From Antarctica to Outer Space Life in Isolation and Confinement

Albert A. Harrison Yvonne A. Clearwater Christopher P. McKay Editors

From Antarctica to Outer Space Life in Isolation and Confinement

Foreword by E. K. Eric Gunderson

With 26 illustrations

Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona

ALBERT A. HARRISON, PH.D., Department of Psychology, University of California­Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA

YVONNE A. CLEARWATER, PH.D., Aerospace Human Factors Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

CHRISIDPHER P. McKAY, PH.D., Space Science Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data From Antarctica to outer space: life in isolation and confinement /

Albert A. Harrison, Yvonne A. Clearwater, Christopher P. McKay, editors.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. Includes index.

ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-7759-0

001: 10.1007/978-1-4612-3012-0

e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4612-3012-0

I. Research - Psychological aspects. 2. Space flight­Psychological aspects. 3. Antarctic regions - Psychological aspects. 4. Social isolation - Psychological aspects. I. Harrison, Albert A. II. Clearwater, Yvonne A. III. McKay, Christopher P. QI80.55.P75F76 1990 155.9-dc20 90-36364

Printed on acid-free paper.

© 1991 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1991

All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereaf­ter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone. While the advice and information in this book is believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. The views presented in this volume are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the National Science Foundation, or any other governmental agency. Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. for libraries registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (Ccq, provided that the base fee of $0.00 per copy, plus $0.20 per page is paid directly to CCC, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, USA. Special requests should be addressed directly to Springer-Verlag New York, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA. $0.00 + 0.20

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Foreword

Human factors problems in spaceflight operations were first addressed by Dr. Robert Voas, who analyzed available laboratory and flight report data from the Mercury program. Bob and I were graduate students together at UCLA, and when I began studies of Antarctic communities in the early 1960s, we were eager to compare methods and approaches. In 1963, Bob, Dr. Paul Nelson, and I seriously discussed placing an experimental capsule in Antarctica to simulate some aspects of confined living in space, but at the time the idea did not receive much support. I also was greatly stimulated by the work of Dr. Ben Weybrew of the U.S. Navy; Drs. Jay Shurley, Chet Pierce, and Kirmach Natani of the University of Oklahoma; Drs. Roland Radloff and Robert Helmreich (SEALAB and TEKTITE); Dr. Otto Edholm of the British Antarctic Survey; Dr. Jean Rivolier of the French Polar Pro­gram; Dr. Tony Taylor of Victoria University, Wellington; and Dr. Desmond Lugg of the Australian Antarctic Program.

I was delighted to hear of the Sunnyvale Conference and to learn of this major effort to review and integrate Antarctic and related research for possi­ble application to problems of long-duration spaceflight. The editors have succeeded in assembling a valuable and fascinating account of many critical issues that may affect success or failure in space missions and the safety, survival, productivity, and quality of life of crews and scientists.

The Antarctic experience has provided a useful model not only for diffi­cult field behavioral research but also for international and multidisci­plinary cooperation. Lessons learned in the Antarctic and other extreme settings should facilitate interplanetary exploration and establishment of permanent settlements in space.

E. K. ERIC GUNDERSON

Naval Health Research Center

Acknowledgments

This volume is based on papers presented at The Human Experience in Antarctica: Applications to Life in Space. Both the coriference and the preparation of this volume were supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant NCC-2-469 and National Science Foundation Grant DPP-87-00325. We are deeply appreciative of the encouragement and support of Arnauld Nicogossian, Mel Averner, Peter Willkness, Ted DeLa­ca, Polly Penhale, and many other people from both agencies. We are also grateful for the assistance of Barrett Caldwell, Philip Crabtree, Janet La­sick, Lisa Lockyear, Chuck Stovitz, and Nancy Struthers, who provided invaluable assistance at various points and who directly or indirectly helped to bring this manuscript to completion.

