from inspiration to aspiration: turkey in the new middle east

8/3/2019 From Inspiration to Aspiration: Turkey in the New Middle East

1/42

MGHGOJGZ :400

IZEO CKXTCZ@]CEK]E @XTCZ@]CEK]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

Xck`k lagk


2/42

MGHGOJGZ :400

IZEO CKXTCZ@]CEK]E @XTCZ@]CEK]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

Xck`k lagk


3/42

:400 H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt ier Cktgrk`tcek`l Tg`hg. @ll rcants rgsgrvgm.

]g H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt megs ket t`fg ckstctutcek`l pesctceks ek pujlch pelchycssugs6 tng vcgws rgprgsgktgm ngrg `rg tng `utners ewk `km me ket kghgss`rclyrgght tng vcgws ei tng Gkmewogkt, cts st`ffl, er cts trustggs.

Ke p`rt ei tncs pujlch`tcek o`y jg rgpremuhgm er tr`ksocttgm ck `ky iero er jy`ky og`ks wctneut pgrocsscek ck wrctcka ireo tng H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt. Tlg`sgmcrght ckqucrcgs te2

H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt ier Cktgrk`tcek`l Tg`hgTujlch`tceks Mgp`rtogkt

0113 O`ss`hnusgtts @vgkug, KQQ`snckatek, M.H. :4489gl. +0 :4:-=>8-1944I`x2 +0 :4:-=>8-0>=4www.H`rkgacgGkmewogkt.era

]cs pujlch`tcek h`k jg mewkle`mgm `t ke hest`t www.H`rkgacgGkmewogkt.era/pujs.

HT 084


4/42

Hektgkts

Xuoo`ry 0

Cktremuhtcek 8

Mghekstruhtcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl =

Xghul`rcso, Mgoehr`hy, `km Telctch`l Csl`o 7Hcvcl-Oclct`ry Zgl`tceks 1O`rfgt-Xt`tg Zgl`tceks 3Lckfs te tng Qgst 04]ng Xt`tg ]r`mctcek 0:

]ng Zglgv`khg ei tng ]urfcsn Oemgl 08

Epgr`tcek`lczcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl 09

Telctch`l T`rty Zgiero 09Xghurcty Xghter Zgiero 0>@ I`stgr, Jgttgr Zeutg te Ghekeoch Cktgar`tcek ier OGK@ 03Ick`khc l Zgiero ::Neuscka Telchy Zgiero :=Trcv`tg Xghter Mgvglepogkt :7Zgaul`tery H`p`hcty Juclmcka :1

@ Y`lu`jlg Oemgl :1

Fggpcka tng Oemgl Ckt`ht :>

Ketgs 80

@jeut tng @utner 87

H`rkgacg Gurepg 89


5/42


6/42

0

Xuoo`ry

Qctn mgoehr`tch hn`kag struaalcka te t`fg reet ck tng @r`j werlm gvgk ìtgr

tng i`ll ei sgvgr`l ùtehr`tch rgacogs, tng qugstcek k`tur`lly `rcsgs wngtngr

]urfgy h`k sgrvg `s ` oemgl ier tnesg wne nepg te usngr tng rgacek tnreuan

tng mciffhult tr`ksctcek te ` oerg mgoehr`tch ermgr.

@t ffrst jlusn, tngrg sggo te jg scakcffh`kt j`rrcgrs te `pplycka tng ]urfcsn

oemgl te tng @r`j hektgxt. Ier ckst`khg, tng sghul`rcso se hngrcsngm jy ]urfs

w`s ercack`lly copesgm ek tngo uscka mghcmgmly ukmgoehr`tch og`ks. @r`j

lg`mgrs wne `spcrg te ckstcll sghul`rcso ck tngcr heuktrcgs ukmgr hekmctceksei mgoehr`tch eppesctcek weulm i`hg ` ouhn mciigrgkt hn`llgkag. Xcocl`rly,

]urfgys Qgstgrk hrgmgktc`lscts GW h`kmcm`hy `km cts ogojgrsncp ck

K@]E `km tng Heukhcl ei Gurepgme ket ejvceusly `pply ck tncs sctu`tcek.

@km tng mciffhultcgs tn`t tng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s i`hgm ck mgvglepcka k giigh-

tcvg kgcanjerneem pelchy ier tng seutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k rgacek o`fg hlg`r

tn`t tngsg tcgs `rg heoplch`tgm.

]ngrg cs ke str`cant-lckg p`tn te epgr`tcek`lczcka tng ]urfcsn oemgl ck tng

@r`j hektgxt. ]ngrg `rg kekgtnglgss sgvgr`l rg`seks te t`fg tng cmg` sgrceusly.

]e st`rt wctn, Xòugl Nuktckatek pecktgm eut tng gxcstgkhg ei ` mgoek-

str`tcvg giight, wngrgjy tng gxòplg ei g`rlcgr tr`ksctceks prevcmgm oemgls ier

sujsgqugkt giierts `t mgoehr`tcz`tcek tn`t ck turk prevcmgm oemgls ier etngr

giierts, `km se iertn. Ck tncs sgksg, tng ]urfcsn oemgl weulm `pply te tng

@r`j werlm ket se ouhn jghùsg ei wn`t ]urfgy megs jut jghùsg ei wn`t ct

cs. ]ng sghekm peckt cs tng hultur`l ìffkcty jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng heuktrcgs

ck tng rgacek. Ck gssgkhg, tng heuktrcgs ei tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`

ffkm ]urfgys ewk gxpgrcgkhg oerg og`kckaiul `km sgg ct `s oerg rglgv`kt `km

tr`kspes`jlg tn`k tng scocl`r gxpgrcgkhgs ei kek-Ouslco k`tceks. ]ng meogs-

tch tr`ksiero`tcek ei ]urfgy, jreuant `jeut evgr tng p`st mgh`mg jy ` rulcka

p`rty wctn reets ck pelctch`l Cslò, h`k ekly gkn`khg tng giightcvgkgss ei suhn

hultur`l ìffkcty.

]ng ]urfcsn oemgl, tngrgierg, h`k n`vg ` scakcffh`kt cop`ht ck tng @r`j

werlm ci ct cs prgsgktgm ck ku`khgm, h`rgiul w`ysghter jy sghter `km cssug jy

cssug r`tngr tn`k ck `ky wnelgs`lg i`sncek. ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg h`k jg jreuant

te jg`r ek ` kuojgr ei scakcffh`kt pelchy `rg`s hevgrcka pelctch`l rgiero, ghe-

keoch rgiero, `km ckstctutcek juclmcka. Ck `ll tngsg `rg`s, ]urfgy n`s ` v`lu-

`jlg relg te pl`y ck suppertcka, sust`ckcka, `km hekselcm`tcka mgoehr`hy `km

st`tg-juclmcka ck tng @r`j werlm.


7/42

: | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

]ng eksgt ei tng @r`j @w`fgkcka prgsgkts tng werlm wctn ` ncsterch epper-

tukcty te lùkhn tng tncrm arg`t w`vg ei tr`ks`tl`ktch hell`jer`tcek (iellew-

cka tng rghekstruhtcek ei Gurepg ìtgr 03=7 `km tng rg-cktgar`tcek ei G`stgrk

Gurepg ìtgr 03>3). ]ng mcstckaucsncka ig`turg ei tncs tncrm w`vg wcll lcfgly jg

]urfgys `htcvg ckvelvgogkt, ìtgr pl`ycka ekly ocker suppertcka relgs ck tng

ffrst twe w`vgs.

]urfgys relg `s ` oemgl ier jummcka mgoehr`hcgs `lse eiigrs tng heuktry

`k eppertukcty te rgvct`lczg cts p`rtkgrsncp wctn tng Qgst. Qn`t jgttgr w`y

te `ll`y hekhgrks evgr ]urfgys ckhrg`scka iergcak pelchy ukcl`tgr`lcso tn`k

te ckmuhg ]urfgy te usg gxcstcka oultcl`tgr`l pl`tieros ck ` ar`km prearò ei

tr`ksiero`tcek tnreuaneut tng @r`j werlm5 @ ]urfgy `htcka ck ukcsek wctn

tng Qgst te iestgr mgoehr`hy `km tng rulg ei l`w ck tng @r`j werlm weulm hgr-

t`ckly prevcmg tng ultco`tg preei tn`t tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs ket ekly rglgv`kt te

pelchy ck tng rgacek jut ` l`stcka suhhgss stery.


8/42

8

Cktremuhtcek

]urfcsn Trgscmgkt @jmull`n Als O`rhn :400 trcp te Gaypt o`rfgm k coper-

t`kt ffrst2 Al w`s tng ffrst iergcak ng`m ei st`tg te vcsct Gaypt ìtgr tng ]`nrcr

Xqu`rg rgvelt `km eustgr ei tng Neskc Ouj`r`f rgacog. ]ng copert`khg ei

Als tnrgg-m`y trcp lcgs ck oerg tn`k bust tncs cktgrgstcka jct ei trcvc`, newgvgr.

]ng trcp ncanlcantgm ` arewcka hnerus ei pelchyo`fgrs wne `rg mgj`tcka tng

ogrcts ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl. Ckmggm, ìtgr ncs oggtcka wctn Al, Oenògm

Nussgck ]`kt`wc, `htcka prgscmgkt `km hn`cro`k ei Gaypts Xuprgog Heukhcl

ei tng @rogm Ierhgs, mmgm ncs ewk vechg te tn`t hnerus. ]ng ]urfcsn gxpgrc-gkhg cs tng hlesgst gxpgrcgkhg te tng Gayptc`k pgeplg. ]urfgy cs tng oemgl te

ckspcrg ireo, ng s`cm.

]`kt`wcs cs ket tng ekly scakcffh`kt vechg te scka tng pr`csgs ei ]urfgy `s

` oemgl ier tng tr`ksiero`tcek ei tng Ocmmlg G`st. Z`sncm `l-An`kkusnc,

tng ncsterch`l lg`mgr ei tng ]ukcsc`k Cslòcst oevgogkt `l-K`nm`, `km ]`rcq

Zò`m`k, `k ckugktc`l tnckfgr `km tng ar`kmsek ei Ouslco Jretngrneem

ieukmgr N`ss`k l-J`kk`, n`vg eiigrgm suppert te tng cmg` s wgll. @l-An`kkusnc

n`s st`tgm tn`t ncs oevgogkt t`fgs ]urfgy s oemgl jghùsg ei tng irggmeo ct

ar`kts ier tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei pelctch`l p`rtcgs, cts jgkgvelgkt gvelutcek ck tng

rg`lo ei hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks, `km cts iehus ek mgvglepogkt. Zò`m`k, t`f-

cka ` oerg ku`khgm `ppre`hn te tng cmg`, n`s ketgm tn`t yeukagr ogojgrs ei

tng Ouslco Jretngrneem rg i`shck`tgm jy tng ]urfcsn gxòplg jghùsg ct pre-

vcmgs ` suhhgssiul h`sg ei gvelutcek jy `k Cslò-ercgktgm aevgrkogkt.0Ker `rg

pre-]urfcsn oemgl sgktcogkts hekffkgm te tng rgacek. W.X. Xghrgt`ry ei Xt`tg

Ncll`ry Hlcktek rghgktly epckgm tn`t tng @r`j werlm sneulm leef te ]urfgy ier

mgoehr`tch `km ghekeoch ckspcr`tcek2 C tnckf `hress tng rgacek, pgeplg ireo

tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`, p`rtchul`rly, `rg sggfcka te mr`w lgsseks

ireo ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg. Ct cs vct`l tn`t tngy lg`rk tng lgsseks tn`t ]urfgy n`s

lg`rkgm `km cs puttcka ckte pr`htchg gvgry m`y.:

]ng mgj`tg evgr ]urfgy-`s-oemgl n`s lse cktgkscffgm ck ]urfgy ctsgli, iuglgm

jy tng heuktrys kgwieukm `htcvcso ck tng Ocmmlg G`st `km cts mgscrg te pl`y `preockgkt relg ck rgacek`l hekchts. @ltneuan ]urfcsn Trcog Ockcstgr Zghgp

]`yycp Grmea`k n`s ygt te epgkly `hfkewlgmag tng cmg` ei ncs heuktry jgcka

` oemgl ier etngr st`tgs ck tng rgacek, ng n`s prgvceusly s`cm tn`t ng hekscm-

grs ]urfgy te jg ` seurhg ei ckspcr`tcek ier tnesg wne jglcgvg tn`t Cslò `km

mgoehr`hy h`k hegxcst.8

]ng ketcek ei ]urfgy-`s-oemgl cs ket kgw. Ck i`ht, ct n`s pgrcemch`lly rcsgk

ck pujlch mcsheursg ck ekg iero er ketngr ier kg`rly hgktury. Ck cts g`rly yg`rs

`s ` rgpujlch, ]urfgy prgsgktgm ctsgli `s tng pestgr hnclm ier Qgstgrkcz`tcek.


9/42

= | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

]ng ]urfcsn oemgl hlg`rly sggos te

rgprgsgkt mciigrgkt tnckas te mciigrgkt

pgeplg, `km te lgkm ctsgli te r`tngrgxcjlg `km sglghtcvg rg`mckas.

]ng @t`trf-gr` rgieros hrg`tgm ` yeuka k`tcek-st`tg heoocttgm te Qgstgrk

v`lugs `km tng `meptcek ei ` Qgstgrk cmgktcty. ]ncs gxpgrcogkt ck tr`ksctcek-

cka ireo `k gopcrg mgffkgm jy i`ctn ckte ` rgpujlch mgffkgm jy oemgrk, sghu-

l`r prckhcplgs ukmgrpckkgm cts v`lug `s ` oemgl ier etngr st`tgs ck tng rgacek.

Zulgrs ireo @ian`kcst`k `km Cr`k weulm rgaul`rly vcsct ]urfgy, `km rgagkts

ireo Gaypt `km Cr`q `lrg`my n`m p`l`hgs ck Cst`kjul. @ll hòg te sgg ffrst n`km

new ]urfgy ukmgrteef tng prehgss ei Qgstgrkcz`tcek, wctn `k gopn`scs ek

st`tg juclmcka.

]ng ]urfcsn oemgl a`ckgm pepul`rcty ekhg à`ck ìtgr tng Helm Q`r. Cts

`mveh`tgs nepgm tn`t ct weulm jg h`p`jlg ei ckugkhcka tng tr`ksctcek te

mgoehr`hy ck tng kgwly ckmgpgkmgkt rgpujlchs ei tng Hùh`sus `km Hgktr`l

@sc`. ]ncs tcog, tng gopn`scs w`s ek sghul`rcso.

