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The French Revolution

Liberty Leading The People by Delacroix

It was the best of times, It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of it was the age of foolishness, foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of it was the epoch of incredulity…incredulity…

-- Charles Dickens-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities A Tale of Two Cities

Why The French Revolution Is Important

French Revolution

Trouble is brewing in France

Why it matters:• The French Revolution became the model for revolution in the modern world.

• The power of nationalism was first experienced during the French Revolution and it is still powerful in existing nations and emerging nations today.

• The French Revolution spread the principles of liberty and equality, which are held dear by many nations and individuals today.

What Happened When in the French Revolution

student outline1.Rule of kings until 17892. Estates general called in 17893.Fall of Bastille July 17894.New Constitution 1789-17915.Republic 17926.Extremists in power 17937.Reign of Terror 1793-17948.The Directory 17959.Napoleon First Consul 1799

The French Revolution of 1789

What Life Was Like Before the French Revolution Began

Louis XVI Marie Antionette

The Rulers of France

Let them eat cake

• When she was 14 years old, her mother sent her to Paris to marry the Dauphin and become France's future Queen. Maria Teresa thought her a silly girl ("Her age craves indulgence," she wrote father-in-law Louis XV)--and only sent her when her other daughters defaulted and she had no other choice (beautiful Marie Elizabeth, for example, contracted small pox and became too ugly to qualify). Indeed, Marie Antoinette had been a lousy student, didn't like to read, and could barely write.

• Her 15-year-old husband, the future Louis XVI, was a shy, gawky boy who most loved hunting, reading history, and working in his little locksmith shop. Whereas womanizing Louis XV immediately examined his daughter-in-law's breasts (and was disappointed--she was, after all, only 14), the future Louis XVI was not able to complete the sex act with his bride for a whole 7 years and 3 months after the wedding.

Queen Marie Antoinette: Love Her or Hate Her

For 7 years and 3 months, then, Marie Antoinette filled her life with other gay pursuits--dancing, music, gambling; theatricals, buying things, gambling; riding horses, frisking with dogs, gambling--and she shocked the pants off France when she made an outing with courtiers and her household one morning to watch daybreak--the so-called l'lever d'Aurore. Positively Rousseau-esque! Decadent and unqueenly! It prompted the first of thousands of vitriolic pamphlets written against her specifically.

In 1774, Louis XV died, and King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette ascended to the throne.

•Finally in 1778, thanks to the intervention in 1777 of Marie Antoinette's brother Joseph (the future Holy Roman Emperor) in the role of sex therapist, the King and Queen delivered a healthy baby girl...followed by a son in 1781, the coveted Dauphin and future King...another son in 1785...and daughter Sophie in 1786. These were the Queen's happiest years--so fulfilled as a mother, by her own account, that she packed on weight and mostly gave up her antic behavior. But sad days followed fast: Sophie died in 1787. The Dauphin, always a sickly boy, became hideously diseased, crippled, and feverish as he slipped into advanced tuberculosis. And, with the treasury empty, bread riots everywhere, and the fear of war rampant, the Queen got the blame.


Marie Marie AntoinetAntoinet

te te and the and the Royal Royal

ChildrenChildren

Marie Antoinette’sMarie Antoinette’s“Peasant Cottage”“Peasant Cottage”

The Necklace The Necklace ScandalScandal

Y Cardinal Louis René Édouard de RohanCardinal Louis René Édouard de Rohan

Y The Countess de LaMotteThe Countess de LaMotte

1,600,000 1,600,000 livreslivres

[$100 million today][$100 million today]

Let Them Eat Cake! Let Them Eat Cake!

Y Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!Marie Antoinette NEVER said that!

Y ““Madame Deficit”Madame Deficit”

Y ““The Austrian Whore”The Austrian Whore”

What will happen to her next?

Wait and see….


What Are The Conditions That Lead to a Revolution?

The French Urban The French Urban PoorPoor

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

% of Income Spent on Bread

1787

1788

a Urban Urban Commoner’sCommoner’sBudget:Budget:

– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– TOTAL 170%TOTAL 170%

a King’s Budget:King’s Budget:– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– TOTAL 160%TOTAL 160%

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problemsin France, 1789in France, 1789

What Is French Society Composed Of Before the

French Revolution?

