Frog Lab Follow Up

Use your textbook and/or the Internet to answer the following questions about frogs.

1. Find the names for the following levels of taxa for frogs:Kingdom ___________________Phylum _____________________Class _______________________Order _______________________

2. a) How many chambers does the frog heart have?

b) Name these chambers:

3. Describe the differences between a tadpole (young stage of frog life cycle) and an adult frog:

4. Frogs are able to exchange gases (oxygen in, carbon dioxide out) with the environment in two ways. What are they?

5. Why are frogs generally found living near water/in wet areas?

6. What do frogs eat? Are they herbivores, carnivores or omnivores?

7. Complete the chart below

Structure Function Location

Vomarine Teeth

Eustachian Tubes

Nicitating Membrane

Tympanic Membrane

Esophagus

Glottis

Tongue

8. Complete one biological drawing of your frog once the dissection has been completed. Remember to include a proper title, labels, diagram size, etc. You do not need a diagram magnification, as it is a live specimen. This is due at the end of the second lab day, no exceptions. White paper is at the front.

Frog External Anatomy

Please do not mark in the lab booklet. All questions are to be answered in the answer booklet. The dissection booklet is to be handed back at the end of class, as there is only a class set. Use your time wisely! You will not be given extra time to complete questions if time is wasted in the lab. CLEAN YOUR AREA WHEN FINISHED!

1. Observe the dorsal and ventral sides of the frog.Dorsal side color ___________ Ventral side color____________

2. Examine the hind legs. How many toes are present on each foot? ________Are the toes webbed? ______

3. Examine the forelegs.How many toes are present? _________ Are the toes webbed? ________

4. Use a ruler to measure your frog, measure from the tip of the head to the end of the frog's backbone (do not include the legs in your measurement). Compare the length of your frog to other frogs.

Your Frog (cm) Frog 2 Frog 3 Frog 4 Average Length

5. Locate the frog's eyes; the nictitating membrane is a clear membrane that attached to the bottom of the eye. Use tweezers to carefully remove the nictitating membrane. You may also remove the eyeball if you wish. What color is the nictitating membrane? _____________ What color is the eyeball? ___________

6. Just behind the eyes on the frog's head is a circular structure called the tympanic membrane. The tympanic membrane is used for hearing. Measure the diameter (distance across the circle) of the tympanic membrane. Diameter of tympanic membrane ________cm

7. Feel the frog's skin. Is it scaly or is it slimy? ____________

Anatomy of the Frog's Mouth

Procedure: Pry the frog's mouth open and use scissors to cut the angles of the frog's jaws open. Cut deeply enough so that the frog's mouth opens wide enough to view the structures inside.

1. Locate the tongue. Play with the tongue. Does it attach to the front or the back of the mouth? __________ (You may remove the tongue)

2. In the center of the mouth, toward the back is a single round opening. This is the esophagus. This tube leads to the stomach. Use a probe to poke into the esophagus.

3. Close to the angles of the jaw are two openings, one on each side. These are the Eustachian tubes. They are used to equalize pressure in the inner ear while the frog is swimming. Insert a probe into the Eustachian tube. To what structure does the Eustachian tube attach? _____________________

4. Just behind the tongue and before you reach the esophagus is a slit like opening. (You may need to use your probe to get it to open up). This slit is the glottis, and it is the opening to the lungs. The frog breathes and vocalizes with the glottis.

5. The frog has two sets of teeth. The vomarine teeth are found on the roof of the mouth. The maxillary teeth are found around the edge of the mouth. Both are used for holding prey, frogs swallow their meals whole and do NOT chew.

6. On the roof of the mouth, you will find two tiny openings, if you put your probe into those openings; you will find they exit on the outside of the frog. These are the nostrils. Draw the frog’s mouth and label each part described in the lab. This can be done on your biological drawing.

Frog Internal Anatomy

Dissection Instructions1. Place the frog in the dissecting pan ventral side up.

2. Use scissors to life the abdominal muscles away from the body cavity. Cut along the midline of the body from the pelvic to the pectoral girdle.

3. Make transverse (horizontal) cuts near the arms and legs.

4. Life the flaps of the body wall and pin back.*If your specimen is a female, the body may be filled with eggs and an enlarged ovary. You may need to remove these eggs to view the organs. Locate each of the organs below.