Ck cts tncrm out`tcek, tng ]urfcsn oemgl w`s og`kt te mgoekstr`tg tng

heop`tcjclcty ei Cslò wctn mgoehr`hy. ]ng Jusn-gr` Q`r ek ]grrer kggmgm

` vcvcm mgoekstr`tcek tn`t prgmeock`ktly Ouslco sehcgtcgs heulm sust`ckmgoehr`hy. @hhermckaly, tng gopn`scs w`s ek Cslò.

]em`y, ck tng hektgxt ei tng mgvglepogkt ei tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn

@irch` (OGK@), tng ]urfcsn oemgl n`s rgo`ckgm bust `s pretg`k `s ct prevgm

evgr cts p`st tnrgg ckh`rk`tceks. Ier ckst`khg, ct cs mciffhult te i`tneo new `k

Gayptc`k `roy hncgi lcfg ]`kt`wc `km ` rgkewkgm ]ukcsc`k Cslòcst lcfg `l-

An`kkusnc h`k scoult`kgeusly teut ]urfgy `s `k gxgo-

pl`r, er new `k ckugktc`l Cslòch tnckfgr lcfg Zò`m`k

heulm put ]urfgy ek ` pgmgst`l `t tng sòg tcog `s megs `

W.X. sghrgt`ry ei st`tg. ]ng ]urfcsn oemgl hlg`rly sggos te

rgprgsgkt mciigrgkt tnckas te mciigrgkt pgeplg, `km te lgkmctsgli te r`tngr gxcjlg `km sglghtcvg rg`mckas.

New `rg wg te mcssght tng òjcauctcgs ei tng ]urfcsn

oemgl5 Qnchn `spghts ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl `rg, s`y,

]`kt`wc `km `l-An`kkusnc sggcka5 ]ncs hekhgptu`l o`ppcka wcll nglp us mcs-

hevgr wn`t utclcty, ci `ky, tng ]urfcsn oemgl n`s ier i`hclct`tcka mgoehr`tch

tr`ksctceks ck tng @r`j werlm`km ck p`rtchul`r, wngtngr ct n`s `ky rglgv`khg

ier pelchy. Ick`lly, ct wcll `llew us te mgtgrockg wngtngr, `km te wn`t gxtgkt,

@kf`r` h`k t`fg ek k epgr`tcek`l rgspekscjclcty, ck heepgr`tcek wctn cts tr`ks-

`tl`ktch p`rtkgrs, ier tng kgxt w`vg ei mgoehr`tcz`tcek ck tng OGK@ rgacek.

Mghekstruhtcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl

]ng oest irgqugkt bustcffh`tceks ier prgsgktcka ]urfgy `s ` oemgl `rg cts mgo-

ehr`tch systgo `km cts suhhgssiul gxpgrcogkt`tcek wctn tng heop`tcjclcty ei

Cslò km pepul`r mgoehr`hy. ]ngsg bustcffh`tceks, newgvgr, i`cl te hekvgy sgv-

gr`l suppertcka pcll`rs tn`t n`vg jggk gqu`lly ckstruogkt`l ck sn`pcka oemgrk

m`y ]urfgy2


10/42

Xck`k lagk | 7

]ng ukcqug hen`jct`tcek jgtwggk

sghul`rcso `km pelctch`l Cslò cs

wngrg tng @r`j werlm sggs ]urfgys

petgktc`l v`lug `s ` oemgl.

sghul`rcso, mgoehr`hy, `km pelctch`l Cslò

hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks

o`rfgt-st`tg rgl`tceks

lckfs te tng Qgst

st`tg tr`mctceks

Xghul`rcso, Mgoehr`hy, `km Telctch`l Cslò

]urfgy cs ` sghul`r st`tg. ]ng hurrgkt ]urfcsn hekstctutcek (r`tcffgm ck 03>:),

ck ekg ei cts tnrgg ukògkm`jlg `rtchlgs, gst`jlcsngs tncs prckhcplg. Ct n`s jggk

` ig`turg ei ]urfgys hekstctutcek`l ermgr gvgr sckhg ct w`s `mmgm te `k g`r-

lcgr hekstctutcek ck 0381, ukmgr tng aucm`khg ei tng heuktrys ieukmcka i`tngr

Fgo`l @t`trf. @s suhn, ]urfgy cs ekg ei tng igw st`tgs ck tng Ouslco werlm

tn`t n`s epgkly gojr`hgm `km strchtly gkierhgm tng prckhcplg ei sghul`rcso. Sgtsghul`rcso `lekg weulm ket n`vg jggk gkeuan te gk`jlg

tng ]urfcsn oemgl te a`ck tr`htcek tnreuaneut tng @r`j

werlm6 ek tng hektr`ry, o`ky hctg ]urfgys sghul`rcso `s

`k copgmcogkt te tng `hhgpt`khg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl

ck tng Ocmmlg G`st. Z`tngr, tng ig`turg tn`t o`fgs

]urfgy `ttr`htcvg tnreuaneut tng rgacek cs tng i`ht tn`t

ct cs ` prgmeock`tgly Cslòch ygt sghul`r heuktry tn`t n`s

suhhgssiully `hheooem`tgm tng rcsg ei pelctch`l Cslò. Ck

etngr werms, tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs rg`lly `jeut tng `hhuoul`tcek ei Cslòcst

pelctch`l pewgr ck ` iero`lly sghul`r `km mgoehr`tch sgttcka. ]ng ukcqughen`jct`tcek jgtwggk sghul`rcso `km pelctch`l Cslò cs wngrg tng @r`j werlm

sggs ]urfgys petgktc`l v`lug `s ` oemgl.

]ng pest-Etteo`k ieukmgrs ei tng ]urfcsn Zgpujlch `cogm te mgstrey tng

leh`l p`rtchul`rcsos ei tng elm rgacog `km seuant ` kgw lgactco`hy j`sgm ek

preargsscvg cmg`ls `km shcgkhg. Ck tng ùtnerct`rc`k rgacog ei tng g`rly rgpuj-

lch, rgl`tceks jgtwggk tng st`tg `km rglcacek wgrg hn`r`htgrczgm jy tng vcrtu`l

gxhluscek ei pgrcpngr`l Cslò ireo tng sghul`rcst pelctch`l hgktgr. Gvgk tneuan

tng rgacog ierj`mg pgrcpngr`l Cslò ireo p`rtchcp`tcka ck k`tcek`l pelctchs, ct

kgvgrtnglgss hektckugm te pl`y `k copert`kt relg ck sehcgty. ]ng sghul`r st`tg

mgoelcsngm tng pujlch st`tus `km ghekeoch pewgr ei Cslòcst areups, jut tngyhektckugm te gxcst ukmgrareukm.

]ng tr`ksctcek te oultcp`rty mgoehr`hy `km tng gksucka glghtceks ei 0374

o`rfgm ` w`tgrsngm ck tng cktgrpl`y jgtwggk mgoehr`hy, rglcacek, `km sghul`r-

cso ck ]urfgy. ]ngsg glghtceks jreuant te pewgr tng hgktgr-rcant Mgoehr`t

T`rty (MT) ìtgr ` qu`rtgr hgktury ei sckalg-p`rty rulg jy tng Zgpujlch`k T`rty

(HNT). ]ng MT yg`rs wctkgssgm tng rgcksgrtcek ei rglcacek ckte tng pelctch`l

meo`ck. Ekg ei tng kgw rulgrs ffrst `hts w`s te lcit tng prencjctcek ek @r`jch

ier tng h`ll te pr`ygrs. ]ng ckstca`ters ei tng 0394 oclct`ry heup à`ckst tng


11/42

9 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

MT usgm tng p`rtys `ktcsghul`r `htcvctcgs `s ` bustcffh`tcek. Newgvgr, tng oerg

lcjgr`l hekstctutcek mrìtgm ck tng w`fg ei tng heup `llewgm tng gogragkhg

ei ]urfgys ffrst epgkly Cslòcst p`rty, tng K`tcek`l X`lv`tcek T`rty (KXT).

Telctch`l Cslò n`m kew `hqucrgm ` hlg`r pelctch`l `mmrgss, `km tng KXT sgrvgm

`s p`rtkgr ck kuojgr ei ]urfgys he`lctcek aevgrkogkts ck tng 0314s. @itgr

tng 03>4 oclct`ry heup lgm te tng mcsj`kmcka ei tng KXT, ierogr Cslòcst lg`m-

grs wgrg llewgm te sgt up kgw p`rty l`tgr tn`t mgh`mg. ]ng Zgi`n T`rtcsc (ZT)

ar`mu`lly o`mg ckre`ms ck ]urfcsn pelctchs, ffk`lly gogracka `s tng wckkgr ei

tng 0337 glghtceks. Cts lg`mgr, Kghogttck Grj`f`k, jghòg prcog ockcstgr ck `

he`lctcek wctn tng hgktgr-rcant ]rug T`tn T`rty.

]ncs he`lctcek w`s jreuant mewk ìtgr ` Igjru`ry 0331 oclct`ry ultco`-

tuo tn`t `hhusgm tng aevgrkogkt ei ukmgrockcka sghul`r rulg lgkt strgkatn

te eppesctcek ierhgs jetn ckscmg `km eutscmg p`rlcògkt. ]ng eustcka ei tng

Cslòcsts ireo gxghutcvg pewgr `km tng sujsgqugkt mghcscek jy tng ]urfcsn

Hekstctutcek`l Heurt te hlesg mewk ZT ek `hheukt ei cts `ktc-sghul`r `htcvc-tcgs trcaagrgm ` splct òeka Grj`f`ks p`rty, lg`mcka te tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei

tng Bustchg `km Mgvglepogkt T`rty (@FT). Ireo cts jgackkckas, tng @FT n`s

strcvgk te jr`km ctsgli `s ` heksgrv`tcvg r`tngr tn`k Cslòcst p`rty.

]ng ]urfcsn pr`htchg ei heojckcka sghul`rcso, mgoehr`hy, `km pelctch`l

Cslò ycglms tnrgg iukmògkt`l ejsgrv`tceks. ]ng ffrst cs tn`t, mgspctg `ll cts

snertheockas, tng ]urfcsn systgo n`s `llewgm p`rtcgs `ssehc`tgm wctn pelctc-

h`l Cslò te a`ck gxghutcvg pewgr. ]ncs w`s jy ke og`ks `k g`sy prehgss6 tng

gksucka pelctch`l, gvgk sehcgt`l, pel`rcz`tcek rgo`cks te tncs m`y. Jut tncs pewgr

sncit w`s pesscjlg jghùsg ]urfs jglcgvg tn`t st`tg ckstctutceks lcfg tng bumchc`ry

`km tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry rgt`ck tng `jclcty te `ht te prgvgkt tng pesscjlg gre-scek ei sghul`rcso. Ck etngr werms, tng systgo w`s `jlg te `hheooem`tg tng

rcsg ei pelctch`l Cslò jghùsg gkeuan pgeplg jglcgvgm tn`t ]urfcsn ckstctu-

tceks wgrg streka gkeuan te hekstr`ck tn`t rcsg wctnck `hhgpt`jlg jeukm`rcgs.

Iurtngroerg, ekg heulm `raug tn`t v`rceus cktgrvgktceks ck pelctch`l lcig, jetn

mgoehr`tch `km kekmgoehr`tch, nglpgm stggr pelctch`l Cslò tew`rm oemgr`-

tcek. ]ng oerg prào`tch `km oemgr`tg @FT `resg `s ` heksgqugkhg ei tng

hlesurg ei tng oerg Cslòcst ZT.

]ng sghekm iukmògkt`l ejsgrv`tcek cs tng copert`khg ei tng rg`l-werlm

pelctch`l gxpgrcgkhg a`ckgm jy pelctch`l Cslò ck leh`l aevgrkogkt. ]ng gxpgrc-

gkhg ei rukkcka oukchcp`lctcgs prevgm ckv`lu`jlg `s prgp`r`tcek ier aevgrk-ogkt `t tng k`tcek`l lgvgl. Oergevgr, leh`l aevgrkogkt jghòg tng sggmjgm

acvcka rcsg te ` kgw agkgr`tcek ei Cslòcst pelctchc`ks. Ct cs ke heckhcmgkhg tn`t

Grmea`k w`s tng ierogr o`yer ei Cst`kjul, er tn`t o`ky ei Grmea`ks hlesg

`ssehc`tgs `km hurrgkt h`jckgt ockcstgrs sn`rg ` scocl`r j`hfareukm.

]ng tncrm iukmògkt`l ejsgrv`tcek cs tn`t ]urfcsn mgoehr`hy n`s o`turgm

gkeuan `km a`ckgm gkeuan lgactco`hy evgr tng yg`rs te tng peckt tn`t gvgk

pepul`r Cslòcst p`rtcgs me ket gspeusg kekmgoehr`tch hn`kkgls ei struaalg

à`ckst tng ckhuojgkt rgacog. Wklcfg seog @r`j heuktrcgs, ]urfgy n`s kgvgr


12/42

Xck`k lagk | 1

gxpgrcgkhgm vcelgkhg rgl`tgm te pelctch`l Cslò. ]urfcsn mgoehr`hy gvgktu`lly

o`kàgm te ocmwcig heksgrv`tcvg `km Cslòcst p`rtcgs wgmmgm te tng prckhcplgs

ei sghul`rcso, mgoehr`hy, `km mgoehr`tch`lly mrcvgk `ltgrk`tceks ei pelctch`l

pewgr. Ct cs ck tncs tn`t wg sgg tng oest iukmògkt`l ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn

oemgl. ]ng glghter`l suhhgss `km lekagvcty ei tng rulcka @FT prevcmgs ` m`cly

rgockmgr ei tng copert`khg ei tncs ig`turg. Ct cs ke heckhcmgkhg tn`t murcka

ncs rghgkt trcp te Kertn @irch`, Trcog Ockcstgr Grmea`k h`llgm ier tng @r`j

heuktrcgs te `mept sghul`rcso ck tngcr ewk aevgrkogkts, pecktcka eut te tngo

ireo ncs ewk gxòplg tn`t tngrg cs ketncka steppcka Ouslco ireo aevgrkcka

` sghul`r st`tg.

