freshwater and society module 1, part b. developed by: munson, richards, svendsen updated: dec. 30,...
TRANSCRIPT
Freshwater and Society
Module 1, part B
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s2
Watersheds
http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/whatis.html
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s3
Hydrological cycle of a watershed
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s4
Watershed definition
Watershed: An area of land that drains water, sediment and
dissolved materials to a common receiving body or outlet
The term is not restricted to surface water runoff and includes interactions with subsurface water
Watersheds vary from the largest river basins to just acres or less in size
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s5
Organization of watersheds:
A divide represents the boundary of a watershed Larger watersheds can often be divided into
smaller units called subbasins, drainage areas, or water resource inventory areas
http://www.epa.gov/watertrain/execmgmt/lyout2.htm
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s6
Watersheds
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s7
Watershed components
Latitude, albedo & climate
Geology Topography Land Use:
Vegetation and impervious surfaces
http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/weather/storm.html
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s8
Watershed components: Latitude
Energy input into a watershed depends on solar height and length of daylight hours Determined by the
latitude and season May 21, Seattle, WA
solar altitude at noon is 62.500
January 21, Seattle solar altitude at noon is 22.500
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s9
Watershed components: Albedo
Albedo is the reflectance of a surface. The higher the reflectance the less energy input into a watershed.
Surface Cover Albedo (%)
Water 5-10
Bare soil (light colored, dry) 20-35
Marsh and Bogs 15-20
Forest (dense spruce) 5-10
Forest (hardwoods in leaf) 15-20
Snow (fresh) 80-95
Snow (old) 40-70
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s10
Temperature regime Relative humidity Precipitation patterns
Watershed components: Climate
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/recs/origin/climzone.gif
http://www.epa.gov/ceisweb1/ceishome/atlas/nationalatlas/climatezones.htm
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s11
Watershed components: Climate
Precipitation Temperature Relative humidity (RH) Wind
http://www.hanford.gov/docs/annualrp00/sumoverview.stm
http://www.habitat.fws.gov/images/river.jpg
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s12
Watersheds: Average annual precipitation
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s13
Watersheds: Potential evapotranspiration
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s14
Watersheds: Water surplus or deficit
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s15
Bedrock Type and distribution of soils
Watershed components: Geology
•http://www.soils.umn.edu/academics/classes/soil2125/doc/s2chap5.htm
http://geohazards.cr.usgs.gov/wa/lsphotos1/photos4.html
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s16
The ease with which water penetrate or pass through a bulk mass of soil or a layer of soil
Geology: Soil permeability
http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/Domino/vro/vroimages.nsf/Images/gloss-ferr/
http://soils.usda.gov/gallery/state_soils/ http://soils.usda.gov/gallery/state_soils/
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s17
Total porosity of a soil determines maximum water content at saturation; soils within zone of aeration are seldom saturated.
Textural (primary) porosity: voids between aggregates.
Structural (secondary) porosity: voids within aggregates – fracture or poor zones
Geology: soil pore space and water content
http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/open-file/of99-168/Pp-limestone.jpg
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s18
Geology: Groundwater vs. soil moisture
Groundwater: Subsurface water in the zone of saturation that is
free to move under the influence of gravity, often horizontally to stream channels
Soil Moisture: Subsurface water in the unsaturated zone held
in place by capillary forces or osmotic pressure
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s19
Geology: moisture content of various soils
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s20
Infiltration is the flow of water downward through the upper layers of soil
Geology: Infiltration
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s21
Geology: infiltration capacity during a storm
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s22
Geology: soil moisture profile after a rain event
1) Before Storm2) End of Storm3) One day after4) Two days after5) Three days after
Adopted from: http://www.nre.vic.gov.au/web/root/Domino/vro/vroimages.nsf/Images/gloss-ferr/
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s23
Geology: seasonal infiltration trends
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s24
Geology: seasonal variation in watershed runoff
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s25
Geology: Saturation and runoff generation
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s26
Topography Slope Aspect
Watershed components: Topography
http://www.pes.poquoson.k12.va.us/images/marsh.jpg
http://www.cce.cornell.edu/onondaga/watersheds/images/fallcolor2.jpg
http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Hazards/What/PF/PFUnzen.html
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s27
Watershed components: Topographic interactions
http://www.nrmsc.usgs.gov/research/glacier_model.htm
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s28
Watershed components: Land use and vegetation
Vegetation Slows runoff Reduces soil
compaction Prevents soil erosion Reduces pace of
raindrop splash Reduce soil material
moving downslope Influences timing of
snowmelt runoff Influences water yield
http://www.nature.nps.gov/pubs/I&M1998/Peer-01.htm
http://www.cce.cornell.edu/onondaga/watersheds/images/fallcolor2.jpg
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s29
Land use: Stormwater discharge vs. land use
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s30
Land uses: Effects upon hydrology/water quality
Natural Events Fires Wind storms Disease
outbreaks Floods Volcanoes Climate
change
Land Uses Flood control Timber
production Urban
development Hydroelectric Agriculture Mining
Waterquality
Watershedhydrology
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s31
Watershed components: land Use
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s32
Organization of a watershed
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s33
Water budget Evaluation of sources of supply vs. discharges with
respect to a drainage basin
Watershed: Water budgets
Potlatch, IdahoSpearfish, South Dakota
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s34
Annual water budget for Lawrence Lake, Michigan, and Mirror Lake, New Hampshire
Watershed: Water budgets
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s35
Watershed: Water budgets
Water budgets provide a graphic depiction of the distribution of moisture throughout the year in any given area
An idealized budget, however, is rarely achieved
Examples from Los Angles, CA and Pullman, WA, illustrate the range of potential deviation from the “ideal” water budget
Fig. 8.4
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s36
Watershed water budget: Pacific Northwest
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s37
Watershed: Aquatic ecoregions
North America has been divided into eight major aquatic ecoregions: Arctic rivers and lakes Large temperate lakes Temperate headwaters and lakes Large temperate rivers Endorheic rivers, lakes, and springs Xeric-region rivers, lakes, and springs Temperate coastal rivers and lakes Subtropical coastal rivers and lakes
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s38
Aquatic Ecoregions of North America
Developed by: Munson, Richards, Svendsen Updated: Dec. 30, 2003
U1-m1b-s39
Geomorphology Climate
Land uses
Vegetation
Watershed hydrology
Albedo
Watershed components