fricatives 1

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FRICATIVESWhen a speaker pronounces fricative consonants, parts of the mouth such as theteeth and bottom lip partiall block the flo! of air" It is as thou#h somethin#

has obstructed the air flo!, and it is fi#htin# its !a out" A#ain, fricatives canbe voiced or voiceless also" Some e$amples of fricative phonemes are the %f%and the %v% and the &theta' and the &eth'"

The %f% and the %v% phonemes are called labio(dental fricatives" This means thatthe air comes throu#h the teeth and the lips" The pronunciation of the follo!in#!ords !ill #ive ou a better understandin# of the %f% phoneme, !hich isvoiceless, and the %v%, !hich is voiced"

far%van

feel%veal

fife%five

Another set of fricative phonemes are the interdental fricatives" We alreadkno! that there is an obstruction !ith the pronunciation of fricatives) this timethe obstruction comes bet!een the teeth" These ma be more difficult todifferentiate because this pair is identical in spellin#, *th*) ho!ever, the aredifferent in pronunciation" +ere are some e$amples

thou#ht%the

bath%bathe

-ecause one can feel the vibration in the ton#ue !hen pronouncin# !orks suchas *the* and *bathe,* !e kno! that the phoneme &eth' is voiced, and the &theta'is voiceless"

A.VE/.AR FRICATIVESThe production of this sound results from an obstruction of the air flo! at thealveolar rid#e.Instead of bein# located near or on the lips, the ton#ue is no! onthe alveolar rid#e" T!o alveolar fricatives are the %s% phoneme, !hich isvoiceless, and the voiced %0%" 1ronounce the follo!in# !ords and see if ou canfind a difference


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bus%bu00

so%0oo

sip%0ip

Fricative Consonant Sounds

A fricative consonant is characterised b a constant release of air s2uee0ed throu#h ati#ht space bet!een t!o articulators &lips, ton#ue, teeth'" There are 3 voiceless fricatives&blue in the dia#ram' and 4 voiced fricatives &!hite in the dia#ram' in spoken En#lish"

5ost non(native speakers encounter problems !ith some of the fricative sounds,particularl voiced sounds at the end of !ords" The t!o 6 th 7 sounds are fricatives"

In Class We !ill learn the mouthpositionsfor each fricative and the possible spellin#s in !ritten En#lish" We !ill practicechan#in# the voicingof each sound and place them in sentences and !ords" Suitable forAn non(native speaker !ill find this class useful" Advanced level of spoken En#lishre2uired" E$tra 5aterials


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Fricativesare consonantsproduced b forcin# air throu#h a narro! channel made bplacin# t!o articulatorsclose to#ether" These ma be the lo!er lip a#ainst the upperteeth, in the case of 8f9) the back of the ton#ue a#ainst thesoft palate,in the case of

:erman8$9, the final consonant ofBach) or the side of the ton#ue a#ainst the molars, inthe case of Welsh89, appearin# t!ice in the nameLlanelli.This turbulent airflo! iscalled frication" A particular subset of fricatives are the sibilants" When formin# asibilant, one still is forcin# air throu#h a narro! channel, but in addition the ton#ue is

curled len#th!ise to direct the air over the ed#e of the teeth" En#lish 8s9, 809, 89, and 89are e$amples of this"

T!o other terms are spirantand strident, but their usa#e is less standardi0ed" Theformer can be used snonmousl !ith *fricative*, or &as in e"#" ;raliclin#uistics' torefer to non(sibilant fricatives onl" The latter can be used snonmousl !ith *sibilant*,but some authors include also labiodentaland%oruvularfricatives in the class"

Contents

8hide9 < Sibilant fricatives = Central non(sibilant fricatives > .ateral fricatives 4 Smbols used for both fricatives and appro$imants 3 1seudo(fricatives ? .an#ua#es @ See also References

B E$ternal links

[edit] Sibilant fricatives

8s9 voiceless coronal sibilant, as in En#lishsip 809 voiced coronal sibilant, as in En#lishzip 8s 9 eective coronal sibilant 8s9 voiceless dental sibilant 809 voiced dental sibilant 8s9 voiceless apical sibilant 809 voiced apical sibilant 8s9 voiceless postalveolar sibilant&laminal' 809 voiced postalveolar sibilant&laminal'

89 voiceless palato(alveolar sibilant&domed, partiall palatali0ed', as in En#lishship
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_palatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_palatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_palatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Sibilant_fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Central_non-sibilant_fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Lateral_fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Symbols_used_for_both_fricatives_and_approximantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Pseudo-fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fricative_consonant&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_dental_sibilant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental_sibilant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_apicoalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_apicoalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domed_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Place_of_articulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_palatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_(tooth)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanellihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralic_languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labiodental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvular_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Sibilant_fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Central_non-sibilant_fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Lateral_fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Symbols_used_for_both_fricatives_and_approximantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Pseudo-fricativeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Languageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fricative_consonant&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiceless_dental_sibilant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voiced_dental_sibilant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_apicoalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_apicoalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domed_consonant


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89 voiced palato(alveolar sibilant&domed, partiall palatali0ed', as thesinEn#lish vision

89 voiceless alveolo(palatal sibilant&laminal, palatali0ed'

89 voiced alveolo(palatal sibilant&laminal, palatali0ed'

89 voiceless retrofle$ sibilant&apicalor subapical' 89 voiced retrofle$ sibilant&apical or subapical'