The Three Estates

The Estates General is the French body of lawmaking

Nobility

Clergy

BourgeoisieCommonersPeasants

The Three Estates

First and Second Estates

First Estate: Clergy (1% population)-control lots of land-operated the schools-aided the poor-lived in great luxury – chateaux-doesn’t have to pay tax (taille) to King (common people pay tax to King and tithe to church)Second Estate: nobles-Nobles had almost complete authority over peasants-Nobles did not have to do military service-Nobles were exempt from most taxes-Nobles collected tolls from people using roads and markets-

The Three Estates

The Third Estate

-Workers (sans culottes) -Bourgeoisie (businessmen)-Peasants were forced to do military service- Peasants could not hunt or fish on noble’s estates--Peasants had to pay taxes to their lord, the king, and the Church--Peasants had to use the lord’s mill, oven and winepress, and pay for them-- Peasants made up 90% of the population

Commoners3rd Estate

Aristocracy2nd Estate

Clergy1st Estate

The Number of The Number of RepresentativesRepresentatives

in the Estates General: Vote in the Estates General: Vote by Head!by Head!300

300

648

Convening the Estates General Convening the Estates General May, 1789May, 1789

Last time it was called into session was Last time it was called into session was 1614!1614!

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and a decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

The causes of the French Revolution• This cartoon was produced in the 1780s and is a comment on the social

situation in France at that time. It can be used to help explain the causes of the French Revolution of 1789.

• You have two tasks for this piece of homework. You should use your knowledge and evidence from your lessons on the causes of the French Revolution to help you complete the tasks.

• Label the three figures in the cartoon by writing in the spaces provided:• Peasant• Priest• Noble•

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

• Use your own knowledge to explain how the cartoon can be used to describe the causes of the French Revolution.

What Are The Causes of the French Revolution?

Four Causes of the 1789 French Revolution

1. King Louis XVI and Marie Antionette ran out of money. He spent lots of money on two wars against Britain.

1. One in 1756 (French and Indian War or the 7 Years War)

2. One in 1778 (American Revolution against Britain)


2. Problems faced by peasants. They were so poor they couldn’t feed their families. Then there were 2 years of bad harvest.


3. Clergy and Nobles would not give the king more money. Clergy and nobles had lots of land and money but would not pay more taxes.


4. Final cause of the French Revolution was ideas. A new set of ideas called the Enlightenment attacked the power of the king and the church. These made lots of ordinary French people think that they should have some of the power of the gov’t.

The causes of the French RevolutionThere was a revolution in _ _ _ _ _ _ in 1789. The ruler of France before the

Revolution was King _ _ _ _ _ XVI. His wife was Queen _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ King Louis XVI lived in his palace at _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ near Paris.

One of the reasons why there was a revolution in France in 1789 is that the king ran out of _ _ _ _ _. He spent lots of money on two wars with _ _ _ _ _ _ One was in 1756 and another one was in 1778. In the second war the French were helping the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ break away from British control.

Another cause of the French Revolution was the problems faced by the _ _ _ They were so poor that they did not have enough money to feed their families. This was made worse when the crops failed to grow.

The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ failed in 1787 and 1788.Another cause of the French Revolution was that the two _ _ _ _ __groups in

France would not give the king more money. The _ _ _ _ _ and the _ _ _ _ _ had lots of land and money but would not pay more _ _ _ _ _. This left the king unable to find more money.

A final reason why the French had a revolution in 1789 was ideas. A new set of ideas called the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ attacked the power of the king and the church. These made lots of ordinary French people think that they should have some of the power of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

I am a lord. I have lots of money and do not want to pay any extra taxes to the king!

I am a bishop of the church. I have lots of money but I do not want to

give the king any extra taxes either!

I am a peasant. I have nothing. When the crops fail to grow the prices rise and I starve.

I am King Louis XVI. I have run out of money fighting the British. Perhaps the lords and the church could give me some more taxes?