Contents

Foreword................................................ v E. K. ERIC GUNDERSON

Acknowledgments ........................................ vii

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xiii

Introduction ............................................ . ALBERT A. HARRISON, YVONNE A. CLEARWATER,

AND CHRISlOPHER P. McKAy

Part I. Settings ............................................. 7

1. Life in Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 PATRICK E. CORNELIUS

2. An Experiential Perspective on Conducting Social and Behavioral Research at Antarctic Research Stations ...................... 15 MARC LEVESQUE

3. A Review of Antarctic Behavioral Research ARREED F. BARABASZ

21

4. Current International Human Factors Research in Antarctica 31 DESMOND J. LUGG

x Contents

5. The Research Program of the International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic (IBEA) and its Implications for Research in Outer Space........................................ ........... 43 A. 1. W. TAYLOR

6. The Antarctic Experience SIDNEY M. BLAIR

7. Personnel Deployment Systems: Managing People in Polar and

57

Outer Space Settings ...................................... 65 PHILIP R. HARRIS

8. Psychological and Sociological Aspects of Manned Spaceflight .............................................. 81 WILLIAM K. DOUGLAS

9. Scientists and Seamen BEN FINNEY

10. Three Decades of Nuclear Submarine Research: Implications for

89

Space and Antarctic Research .............................. 103 BENJAMIN B. WEYBREW

11. National Park Service Areas as Analogues for Antarctic and Space Environments ............................................ 115 ROBERT J. VALEN AND BARRETT S. CALDWELL

Part II. Orientations and Perspectives. . . ... . .. . . . . . . . ... ..... 123

12. Theoretical Approaches to Adaptation to Antarctica and Space ............................................... 125 CHESTER M. PIERCE

13. Groups in Isolation and Confinement: Environments and Experiences ............................................ " 135 PETER SUEDFELD

14. Environmental Design Cybernetics: A Relativistic Conceptual Framework for the Design of Space Stations and Settlements 147 WOLFGANG F. E. PREISER

15. Small Groups and Confined Microsocieties ................... 161 JOSEPH V. BRADY AND MARY A. ANDERSON

16. Applications of Living Systems Theory to Life in Space ........ 177 JAMES GRIER MILLER

Contents xi

Part III. Isolation and Confinement Effects. . . ... ... . .. .. .... 199

17. Effects of Isolation on States of Consciousness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201 ARREED F. BARABASZ

18. Imaginative Involvement in Antarctica: Applications to Life in Space ................................................... 209 MARIANNE BARABASZ

19. Psychological Effects of Isolation and Confinement of a Winter-Over Group at McMurdo Station, Antartica . . . . . . . . . . .. 217 DONNA C. OLIVER

20. Winter-Over Stress: Physiological and Psychological Adaptation to an Antarctic Isolated and Confined Environment . . . . . . . . . . .. 229 SYBIL CARRERE, GARY W. EVANS, AND DANIEL SlOKOLS

21. Group Adaptation and Individual Adjustment in Antarctica: A Summary of Recent Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 239 LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS

22. International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic: Physiological Studies in the Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 253 IAN F. G. HAMPlON AND RAINER GOLDSMITH

23. The Third-Quarter Phenomenon: Do People Experience Discomfort After Stress Has Passed? ........................ 261 ROBERT B. BECHTEL AND AMY BERNING

24. Communication Issues of Spaceflight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 267 MARY M. CONNORS

Part IV. Interventions and Outcomes ........................ 281

25. The International Biomedical Expedition to the Antarctic: Psychological Evaluations of the Field Party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 283 JEAN RIVOLIER, GENEVIEVE CAZES, AND IAN MCCORMICK

26. Crew Selection for an Antarctic-Based Space Simulator ......... 291 JEAN RIVOLIER, CLAUDE BACHELARD, AND GENEVIEVE CAZES

27. The Psychophysiology of Adaptation and Competence: Altered States of Consciousness During Antarctic Wintering ........... 297 KiRMACH NATANI

xii Contents

28. Psychological Effects of Long-Duration Space Missions and Stress Amelioration Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 305 ARLENE S. LEVINE

29. Proxemics and Privacy: Managing the Problems of Life in Confined Environments ................................... 317 DOUGLAS RAYBECK

30. Functional Esthetics to Enhance Well-Being in Isolated and Confined Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 331 YVONNE A. CLEARWATER AND RICHARD G. COSS

31. Windows: Their Importance and Functions in Confining Environments ............................................ 349 RICHARD F. HAINES

32. Decreasing Stress Through the Introduction of Microenvironments ....................................... 359 PAUL N. KLAUS

33. Keeping the Peace in Space: A Neighborhood Model for a Community-Based, Conflict-Resolution-Oriented Justice System. 363 DONALD M. Scon

34. Antarctica and Outer Space: Emerging Perspectives and Perceptions .............................................. 373 HARRY H. ALMOND, JR.