Hcvcl-Oclct`ry Zgl`tceks

Hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks `rg `ketngr fgy ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl. ]ng

oclct`ry pl`ygm ` lg`mcka relg ck gst`jlcsncka tng kgw ]urfcsn st`tg. Xckhg tng

0384s, tng oclct`ry n`s `ppecktgm ctsgli `s tng au`rmc`k ei tng j`sch prckhcplgs

ei tng rgacog. @s ` rgsult, tng oclct`rys ckugkhg evgr ]urfgys pelctchs n`s

gxtgkmgm jgyekm k`tcek`l mgigksg km sghurcty cssugs6 ct n`s jggk sn`pgm jy tng

gtnchs ei au`rmc`ksncp. Ck etngr werms, ` fgy ejbghtcvg ei tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry

n`s jggk te ckugkhg pelctch`l mgvglepogkts se `s te gr`mch`tg `ll tnrg`ts te

tng ]urfcsn Zgpujlch, rg`l er pgrhgcvgm. ]ng oclct`ry n`s giightcvgly usgm tng

Cslòcst tnrg`t er sghgsscekcst tgrrercso te gxgrhcsg cts hektrel evgr tng hcvclc`k

rulg. (Murcka tng Helm Q`r gr`, heooukcso prevcmgm `ketngr r`tcek`lg ier

oclct`ry ckugkhg.) ]ng oclct`ry n`s cktgrvgkgm mcrghtly ck tng werfckas ei

]urfcsn mgoehr`hy ekly wngk pelctch`l ckstctutceks wgrg mg`mlehfgm, er wngk

tng tnrg`t te tnesg ckstctutceks sggogm sgvgrg. Evgr tng p`st scxty yg`rs, tng

]urfcsn oclct`ry ukmgrteef ieur heups km rgoevgm ieur hcvclc`k aevgrkogkts.

@itgr g`hn suhn cktgrvgktcek, newgvgr, tng oclct`ry strcvgm te quchfly rgturk

]urfgy te hcvclc`k rulg `km tng agkgr`ls te tngcr j`rr`hfs. @s tng Jreefckas

Ckstctutceks ogr ]`pk`r `raugs,= ]ng ]urfcsn oclct`ry, uklcfg tng

Gayptc`k ekg, n`s kgvgr premuhgm `k eiffhgr wne st`ygm ck pewgr ier mgh`mgs.

]ngrg n`s jggk ke ]urfcsn @uauste Tckehngt, Ir`khcshe Ir`khe, @ktekce mg

Elcvgcr` X`l`z`r, Aò`l @jm`l K`ss`r er Ouj`r`f. Gshngwcka mcrght rulg, tng

]urfcsn oclct`ry n`s ckstg`m seuant te selcmciy `km ckstctutcek`lczg hn`kkgls

ei ckugkhg, uscka hekstctutcek`l prevcsceks ier tn`t purpesg. Ier ckst`khg,

tng pest-oclct`ry cktgrvgktcek Hekstctutcek ei 03>: upar`mgm tng relg ei tngK`tcek`l Xghurcty Heukhcl, `k ckstctutcek ck turk gst`jlcsngm jy tng pest-

oclct`ry cktgrvgktcek Hekstctutcek ei 0394. Xcocl`rly, tng `roy n`s `ppecktgm

rgprgsgkt`tcvgs ireo cts r`kfs te tng je`rm ei sgvgr`l rgaul`tery ckstctutceks,

suhn `s tng Z`mce `km ]glgvcscek Je`rm er tng Ncan Gmuh`tcek Heukhcl.

]ng Fgo`lcst vcscek ei ]urfgys Qgstgrkcz`tcek `lse hekmctceks tng pelctc-

h`l jgn`vcer ei tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry. @t`turfs lga`hy w`s tng tr`ksiero`tcek

ei ]urfgy ckte ` wgll-rgspghtgm ogojgr ei tng Qgstgrk hluj ei k`tceks. @s `

rgsult, tng oclct`ry n`s `lse gspeusgm tncs ejbghtcvg. Murcka tng Helm Q`r, tng


13/42

> | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

p`tn tew`rm tncs ae`l w`s g`scgr te mcshgrk2 ogojgrsncp ck K@]E, ` selcm

oclct`ry `llc`khg wctn tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs, `km `k `ssehc`tcek wctn tng Gurepg`k

Ghekeoch Heooukcty. ]ng mrcvg te Qgstgrkczg prghlumgm `ky prehlcvcty ier

leka-tgro, mcrght oclct`ry rulg. ]ng oclct`ry `lse ukmgrsteem tn`t mcrght rulg

w`s ultco`tgly ckheop`tcjlg wctn tng o`cktgk`khg ei pelctch`l ckugkhg evgr

tng leka tgro` bumaogkt sn`rgm jy jetn tng ]urfcsn pgeplg `km ]urfgys

Qgstgrk p`rtkgrs.

Cktgrgstckaly, gvgk ìtgr tng oclct`ry heup ei 03>4 @kf`r` w`s `jlg te

rgt`ck cts ogojgrsncp ck tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg. Ct w`s ekly ìtgr tng i`ll ei

tng Jgrlck Q`ll `km tng gogragkhg ei mggp prckhcplgs ei mgoehr`tch aevgr-

k`khg `s prghekmctceks ier ogojgrsncp ck tng Qgst`km ck p`rtchul`r ier

GW `hhgsscektn`t tng oclct`rys str`tgay st`rtgm te eukmgr. ]ng kgw w`vg

ei mgoehr`tcz`tceks ck G`stgrk `km Hgktr`l Gurepg n`m cllustr`tgm tng iukm`-

ogkt`l ckheop`tcjclcty ei ` sn`llew mgoehr`hy ukmgr oclct`ry tutglàg `km

iull ogojgrsncp ck tng Gurepg`k Wkcek. ]ng ]urfcsn oclct`ry tnus i`hgm `kukp`l`t`jlg hnechg2 ]e o`ckt`ck cts pr`gterc`k ermgr og`kt tng oclct`ry weulm

n`vg te jlehf rgieros. Jut jlehfcka rgieros weulm n`vg jggk t`ktòeukt te

rgkgacka ek tng Fgo`lcst vcscek ei ` ]urfgy gojgmmgm ck Qgstgrk hcvclcz`-

tcek. ]ng oclct`ry s`w ke etngr eptcek, ukp`l`t`jlg `s ct o`y n`vg jggk, tn`k

te `llew coplgogkt`tcek ei ` heoprgngkscvg mgoehr`tch rgiero àgkm`. ]ncs

rgiero àgkm` weulm, wctnck ` mgh`mg, lg`m te tng rgmuhtcek ei tng oclct`rys

pelctch`l ckugkhg.

Ck ` reukm`jeut w`y, ekg heulm `raug tn`t tng oclct`rys `tt`hnogkt te tng

Fgo`lcst vcscek ier ]urfgys Qgstgrkcz`tcek gvgktu`lly lgm te tng kero`lcz`-

tcek ei hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks. Ei heursg, tng prgsgkhg ei ` streka, ekg-p`rtyaevgrkogkt wctn tng wcll te mmrgss tncs o`kcigst mgffhcgkhy ei ]urfcsn mgoeh-

r`hy `lse pl`ygm ` fgy relg ck tncs, jut tng oclct`ry heulm n`vg oevgm te jlehf

tncs ci ct n`m s`hrcffhgm @t`turfs cmg`ls km eptgm te fggp ]urfgy gstr`kagm km

petgktc`lly estr`hczgm ireo tng Qgstgrk werlm. ]nus tng Fgo`lcst lga`hy, `km

tng w`y tn`t lga`hy n`s jggk cktgrprgtgm jy tng oclct`ry tep jr`ss, n`s giigh-

tcvgly mgffkgm tng jeukm`rcgs ei tng oclct`ry spngrg ei pelctch`l `htcek.

Ck tng ]urfcsn sgttcka, hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks n`vg `lse jggk ckstruogk-

t`l ck sn`pcka tng cktgr`htcek jgtwggk mgoehr`hy `km pelctch`l Cslò. ]ng

oclct`rys relg s au`rmc`k ei rgpujlch`k prckhcplgs a`vg ]urfcsn sehcgty gkeuan

hekffmgkhg te `llew pelctch`l Cslò te gograg `km gvgktu`lly te `hqucrg gxghu-tcvg pewgr. ]ng oclct`ry prevcmgm tng (ukmgoehr`tch) hnghfs `km j`l`khgs

ek pelctch`l pewgr ck ` heuktry tn`t l`hfgm ` streka sgp`r`tcek ei pewgrs. Ct

w`s ekly ìtgr ]urfcsn sehcgty mgvglepgm hekffmgkhg ck tng h`p`hcty ei mgoe-

hr`tch ckstctutceks te pretght mgoehr`hy ireo cts mgtr`hters (ckhlumcka pelctch`l

Cslòcsts) tn`t ]urfgy ffk`lly sngm ctsgli ei tng ckugkhg ei tng oclct`ry. ]ng

]urfcsn gxpgrcgkhg tnus mgoekstr`tgs hlg`rly tn`t tng sust`ck`jclcty ei mgoeh-

r`hy mgpgkms ek tng qu`lcty ei mgoehr`tch ckstctutceks. ]ng tr`ksctcek `w`y

ireo pr`gterc`k ermgr ck ]urfgy n`s rgqucrgm tng hekselcm`tcek ei ckstctutceks


14/42

Xck`k lagk | 3

suhn `s giightcvg pelctch`l p`rtcgs, ckmgpgkmgkt bumchc`rcgs, jcp`rtcs`k glghtcek

je`rms, ukckncjctgm ogmc`, `km iukhtcekcka p`rlcògkts. ]urfgys hn`llgkag

tem`y cs te rgpl`hg tng hnghfs-`km-j`l`khgs iukhtcek ei tng oclct`ry wctn iully

mgoehr`tch ckstctutceks tn`t `rg kgvgrtnglgss `jlg te heuktgrj`l`khg gxghutcvg

pewgr. ]ncs cs wny evgrheocka tng hurrgkt prejlgos ìightcka prgss irggmeo

`km tng ckmgpgkmgkhg ei tng bumchc`ry rg se hrctch`l ier tng

iuturg ei lcjgr`l mgoehr`hy ck ]urfgy.

O`rfgt-Xt`tg Zgl`tceks

]ng ]urfcsn oemgl cs `lse hn`r`htgrczgm jy cts lcjgr`l ghe-

keoch ukmgrpckkckas. ]ngsg n`vg lgm te tng gogragkhg ei

` jusckgss heooukcty wnesg ghekeoch iertukgs me ket

mgpgkm ek o`ckt`ckcka aeem tcgs wctn tng aevgrkogkt.

Wktcl 03>4, ]urfgy n`m meptgm copert sujstctutcek s

cts ghekeoch arewtn oemgl. ]ng meogstch o`rfgt w`s pretghtgm jgnckm ncan

t`rcii w`lls tn`t `htgm `s ` mcsckhgktcvg ek coperts `s wgll `s gxperts. ]ng

]urfcsn ghekeoy rgo`ckgm hlesgm, km l`rag meogstch areups km hekaleogr-

`tgs sgrvcka tng pretghtgm meogstch o`rfgt iuglgm ghekeoch `htcvcty. ]ng st`tg

w`s `lse `k `htcvg pl`ygr, n`vcka ` sczg`jlg prgsgkhg ck ` kuojgr ei premuhtcvg

sghters ei tng ghekeoy. ]ng ghekeoch pelchy irògwerf i`vergm pretghtcek-

cso `km rgkt mcstrcjutcek. Jusckgss l`ragly mgpgkmgm ek tng aevgrkogkt te

sust`ck prefft`jclcty.

]ncs oemgl r`k ckte treujlg itgr tng ecl snehfs ei tng 0314s. ]urfgy st`rtgm

te suiigr ireo hnrekch j`l`khg ei p`yogkts mciffhultcgs. ]ngk tng lcjgr`lcz`-

tcek rgieros ei 03>4 iukmògkt`lly evgrnùlgm ]urfgys ghekeoch oemgl. @

iehus ek gxperts rgpl`hgm copert sujstctutcek. ]ng rgieros lcjgr`lczgm h`pct`l

ews, rgmuhgm ckmustrc`l t`rciis `km cktremuhgm gxpert ckhgktcvgs. @s ` rgsult,

]urfcsn gktrgprgkgurs aet ckte tng aòg ei cktgrk`tcek`l tr`mg `km ar`mu-

`lly rgmuhgm tngcr mgpgkmgkhg ek tng meogstch o`rfgt. ]ng heoplgtcek ei `

Husteos Wkcek wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek t tng gkm ei 0337 teef tr`mg lcjgr-

`lcz`tcek ` stgp iurtngr. @t tng sòg tcog, tng aevgrkogkt jga`k ck g`rkgst tng

prehgss ei prcv`tcz`tcek `km tng s`lg ei st`tg `ssgts. @ll telm, tngsg tnrgg mgh`mgs

ei ghekeoch lcjgr`lcz`tcek `hheoplcsngm ` sujst`ktc`l tr`ksiero`tcek ei tng

]urfcsn ghekeoy. ]urfgy cs kew tng werlms scxtggktn-l`ragst ghekeoy. Ct n`s

` pewgriul ckmustrc`l j`sg ag`rgm tew`rm gxperts `km ` l`rag meogstch o`rfgtwctn ckhrg`scka lgvgls ei purhn`scka pewgr.

]ncs tr`ksiero`tcek `lse ìightgm tng o`rfgt-st`tg rgl`tceksncp. Ek tng ekg

n`km, tng ar`mu`l glcock`tcek ei rgkt-mcstrcjutcek oghn`kcsos suhn `s pre-

muhtcek lchgksgs, ckvgstogkt lchgksgs, `km t`rciis heopgllgm tng jusckgss heo-

oukcty te iehus ek premuhtcvg `htcvctcgs r`tngr tn`k lejjycka `km rgaul`tery

h`pturg. ]ncs `llewgm jusckgsspgeplg te mcst`khg tngosglvgs ireo tng st`tg `km

jgheog oerg hrctch`l ei tng aevgrkogkt. Epgkkgss te cktgrk`tcek`l tr`mg `lse

rgckierhgm tncs trgkm. @s ]urfcsn gktrgprgkgurs suhhgssiully seuant ghekeoch

]urfgys hn`llgkag tem`y cs te rgpl`hg

tng hnghfs-`km-j`l`khgs iukhtcek ei

tng oclct`ry wctn iully mgoehr`tch

ckstctutceks tn`t `rg kgvgrtnglgss `jlg

te heuktgrj`l`khg gxghutcvg pewgr.