““The Third Estate Awakens”The Third Estate Awakens”

Y The commoners finally presented their The commoners finally presented their credentials not as delegates of the Third credentials not as delegates of the Third Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”Estate, but as “representatives of the nation.”

Y They proclaimed themselves the They proclaimed themselves the “National “National Assembly”Assembly” of France. of France.

““The Tennis Court The Tennis Court Oath”Oath”

by Jacques Louis Davidby Jacques Louis David

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

You tell me who said what: worksheet

link

1789 The French Revolution Begins

June 20, 1789June 20, 1789

What happened after the Tennis Court oath?

The National Assembly ruled and created documents and new decrees (laws)

Storming the Bastille, Storming the Bastille, July July 14, 178914, 1789

Y A rumor that the king was planning a military A rumor that the king was planning a military coup against the National Assembly.coup against the National Assembly.

Y 18 died.18 died.

Y 73 wounded.73 wounded.

Y 7 guards 7 guards killed.killed.

Y It held 7 It held 7 prisoners prisoners [5 ordinary [5 ordinary criminals & 2 criminals & 2 madmen].madmen].

Bastille - a symbol of tyranny

The Great Fear: The Great Fear: Peasant RevoltPeasant Revolt

(July 20, 1789)(July 20, 1789)

Y There was chaos and fear everywhere as the There was chaos and fear everywhere as the National Assembly took overNational Assembly took over

Y Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the Rumors that the feudal aristocracy [the aristosaristos] ] were sending hired brigands to attack peasants were sending hired brigands to attack peasants and pillage their land.and pillage their land.

The Path of the “Great Fear”

Why did the Great Fear occur? ____Peasants believed nobles were planning to kill them and stop revolution. Many food shortages, so people hungry and angry______

What was the Great Fear? ____Peasants attacked manor houses and monasteries. Destroyed possessions and documents recording rents, feudal dues and other feudal obligations

The Creation of the National Assembly

and the new Constitution

National Constituent National Constituent AssemblyAssembly1789 - 17911789 - 1791

During that August there During that August there were decrees (laws) were decrees (laws)

passed that ended the passed that ended the privileges of the rich privileges of the rich

aristocracyaristocracy

Liberté!Liberté! Egalité!Egalité!

Fraternité!Fraternité!

1789 The National 1789 The National Assembly continued to Assembly continued to

meet.meet.3 reforms of the National Assembly which occurred in August, 1789? (August Decrees)

a. Outlawed the 10% tithe to Catholic Church

b. Canceled all feudal dues and services from peasants to nobility

c. Removed privileges of First and Second Estates, therefore outlawed Feudalism in France_

Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy! Equality & Meritocracy!Equality & Meritocracy!

The Declaration of the The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Rights of Man and of the Citizen (Aug 26, the Citizen (Aug 26,

1789)1789)5 rights stated in the Declaration of the Rights of Man.

a. men are born and remain equal before the lawb. Freedom of speech, press, and religionc. Right to take part in governmentd. Right to hold public officee. Right to a fair trial

Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)Olympe de Gouges (1745-1793)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

Declaration of Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of

WomanWomanand of the and of the

Citizen Citizen (1791)(1791)

V Women played a Women played a vital role in the vital role in the Revolution.Revolution.

V But, But, The Declaration The Declaration of the Rights of Manof the Rights of Man did NOT extend the did NOT extend the rights and rights and protections of protections of citizenship to citizenship to women.women.

BUT . . . . .BUT . . . . .

Y Feudal dues were not renounced outright Feudal dues were not renounced outright [this had been too strong a threat to the [this had been too strong a threat to the principle of private property!]principle of private property!]

Y Peasants would compensate their Peasants would compensate their landlords through a series of direct landlords through a series of direct payments for obligations from which payments for obligations from which they had supposedly been freed.they had supposedly been freed.

Therefore, the National Assembly made Therefore, the National Assembly made revolutionary gestures, but remained revolutionary gestures, but remained essentially moderate.essentially moderate.

Their GoalTheir Goal Their GoalTheir Goal Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!Safeguard the right of private Safeguard the right of private property!!property!!

BUT . . . . .BUT . . . . .

