MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY

r-------- Snout

----- External naris Brows pot Upper eyelid Nictitating membrane

~)f~~~~=:::::::::::::=;E;::: Lower eyelid • Digits of Fingers

..J.---"'1~-:S:r-- Tympanic membrane . ....... ,~........... Carpus or wrist

~'l.ldOr--- Forearm

Upper arm r------ Median dorsal line

...------ Hump

(~\ fl Cf\ TID~~ t>h~·\L\W\ ·• (M()n:\Wq .

~N.ir-------- Anus ~l-~b~l,~lu,\\'1: 'v~Arftb~t.n4 WJirfi1il miT---- Thigh C\ q ~ ·, -A IV\"\ \ID ,-G\

Olrcl-tv- ·. A\\ l-\ y-r;\ Fctf,,,b·· Ru\'\idc\t­

r---- Shank G(Jil'S. ·. 1\91 t1 C\ ~pt. d \: ~ '. v lll,. g ~.rt\

.. .~.~~ ,W\).tJf!.

- · Tarsus or ankle _ . ,.. :" M·)v oF.~::--- Prehallux- !"V,A(lu:\il:l ~ f\

c\Ji:h\-~.!:,;:::>-- Digits of toes J

Web

EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE FROG

~--------Darkly pigmented

A MALE FROG Ventral view

A FEMALE FROG Ventral view

are~ of the skin

SwoJ._J .. en thumb

Diffused skin pigmentation

•-~~--Thumb not swollen

Ischium

SKELETAL SYSTEM Dorsal View

Met atarsals

Astragalus]Tarsals Calcaneum

Transverse process

Neural spine

Postzygapophysis

VERTEBRAL COLUMN Dorsal view

2nd to 8th vertebrae (Typical vertebrae)

Sacral vertebra (9th vertebra)

Concavities for articulation lvi th sacral vertebra

ISOLATED VERTEBRAE

ATLAS Antero-dorsal view

Neural spine Neural arch Postzygapophysis

Neural canal Concavity for articulation with occipital condyle Centrun

.--------Neural spine

~-----Postzygapophysis

Transverse process ~~~~-------Prezygapophysis

....._ ___ Neural canal ~~-------Centrum

TYPICAL VETEBRA Antero-dorsal view

SACRAL VERTEBRA Postern-dorsal view

Neural canal

UROSTYLE Antero-latera! view

centrum

of the lOth

SKULL Dorsal view

Exoccipital Occipital condyle

~------------Premaxillae

orbit

SKULL Ventral view

LOWER JAW Dorsal view

HYOID APPARATUS Ventral view

Anterior cornu

Alary process

Body

Posterior cor-nu

Thyroid process

---------------------- Episternum Omosternum

Clavicle

Scapula

Suprascapula

Glenoid fossa. Fenestra coracoid Epicoracoid r-------.::..::: Mesosternum

PECTORAL GIRDLE Dorsal view

PELVIC GIRDLE, 1/2 (INNOMINATE BONE)

Lateral view

Xiphistermn

Head

Deltoid ridge/'~·

Condyle Radio-ulna Longitudinal groove Centrale Ordinary carpals

Metacarpals Radiale -"""'o'!;I'J

!l:i(tl.==- Phalanges Ulnare

FOREUMB, R1ght Lataral Vtt1111

Tibio-fibula

~-Calcaneum or fib111are

Astragalus or tibiale

~--~-- Ordinary tarsals Calcar

AA~..,.,'Hf-- Metatarsals

'~~~~~~Phalanges

HINDLIMB, RIGHT Ventral view

~~~------~-rr-----Temporalis

~~:.------nm-;.;y--- Depressor mandibula

~~~~~~~~~~~~==Dorsal1s scapula ~ ~rj;;,r--Cucullaris

~\~~?// Latissimus dorsi IH/IJ/II~r-...;::~=------- External oblique

m.mmr------------Longiss imus dorsi llfi~~-----------Ilio-lumbaris

~~~~~----------Coccygeo-sacralis

