From Coal and Steel to European Union

Don C. SmithApril 16, 2011

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

A Story of a Continent:A Story of Two Men

Adolph Hitler, German Chancellor 1933-1945

Jean Monnet, French businessman and the first “statesman of interdependence”

A man of war, a man of peace

Germany 1934

Triumph of the Will

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Europe 1950

The Rebirthof Europe

Jean Monnet:Father of Europe

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Europe in Early 1950

• “The German problem”• Korea• Fear of renewed nationalism

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties May 9, 1950

• Schuman Declaration calling for creation of a European Coal and Steel Community through a treaty

Who was Robert Schuman? Why a treaty? Why coal and steel? Supranational aspect of proposal

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Paris

• Signed April 18, 1951 by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, West Germany

• Enters into force July 23, 1952• Key “institutions”

High Authority (today’s European Commission) Council of Ministers Assembly (today’s European Parliament) Court of Justice

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Paris

• Key elements First step towards a supranational governed

Europe For the first time, governments relinquished

part of their sovereignty, albeit in limited fields

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties European Defense Community

• Proposed in 1952• Collapsed in 1954

Evolution of the Treaties European

Economic Community Treaty (also known as the Treaty of Rome)• Signed March 25,

1957• Entered into force

January 1, 1958April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Key elements

• “…determined to lay the foundations of an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe…”

• Free movement of goods, services, capital, people

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties European Atomic

Energy Community (also known as Euratom)• Signed March 25,

1957• Entered into force

January 1, 1958

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties The Merger Treaty

• Signed in 1965; entered into force 1967• Provided for single Commission and

single Council for all three communities European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community European Atomic Energy Community

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Accession: Denmark, Ireland,

United Kingdom• Signed January 22, 1972; entered into

force January 1, 1973• Why noteworthy?

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Accession: Greece

• Signed May 28, 1979; entered into force January 1, 1981

• Why noteworthy?

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Accession: Portugal and

Spain• Signed June 12, 1985; entered into law

January 1, 1986• Why noteworthy?

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties The Single European Act

• The underlying situation Disappointing progress on accomplishing the

common market• Enters into force on July 1, 1987• Aim is to achieve the internal market by

1992

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty on European Union (also known

as the Maastricht Treaty)• Signed on February 7, 1992; entered into

force on Nov. 1, 1993• Underlying circumstances• Major changes

Establishment of the European Union Addition of community foreign and security

policy, justice and home affairs, citizenship A broader role for the European Union Sustainable development

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Accession: Austria, Finland,

and Sweden• Signed June 24, 1994; entered into force

January 1, 1995• Why noteworthy?

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Amsterdam

• Signed on October 2, 1997; entered into force May 1, 1999

• Clarifies, a bit, the meaning of sustainable development

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Nice

• Signed February 26, 2001; entered into force February 1, 2003

• Supposed to streamline the EU so as to allow for efficiency after addition of new members expected in mid-decade

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Accession: 10 new member

states• Signed April 16, 2003; entered into force

May 1, 2004\• Why noteworthy?

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Proposed Constitutional Treaty

• Signed on October 29, 2004; defeated in referendums in early summer 2005 in France and the Netherlands

• Aim was to improve efficiency of EU

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Accession: Bulgaria and

Romania• Signed April 25, 2005; entered into force

January 1, 2007• Why noteworthy?

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the

Reform Treaty)• Signed December 13, 2007; entered into

force December 1, 2009• Major changes

Created a presidency of the European Council, Herman von Rompuy

Created EU diplomatic service under a High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Catherine Ashton

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Evolution of the Treaties Has the evolutionary process been a

success or failure or something in between?

Looking at issue in the context of Jean Monnet’s accomplishments• “Jean Monnet will reappear…”

April 16, 2011 Comparing Democracies: EU and U.S.

Resources Judge David Edward

• Oral History Website: http://www.law.du.edu/index.php/judge-david-edward-oral-history

Jean Monnet: Father of Europe• http://law.du.edu/index.php/jean-monnet-father-of-

europe Europa: Gateway to the European Union

• http://europa.eu/index_en.htm