Y Many nobles flee to Europe - they hope Many nobles flee to Europe - they hope the other noble families will protect them the other noble families will protect them and try to retake the throne for the and try to retake the throne for the French king.French king.

Y What is an emigre?French nobles who fled to Britain, Prussia, Switzerland

The Tricolor (1789)The Tricolor (1789)

The WHITE of the The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED Bourbons + the RED

& BLUE of Paris.& BLUE of Paris.

Citizen!Citizen!

The Tricolor is the The Tricolor is the Fashion!Fashion!

The “Liberty Cap”: The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne RougeBonne Rouge

Revolutionary SymbolsRevolutionary Symbols

CockadeCockade

Revolutionary Revolutionary ClockClock

La RepublicLa RepublicLibertéLiberté

Revolutionary Playing CardsRevolutionary Playing Cards

Laws Passed by The Laws Passed by The National AssemblyNational Assembly

2 laws passed by the National Assembly which reformed France?

Divided France into 83 departments instead of unequal provinces

all local officials to be elected

83 Revolutionary 83 Revolutionary Departments are Departments are

createdcreated

February 26, 1790February 26, 1790

The Creation of the New Constitution

• The Assembly adopted its Constitution of 1791, which set up a limited monarchy with a king and a legislative Assembly with the power to make laws

• Only the most affluent(rich) members would be elected.

• Only men over 25 who paid a specified amount in taxes could vote. This keeps the mob from running the gov’t.

•Many people–Catholic priests, nobles, and lower classes hurt by economic hard times–opposed the new order.

•The king tried to flee France, but he was recognized and returned to France.

The Creation of the New France

and How Do They Pay For It?

1791

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

1.1. Confiscate and sell Confiscate and sell Church Lands Church Lands (1790)(1790)

One of the most controversial decisions of the One of the most controversial decisions of the entire revolutionary period.entire revolutionary period.

How to Finance the How to Finance the New Govt.?New Govt.?

Why did the National Assembly seize lands from the Catholic Church?

land was sold to the people and money used to pay down the national debt

The Civil Constitution The Civil Constitution of the Clergyof the Clergy

People in parishes would elect their own clergy and government pay salaries of priests and bishops

What was the result of this law? Catholic Church upset and many Catholics began to oppose the Revolution

New Relations New Relations Between Church & Between Church &

StateStateV Government paid the salaries of the Government paid the salaries of the French clergy and maintained the French clergy and maintained the churches.churches.

V The church was reorganized:The church was reorganized:

The pope had NO voice in the The pope had NO voice in the appointment of appointment of

the French clergy.the French clergy.

V It transformed France’sIt transformed France’sRoman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Churchinto a branch of the state!!into a branch of the state!!

Pope Pius VIPope Pius VI[1775-1799][1775-1799]

2.2. Print Print AssignatsAssignats2.2. Print Print

AssignatsAssignats

V Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.Issued by the National Constituent Assembly.V Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands Interest-bearing notes which had the church lands

as security.as security.V Caused inflationCaused inflation

What did the National What did the National Assembly Accomplish?Assembly Accomplish?What did the National What did the National Assembly Accomplish?Assembly Accomplish?

limited the authority of the king and divided the government into 3 branches--executive, judicial, legislative--who believed in 3 branches of government?????

4 Provisions of the 4 Provisions of the 1791 Constitution?1791 Constitution?4 Provisions of the 4 Provisions of the 1791 Constitution?1791 Constitution?

a. king couldn’t make or stop law

b. .tax paying males elected members to Legislative Assembly

c. National Assembly abolished, Legislative Assembly established

d. No member of National Assembly could be a member of the Legislative Assembly

How did Louis XIV feel How did Louis XIV feel about the 1791 about the 1791 Constitution?Constitution?

Louis XVI “Accepts” the Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution Constitution

& the National Assembly. & the National Assembly. 17911791

Agreed, but plotted with emigres to overthrow gov’t and restore Old Regime j

What were the problems What were the problems with the Legislative with the Legislative Assembly of 1791? Assembly of 1791?

weak executive branch, inexperienced legislature elected by minority of population, discontent among poor, inflation

Timeline OrientationWhere Are We Going With

This?