All sibilantsare coronal, but ma be dental,alveolar,postalveolar, orpalatal&retrofle$'!ithin that ran#e" +o!ever, at the postalveolar place of articulation, the ton#ue ma takeseveral shapes domed, laminal, or apical, and each of these is #iven a separate smboland a separate name" 1rototpical retrofle$es aresubapicaland palatal, but the areusuall !ritten !ith the same smbol as the apical postalveolars" The alveolars anddentals ma also be either apical or laminal, but this difference is indicated !ith diacriticsrather than !ith separate smbols"

[edit] Central non-sibilant fricatives 89 voiceless bilabial fricative 8D9 voiced bilabial fricative 8f9 voiceless labiodental fricative,as in En#lishfine 8v9 voiced labiodental fricative,as in En#lish vine 89 voiceless lin#uolabial fricative 89 voiced lin#uolabial fricative 89, 89voiceless dental fricative, as in En#lish thing 89, 89 voiced dental fricative,as in En#lish that

89, 89 Voiceless alveolar non(sibilant fricative

89, 89 Voiced alveolar non(sibilant fricative 8r9 voiceless trilled fricative 8r9 voiced trilled fricative 8G9 voiceless palatal fricative

89 voiced palatal fricative 8$9 voiceless velar fricative

89 voiced velar fricative

89 voiceless palatal(velar fricative&articulation disputed' 8H9 voiceless uvular fricative 89 voiceless pharn#eal fricative

89 voiceless epi#lottal fricative

[edit] Lateral fricatives

89 voiceless coronal lateral fricative

89 voiced coronal lateral fricative

8 9 or 89 voiceless retrofle$ lateral fricative&also !ritten 8J9'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subapical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subapical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subapical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fricative_consonant&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_trillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_trillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal-velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fricative_consonant&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subapical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminal_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subapical_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fricative_consonant&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_trillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_trillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_palatal-velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fricative_consonant&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative


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8 9 or 89 voiceless palatal lateral fricative&also 8J9'

89 voiceless velar lateral fricative&also 8J9'

89 voiced velar lateral fricative

The lateral fricative occurs as the llof Welsh, as in .lod, .le!eln,and the to!n of

5achnlleth&8ma $Kn 9', as the unvoiced LhlL and voiced LdlL or LdhlL in the severallan#ua#es of Southern Africa &such as Mhosaand Nulu', and in 5on#olian"

[edit] Symbols used for both fricatives and approximants

89 voiced uvular fricative

89 voiced pharn#eal fricative

89 voiced epi#lottal fricative

Oo lan#ua#e distin#uishes voiced fricatives fromappro$imantsat these places, so the

same smbol is used for both" For the pharn#eals and epi#lottals, appro$imants are morenumerous than fricatives" A fricative reali0ation ma be specified b addin# the uptackto

the letters, 8, , 9" .ike!ise, the do!ntackma be added to specif an appro$imant

reali0ation, 8, , 9"

&Thebilabial appro$imantand dental appro$imantdo not have dedicated smbols eitherand are transcribed in a similar fashion 8D, 9" +o!ever, the base letters are understoodto specificall refer to the fricatives"'

[edit] Pseudo-fricatives

8h9 voiceless #lottal transition, as in En#lish hat 89breath(voiced #lottal transition

In man lan#ua#es, such as En#lish, the #lottal *fricatives* are unaccompanied phonationstates of the #lottis, !ithout an accompanin# manner, fricative or other!ise" +o!ever,in lan#ua#es such as Arabic, the are true fricatives"8


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the number of all consonants in En#lish &!hich has =4 consonants'" - contrast,appro$imatel "@P of the !orldLs lan#ua#es displa no phonemic fricatives at all" 8=9Thisis a tpical feature of Australian Abori#inal lan#ua#es,!here the fe! fricatives that e$istresult from chan#es toplosivesor appro$imants, but also occurs in some indi#enouslan#ua#es ofOe! :uineaand South America that have especiall small numbers of

consonants" +o!ever, !hereas 8h9 is entirelyunkno!n in indi#enous Australianlan#ua#es, most of the other lan#ua#es !ithout true fricatives do have 8h9 in theirconsonant inventor"

Voicin# contrasts in fricatives are lar#el confined to Europe, Africa, and Western Asia".an#ua#es of South and East Asia, such as theQravidianand Austronesian lan#ua#es,tpicall do not have such voiced fricatives as 809 and 8v9, !hich are ver familiar toEuropean speakers" These voiced fricatives are also relativel rare in indi#enouslan#ua#es of the Americas" /verall, voicin# contrasts in fricatives are much rarer than inplosives, bein# found onl in about a third of the !orldLs lan#ua#es as compared to ?percent for plosive voicin# contrasts"8>9

About


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>" ^ 5addieson, Ian" *Voicin# in 1losives and Fricatives*, in 5artin+aspelmath et al" &eds"' The World Atlas of Language Structures, pp" =?=B"/$ford /$ford ;niversit 1ress, =3" IS-O (


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Chart

image1ulmonicsOon(pulmonics AffricatesCo(articulated

[show]

#owels

FrontOear(

frontCentral

Oear(

back$ac%

Close

Zi

Z

Z!u

Z

Z"Z"Ze[

Z#$

Z%oZe [ K

Z% oZ\

Z&'

Z()Z]

Oear(close

Close(mid

&id

/pen(mid

Oear(open

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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5e/IPA_consonants_2005.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5e/IPA_consonants_2005.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/IPA_non-pulmonic_2005.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/IPA_non-pulmonic_2005.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/IPA_non-pulmonic_2005.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Affricate_ligatures.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Affricate_ligatures.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/IPA_co-articulated_2005.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-mid_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_vowelhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5e/IPA_consonants_2005.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a4/IPA_non-pulmonic_2005.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Affricate_ligatures.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/IPA_co-articulated_2005.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-front_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-close_near-back_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki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