15/42


eppertukctcgs eutscmg ei ]urfgys jermgrs, tngy jghòg lgss rglc`kt ek tng

jgkgvelgkhg ei st`tg utnerctcgs ier ghekeoch suhhgss. Ek tng etngr n`km, new-

gvgr, pelchyo`fgrs hn`kagm tngcr pnclesepny `jeut tng relg ei tng st`tg. ]ng

st`tg ar`mu`lly hgmgm cts relg `s `k `htcvg pl`ygr ck ghekeoch premuhtcek `km

jghòg ckstg`m tng `rjctgr `km rgaul`ter ei ghekeoch `htcvcty. ]em`y, tng st`tg

ewks igw ckmustrc`l `ssgts. ]ng GW prehgss n`s `lse `llewgm st`tg ùtnerctcgs te

rgscst h`lls te rgturk te ` oerg `htcvcst `km cktgrvgktcekcst ckmustrc`l pelchy tn`t

weulm n`vg rghrg`tgm tng ckstruogkts ei rgkt mcstrcjutcek.

]ng hruhc`l mghcscek te cktgar`tg tng alej`l ghekeoy `lse n`m ` mcshcplckcka

giight ek pelctch`l aevgrk`khg. @s ` h`pct`l-sh`rhg heuktry, ]urfgys arewtn

mgpgkms ng`vcly ek tng `v`cl`jclcty ei iergcak h`pct`l. ]ngrgierg, tng hest ei

pepulcst pelchcgs tn`t mcvgrt h`pct`l ews ckhrg`sgm hekscmgr`jly. ]ncs w`s

gspghc`lly trug ìtgr tng :440 hrcscs, wngk ]urfgy jga`k te `ttr`ht gvgr-l`ragr

ews ei cktgrk`tcek`l ffk`khg. Tepulcst pelchcgs weulm n`vg o`mg ]urfgy lgss

`ttr`htcvg `s ` mgstck`tcek ier pertielce `km mcrght ckvgstogkts, ukmgrockckaghekeoch arewtn. Ck snert, wngk ]urfgy iully gojr`hgm alej`lcz`tcek, ct `lse

gojr`hgm alej`lcz`tceks ckngrgkt mcshcplckg, tnus hekselcm`tcka aevgrk`khg

rgieros `km strgkantngkcka tng sgp`r`tcek ei pelctch`l `km ghekeoch pewgrs.

]ng ncstery ei ]X@M, ]urfgys oest ckugktc`l jusckgss `ssehc`tcek,

prevcmgs ` aeem cllustr`tcek ei tng relg ei tng ]urfcsn jusckgss heooukcty

`s `k ckmgpgkmgkt hcvcl sehcgty `hter. Gst`jlcsngm ck 0310 `s `k cktgrgst areup

jrckacka teagtngr tng h`pt`cks ei ]urfcsn ckmustry, tncs jusckgss era`kcz`tcek

quchfly jghòg ouhn oerg tn`k tn`t. Ct jga`k te ht s w`thnmea evgr pujlch

pelchcgs `km irgqugktly hrctchczgm tng aevgrkogkt. @t tng pg`f ei `k ghekeoch

hrcscs ck ]urfgy ck 0313, ]X@M r`k iull-pàg `mvgrtcsgogkts ck k`tcek`lkgwsp`pgrs h`llcka ier tng rgscak`tcek ei tng aevgrkogkt. ]ncs ckmgpgkmgkt

strg`f pgrscstgm evgr tng yg`rs. ]X@M pujlcsngm ` netly mgj`tgm mgoehr`tc-

z`tcek rgpert ck 0331 tn`t prepesgm `k òjctceus jlugprckt ier juclmcka ` jgt-

tgr mgoehr`hy ck ]urfgy. Murcka tng @FT yg`rs s wgll, ]X@Ms lg`mgrs mcm

ket sny `w`y ireo hrctchczcka tng aevgrkogkt ek ` wcmg r`kag ei cssugs, ireo

Grmea`ks pesctcek ek tng hrcock`lcz`tcek ei `multgry te àacka oeogktuo

ier GW rgieros te tng l`hf ei zg`l ier sgttlcka tng Furmcsn qugstcek.

]ng sgp`r`tcek ei pelctch`l `km ghekeoch pewgrs cs `k gssgktc`l heopekgkt

ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl. Ket ekly mcm ct llew tng ]urfcsn jusckgss heooukcty te

gograg `s `k ckmgpgkmgkt hcvcl sehcgty `hter, tnus hektrcjutcka te tng strgkatnei ]urfgys mgoehr`hy6 ct `lse `l lewgm tng mgvglepogkt ei ` kekaevgrkogkt`l

seurhg ei meogstch iukmcka te kurturg tng arewtn ei ]urfgys hcvcl sehcgty.

Lckfs te tng Qgst

@k gqu`lly copert`kt ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs ]urfgys Qgstgrk

`khnercka. Xckhg tng ieukmcka ei tng rgpujlch, ]urfcsn lg`mgrs n`vg seuant

te gojgm ]urfgy ck tng Qgst. ]ncs rgprgsgktgm ` iukmògkt`l sncit ck eut-

leef ireo gopcrg te rgpujlch. @ltneuan ]urfgy ieuant cts k`tcek`l w`r ier


16/42

Xck`k lagk | 00

]urfgys K@]E ogojgrsncp pl`ygm `

iukmògkt`l relg ck fggpcka ]urfgy

ffroly `tt`hngm te tng Qgst.

ckmgpgkmgkhg à`ckst tng copgrc`l pewgrs ei tng Qgst, ]urfcsn k`tcek`lcso

mcm ket heog ckte jgcka `s `k `ktc-Qgstgrk cmgeleay. Ck tncs rgspght, ]urfcsn

k`tcek`lcso cs ouhn mciigrgkt tn`k tng jr`km ei @r`j k`tcek`lcso cmgktcffgm

wctn Aò`l @jmgl K`ssgr, wnchn w`s hlg`rly `km oerg vcrulgktly `ktc-copgrc-

`lcst `km ktc-Qgstgrk.

Ek tng hektr`ry, Oustì` Fgo`l @t`trfs w`y ierw`rm ier ]urfgy w`s

te juclm ` selcm rgl`tceksncp wctn tng Qgst. Ng spefg ei tng kggm te jeest

]urfgy ckte tng lgàug ei tng oest hcvclczgm k`tceks. Ncs og`ks ier oggt-

cka tncs hn`llgkag w`s oemgrkcz`tcek jy w`y ei Qgstgrkcz`tcek. ]ng mrcvg te

Qgstgrkczg n`m ` k`tcek`l cmgktcty heopekgkt. ]ng `co w`s te hrg`tg ` sehc-

gty j`sgm ek wn`t wgrg tngk stcll pgrhgcvgm te jg Qgstgrk v`lugs2 sghul`rcso,

mgoehr`hy, km agkmgr gqu`lcty.

]ngrg w`s `lse, newgvgr, ` iergcak pelchy heopekgkt te tncs prebght. ]ng

jgst w`y te jeest ]urfgys oemgrkcz`tcek giierts w`s te a`ck ogojgrsncp ck

tng Qgst. @kf`r` tnus strcvgm te jgheog ` ogojgr ei `ll hektckgkt`l pelctc-h`l ckstctutceks, p`rtchul`rly `s tng Gurepg`k ermgr w`s jgcka rgsn`pgm ck tng

pestw`r gr`. ]ncs w`s jy ke og`ks `k g`sy t`sf. @kf`r` n`m te sgkm selmcgrs te

Ferg` te agt tng arggk lcant ier K@]E ogojgrsncp ck 037:, `km tng mciffhul-

tcgs ei ]urfgys GW `hhgsscek pgrscst te tncs m`y.

Mciffhultcgs ketwctnst`kmcka, tng heksgqugkhgs ei suhn `k cktgrk`l `km

pgrscstgkt mrcvg ier Qgstgrk `khnercka n`vg jggk sujst`ktc`l ier tng ]urfcsn

oemgl. ]ng Qgstgrk ercgkt`tcek `meptgm jy @kf`r` n`m iukmògkt`l ròc-

ffh`tceks ier ]urfgys meogstch ermgr. O`ky ei tng `hheoplcsnogkts tn`t `rg

ncanlcantgm tem`y `s tng fgy ig`turgs ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl wgrg i`hclct`tgm `km

hekselcm`tgm jy tncs leka-tgro `spcr`tcek ier ogojgrsncp ck tng Qgstgrk hluj.Ck tncs rgspght, tng relg ei ]urfgys rgl`tceksncp wctn Q`snckatek `km

Jrussgls mgsgrvgs te jg ncanlcantgm. ]ng sghurcty tcgs

gst`jlcsngm wctn tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs ukmgr tng K@]E

uojrgll` ukmgrpckkgm tng ]urfcsn-W.X. rgl`tceksncp ier

` leka tcog. Murcka tng Helm Q`r yg`rs, Q`snckatek w`s

oerg cktgrgstgm ck prgsgrvcka tng ckugkhg ei pre-W.X.

hekstctugkhcgs lcfg tng ]urfcsn oclct`ry, seogtcogs te tng

mgtrcogkt ei mgoehr`hy `km nuo`k rcants. Xtcll, tng `llc-

`khg wctn tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs nglpgm ]urfgy evgr tng yg`rs te hekselcm`tg sgvgr`l

herg ig`turgs ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl, suhn `s tng pretghtcek ei sghul`rcso, tngpreoetcek ei ` irgg o`rfgt ghekeoy, `km tng prgsgrv`tcek ei ` Qgstgrk ercgk-

t`tcek te ]urfcsn iergcak pelchy. Ck p`rtchul`r, ]urfgys K@]E ogojgrsncp

pl`ygm ` iukmògkt`l relg ck fggpcka ]urfgy ffroly `tt`hngm te tng Qgst. Ct

`llewgm @kf`r` te gkbey tng prcvclgag ei jgcka ` wgll-rgspghtgm p`rtkgr ei tng

tr`ks`tl`ktch heooukcty `km strgkatngkgm meogstch hekstctugkhcgs heooct-

tgm te o`ckt`ckcka ]urfgys Qgstgrk ercgkt`tcek.

Gvgk oerg ckugktc`l tn`k tng Wkctgm Xt`tgs wctn rga`rm te tng preoe-

tcek ei mgoehr`hy wgrg Gurepg `km Gurepg`k ckstctutceks. Ck 0398, ]urfgy


17/42

0: | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

jghòg tng sghekm heuktry, ìtgr Argghg, te hekhlumg `k `ssehc`tcek àrgg-

ogkt wctn tng kgwly gst`jlcsngm Gurepg`k Ghekeoch Heooukcty. Treargss

ck rgl`tceks wctn Jrussgls hòg slewly ier @kf`r`, newgvgr. @km mgspctg cts

iero`lly `pplycka ier iull ogojgrsncp ck 03>1, ct w`s ket uktcl 0333 tn`t

]urfgy w`s ar`ktgm h`kmcm`tg st`tus ier GW ogojgrsncp. ]ncs st`tus upar`mg

usngrgm ck ` pgrcem ei rgieros. Bumacka tn`t @kf`r` n`m suiffhcgktly iulffllgm

tng Hepgknàgk pelctch`l hrctgrc`, tng GW ogojgr st`tgs uk`kcoeusly mghcmgm

te ckctc`tg ogojgrsncp kgaetc`tceks wctn ]urfgy ck Mghgojgr :44=. ]ng GW

ae`l tngk jghòg `k evgr`rhncka ejbghtcvg ier ]urfcsn sehcgty, gk`jlcka tng

gogragkhg ei jcp`rtcs`k pl`tieros ckvelvcka mciigrgkt pelctch`l p`rtcgs, hcvcl

sehcgty era`kcz`tceks, `km sehcgt`l st`fgnelmgrs. Ck i`ht, tngsg pre-GW pl`t-

ieros wgrg hrctch`l te tng suhhgss ei ]urfgys òjctceus rgiero àgkm`. ]ng

suppert ei tngsg l`rag `km hrctch`l cktgrk`l he`lctceks `llewgm ]urfgy te evgr-

heog tng `ktc-rgiero prehlcvcty ei glghter`l hyhlgs. ]ng GW mykòch n`s tnus

jggk ckstruogkt`l ck evgrheocka cktgrk`l ejst`hlgs te fgy rgieros suhn `s tnglcitcka ei tng mg`tn pgk`lty, tng kero`lcz`tcek ei hcvcl-oclct`ry rgl`tceks, `km

coprevgogkts ck iukmògkt`l rcants `km irggmeos.

Ck tng `rg` ei mgoehr`tch keros, tng relg ei tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg `km tng

Gurepg`k Heurt ei Nuo`k Zcants `lse mgsgrvgs ogktcek. @ltneuan ` ogo-

jgr ei tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg sckhg 037:, ]urfgy mghcmgm te rgheakczg tng

ckmcvcmu`l rcant te pgtctcek te tng Gurepg`k Heurt ei Nuo`k Zcants ck 03>1.

]ncs oevg heckhcmgm wctn tng iero`l `pplch`tcek ier Gurepg`k Heoocsscek

ogojgrsncp. ]ncs mghcscek o`rfgm ` w`tgrsngm ck ]urfgys mgoehr`tch ncs-

tery. Ct `llewgm ]urfcsn hctczgks te sggf rgmrgss ier arcgv`khgs `t tng Gurepg`k

Heurt. Ygry r`pcmly, ]urfgy resg te tep r`kfs ck tng lcst ei heuktrcgs wctnh`sgs eutst`kmcka `t tng heurt. ]ncs ck turk ckhrg`sgm prgssurg te rgiero tng

]urfcsn lga`l `km bumchc`l systgo. Ar`ktcka tng rcant te ckmcvcmu`ls te pgtctcek

tng Gurepg`k Heurt w`s t`ktòeukt te ierhcka tng ]urfcsn lga`l `km bumchc`l

systgo te epgr`tg ck lckg wctn Gurepg`k pr`htchg `km te iully `lcak ctsgli wctn

Gurepg`k keros ei nuo`k rcants pretghtcek.