Meanwhile the rest of Europe watches and fears what is

going on in France

Revolutionary France prepares a new army

Europe on the Eve of theEurope on the Eve of theFrench RevolutionFrench Revolution

French Expansion: 1791-1799French Expansion: 1791-1799

During the revolution in France other countries are scared. They are frightened the revolution will spread to their lands. Some offer support to Louis XVI and nobles of France.

New French army (commoners) expands Fr territory.

Out of this Napoleon will arise.

Why did the Legislative Assembly and Louis XVI favor war?

Louis XVI-would defeat revolutionary army and restore him to power.

Legis Assemb--increase their power and spread revolution

__ 1. the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

__ 2. obligations of peasants to noble landlords that survived into the modern era

__ 3. “without breeches,” members of the Paris Commune who considered themselves ordinary patriots (in other words, they wore long trousers instead of fine knee-length breeches)

__ 4. one of the three classes into which French society was divided before the revolution: the clergy (first estate), the nobles (second estate), and the townspeople (third estate)

A. estate

B. relics of feudalism

C. bourgeoisie

D. sans-culottes

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

C

B

D

A

Checking for Understanding

The French Revolution and the Radical Phase

1793-1794

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

conservative. Group that does not want change--revolution had gone far enough-king with limited authority

radical. Person who wants more change-wants to get rid of king, set up republic and more reforms

moderate. Person who does not hold extreme views--sided with both sides depending on the issue

The Political The Political SpectrumSpectrum

JacobinJacobinss

MontagnarMontagnardsds

(“The (“The Mountain”)Mountain”)

GirondistsGirondistsMonarchíeMonarchíe

nn(Royalists)(Royalists)

1790s:1790s:The PlainThe Plain

(swing (swing votes)votes)

TODAY:TODAY:

Now there is an uprising

Due to all the continued problems and discontent

What led to uprisings in France? Failures in war and economic/food shortages

From all this discontent new voices/groups will rise in power in the France….

The Political Chaos

• The Girondins (rural) wanted to keep the king alive.

• The Jacobins (especially the Mountain -left branch) wanted the King killed.

Things Go Wild

There is murder and mayhem and chaos in the streets.

The Jacobins take over.

The Reign of Terror begins.

The September The September Massacres, Massacres, 17921792

Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners Rumors that the anti-revolutionary political prisoners were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the were plotting to break out & attack from the rear the armies defending France, while the Prussians armies defending France, while the Prussians attacked from the front.attacked from the front.

Buveurs de sangBuveurs de sang [“drinkers of blood.”] [“drinkers of blood.”] over over 1000 1000 killed!killed!

It It discredited the Revolution among its remaining discredited the Revolution among its remaining sympathizers abroad.sympathizers abroad.

The Radicals Seize Power

They called themselves the Commune Radicals/Jacobins who seized government in Paris

France’s Monarchy Will EndThe steps leading to the end of the monarchy

a. Prussia vowed to destroy Paris if royal family is harmed

b. Commune demanded Legis Assemb abolish

monarchy

c. Commune accused Louis XIV of plotting with foreign powers to overthrow Const of 1791

d. Legis Assembly suspended office of king

e. Parisian mob marched to Tuileries, killed guards, and imprisoned the royal family

f. Commune ruled Paris and Legis Assembly tried to govern France

Why did the Legislative Assembly End?

Legislative Assembly voted itself out of existence and sets date for new elections--Legis Assembly a constitutional monarchy and since no longer a king, need a new constitution_

The Change in the French Revolution

The Republic and the Reign of Terror 1792-1795

So what exactly changed?

The National Assembly added universal manhood suffrage

every adult male could vote no matter if owned property or not

Who were the leaders in the chaos of this time?

1792-1795

The Leaders

1. Georges Danton

2. Maximilien Robespierre

3. Jean Paul Marat

Important Jacobins

A. One of the more important radical leaders was Jean-Paul Marat, who published the radical journal Friend of the People.

• He argued that the poor had a right to take from the rich whatever they needed, even by violence!