~~~~i---==========Coccygeo-iliacus ~ femoris anticus m~~~~wBwm~~-----------Gluteus

:f'(U~~~ ~::m.::rn.------------ Vast us externus \~---------Triceps femoris

Semimembranosus n~~~~---

Gracilis minor

fi--------Tibialis anticus

J:..!!.-.!.----Tendon of Achilles

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Dorsal view

cutaneous~~~~tfl\1 pectoralis

Suanentalis

is 0 tC r.:.(·s Scapulo-humeralis or deltoid

s epicoracofaaa-- -(Anterior pectoralis)

--'"----Pectoralis sternalis AU~--------PeCtoralis ~is

(Posterior pectoralis) Linea alba----~~~~\1:~~~------~Rectus abdominis

Inscriptiones tendinae

Sartori

mag nus

Gracil major

Gracili minor Tibia-. ---;;.;

fibula

vn:;b£~ .·~~i" n;(~~ tt,_,ie;r ~.(.i d<i" ;~ {(I~

~~~~-Semitendinosus Gracilis major (~t) (Rect"US int,ernus major")

L-ww~~-- ·Gracilis minor ) (Rectus internus minor

MUSCULAR qysTEM, ·Ventral view

Extensor cruris anticus t~~'(J\ t~·.

Flexor tarsi anterior

lib;ttli~ lU~\1 t.tl .. '.. l.JC ~;~ -- 1.:~\lCkr T-11 \l' ''~Ji·~.

(The left side has been dissected to show the deeper muscles)

~-------------------- Median subrostral fossa pulvinar rostrale

Lateral subrostral fossa Internal naris or c"hoana1

'---------~per lip fold ~~~~~---------- Vomerine teeth

~~~--------- Sulcus marginalis ~~~--------- Maxillary teeth

-~;,;:;iii;;---- Orbital prominence. Opening into the Esophagus Eustachian tube "fl{·.(.tf·~ -

Laryngeal ·prominence

~---------------------Tuberculum prelinguale

BUCCAL CAVnY OF A MALE FROG

Jugular .vein Carotid artery

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Nasal cavity Mouth cavity

· Brain Esophagus

Abdominal vein Small intestine

INTERNAL. ORGANS, Lateral view

Spinal cord Pelvic .girdle Kidney Adrenal gland

Mesonephric quct Renal .portal vein

Cloaca

Anus

Urinary bladder

Large intestine

"-"---- · Testis

Spleen Fat body Postcava Hepatic portal vein

...-----419.~- $kin ---~~;--Dorsal subcutaneous

lymph space Epaxial muscles orizontal skeletogenous

septum ·~~~~--Trunk vertebra

Kidney isterna magna

or subvertebral lymph sinus

Gonadl=Jt~~::::::::==~~ Dorsal-mesentery Stomach -~~:r.--rrt

Omentum ____ ~~~~~-J Duodenum _ _:~~;.::?o:;:c--

Linea alba------~~;:~~~~~;;~ Ventro-lateral subcutaneous connective tissue

Ventral subcutaneous lymph space Ventral abdominal ve:i.n

BODY CAVITY

Lung

Corpora adiposa

Spleen

Testis

Kidney

COELOM AND VISCERA Ventral view of a Male Frog

Heart

Liver

Gall bladder

Pancreas

Stanach

Duodenum }Small Ileum

intestine

Large intestine

Cloaca

Anus

Duodenum~--~~~~~

Ileum __ ~------~·~

Mesentery proper or Mesenterium

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Ventral View

Dr~~------------- Cricoid cartilage ;,_~~~~~----- Laryruc

· RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Entrance of -~--~----~~ Wolffian duct

MALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM Ventral view

Fat body or Corpora adiposa

Postcava

Testis

Vas efferens

Adrenal gland Kidney

Renal vein Mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct Vestigial oviduct

Entrance of oviduct

Urinary bladder Cloaca

Anus

.~~~r----- Fat body or corpora adiposa

+--1-~~U...---\--- Postcava

~~--~----Kidney

~-~---OViduct

ovary_.,____, with eggs

fri~;.---...._ __ Mesonephric duct or Wolffian duct

of oviduct

~-,~----~---urinary bladder

4--T~----- Cloaca ..__....,&.j~

~--------------Anus

FEMALE UROGENITAL SYSTEM Ventral view

Ventricle

Lung

Liver

Gall bladder

Kidney

Ventra1--~~~~~~r-lr~ abdominal V.

