/library/prepositions/bl_prep_de.htmhttp://french.about.com/od/grammar/g/directobject.htm -
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Sais-tu ce dont Luc parle ?
Do you know what Pierre is talking about?
C'est ce dont je me souviens.
That's what I remember.
J'ai tout ce dont j'ai envie.
I have everything I want.
Quoiis the object of anypreposition except de.
Sais-tu quoi il pense ?
Do you know what he's thinking about?
J'ai tudi, aprs quoi j'ai lu.
I studied, after which I read.
Avec quoi crit-il ?
What is he writing with?
Ce quoi je m'attends, c'est une invitation.***
What I'm waiting for is an invitation.
C'est ce quoi Chantal rve.***
That's what Chantal dreams about.
*** When quoiis at the beginning of a clause or follows c'est, the word ce is
placed in front of it (ce quoi).
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