““The Death of Marat”The Death of Marat”by Jacques Louis David,by Jacques Louis David,

17931793

The Assassination of The Assassination of MaratMarat

by Charlotte by Charlotte CordayCorday

Paul JacquesPaul JacquesAimeeAimee

Baudry, 19Baudry, 19cc

[A Romantic[A RomanticView]View]

1. The 1. The Sans-Culottes:Sans-Culottes:The Parisian Working The Parisian Working

ClassClass WorkersWorkers

Small Small shopkeepers.shopkeepers.

Tradesmen.Tradesmen.

Artisans.Artisans.They felt the gov’t They felt the gov’t

should make sure they should make sure they had wage increases had wage increases and the price of food and the price of food

was fixed!was fixed!

They were the voice of They were the voice of the common man!the common man!

2. The Jacobins2. The JacobinsJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly middle Membership mostly middle class unlike the Sans-Collotes class unlike the Sans-Collotes who were more peasant and who were more peasant and working classworking class..

Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.

Who were the important Jacobins?

• Robespierre was a lawyer and activist, so known for his honesty that he was called “The Incorruptible.”

• He followed Rousseau’s ideas in The Social Contract, and he believed that anyone who would not submit to the general will as he interpreted it should be executed.

B. To respond, the National Convention formed the 12-member Committee of Public Safety, led first by Danton and then by Maximilian Robespierre.

This New Gov’t Is Called The National Convention.

What Form Is It?A Republican Gov’t Without A

King

The 4 Tasks of The National Convention.a.end monarchyb. write a new constitutionc. keep order at homed. fight foreign invaders

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

Revolutionary Tribunals.Revolutionary Tribunals. 300,000 arrested.300,000 arrested. 16,000 – 50,000 executed.16,000 – 50,000 executed.

Committee for Public Committee for Public SafetySafety

It’s task was to It’s task was to try enemies of try enemies of the Revolutionthe Revolution

To direct the To direct the army to try to army to try to stop invading stop invading armiesarmies

To control the To control the RevolutionRevolution

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

A French physician, Joseph-Ignace Guillotin, was instrumental in having a law

passed requiring all sentences of death to be carried out humanely

by “means of a machine.” Use of the guillotine, named for Guillotin,continued in France through the 1970s. In 1981, France outlawed capital punishment.

The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

Terror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of

the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary

Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.

c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over 20,000!was over 20,000!

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, (January 21, 1793)1793)

Louis XIV is accused of plotting against the gov’t of The National Convention and against France

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

The rest of the world is shocked that the king and queen were executed!

Different Social Different Social Classes Executed Classes Executed

28%

31%

25%

8%

7%

Many other countries are at war with France while the Reign of Terror continues

within France

Austria, Prussia, Great Britain, Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia.

They feared France would try to export revolutionary ideas about overthrowing monarchy

The French Army was different than The French Army was different than the old regimethe old regime

A conscription is passed.

Conscription is to draft all unmarried 18-25 year old men into the army

How was the new French army different from the army of the Old Regime? anyone could become an officer if proved their ability

The Creation of the Republic

Wars• The French revolutionary army changed the nature of

modern warfare and was an important step in creating modern nationalism.

• Previously, small armies fought wars between governments and ruling dynasties.

• The new French army was a people’s army fighting a people’s war on behalf of a people’s government. Warfare also became more destructive.

More Changes Under the Reign of Terror

The Reign of Terror (cont.) • A new calendar was adopted. Years were

numbered from September 22, 1792, the first day of the French Republic, and not from Christ’s birth.

• The calendar contained 12 months with each month having three weeks of 10 days, with the tenth day a day of rest. This practice eliminated Sundays.

• Robespierre realized, however, that France was too Catholic to be dechristianized.

The New Republican The New Republican CalendarCalendarNew Name Meaning Time Period

Vendemaire Vintage September 22 – October 21

Brumaire Fog October 22 – November 20

Frimaire Frost November 21 – December 20

Nivose Snow December 21 – January 19

Pluviose Rain January 20 – February 18

Ventose Wind February 19 – March 20

Germinal Budding March 21 – April 19

Floreal Flowers April 20 – May 19

Prairial Meadow May 20 – June 18

Messidor Harvest June 19 – July 18

Thermidor Heat July 19 – August 17

Fructidor Fruit August 18 – September 21

Religious Terror:Religious Terror:De-Christianization De-Christianization

(1793-1794)(1793-1794) The Catholic Church was linked The Catholic Church was linked withwithreal or potential counter-revolution.real or potential counter-revolution.