Pulmonary V. Sinus venosus Hepatic v. Bepatic portal V. Postcava

v. v.

v.

v.

intestine

Femoral v.-------------­Sciatic V.-----------------,

~~~----~-Urinary bladder

~~~~~---------Pelvic V.

VENOUS SYSTEM Ventral view of a Female Frog

v.

v.

Truncus arteriosus-------­

Common carotid A---------------~

carotid A.

Systemic arch __ _

Pulmo-cutaneous A.

Pulmonary A. ____ _ ---=..:...._

Right -lung ----~ Conus arteriosus -----~----~~~~

Syst~~ic A.-------~-~~~·

Coeliaco-mesenteric A.

Adi{:X)sal A.

Anterior mesenteric A.-+~~

ovari an A. ------------~~~ (spermatic ·A. in

A.

A.

A.

A.

Left gastric A.

Hepatic A.

~~~~~~Right gastric A. Pancreatic A.

Jr;'~~:!r=~L Duodenal A. the male) . Intestinal As. K1dney Renal As.-------------t~~~~~~;!.~~2=~JJ~-- Splenic A. Oviducal A. Spleen

Posterior mesenteric A.~~~~--~~•

Right common iliac A---~~~~~ ,...._r:til Epigastric A.~-----~--~~~~~

A.

---~o-=-------- Sciatic A. Epigastrico-vesical

~ecto-vesical A. --------------~

ARTERIAL SYSTEM Ventral view of a Female Frog

A.

A.

Right

arteriosus

HEART Dorsal view

HEART Ventral view

Truncus arteriosus

Right Precava

Pulloonary veins Right auricle Sinus venosus Coronary sulcus

Postcava

Ventricle

Truncus arteriosus

Left precava

Left auricle

Coronary sulcus

Postcava

Brain

Spinal cord

.,

.:·: ....

~~. 0

·' . ,.

0

·.· ·.

Olfactory nerve r---- Olfactory lobe

or Optic lobe

or cerebellum

-.~ . or Medulla . ;.';

"·' ·;· •: .. '.: .. Brachial enlargement .. , ·.::

•. Dor sal fissure :: :-:

Lumbar enlargement

~--~ Roots of posterior spi nal nerves

Fi lum tenninale

Cauda Equina

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Dorsal view

Optic --::ir7'"'"'t.~­chiasma

. . . ~ · . . . ; , .

.. ' \

;-

I • t •\' \ ' \ .

I }

·~

.• r-i -;.....----.·. i .. ;· .i

Olfactory nerve

Telencephalon or Cerebral hemisphere

Optic nerve

Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve ,Hypophysis or pituitary body Mesencephalon or Optk lobe Abducens nerve

BraChial enlargement

Ventral fissure

L\.Dbar enlargement

Roots of posterior spinal nerves

cauda equina

BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD Ventral view

Metenceph_alon

Olfactory nerve ( 1)

Olfactory lobe

Telencephalon

Pineal body or Epiph_ysis

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Trochlear nerve (4) Trigeminal nerve (5) Facial nerve {7) Auditory nerve (8) Glossopharyngeal nerve ( 9) Vagus nerve (1 0)

BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES Dorsal view

Spinal

Olfactory nerve (1)

Telencephalon

Optic nerve (2) Optic tract Infundibulum Oculomotor nerve ( 3)

Trigeminal nerve (5) Facial nerve ( 7) Auditory nerve (8) Glossopharyngeal nerve {9) Vagus nerve (10)

BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES Ventral view

'~---------- Olfactory nerve J---------- Olfactory lobe

lst and 2nd ventricles or Lateral ventricles

~------~ Telencephalon

Foramen of Monro

3rd ventricle

or

CAVITIES OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

Iter