Ct cs tncs ncanly `mv`khgm mgargg ei cktgar`tcek, `hncgvgm `t mciigrgkt lgv-

gls `km jgtwggk mciigrgkt meogstch `km Gurepg`k/tr`ks`tl`ktch ckstctutceks,

tn`t hn`r`htgrczgs oemgrk-m`y ]urfgy km, jy gxtgkscek, tng ]urfcsn oemgl.

]ng mciffhultcgs surreukmcka ]urfgys GW hhgsscek rgo`ck sgrceus, jut bumagm

à`ckst tncs j`hfmrep, tngy rg hlg`rly ket lcfgly te iukmògkt`lly ltgr ]urfgysQgstgrk ercgkt`tcek.

]ng Xt`tg ]r`mctcek

]ng ffk`l ig`turg ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl rgl`tgs te ]urfgys copgrc`l lga`hy

`km cts mggply reetgm st`tg tr`mctcek. ]ng relg ei tng jurgùhr`hy ck sn`pcka

]urfgys pelctch`l `km ghekeoch mgvglepogkt n`s ket rghgcvgm tng `ttgktcek

ct mgsgrvgs. ]ng Etteo`k Gopcrgs jurgùhr`tch tr`mctceks h`rrcgm evgr te tng


18/42

Xck`k lagk | 08

kgw ]urfcsn Zgpujlch, `km tng ieukmgrs ei tng rgpujlch strcvgm te rghrg`tg `

preigsscek`l jurgùhr`hy te upnelm tng kgw rgacog.

Mgoehr`hy cs `htu`lly `jeut `hhgpt`khg ei mcssgkt. Xtreka st`tg ckstctutceks

hrg`tg tng hekffmgkhg kghgss`ry te `llew tng gogragkhg ei tncs telgr`khg ei

mcssgkt. ]ng strgkatn ei st`tg ckstctutceks cs hrctch`l te tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei tng

hnghfs `km j`l`khgs kghgss`ry ier tng hektrel ei pelctch`l pewgr. Ier ckst`khg,

`s rga`rms pelctch`l Cslò, L`rry Mcòekm s`ys tn`t

tng hn`llgkag ier @r`j sehcgtcgs wcll jg te hekstr`ck ` meogstch`lly glghtgmCslòcst lgm aevgrkogkt wctn giightcvg hekstctutcek`l hnghfs `km j`l`khgs setn`t Cslòcsts ekhg glghtgm h`kket j`rrch`mg tngosglvgs ck pewgr. Ci ckstctutceksei nerczekt`l `hheukt`jclcty `rg wgll gst`jlcsngm (bumchc`ry, glghter`l heoocs-scek, hgktr`l j`kf) rcsfs ei mgoehr`tcz`tcek h`k jg hekscmgr`jly rgmuhgm. Ck tn`tgvgkt wn`t Cslòcst p`rtcgs weulm jg heopgtcka ier cs ket `jselutg hektrel ei

@r`j aevgrkogkts jut prepgrly hekstr`ckgm mgoehr`tch pewgr.7

Ier `ll tngsg rg`seks, ct cs i`cr te hl`co tn`t tng strgkatn ei st`tg ckstctutceks

i`hclct`tgm tng gogragkhg `km hekselcm`tcek ei mgoehr`tch rulg ck ]urfgy.

Newgvgr, ` hekselcm`tgm mgoehr`hy rgqucrgs ` st`tg h`p`jlg ei h`rrycka eut

cts o`ck iukhtceks (pretghtcka hctczgks, hellghtcka t`xgs, km mglcvgrcka sgrvchgs)

ck `k ermgrly, prgmcht`jlg, `km lga`l o`kkgr. Ck tncs rga`rm, ` preigsscek`l `km

cop`rtc`l jurgùhr`hy cs ckmcspgks`jlg te mgoehr`tch hekselcm`tcek. @s Gzr`

Xulgco`k s`ys, @ hrctch`l glgogkt ck mgoehr`tch hekselcm`tcek cs jurgùhr`hy

tn`t jgacks te epgr`tg ck `k copgrsek`l o`kkgr, `hhermcka te fkewk rulgs `km

rgaul`tceks `km ck wnchn tng eiffhc`ls `rg `jlg (er ejlcagm) te sgp`r`tg tngcr

ewk pelctch`l `km pgrsek`l cktgrgsts ireo tng eiffhg tngy ehhupy.9Mgspctg cts

o`ky snertheockas, ]urfcsn pujlch `mockcstr`tcek w`s `jlg te iulffll tncs relg.]ng relg ei tng jurgùhr`hy `s tng st`tgs eutrg`hn oghn`kcso w`s ` ll tng oerg

copert`kt `t ` tcog wngk pelctch`l ckst`jclcty `km snert-lcvgm aevgrkogkts lgm

te sgvgrg mysiukhtcek ck ncan-lgvgl mghcsceko`fcka.

]ng Zglgv`khg ei tng ]urfcsn Oemgl

Acvgk tngsg herg glgogkts, megs tng ]urfcsn oemgl n`vg `kytncka te eiigr tng

@r`j werlm tn`t heulm nglp cts heuktrcgs g`sg tng tr`ksctcek te oerg mgoehr`tch

ermgr5 @km `rg tngrg `ky lgsseks ier tnesg ck tng cktgrk`tcek`l heooukcty tn`t

wcsn te `cm tnesg mgoehr`tch tr`ksctceks5

@t ffrst jlusn, tngrg `rg scakcffh`kt ejst`hlgs ier rgplch`tcka tng suhhgssgs ei

tng ]urfcsn oemgl ck @r`j hektgxts. Ier ckst`khg, tng sghul`rcso tn`t cs kew

se hngrcsngm jy ]urfs ckctc`lly n`m te jg copesgm ek tng pepul`tcek ukmgr

hekmctceks tn`t n`rmly qu`lciy `s mgoehr`tch. Ct weulm jg `k `lteagtngr mciigr-

gkt hn`llgkag ier @r`j lg`mgrs te `mept sghul`rcso ukmgr hekmctceks ei mgoe-

hr`tch eppesctcek. Xcocl`rly, ]urfgys Qgstgrk hrgmgktc`ls (cts h`kmcm`hy ier GW

ogojgrsncp `km cts ogojgrsncp ck K@]E `km tng Heukhcl ei Gurepg) `rg


19/42

0= | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

]urfgys agear`pnch`l prexcocty te tng

OGK@ rgacek weulm acvg tng ]urfcsn

oemgl ` heop`r`tcvg `mv`ktàg

wngk heop`rgm te pgrn`ps oerg

suhhgssiul oemgls ireo etngr rgacekser ireo ouhn mciigrgkt hektgxts.

ket mcrghtly `pplch`jlg ck tng @r`j hektgxt. Ckmggm, tng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s

`lrg`my gxpgrcgkhgm mciffhulty gkeuan bust ck mgvglepcka `k giightcvg kgcanjer-

neem pelchy ier Xeutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k heuktrcgs tn`t n`vg ke GW ogo-

jgrsncp prespghts. ]ng mykòcso ei tng ]urfcsn ghekeoy cs tng jy-premuht

ei ` leka prehgss ei ghekeoch lcjgr`lcz`tcek tn`t `lse hrg`tgm `k ckmgpgkmgkt

jusckgss heooukcty cktgkt ek o`ckt`ckcka tng lcjgr`l ermgr. Ct cs mciffhult te

sgg new @r`j sehcgtcgs heulm rgplch`tg tngsg hekmctceks, acvgk tng cktgrtwckgm

k`turg ei jusckgss cktgrgsts `km pelctchs.

]ngrg cs hlg`rly ke scoplg er mcrght w`y te `pply tng ]urfcsn oemgl ck `k

@r`j hektgxt. Newgvgr, tngrg `rg sgvgr`l i`hters tn`t `raug à`ckst acvcka up

trycka. ]e st`rt wctn, tng ]urfcsn oemgl h`k me aeem bust jy sgttcka gxò-

plgs ier etngrs te iellew `km juclm upek. Ck ncs werf ek tng tncrm w`vg ei

mgoehr`tcz`tcek, Xòugl T. Nuktckatek cktremuhgs tng hekhgpt ei mgoekstr`-

tcek giight `s ` skewj`llcka giight ei g`rlcgr tr`ksctceks tn`t prevcmg oemgls ei

sujsgqugkt giierts `t mgoehr`tcz`tcek.1 Ck etngr werms, Nuktckatek `raugm,mgoehr`tch tr`ksctceks `km gxpgrcgkhgs sgt `k gxòplg ier tng tr`ksctceks tn`t

iellew, wnchn sgt `k gxòplg ier l`tgr tr`ksctceks, `km se ek. Ng `lse ketgm

tn`t tng oest pewgriul mgoekstr`tcek giights `rg rgacek`l

ekgs. Ck tncs sgksg, tng ]urfcsn oemgl weulm werf ier

tng @r`j werlm ket se ouhn jghùsg ei wn`t ]urfgy megs

jut jghùsg ei wn`t ]urfgy cs. ]urfgys agear`pnch`l prex-

cocty te tng OGK@ rgacek weulm acvg tng ]urfcsn oemgl

` heop`r`tcvg `mv`ktàg wngk heop`rgm te pgrn`ps oerg

suhhgssiul oemgls ireo etngr rgaceks er ireo ouhn mciigr-

gkt hektgxts.@ sghekm glgogkt o`fcka tng ]urfcsn oemgl oerg

`ttr`htcvg cs tng hultur`l ìffkcty jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng

heuktrcgs ck tng rgacek. (Xn`rgm rglcacek mgsgrvgs spghc`l

gopn`scs ck tncs rga`rm.) ]ng hultur`l ìffkcty `rauogkt s`ys, ck gssgkhg, tn`t

tng OGK@ heuktrcgs weulm ffkm ]urfgys ewk gxpgrcgkhg oerg og`kckaiul

`km usgiul tn`k tng scocl`r gxpgrcgkhgs ei kek-Ouslco k`tceks. ]ng meogs-

tch tr`ksiero`tcek ei ]urfgy ck tng p`st mgh`mg, jreuant `jeut jy ` rulcka

p`rty tn`t tr`hgs cts reets te pelctch`l Cslò, h`k ekly gkn`khg tng rglgv`khg

ei hultur`l ìffkctcgs. Lcfgwcsg, ]urfcsn iergcak pelchys ckhrg`sgm iehus ek tng

Ocmmlg G`st `km cts arewcka vcscjclcty `s ` suppertgr ei tng T`lgstckc`k hùsg`km hrctch ei tng Bgwcsn st`tg `lse werf ck tng sòg mcrghtcek.

@ tncrm glgogkt gkn`khcka tng `ppg`l ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs ]urfgys

lgvgl ei mgvglepogkt. ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg weulm sggo te jg oerg rglgv`kt

te OGK@ heuktrcgs tn`k tng gxpgrcgkhg ei o`ky Gurepg`k st`tgs ck tn`t

]urfgy cs st`rtcka `t ` ouhn hlesgr lgvgl ei pelctch`l `km ghekeoch mgvglep-

ogkt. Pu`lciycka ]urfgys mgoehr`hy `s ` werf ck preargss, Fgo`l Fcrcshc

hektgkms tn`t tng vgry i`ht tn`t ]urfcsn mgoehr`hy n`s cts ewk mgffhcgkhcgs cs

`k `mv`ktàg ier tng ]urfcsn oemgl.>]ng prevcscek`l qu`lcty ei ]urfgys


20/42

Xck`k lagk | 07

mgoehr`hy mciiusgs tng tgkscek tn`t ocant etngrwcsg gxcst jgtwggk meker `km

rghcpcgkt `km nglps te juclm ` sgksg ei selcm`rcty `reukm tng werf ei mgoehr`hy

preoetcek. Ier Fcrcshc, tng v`lug ei tng ]urfcsn oemgl cs prghcsgly ck cts ckheo-

plgtgkgss. Ng `lse s`ys tn`t tn`t tng mgoekstr`tcvg giight cs ogmc`tgm tnreuan

]urfgys zgre prejlgos wctn kgcanjers iergcak pelchy, cts ghekeoch pgrier-

o`khg, `km cts lcjgr`l vcs` pelchy, wnchn pgrocts rgl`tcvg irggmeo ei oevgogkt

ei pgeplg ckte ]urfgy.

Ick`lly, ct sneulm `loest ae wctneut s`ycka tn`t tng utclcty ei tng ]urfcsn

oemgl mgpgkms ck l`rag p`rt ek wngtngr tng rghcpcgkt k`tceks tngosglvgs ffkm

ct rglgv`kt. Ck etngr werms, cs tngrg ky mgo`km ier ct wctnck tng rgacek5 Xgvgr`l

rghgkt pujlch epckcek pells gxòckcka ]urfgys coàg `km ckugkhg ck tng

Ocmmlg G`st suaagst tn`t tngrg cs.

@k @uaustXgptgojgr :404 survgy ei sgvgk Ocmmlg G`stgrk heuktrcgs jy

tng ]urfcsn Ghekeoch `km Xehc`l Xtumcgs Ieukm`tcek (]GXGY) ieukm tn`t

99 pgrhgkt tneuant ei ]urfgy `s ` oemgl ier Ocmmlg G`stgrk heuktrcgs.3Ei

tnesg wne gkmersgm ]urfgys oemglcka relg, 07 pgrhgkt hctgm ]urfgys Ouslco

j`hfareukm `s ` fgy rg`sek ier tngcr suppert. Etngrs `lse ogktcekgm ]urfgys

ghekeoy (0: pgrhgkt) `km cts mgoehr`tch rgacog (00 pgrhgkt). Ier 04 pgrhgkt,

@kf`r`s `ppg`l stgos ireo cts wcllckakgss te st`km up ier T`lgstckc`ks `km

Ouslcos. Ei tnesg wne mcm ket wglheog tng ]urfcsn oemgl, 0: pgrhgkt hctgm

]urfgys sghul`r rgacog `s tng rg`sek ier tngcr hnechg `km 00 pgrhgkt s`cm tn`t

tngy mekt hekscmgr ]urfgy `s jgcka Ouslco gkeuan. Evgr`ll, ekly > pgrhgkt

s`cm tn`t tng Ocmmlg G`st megs ket kggm `ky oemgl.