Fat Bodies -- Spaghetti shaped structures that have a bright orange or yellow color, if you have a particularly fat frog, these fat bodies may need to be removed to see the other structures. Usually they are located just on the inside of the abdominal wall.

Peritoneum -- A spider web like membrane that covers many of the organs, you may have to carefully pick it off to get a clear view.

Liver -- The largest structure of the body cavity. This brown coloured organ is composed of three parts, or lobes.The right lobe, the left anterior lobe, and the left posterior lobe. The liver is not primarily an organ of digestion; it does secrete a digestive juice called bile. Bile is needed for the proper digestion of fats.

Heart -- at the top of the liver, the heart is a triangular structure. The left and right atrium can be found at the top of the heart. A single ventricle located at the bottom of the heart. The large vessel extending out from the heart is the conus arteriosis.

Lungs -- Locate the lungs by looking underneath and behind the heart and liver. They are two spongy organs.

Gall bladder -- Lift the lobes of the liver, there will be a small green sac under the liver. This is the gall bladder, which stores bile. (Hint: it kind of looks like a booger)

Stomach -- Curving from underneath the liver is the stomach. The stomach is the first major site of chemical digestion. Frogs swallow their meals whole. Follow the stomach to where it turns into the small intestine. The pyloric sphincter valve regulates the exit of digested food from the stomach to the small intestine.

Small Intestine -- Leading from the stomach. The first straight portion of the small intestine is called the duodenum; the curled portion is the ileum. A membrane called the mesentery holds the ileum together. Note the blood vessels running through the mesentery, they will carry absorbed nutrients away from the intestine. Absorption of digested nutrients occurs in the small intestine.

Large Intestine -- As you follow the small intestine down, it will widen into the large intestine. The large intestine is also known as the cloaca in the frog. The cloaca is the last stop before wastes, sperm, or urine exit the frog's body. (The word "cloaca" means sewer)

Spleen -- Return to the folds of the mesentery, this dark red spherical object serves as a holding area for blood.

Esophagus -- Return to the stomach and follow it upward, where it gets smaller is the beginning of the esophagus. The esophagus is the tube that leads from the frog’s mouth to the stomach. Open the frogs mouth and find the esophagus, poke your probe into it and see where it leads.STOP! If you have not located each of the organs above, do not continue on to the next sections!

Removal of the Stomach: Cut the stomach out of the frog and open it up. You may find what remains of the frog's last meal in there. Look at the texture of the stomach on the inside. What did you find in the stomach?

Measuring the Small intestine: Remove the small intestine from the body cavity and carefully separate the mesentery from it. Stretch the small intestine out and measure it. Now measure your frog. Record the measurements below in centimetres.Frog length: _______ cm Intestine length ________ cm

Some Pictures To Help You

Some Post Lab Questions

1. What is the name of the membrane that holds the coils of the small intestine together?

2. What is the organ that is found under the liver that stores bile.

3. Name the 3 lobes of the liver:

4. What is the organ that is the first major site of chemical digestion?

5. What is the structure that eggs, sperm, urine and wastes all empty into?

6. The small intestine leads to the:

7. The esophagus leads to the:

8. Yellowish structures that serve as an energy reserve:

9. The first part of the small intestine (straight part):

10. After food passes through the stomach it enters the:

11. The spider web like membrane that covers the organs is called:

12. This regulates the exit of partially digested food from the stomach:

13. The large intestine leads to the:

14. Organ found within the mesentery that stores blood:

15. The largest organ in the body cavity:

Answers to Questions Throughout the Lab

1. Dorsal side color ___________ Ventral side color____________

2. How many toes are present on each foot? __________ Are the toes webbed? ___________

3. How many toes are present? _________ Are the toes webbed? ________

4. Your Frog (cm) Frog 2 Frog 3 Frog 4 Average Length

5. What color is the nictitating membrane? ________________ What color is the eyeball? __________________

6. Diameter of tympanic membrane _________cm

7. Is it scaly or is it slimy? ________________

Anatomy of the Frog's Mouth

1. Does it attach to the front or the back of the mouth? ______________

3. To what structure does the Eustachian tube attach? _________________________

7. Colour and label the diagram of the frog below.