35. Justice in the Antarctic, Space, and the Military. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 383 F. KENNETH SCHWETJE

Conclusion: Recommendations for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . .. 395 ALBERT A. HARRISON, YVONNE A. CLEARWATER,

AND CHRISTOPHER P. McKAy

Index ................................................... 403

Contributors

HARRY H. ALMOND, JR. D.C., USA

National Defense University, Washington,

MARY A. ANDERSON School of Hygiene and Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

CLAUDE BACHELARD de Reims, France

Laboratoire de Psychologie Apliquee, Universite

ARREED F. BARABASZ Department of Counseling Psychology, Washing-ton State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

MARIANNE BARABASZ Department of Counseling Psychology, Washing-ton State University, Pullman, Washington, USA

ROBERT B. BECHTEL Tucson, Arizona, USA

Department of Psychology, University of Arizona,

AMY BERNING USA

U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.,

SIDNEY M. BLAIR Department of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services Uni-versity of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

JOSEPH V. BRADY School of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

BARRETT S. CALDWELL Department of Industrial Engineering, Universi-ty of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

SYBIL CARRERE Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

xiv Contributors

GENEVIEVE CAZES Reims, France

Laboratoire de Psychologie Apliquee, Universite de

YVONNE A. CLEARWATER Aerospace Human Factors Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA

MARy M. CONNORS Aerospace Human Factors Research Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA

PATRICK E. CORNELIUS Houston, Texas, USA

NASA-Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center,

RICHARD G. Coss Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, USA

WILLIAM K. DOUGLAS Space Station Division, McDonnell-Douglas Space Systems Company, Huntington Beach, California, USA

GARY W. EVANS Program in Social Ecology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

BEN FINNEY Department of Anthropology, University of Hawaii, Ho-nolulu, Hawaii, USA

RAINER GOLDSMITH Department of Human Sciences, The University, Loughsborough, England, United Kingdom

RICHARD F. HAINES Research Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, NASA-Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA

IAN F. G. HAMPlON Department of Physiology, The University, Leeds, England, United Kingdom

PHILIP R. HARRIS Harris International, LaJolla, California, USA; and Netrologic, Inc., San Diego, California, USA

ALBERT A. HARRISON Department of Psychology, University of Califor-nia-Davis, Davis, California, USA

PAUL N. KLAUS USA

Jamie Cannon Associates, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri,

MARC LEVESQUE Graduate Program in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, University of Southern Maine, Portland, Maine, USA

ARLENE S. LEVINE ia, USA

DESMOND J. LUGG Australia

NASA-Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virgin-

Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Tasmania,

IAN MCCORMICK Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Contributors xv

CHRISTOPHER P. McKAy Space Science Division, NASA-Ames Re-search Center, Moffett Field, California, USA

JAMES GRIER MILLER Department of Psychiatry, University of Califor­nia-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and Department of Psy­chiatry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

KlRMACH NATANI McDonnell Douglas Missile Systems Company, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

DONNA C. OLIVER California, USA

United States International University, San Diego,

LAWRENCE A. PALINKAS Department of Community and Family Medi-cine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

CHESTER M. PIERCE Faculties of Medicine and Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

WOLFGANG F. E. PREISER College of Design, Architecture, Art and Plan-ning, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

DOUGLAS RAYBECK Department of Anthropology, Hamilton College, Clinton, New York, USA

JEAN RIVOLIER Reims, France

Departmente de Psychologie Appliquee, Universite de

F. KENNETH SCHWETJE Compliance, Testing and Space Division, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C., USA

DONALD M. SCOTT fornia, USA

Wider Focus NASA Projects, San Francisco, Cali-

DANIEL STOKOLS Program in Social Ecology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

PETER SUEDFELD Department of Psychology and Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Can­ada

A. J. W. TAYLOR Department of Psychology, Victoria University of Wel-lington, Wellington, New Zealand

ROBERT J. VALEN National Park Service, Guadalupe Mountains Nation-al Park, Texas, USA

BENJAMIN B. WEYBREW Department of Psychology, University of New Haven, New Haven, Connecticut, USA