Heoogktcka ek tng ]GXGY pell ffkmckas, Argkvcllg Jyierm gopn`sczgs

tng hultur`l ìffkcty `rauogkt `km tng relg ei rglcacek ck tng oemgl mgj`tg2]ng cssug ei wngtngr ]urfgy h`k jg ` oemgl ier tng rgacek cs meock`tgm jy

tng qugstcek ei wngtngr ct cs er ket Ouslco gkeuan. ]wgkty-kckg pgrhgkt ei

`ll rgspekmgkts hctg tng cssug ck ekg iero er `ketngr, ouhn ncangr tn`k `ky

etngr i`hter.04Ier Jyierm, tng upsnet ier Qgstgrk aevgrkogkts cs tn`t tngy

h`k gxtel tng vcrtugs ei lcjgr`l h`pct`lcso `km mgoehr`hy/nuo`k rcants `ll tngy

w`kt, jut tngcr gxpgrcgkhg wcll kgvgr jg sggk `s rglgv`kt.

@ketngr survgy, ]ng Tgrhgptcek ei ]urfgy `km tng ]urfs ck Gaypt, hek-

muhtgm jy tng @kf`r`-j`sgm JCLAGX@O `t sgvgr`l Gayptc`k ukcvgrsctcgs mur-

cka :404:400, rgvg`ls scocl`r ffkmckas.00]ng survgy ieukm tn`t 98 pgrhgkt

ei Gayptc`ks hekscmgrgm ]urfgy te jg ` aeem relg oemgl ier Ocmmlg G`stgrkheuktrcgs `km 17 pgrhgkt w`kt ]urfgy te t`fg ` jcaagr relg ck tng Ocmmlg

G`st. ]ng survgy `lse rgvg`ls ]urfgys pesctcvg coàg òeka Gayptc`k pgeplg

wctn rgspght te nuo`k rcants, irggmeo ei gxprgsscek, irggmeo ei tneuant, `km

rgspght ier mciigrgkt rglcaceks, hulturgs, `km cmgktctcgs ck ]urfgy. @mmctcek`lly,

19 pgrhgkt ei Gayptc`ks n`vg ` i`ver`jlg epckcek `jeut nuo`k rcants hek-

mctceks ck ]urfgy, `km 10 pgrhgkt jglcgvg tn`t ]urfgys mgoehr`hy cs quctg

hekselcm`tgm. Evgr`ll, >0 pgrhgkt ei Gayptc`ks syop`tnczg wctn tng ]urfcsn


21/42


pgeplg, `km 74 pgrhgkt kògm ]urfgy wngk `sfgm te hneesg ` sghekm heuktry

ck wnchn tngy weulm lcvg.

]ng :400 @r`j @ttctumgs survgy, `k `kku`l pell hekmuhtgm jy CJETG

Reajy Cktgrk`tcek`l ier tng @r`j @ogrch`k Ckstctutg Ieukm`tcek, prevcmgs

iurtngr hekffro`tcek ei ]urfgys pepul`rcty ck tng @r`j werlm. @hhermcka

te tng survgy, wnchn w`s hekmuhtgm snertly ìtgr Trgscmgkt Ejò`s O`y 03,

:400, spgghn ek tng Ocmmlg G`st, ]urfgys pelchcgs rghgcvg

wcmg suppert ck tng @r`j werlm, r`kacka ireo =7 pgrhgkt

`pprev`l ck Berm`k te >4 pgrhgkt `pprev`l ck Oerehhe

`km gvgk 3> pgrhgkt `pprev`l ck Xùmc @r`jc`. @s M`vcm

A`rmkgr ireo tng Ick`khc`l ]cogs rgo`rfgm, gvgk ck

Lgj`kek, ` strekanelm ei Nczjell`n, 38 pgrhgkt n`vg `

i`ver`jlg vcgw ei ]urfgy.0:

Wkmgr tngsg hekmctceks, cts sìg te s`y tn`t ]urfgys

v`stly coprevgm coàg ck tng @r`j werlm lgkms hrgmcjcl-

cty te tng ]urfcsn oemgl `s ` seurhg ei ckspcr`tcek. @r`j

rgierogrs cktgrgstgm ck coprevcka tng pelctch`l `km ghe-

keoch gkvcrekogkt ei tngcr ewk heuktrcgs `rg ckhrg`sckaly leefcka te ]urfgy

`km gxòckcka ]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg te mr`w tng rcant lgsseks ier tngcr ewk

tr`ksctcek.

Epgr`tcek`lczcka tng ]urfcsn Oemgl

Jgyekm ` p`sscvg (`ljgct usgiul) relg `s ` oemgl, ]urfgy h`k `lse t`fg sgvgr`l

oerg sujst`ktcvg stgps te nglp s`tcsiy mgoehr`tch yg`rkckas ck tng @r`j werlm.

@kf`r` `lse n`s scakcffh`kt seit pewgr rgsgrvgs `km ckstctutcek`l h`p`jclctcgs

tn`t ct h`k mgpley `s p`rt ei ` oerg hekhgrtgm, `km ultco`tgly oerg giightcvg,

prearò te `cm tng prehgss ei tr`ksiero`tcek.

Ketwctnst`kmcka tng ukmgrlycka mciigrgkhgs ck struhturg `km hektgxt

jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng @r`j werlm, ]urfgy `km tng ]urfcsn oemgl h`k n`vg

` scakcffh`kt cop`ht ck tng rgacek ci ct `ppre`hngs cts t`sf ck ` ku`khgm `km

h`rgiul w`ysghter jy sghter km cssug jy cssug r`tngr tn`k wnelgs`lg. ]urfgys

gxpgrcgkhg h`k jg jreuant te jg`r ek ` kuojgr ei scakcffh`kt pelchy `rg`s hev-

grcka pelctch`l rgiero, ghekeoch rgiero, `km ckstctutcek juclmcka.

Telctch`l T`rty Zgiero

]ng k`turg ei pelctch`l hn`kag ck tng @r`j werlm wcll mgpgkm arg`tly ek tng

h`p`hcty ei pelctch`l `km hcvcl sehcgty ierhgs te gst`jlcsn ` plur`lcstch pelctc-

h`l systgo. Ier o`ky mgh`mgs ck tng rgacek, ùtnerct`rc`k pelctch`l systgos

n`vg nckmgrgm era`kczgm pelctch`l eppesctcek areups. Gxpgrts eitgk hctgm tng

wg`fkgss ei pelctch`l p`rtcgs `s ekg ei tng o`ck rg`seks ier tng pgrscstgkhg ei

ùtnerct`rc`k rgacogs. Qngk tngsg rgacogs sn`ttgrgm, tng `jsgkhg ei era`kczgm

@r`j rgierogrs cktgrgstgm ck coprevcka

tng pelctch`l `km ghekeoch gkvcrekogkt

ei tngcr ewk heuktrcgs `rg ckhrg`sckaly

leefcka te ]urfgy `km gxòckcka

]urfgys gxpgrcgkhg te mr`w tng rcant

lgsseks ier tngcr ewk tr`ksctcek.


22/42

Xck`k lagk | 01

pelctch`l p`rtcgs `km iero`l pl`tieros ier pelctch`l gxprgsscek n`kmch`ppgm

pelctch`l hn`kag ck tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`. Mgspctg tng hengscek

`hncgvgm òeka tng pretgstgrs murcka tng uprcsckas, tng snggr l`hf ei era`kczgm

`km giightcvg plur`lcso ck v`rceus pelctch`l areupckas o`fgs tng tr`ksctcek pre-

hgss ouhn oerg mciffhult.

Cslòch oevgogkts er p`rtcgs suhn `s tng Ouslco

Jretngrneem ck Gaypt km Berm`k km l-K`nm` ck ]ukcsc`

n`vg gogragm `s tng oest era`kczgm pelctch`l eppesctcek

areups. Qnclg seog sgg tngcr gogragkhg `s `k ckhcpcgkt

Cslòch t`fgevgr, etngrs t`lf `jeut tng vc`jclcty ei tng

]urfcsn @FT oemgl ier kgw rgacogs ck tng @r`j werlm.

]ng @FT n`s hlg`rly `lrg`my sgrvgm `s ` relg oemgl ei

ekg fckm er `ketngr ier o`ky ei tng kgw pelctch`l p`rtcgs ei tng @r`j werlm2

tng Bustchg `km Mgvglepogkt T`rty ck Oerehhe, Nò`s, `l-K`nm`, `km tng

Ouslco Jretngrneem `rg werfcka te gst`jlcsn mggpgr tcgs wctn ]urfgys rulcka

p`rty. Murcka Grmea`ks rghgkt vcsct te Gaypt, rgprgsgkt`tcvgs ei tng Ouslco

Jretngrneem `htu`lly `sfgm nco ci tng @FT h`k acvg tngo suppert ck tngcr

pelctchs. Ck rgply, Grmea`k s`cm tn`t ]urfcsn eiffhc`ls `rg ck hekt`ht wctn `ll tng

pelctch`l gktctcgs ck Gaypt, `km tn`t ncs heuktry cs rg`my te nglp `kyekg wne

`sfs ier nglp. Cjr`nco F`lck, Grmea`ks iergcak pelchy `mvcsgr, ìffros tn`t tng

Ouslco Jretngrneem ck Gaypt, `l-K`nm` Oevgogkt ck ]ukcsc`, `km Nò`s

ck T`lgstckg wcll `ll pl`y copert`kt `km lgactco`tg relgs ck tng pelctch`l iuturg

ei tngcr rgspghtcvg heuktrcgs, `km tn`t @ogrch`ks `km Gurepg`ks wcll kggm te

gkaàg tngsg areups pujlchly `km mcrghtly, `s ]urfgy n`s mekg.08

Xuhn ckstctutcek`lczgm p`rty-te-p`rty tcgs wctn tng @r`j werlm `rg ` kev-glty ier ]urfgy. ]ng Wkctgm Xt`tgs, ier ckst`khg, n`s n`m gxpgrcgkhg wctn

tng Cktgrk`tcek`l Zgpujlch`k Ckstctutg (CZC) `km tng K`tcek`l Mgoehr`tch

Ckstctutg (KMC), `km Agro`ky wctn cts ewk pelctch`l ieukm`tceks6 ]urfgy,

newgvgr, n`s n`m ke gxpesurg te tng aòg ei hress-jermgr pelctch`l p`rty heep-

gr`tcek. ]ng epgkcka ei tng pelctch`l sp`hg `km tng gogragkhg ei kgw pelctch`l

`hters ck tng Ocmmlg G`st rgprgsgkt `k eppertukcty ier ]urfgys rulcka p`rty

te a`ck tncs fckm ei gxpgrcgkhg. ]ng @FT n`s tng petgktc`l te jgheog ` lg`m-

cka ckstctutcek ck tng rgacek ier pelctch`l p`rty mgvglepogkt `sscst`khg. Xuhn

heepgr`tcek, ncanlcantcka tng jgkgffts ei prào`tcso, oemgr`tcek, `km plur`l-

cso, weulm hgrt`ckly nglp te stggr tng pelctch`l gkvcrekogkt ck tng rgacek ck tngrcant mcrghtcek.

@ketngr cktgrgstcka heksgqugkhg ei tng strgkatngkcka ei hress-jermgr pelct-

ch`l p`rty tcgs cs wn`t ocant jg h`llgm `k `ssehc`tcek giight. ]ng pepul`rcty

ei Grmea`k `km tng @FT ck tng @r`j werlm sggos te trcaagr ` mgscrg òeka

seog @r`j pelctchc`ks lckfgm te pelctch`l Cslò te vcscjly `ssehc`tg tngosglvgs

wctn tng ]urfcsn lg`mgrsncp. Ier ckst`khg `l-An`kkusnc ck ]ukcsc` era`kczgm

` wglheocka heoocttgg ei tneus`kms te arggt Grmea`k, tnus jgheocka tng

ekly ]ukcsc`k eppesctcek lg`mgr te oggt nco murcka ncs m`y-leka trcp te ]ukcs.

]ng @FT n`s hlg`rly `lrg`my sgrvgm `s ` rel

oemgl ei ekg fckm er `ketngr ier o`ky ei

tng kgw pelctch`l p`rtcgs ei tng @r`j werlm


23/42

0> | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

]nreuan ncs gojr`hg ei Grmea`k km tng ]urfcsn oemgl, l-An`kkusnc pp`r-

gktly sggfs te `ssurg ncs meogstch hekstctugkhy tn`t, ci glghtgm, ncs pelchcgs wcll

rgo`ck oemgr`tg, bust lcfg tng @FT ck ]urfgy.0=]ncs `ssehc`tcek giight ck

rgturk acvgs tng @FT lg`mgrsncp lgvgràg evgr tng cmgeleach`l pl`tiero ei cts

`ssehc`tg p`rtcgs ck tng @r`j werlm. @FT h`k heopgl cts `ssehc`tg p`rtcgs te

hneesg tng p`tn ei prào`tcso `km oemgr`tcek. ]e wct, ci `l-An`kkusnc sggs

`ssehc`tcek wctn tng ]urfcsn oemgl `s v`lu`jlg ier strgkatngkcka `l-K`nm`s

meogstch, `km pesscjly cktgrk`tcek`l, lgactco`hy, tngk hekvgrsgly, `ky mcs`sse-

hc`tcek wctn ]urfgy, preoptgm jy ckhrg`sgm r`mch`lcso ek ncs p`rt, heulm n`ro

ncs meogstch pepul`rcty `km tn`t ei tng ]ukcsc`k Cslòcsts.

Xghurcty Xghter Zgiero

]ng cssug ei sghurcty n`s gogragm `s ekg ei tng oest copert`kt hn`llgkags ck

tng pest-rgvelutcek`ry st`tgs ck tng Ocmmlg G`st, wngrg tng ukhgrt`cktcgs ei

kgw pelctch`l ermgrs n`vg ukg`rtngm leka-supprgssgm arcgv`khgs, `llga`tceks,

`km suspchceks. Cktr`-st`tg `km rgacek`l hekchts `rg `lse àar`v`tcka sghurcty

hekhgrks ck tngsg heuktrcgs. Oergevgr, rgspeksgs ireo tng sghurcty ierhgstng

`roy, pelchg, prgscmgktc`l au`rms, `km cktgllcagkhg sgrvchgs`rg pl`ycka ` sca-

kcffh`kt relg ck mgtgrockcka tng heursg ei pelctch`l, ghekeoch, `km sehc`l tr`ks-

iero`tcek. Zgierocka tng sghurcty sghter cs tnus hruhc`l ier tng iuturg ei tng

rgacek. ]urfgy h`k hektrcjutg te sghurcty sghter rgieros jy jeestcka cts h`p`h-

cty ier gmuh`tcek `km tr`ckcka prearòs ier pelchg eiffhgrs `km oclct`ry stìi.

