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GCP Workshop at Toyota High-level Symposium on Sustainable Cities, January 2015 Design for urban metabolism: From 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology Bayer Chair Professor, UNEP – Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development Co-Director, Sino-U.S. Eco Urban Lab, Georgia Tech and Tongji University Agriculture city, Kurokawa, 1960

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Page 1: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

GCP Workshop at Toyota High-level Symposium on Sustainable Cities, January 2015

Design for urban metabolism:

From 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory

Perry P. J. Yang

Associate Professor College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of TechnologyBayer Chair Professor, UNEP – Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable DevelopmentCo-Director, Sino-U.S. Eco Urban Lab, Georgia Tech and Tongji University

Agriculture city, Kurokawa, 1960

Page 2: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

ETH Zurich -

Singapore

Future Cities Lab

Georgia Tech- Tongji

Shanghai - Atlanta

Sino-US Eco Urban Lab

What new urban form and future urbansystems would emerge from the operation of urban metabolism?

Page 3: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Metabolism: The Proposal for New Urbanism, 1960

Kiyonori KikutakeKisho KurokawaFukihimo Maki

Page 4: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,
Page 5: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Project Japan – Metabolism Talk, 2009Rem Koolhaas v.s. Arata Isoraki

Page 6: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Project Japan introduces history of Japanese Metabolism, “the last movement thatchanged architecture”…..Rem Koolhaas.

Page 7: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Urban metabolists in 1950s-1970s

Plan for Tokyo Bay 1960 Kenzo Tange

Page 8: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,
Page 9: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Tange’s housing systems in Boston Harbor, developed in MIT in 1959,presented at World Design Congress in 1960 and later adapted to the Plan for Tokyo Bay in 1960

Page 10: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Tange at MIT, 1959

Page 11: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Marine Citydesigned by Kiyonori Kikutake, 1963

Page 12: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Kiyonori Kikutake

Page 13: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,
Page 14: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Shinjuku RedevelopmentFumihiko Maki, 1960

Page 15: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Maki’s Group Form Theory implies urban systems as bottom-up processes and patterns for incremental growth and development

Kumagaya Campus at Risshǀ University (Maki,1966)

Page 16: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Hillside Terrace A demonstration of group form and organic growth, from 1968 to present

Page 17: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Agora project, Singapore Republic Polytechnic

Fumihiko Maki, 2007

Page 18: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Hishino new town–

designed by Kisho Kurokawa, 1966

Page 19: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Urban metabolists in 1950s-1970s – Kisho Kurokawa

Page 20: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Agriculture city, Kisho Kurokawa, 1960

How do we design a city, a spatial framework to accommodate ecological flows for metabolism, symbiosis relationship?

Page 21: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Agriculture city, Kisho Kurokawa, 1960

Page 22: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Design for Urban Metabolism

Lessons learned from Japanese Metabolism 1950s- 1970s?

1. Architecture is beyond functional object of early modernism.2. Urban design for metabolism provides a flexible framework for

accommodating adaptable changes and managing growth.3. Cities as super organism, with metabolic processes.

4. Cities are not ecological machines. Urban metabolism needs both a urban design framework that will require bottom-up processes from society

Page 23: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Design for Urban Metabolism

Redefining urban metabolism: what’s new from 1970s to present?

1. Cities as metabolic processes and flows

2. Cities as complex systems, a panarchy structure

3. Cities as landscape forms, flows and processes

Page 24: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

The metabolism of urban systems designates the physiological processes, transport and transformation of matters and energy, in anthropogenic ecological system. (P Baccini and F Oswald, 2003)

1. Cities as metabolic processes and flows of energy and matters

Page 25: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,
Page 26: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Ecology in the City v.s. Ecology of the City

(Marzluff et al., 2008)

ecology and evolution of organisms that happen to live within city boundaries;

cities as emerging phenomena of coupled human and natural processes

2. Cities as complex systems, a panarchy structure

Page 27: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,
Page 28: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Panarchy hypothesis

The idea of system resilience,

the capacity of a system to absorb disturbances and impacts from flows at scales above and below, and its ability to reorganize itself….

(Walker et al, 2004; Yang 2013, in Journal of Architectural Engineering Technology)

Page 29: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

3. Cities as landscape-- forms, flows and processes

Page 30: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Landscape as Flows: Nanjing Tangshan 2008, rightCities as Flows: Zhuhai City West 2011, left;

Perry Yang – Eco Systems Design Studio

Landscape as Flows & Cities as Flows

Page 31: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Chongming Forum

Shanghai, Sep 24 2014

Design for Urban Metabolism:

Searching for Eco City 2.0

Page 32: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

International Urban Design Studio 2015 - Shanghai Chongming Eco Island

Instructor: Perry YangAffiliated faculty: Alan Balfour, Richard Dagenhart, Catherine Ross, Steve FrenchTAs: Steven Quan, Yinan Zhou, Huifen [email protected]

Design for Urban Metabolism

mailto:[email protected]
Page 33: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,
Page 34: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Three studio teams– Georgia Tech + Tongji University

1. School of City and Regional Planning and School of Architecture

Georgia Institute of TechnologyStrategic Planning, urban design and modeling of urban metabolism.

Instructor: Perry Yang

2. College of Architecture & Urban Planning, Tongji

University Urban and architectural

design. Instructor: Yi Wang

3. UNEP-IESD, TongjiUniversity

Project planning, field survey on social, institutional and environmental analysis.

Instructors: Cheryl Chi, Xin Wang

Page 35: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Eco City 2.0 -- A hypothesis

1. Hyper performance ecology and super compact city: A landscape ecological framework

2. Cites as renewable and productive systems

3. Net zero performance urban structure

Page 36: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

1.

Hyper Performance Ecology and Super Compact city- A landscape ecological framework for compact urban systems and development patterns

Page 37: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

ecologically optimum landscape pattern

Land Mosaics

Richard T. T. Forman, 1995

Page 38: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

2.

Cites as renewable and productive systems

Page 39: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Energy intensity and scales mapping (Schulz, 2013)

Intensity of urban energy demand typically ranges from 10-100 W/m2In the case of Tokyo’s 23 Wards, it can go up to 1000 W/m2, in which the solar influx is about 157 W/m2 (Dhakal er al, 2013; Schulz et. al., 2013)

Page 40: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

3.

Net zero performance urban structure

Page 41: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Perry Yang, Paul Jones, Brian Peterka – Eco Systems Design Studio 2010

Agricultural City: Guangzhou Foshan Farm City Competition 2010

Page 42: From 1950s 1970s Japanese metabolism to the post … 1950s–1970s Japanese metabolism to the post-oil city design theory Perry P. J. Yang Associate Professor College of Architecture,

Thank you


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