Religion was associated with theReligion was associated with theAncien RégimeAncien Régime and superstitious and superstitiouspractices.practices.

Very popular among the Very popular among the sans-sans-culottesculottes..

Therefore, religion had no place in Therefore, religion had no place in aarational, secular republic!rational, secular republic!

The De-Christianization The De-Christianization ProgramProgram

2.2. The public exercise of religion wasThe public exercise of religion wasbanned.banned.

3.3. The Paris Commune supported the:The Paris Commune supported the: destruction of religious & royal statues.destruction of religious & royal statues. ban on clerical dress.ban on clerical dress. encouragement of the clergy to give up their encouragement of the clergy to give up their

vocations.vocations.

4.4. The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the was turned into the “Temple of Reason.”“Temple of Reason.”

5.5. The deportation of priests denounced byThe deportation of priests denounced bysix citizens.six citizens.

The “Temple of The “Temple of Reason”Reason”

Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this Come, holy Liberty, inhabit this temple, temple,

Become the goddess of the French Become the goddess of the French people.people.

The Festival of The Festival of Supreme BeingSupreme Being

A new secular holidayA new secular holiday

The The Radical’s Radical’s

Arms:Arms:

No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!

No King!No King!No No

Constitution!Constitution!

The Results of the Reign of Terror

The Results of the Reign of Terror

Jacobins lost power, bourgeoisie took control of National Convention, Fashions became fancier, inflation increased _____________________________

The Response to the Reign of Terror

The Thermidoran Reaction

1794

The “Thermidorean The “Thermidorean Reaction,” Reaction,” 17941794

P July 26 July 26 Robespierre gives a Robespierre gives a speech illustrating speech illustrating newnew plots & conspiracies. plots & conspiracies.

he alienated members of the he alienated members of the CPS CPS & CGS. & CGS.

many felt threatened by his many felt threatened by his implications.implications.

P July 27 July 27 the Convention the Convention arrestsarrests Robespierre. Robespierre.

P July 28 July 28 Robespierre is tried & Robespierre is tried & guillotined! guillotined!

The Arrest of Robespierre

The “Thermidorean Reaction,” The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 17941794

The Revolution The Revolution ConsumesConsumes

Its Own Children!Its Own Children!

Danton Awaits Danton Awaits Execution, 1793Execution, 1793

Robespierre Lies WoundedRobespierre Lies WoundedBefore the Revolutionary Before the Revolutionary Tribunal that will order Tribunal that will order him to be guillotined, him to be guillotined,

1794.1794.

The Revolution Comes to an End

What was the impact anyway?

6 Reforms of the National Convention

a. Opened new schools

b. supported ideas of universal elementary education

c. encouraged religious toleration

d. established wage and price controls to stop inflation

e. adopted metric system

f. abolished slavery in French colonies

A New Form of Gov’t Is Created

(the third one….)

A new constitution is written

It creates a Directory

The Directory

The Directory

New ruling gov’t of France 1795-1799Elector choose legislatorsThey choose 5 men to direct the country – They are called the Directory

How is it organized?

2 House legislature-500 members Council of 500 - propose laws. 250 members - House of Ancients-vote on laws

and select executive branch. Executive branch=5 members=directors_

Who voted in Directory elections? How was this different from elections during the National Convention?

Male property owners, therefore bourgeoisie controlled govt. all men could vote during National Convention.

What problems did the Directory face?

weak, corrupt rulers, Inflation, Used army to put down revolts

__ 1. an individual qualified to vote in an election

__ 2. a dissenting group

__ 3. a sudden overthrow of the government

A. faction

B. elector

C. coup d’état

Define Match each definition in the left column with the appropriate term in the right column.

B

A

C

Checking for Understanding

french revolution for web

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