]urfcsn l`w gkierhgogkt ierhgs n`vg a`ckgm ` scakcffh`kt gxpgrcgkhg ukmgr

tng WK pg`hgfggpcka ocssceks `km K@]E ]r`ckcka Ocssceks. ]ng ]urfcsn

K`tcek`l Telchg (]KT) n`s jggk p`rtchcp`tcka ck WK Tg`hgfggpcka Epgr`tceks

sckhg 0339 km n`s suppertgm kckg WK-o`km`tgm ocssceks ck Feseve, Lcjgrc`,

]coer-Lgstg, Hekae, @ian`kcst`k, N`ctc, Htg mCvecrg, Xum`k, `km M`riur.

Hurrgktly, :18 ]urfcsn gxpgrts tg`hn ck pelchg `h`mgocgs ck tncrty iergcak

heuktrcgs, `km oerg tn`k =44 iergcak stumgkts `ttgkm tr`ckcka ck ]urfgys

Telchg @h`mgoy `km ncangr veh`tcek`l pelchg shneels. @hhermcka te ` rgpert

jy tng K`tcek`l Telchg Mgp`rtogkt, ]urfgy n`s se i`r tr`ckgm :,=81 tg`hncka

gxpgrts ck iergcak heuktrcgs jy eiigrcka gmuh`tcek`l `sscst`khg te pelchg mgp`rt-

ogkts. Ck :404, 113 eiffhgrs ireo iergcak pelchg mgp`rtogkts `ttgkmgm spghc`l

tr`ckcka heursgs ck ]urfgy.

Xcocl`rly, tng ]urfcsn T`rtkgrsncp ier Tg`hg (TiT) Hgktgr, lùkhngm ukmgr

tng K@]E uojrgll` ck 0333, cs `lrg`my ckvelvgm ck tr`ckcka `htcvctcgs wctn

tng heuktrcgs ei K@]Es Ogmctgrr`kg`k Mc`leaug km Cst`kjul Heepgr`tcek

Ckctc`tcvg (CHC). ]ng hgktgrs `htcvctcgs `rg h`tgaerczgm ukmgr tnrgg ng`mckas2

cktgrk`tcek`l sghurcty, oclct`ry heepgr`tcek, `km pg`hg suppert epgr`tceks.

]ng hurrchuluo ckhlumgs suhn heursgs `s jermgr pretghtcek, rgiuagg o`kàg-

ogkt, `km heoj`tcka nuo`k trìffhfcka `km era`kczgm hrcog. ]ng ]urfcsn

TiT Hgktgr `lse n`s `t cts mcspes`l ` oejclg tr`ckcka ukct sgt up te hek-

muht eii-sctg tr`ckcka `jre`m. Ireo cts ckhgptcek tnreuan :400, tng oejclg


24/42

Xck`k lagk | 03

tr`ckcka ukct n`s hekmuhtgm tr`ckcka epgr`tceks ck gcantggk heuktrcgs, sgrv-

cka :,087 p`rtchcp`kts.

@ I`stgr, Jgttgr Zeutg te Ghekeoch Cktgar`tcek ier OGK@

@k `ltgrk`tcvg `ppre`hn te tng hurrgkt ghekeoch cktgar`tcek re`mo`p ier

OGK@ heuktrcgs weulm prevcmg ` scakcffh`kt eppertukcty ier GW-]urfgy-

OGK@ heepgr`tcek wnclg sujst`ktc`lly coprevcka tng ghekeoch eutleef

ier tng seutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k heuktrcgs. ]ng ae`l ei ghekeoch cktgar`tcek

jgtwggk tng seutngrk p`rt ei tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k `km Gurepg cs hurrgktly jgcka

pursugm tnreuan tng ar`mu`l coplgogkt`tcek ei ` wgj ei jcl`tgr`l irgg tr`mg

àrggogkts (I]@s). ]ncs cs tng lga`hy ei tng Gure-Ogmctgrr`kg`k J`rhglek`

Trehgss, wnchn ckctc`lly iergs`w tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei irgg tr`mg zekg hress tng

Ogmctgrr`kg`k jy :404. ]ng w`y ierw`rm gkvcsàgm tng hekhluscek ei I]@s

jgtwggk, ffrst, tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs `km,

tngk, òeka OGK@ heuktrcgs tngosglvgs, ck ermgr te hrg`tg ` l`rag, sgò-

lgss irgg tr`mg `rg` `reukm tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k. ]ng ffrst p`rt ei tncs vcscek w`s

ar`mu`lly `km suhhgssiully coplgogktgm2 ]ng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s ckctc`tgm

`km hekhlumgm I]@s wctn `ll ei cts Ogmctgrr`kg`k kgcanjers gxhgpt ier Lcjy`.

]`jlg 02 GW I]@s Qctn OGK@ Heuktrcgs

@lagrc` (:447) Gaypt (:44=) Csr`gl (:444)

Berm`k (:44:) Lgj`kek (:449) Oerehhe (:444)

T lgstckc k @utnercty (0331) Xyrc ( w`ctcka r tcffh tcek) ]ukcsc` (033>)

Xeurhg2 nttp2//gh.gurep`.gu/gktgrprcsg/pelchcgs/cktgrk`tcek l/fflgs/gxcstcka-tr`mg-kgaetc`tceksUgk.pmi

]ng sghekm p`rt ei tncs prebght, kògly tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei I]@s jgtwggk

OGK@ st`tgs, n`s jggk seogwn`t lgss suhhgssiul mug te tng pgrscstgkhg ei pelct-

ch`l j`rrcgrs jgtwggk ` r`kag ei OGK@ heuktrcgs. Ekly tng @a`mcr @arggogkt,

hevgrcka Gaypt, Berm`k, Oerehhe, `km ]ukcsc`, suhhgssiully gst`jlcsngm `k

cktr`rgacek`l I]@ heop`tcjlg wctn GW rulgs ei ercack.

]ng ghekeoch cop`ht ei tncs rgacek`l mgscak cs oerg treujlcka. @ltneuantr`mg jgtwggk ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs `km tng Gurepg`k Wkcek n`s

eurcsngm, tng oultcl`tgr`l I]@ oemgl n`s mekg lcttlg te coprevg tr`mg `km

ckvgstogkt òeka OGK@ heuktrcgs. Cktr`rgacek`l tr`mg `s ` sn`rg ei tet`l

OGK@ tr`mg rgo`cks `t 04 pgrhgkt, p`lcka ck heop`rcsek te tng 14 pgrhgkt

ier cktr`rgacek`l tr`mg wctnck tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km 74 pgrhgkt ier Kertn

@ogrch`.07]ng nuj-`km-spefg struhturg hrg`tgm jy tncs jlugprckt (wctn tng

Gurepg`k Wkcek `s ` nuj `km ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs `s spefgs) `lse `hts

`s ` mcsckhgktcvg te cktgrrgacek`l tr`mg `km ckvgstogkts. ]ngrg cs gvcmgkhg tn`t


25/42

:4 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

tngsg àrggogkts n`vg scakcffh`ktly ckhrg`sgm OGK@ heuktrcgs coperts ireo

tng Gurepg`k Wkcek jut n`vg n`m ke pesctcvg cop`ht ek tngcr GW gxperts.09

GW-OGK@ tr`mg rgo`cks lepscmgm6 ck etngr werms, tng hncgi cop`ht ei tngsg

àrggogkts n`s jggk te epgk @r`j o`rfgts te Gurepg`k gxperts.01@ :443

Qerlm J`kf stumyaegs i`rtngr jy suaagstcka tn`t tngsg àrggogkts n`vg `htu-

`lly n`rogm tng OGK@ heuktrcgs evgr`ll tr`mg heopgtctcvgkgss.0>]ng rgpert

st`tgstn`t

prgigrgktc`l àrggogkts wctn tng GW n`vg ket nglpgm OGK@ heuktrcgs wctn-st`km heopgtctcek ireo Hnck` `km Ckmc`. ]ngy n`vg p`rtc`lly nglpgm o`ck-t`ckcka ` o`rfgt ck Gurepg, jut tng GW rulgs ei ercack o`y hurrgktly copgmgOGK@s iurtngr gxpert arewtn. Trgigrgktc`l àrggogkts n`vg lehfgm OGK@premuhgrs ckte premuhtcek struhturgs tn`t sngltgr tngo ireo heopgtctcek `kmn`kmhuii tngcr `jclcty te seurhg ckputs ireo etngr leh`tceks.03

@ scocl`r `rauogkt weulm `lse `pply te ckvgstogkts. ]ng l`hf ei `k cktg-

ar`tgm o`rfgt ck tng seutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k, heuplgm wctn heoplch`tgm rulgs

ei ercack, sgrvgs te sncit iergcak ckvgstogkts te tng Kertn. @ iergcak ckvgster

ck Gurepg h`k g`scly sgrvg `ll tng OGK@ o`rfgts, wngrg`s ` OGK@ ckvgster

rgo`cks n`kmch`ppgm jy nelgs ck tng jcl`tgr`l tr`mg àrggogkts òeka OGK@

heuktrcgs, `s wgll `s tng `mmgm heoplch`tcek ei rulgs ei ercack. Zcste Ygltngco,

Ickl`kms sgkcer eiffhc`l ier tng Wkcek ier tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k, ukmgrshergm tncs

peckt ck `k epckcek pcghg ier tng GW Ckstctutg ier Xghurcty Xtumcgs2

Kertn @irch`k o`rfgts `rg sggk `s so`ll, iràogktgm `km r`tngr heoplch`tgm tepgkgtr`tg se o`ky heop`kcgs prgigr te o`fg premuhtcvg ckvgstogkts ckstg`m ck

@sc`, tng I`r G`st er gvgk L`tck @ogrch` r`tngr tn`k tngcr kg`r-kgcanjerneem`hress tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k sg`. Xe tng o`ky cktgr-rgacek`l irgg tr`mg àrggogktstng GW n`s scakgm wctn tngsg rgaceks n`vg ekly sgrvgm te jeest tncs tgkmgkhy.:4

Acvgk tngsg hekmctceks, ` iukmògkt`l rgtnckf ei tng ghekeoch cktgar`tcek

jlugprckt jgtwggk tng Kertn `km Xeutn ei tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k cs ckgvct`jlg.

]ng J`rhglek` mghcscek te gst`jlcsn ` sgòlgss zekg ei irgg tr`mg `hress tng

Ogmctgrr`kg`k h`k hgrt`ckly jg o`ckt`ckgm. Qn`t kggms te jg hn`llgkagm cs tng

hektrcvgm oghn`kchs ei ierhcka ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs te ffrst kgaetc`tg

I]@s wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km ekly tngk òeka tngosglvgs. Leacstch`lly

spg`fcka, tncs cs ` kcanto`rg. G`hn OGK@ st`tg wcsncka te beck tng GureOgm

irgg tr`mg zekg n`s te p`ckst`fckaly kgaetc`tg glgvgk sgp`r`tg I]@s2 ekg wctn

tng Gurepg`k Wkcek, ekg wctn ]urfgy, `km kckg wctn tng rgo`ckcka OGK@

heuktrcgs. @ll telm, 0:0 sgp`r`tg tr`mg àrggogkts (glgvgk àrggogkts ier g`hn

ei glgvgk heuktrcgs) wcll n`vg te jg kgaetc`tgm, scakgm, km r`tcffgm ier tng gvgk-

tu`l gst`jlcsnogkt ei tng GureOgm irgg tr`mg zekg.

@ ouhn oerg pr`htch`l `km ghekeoch`lly supgrcer `ltgrk`tcvg weulm jg te

gxtgkm tng hurrgkt tr`mg cktgar`tcek oemgl jgtwggk ]urfgy `km tng Gurepg`k

Wkcek te tng OGK@ heuktrcgs.:0@kf`r` km Jrussgls gst`jlcsngm iull-gmagm

husteos ukcek t tng gkm ei 0337. @s rgsult, tr`mg ck o`kui`hturgm aeems n`s


26/42

Xck`k lagk | :0

jggk lcjgr`lczgm jgtwggk tng twe. Ck `mmctcek, ]urfgy `meptgm tng GW heo-

oek tr`mg pelchy, og`kcka tn`t tr`mg jgtwggk ]urfgy km tng Gurepg`k Wkcek

cs kew h`rrcgm eut ck `loest gx`htly tng sòg w`y `s cktr`-GW tr`mg. ]ngrg `rg

ke heoplch`tgm rulgs ei ercack htcka `s mcsckhgktcvg ier tr`mg er ckvgstogkts.

]ng husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt n`s, oergevgr, nglpgm tng ]urfcsn ghekeoy

te coprevg cts heopgtctcvgkgss. ]ng `meptcek ei tng GW tr`mg pelchy lewgrgm

copert j`rrcgrs `km ierhgm ]urfcsn o`kui`hturgrs te heopgtg alej`lly.

Gxtgkmcka tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek te OGK@ heuktrcgs weulm

`hncgvg ` kuojgr ei copert`kt ae`ls. Ct weulm, ffrst, ejvc`tg tng kggm te hek-

hlumg sgp`r`tg arggogkts oeka tng OGK@ heuktrcgs ck ermgr te jrcka jeut

tng GureOgm irgg tr`mg zekg. G`hn OGK@ heuktry weulm ekly kggm te beck

tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek. ]ng husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt weulm tngk

jgack te gxtgkm `hress tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k. @ sckalg àrggogkt weulm jg sui-

ffhcgkt ier `ky kgw heuktry te beck tncs zekg, `s eppesgm te tng glgvgk sgp`r`tg

àrggogkts kggmgm `t prgsgkt.]ng cktremuhtcek ei husteos ukcek rulgs weulm `lse mcsselvg tng `mvgrsg

nuj-`km-spefg systgo jgtwggk tng Gurepg`k Wkcek `km OGK@ heuktrcgs

`km glcock`tg tng kggm ier rulgs ei ercack. ]ngsg hn`kags weulm, ck turk, glcoc-

k`tg `ll typgs ei mcsckhgktcvgs ier `ttr`htcka iergcak mcrght ckvgstogkt. Qctn

tngsg hekmctceks ck pl`hg, tngrg weulm jg ke t`rci i-j`sgm mciigrgkhgs ier gxpert-

cka te tng Gurepg `km OGK@ rgacek ireo `kywngrg wctnck tng rgacek. @s `

rgsult, iergcak ckvgsters ocant jg oerg wcllcka te ckvgst ck OGK@ heuktrcgs ck

ermgr te t`fg `mv`ktàg ei tngcr lewgr hests ei premuhtcek.

