from empire to nation ottomans!

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From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey After periods of internal problems and weak rulers ottoman empire appeared to be ready to collapse. incapable sultans created opportunity for power struggles between Janissary commanders, religious experts, and rival minsters Provincial Officials and the Ayans (Land- owning elite) conspired together and cheated tax $$$ from sultan. Took $$$ from already impoverished peasantry.

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Page 1: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey After periods of internal problems and weak rulers

ottoman empire appeared to be ready to collapse. incapable sultans created opportunity for power struggles

between Janissary commanders, religious experts, and rival minsters

Provincial Officials and the Ayans (Land-owning elite) conspired together and cheated tax $$$ from sultan.

Took $$$ from already impoverished peasantry.

Page 2: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Riots led by artisans began springing about the empire. Less need for local artisans. Ottoman Merchants become

dependent on European counter parts. No bueno

Because of the lack of internal order, Ottomans lose the Northern Balkans in Eastern Europe.

Austrian Hapsburg dynsaty (Ottoman rulers) are overthrown in Hungary

Page 3: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey Main threat to Ottoman empire survival are… the

RUSSIANS! Military setbacks and Russian Advancements in the black sea

pressure Ottomans Weak alliances with Christian powers further emphasize disorder

in the Ottoman Empire.

Uprisings in Serbia(1804) break out and are quelled in a few years at a large cost. Greece revolts against Ottomans in 1820, independence in 1830.

Serbian independence in 1867 Balkan wars from Ch.23

Page 4: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival O.E. beats the odds and survived into the 20th century

because of two reasons Divisions between European Powers. Multiple nations in Europe feared another power would gain to

much territory out of O.E. land. In response Britain Supported the O.E. to prevent Russian

control of Istanbul

Page 5: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival

Large part of survival was social reform within O.E. Two factions in O.E. politics, those wanting changes more

akin to Europe and those wanting to change to previous precedents from early O.E

Think Conservatives vs. Liberals First printing press arrives in O.E. territory in 1727

Page 6: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival

Sultan Selim III takes power Selim III pushed for bolder reforms. His main efforts were focused at reforming the army and

administration Angered Janisarry Corp. Selim was killed in a Janissary

revolt in 1807.

Page 7: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyReform and Survival

Following Selim’s failure Mahmud II triumphed in reforms Mahmud created a secret army with help of European

advisors in 1826 Janissary uprising in Istanbul, all were slaughtered by the

new secret force. Made Tanzimat reforms to further westernize O.E.

Established Diplomatic corps on western lines

Page 8: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

Tanzimat Reforms(1839-1876) introduce western education, telegraph lines, and railways.

New constitution created based on European prototypes. Artisans suffer further because of the removal of import taxes

that protected local producers. Rights for women debated but never were changed

Reform and Survival

Page 9: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

Tanzimat Reforms did allow the O.E. to resist western aggressors, but created social problems.

Western educated bureaucrats and officers began seeing sultanate as barrier to more radical reforms New western elite clashed with Ulama and the

Ayan(conservatives)

Repression and Revolt

Page 10: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of TurkeyRepression and Revolt

Sultan Abdul Hamid responds to growing westernized population by returning to a despotic absolutism government. During his reign he nullifies the newly set constitution. Retains certain freedoms such as the freedom of press

Despite all his acts against westernization Hamid pushed for westernization in military arms and techniques

Established railways and more telegraphs with German aid.

Page 11: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

Abdul Hamid’s rule came to an end after an almost bloodless military coup in 1908. Turkish intellectuals and politicians whom were exiled formed the

Ottoman society For Union and Progress in Paris in 1889 O.S.F.U.P.P. wanted to resume far reaching reforms and bring the

1876 constitution back into effect Sultan was overthrown and created as a religious position

Repression and Revolt

Page 12: From empire to nation ottomans!

From Empire to Nation: Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey

Repression and Revolt

The new elite officers began to quarrel among themselves in factional fighting. People most affected by the decision to overthrow Sultan were

the people of the fertile crescent in Arabia. Arabians wanted less Turkish power ruling over them, but were

further subjugated. Unfortunately their time was limited before WW I

Page 13: From empire to nation ottomans!

Questions for Candy!

What territories did the Ottomans lose? What happened to position of Artisans? Printing press introduced? Describe Mahmud’s reforms. What did Abdul Hamid do to stop westernization? What finished the Ottoman Empire?