]ng husteos ukcek `ltgrk`tcvg weulm `lse prevcmg ` seukm selutcek te tng

prejlgo ei ckhgktcvczcka cktr`rgacek`l OGK@ tr`mg. Ekhg ` OGK@ heuktrybecks tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek, ct h`k st`rt te tr`mg irggly wctn `ll tng

etngr OGK@ heuktrcgs tn`t prgvceusly beckgm tng husteos ukcek `rg`wctn-

eut tng rgstr`ckcka cop`ht ei tng rulgs ei ercack. Wklcfg tng hurrgkt systgo,

ffk`lly, ` husteos ukcek selutcek weulm hg`sg te hekmctcek irgg tr`mg jgtwggk

ckmcvcmu`l OGK@ heuktrcgs ek tng hekhluscek ei `k àrggogkt jgtwggk tngsg

heuktrcgs. ]ng husteos ukcek selutcek weulm tnus `lse prevcmg `k eptcek ier

evgrheocka tng pelctch`l ejst`hlgs te irgg tr`mg ck tng rgacek.

]ng o`ck hn`llgkag ei sncitcka te ` husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt lcgs ck

gksurcka tn`t OGK@ heuktrcgs rgo`ck heopgtctcvg wctn rgspght te tng rgst ei

tng werlm. ]ngy weulm ckmggm lesg tng t`rcii pretghtcek iiermgm jy tng hurrgktsystgo ei irgg tr`mg àrggogkts wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek. ]ngy weulm `lse

lesg tngcr tr`mg pelchy ckmgpgkmgkhg `km tng `jclcty te irggly hekhlumg tr`mg

àrggogkts wctn tncrm heuktrcgs. Jut `s tng Qerlm J`kf stumy n`s mgoek-

str`tgm, tng hurrgkt systgo n`s ket nglpgm tngsg heuktrcgs a`ck cktgrk`tcek`l

heopgtctcvgkgss. Ek tng hektr`ry, tng ]urfcsn gxòplg hlg`rly snews tn`t tng

husteos ukcek `rr`kagogkt `km tng prehgss ei t`rcii lcjgr`lcz`tcek, cktremuhgm

ar`mu`lly, nglpgm ]urfcsn ckmustry jgheog heopgtctcvg alej`lly. ]ng jgst ktc-

metg te l`hf ei cktgrk`tcek`l heopgtctcvgkgss n`s rg`lly jggk tng cktremuhtcek


27/42

:: | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

Gxtgkmcka tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek

te tng Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch` n`s

tng petgktc`l te sujst`ktc`lly gkn`khg tng

ghekeoch cktgar tcek km, tngrgierg, tng

ghekeoch iuturg ei tng wnelg rgacek.

ei heopgtctcek ck pretghtgm o`rfgts. Ck tncs rgspght, tng eutheog ei tng Q]E

Men` Zeukm ei t`lfs wcll `lse jg ckstruogkt`l. ]ng suhhgssiul hekhluscek ei

tng Men` Zeukm weulm lg`m te tng iurtngr mcso`ktlcka ei t`rciis ck Q]E

ogojgr st`tgs. ]ncs weulm i`hclct`tg tng `meptcek ei

GW-]urfgy t`rcii lgvgls jy OGK@ heuktrcgs.

]urfcsn `km GW pelchyo`fgrs sneulm gkaàg ck ` suj-

st`ktcvg mc`leaug ek tng gxtgkscek ei tng ]urfgy-GW hus-

teos ukcek te tng OGK@ rgacek. @s p`rt ei cts rgvcgw

ei tng Gurepg`k Kgcanjerneem Telchy, tng Gurepg`k

Heoocsscek o`y hekscmgr tng prgp`r`tcek ei ` stumy ek

tng ig`scjclcty ei gxtgkmcka tng ]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek

te tng gktcrg OGK@ rgacek. @s `raugm, gxtgkmcka tng

]urfgy-GW husteos ukcek n`s tng petgktc`l te sujst`k-

tc`lly gkn`khg tng ghekeoch cktgar`tcek `km, tngrgierg, tng ghekeoch iuturg

ei tng wnelg rgacek. ]ncs eppertukcty sneulm ket jg squ`kmgrgm mug te ocs-pl`hgm hekffmgkhg ck tng hurrgkt J`rhglek` jlugprckt ier ghekeoch cktgar`tcek

jgtwggk tng kertngrk `km seutngrk rgaceks ei tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k.

Ick`khc`l Zgiero

]ng relg ei tng ffk`khc`l sgrvchgs `km j`kfcka sghters ck suppertcka ghekeoch

mgvglepogkt n`s jggk wgll mehuogktgm. @ mggp `km mcvgrscffgm ffk`khc`l sgh-

ter `llews ier ` oerg giffhcgkt mcstrcjutcek ei sh`rhg rgseurhgs. Ct `lse àarg-

a`tgs meogstch `km iergcak h`pct`l te ckvgst ck tng premuhtcvg h`p`hcty ei tng

ghekeoy. ]ngrg cs ` hlg`r herrgl`tcek jgtwggk tng mgptn ei tng ffk`khc`l sghter

`km ckheog lgvgls. Zchngr heuktrcgs n`vg oerg mgvglepgm ffk`khc`l sghters.

OGK@ heuktrcgs rg k eutlcgr ck tncs rgspght, newgvgr. Ek vgràg, tngy me

ket là jgnckm etngr rgaceks ck tgros ei tngcr ffk`khc`l mgptn, jut tngcr ckheog

lgvgls `rg lewgr tn`k etngr st`tgs wctn scocl`r ffk`khc`l mgptn p`rògtgrs. @s

ei :44>, tng prcv`tg-hrgmct-te-AMT r`tce steem `t =7 pgrhgkt ck OGK@, heo-

p`rgm te tng gogracka `km mgvglepcka heuktrcgs `vgràg lgvgl ei 8> pgrhgkt.

Newgvgr, `s tng Qerlm J`kf st`tgs ck cts l`tgst rgpert ek tng OGK@ gheke-

ocgs, j`kfcka systgos ck tng OGK@ rgacek n`vg ket premuhgm tng gxpghtgm

arewtn-gkn`khcka jgkgffts heoogksur`tg wctn tngcr mgptn, scak`lcka ` qu`lcty

a`p wctn rgspght te tng rgst ei tng werlm. ::]ng rgpert ckmch`tgs tn`t heo-

p`rgm te etngr rgaceks, OGK@ jusckgssgsp`rtchul`rly so`ll- `km ogmcuo-sczg gktgrprcsgsn`vg rghgcvgm sujst`ktc`lly lgss ffk`khcka ireo j`kfs le`k

hekhgktr`tcek tgkms te jg arg`tgr, `km tng pgrhgktàg ei tng pepul`tcek wctn

`hhgss te j`kf mgpescts tgkms te jg lewgr. ]ng rgpert tnus hekhlumgs tn`t tng

cop`ht ei j`kfcka mgptn ek arewtn ck OGK@ cs wg`fgr tn`k ck etngr rgaceks.

Ct `lse `ssgrts tn`t, ier ` acvgk lgvgl ei prcv`tg hrgmct, tng cop`ht ek ghekeoch

arewtn ck OGK@ heuktrcgs cs `jeut ` tncrm lewgr tn`k ct cs ck etngr gogracka

`km mgvglepcka heuktry rgaceks.


28/42

Xck`k lagk | :8

]ngsg ejsgrv`tceks snew tn`t, `ltneuan OGK@ heuktrcgs j`kfcka systgos

n`vg jggk `jlg te `hhuoul`tg iukms, tngy n`vg jggk i`r lgss suhhgssiul ck ckvgst-

cka tngsg iukms ck ` w`y tn`t iugls ghekeoch arewtn. ]ng ierogr ùtnerct`rc`k

rgacogs n`m usurpgm tng j`kfcka systgo `km tr`ksierogm ct ckte ` vgnchlg

ier hekkghtgm lgkmcka. Ekly rgacog-ircgkmly gktrgprgkgurs n`m g`sy `hhgss te

iukms. ]ng systgo w`s mgscakgm te sust`ck `k ghekeoy j`sgm ek p`trekàg

`km hlcgktglcso. ]ng hn`llgkag ier tng j`kfcka systgo ei tngsg heuktrcgs cs

tngrgierg te sncit ireo pelctch`lly oetcv`tgm lgkmcka pr`htchgs te r`tcek`l `km

ghekeoch`lly oetcv`tgm lgkmcka prckhcplgs. ]ncs rgqucrgs ` iukmògkt`l evgr-

nùl ei tng wnelg j`kfcka ckmustry `km cts rgaul`tery irògwerf.

]n`t evgrnùl cs gx`htly wn`t ]urfgy w`s `jlg te `hheoplcsn ck tng g`rly

p`rt ei tng p`st mgh`mg. ]ng ]urfcsn j`kfcka systgo ck tng 0334s w`s jgsgt jy

o`ky ei tng sòg clls ei tng OGK@ j`kfcka systgo. ]urfcsn j`kfs wgrg usgm

te suppert ` pelctch`lly lgm p`trekàg kgtwerf. ]ng systgo w`s rcig wctn hek-

kghtgm lgkmcka pr`htchgs `km suiigrgm ireo ` l`hf ei prepgr rgaul`tery hektrel,

lg`mcka te ` sujst`ktc`l rcsg ck kekpgrierocka le`ks. ]ng rgsult w`s tn`t tng

j`kfcka systgo hòg te tng jrckf ei ` systgoch hell`psg, trcaagrcka ]urfgys

jcaagst ghekeoch hrcscs te m`tg. (Ck :440, tng ]urfcsn ghekeoy hektr`htgm jy

1.> pgrhgkt.) Ck rgspeksg, Ghekeoch Ockcstgr Fgo`l Mgrvc, wctn tng suppert

ei tng COI, lùkhngm kgw ghekeoch prearò. ]ng prearò cogm te s`kctczg

tng j`kfcka systgo `km strgkatngk cts rgaul`tery evgrscant vc` ògkmogkts te

tng j`kfcka l`w. J`kfs wgrg `lse rgh`pct`lczgm, `km tng J`kfcka Zgaul`tery

@utnercty evgrnùlgm. Ck snert, tng prearò cktremuhgm ` rejust ffk`khc`l aev-

grk`khg systgo tn`t weulm nckmgr tng `jclcty ei pelctchc`ks er pepul`r wcll te

`jusg tng j`kfcka systgo. ]em`y, ]urfgys j`kfcka ckmustry rgo`cks streka,wgll h`pct`lczgm, `km irgg ei systgoch rcsfs, gvgk ck tng i`hg

ei ekaecka alej`l ffk`khc`l ckst`jclcty.

]ncs gxpgrcgkhg cs lcfgly rglgv`kt ier tr`ksierocka j`kf-

cka systgos ck tng OGK@ heuktrcgs ier tng scoplg rg`sek

tn`t ]urfgy n`m te evgrheog, ` igw yg`rs j`hf, ouhn ei

tng sòg fckms ei prejlgos tn`t hurrgktly ìcht ffk`khc`l

sghter mgvglepogkt ck OGK@ heuktrcgs. @ mgh`mg àe, tng

]urfcsn j`kfcka sghter w`s gxpesgm te ` mciigrgkt sgt ei

prejlgos tn`k cts Qgstgrk heuktgrp`rts. ]ng cssug w`s ket `k ukhektrellgm

gxp`kscek ei hrgmct, lg`mcka te tng gsh`l`tcek ei systgo-wcmg rcsfs `km tng ckgv-ct`jlg `km hestly prehgss ei mglgvgràcka6 ]urfgys hn`llgkag w`s te gst`jlcsn

tng rcant sert ei j`l`khg jgtwggk oekgy `km pelctchs. ]ng rgieros wgrg gssgk-

tc`lly mgscakgm te `mmrgss tng pelctch`l ghekeoy mgffhcgkhcgs ei tng j`kfcka

ckmustry. ]urfgys st`tg `km rgaul`tery ckstctutceks n`vg tnus a`ckgm ckv`lu-

`jlg gxpgrcgkhg ck tr`ksctcekcka tng k`tcek`l j`kfcka systgo ireo ` wg`f te

` streka, oemgrk aevgrk`khg irògwerf. Xuhn gxpgrcgkhg weulm jg ckv`lu-

`jlg ier ]urfgys @r`j kgcanjers, wnchn `rg hekirektgm wctn scocl`r hn`llgkags

tem`y.

]em`y, ]urfgys j`kfcka ckmustry

rgo`cks streka, wgll h`pct`lczgm, `km

irgg ei systgoch rcsfs, gvgk ck tng i`hg

ei ekaecka alej`l ffk`khc`l ckst`jclcty.


29/42

:= | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

Ct cs wertn ketcka ngrg tn`t ]urfcsn ffk`khc`l utnerctcgs rg lrg`my ckvelvgm

ck heepgr`tcek `km h`p`hcty-juclmcka prearòs ck tng rgacek. ]ng Cst`kjul

Xtehf Gxhn`kag, ier ckst`khg, nglpgm Xyrc`k ùtnerctcgs gst`jlcsn tng Mò`shus

Xghurctcgs Gxhn`kag ck :443. Murcka tng Xcxtggktn Agkgr`l @ssgojly ei tng

Igmgr`tcek ei Gure-@sc`k Xtehf Gxhn`kags, nglm ck Cst`kjul ck Mghgojgr

:404, tng Mò`shus Xghurctcgs Gxhn`kag `km Cst`kjul Xtehf Gxhn`kag scakgm

` lgttgr ei ogoer`kmuo ek heepgr`tcek ck gxhn`kacka ckiero`tcek, gxpgrtcsg,

heksult`kts, `km tr`ckcka heursgs.:8

Neuscka Telchy Zgiero

]ng kgw `km pepul`rly glghtgm aevgrkogkts ck @r`j heuktrcgs wcll vgry seek

heog ukmgr prgssurg te mglcvgr bejs, preoetg ckhluscvg ghekeoch arewtn, `km

gksurg sehc`l gqucty. ]ngcr suhhgss ck prevcmcka tngsg aeems cs hruhc`l te tng

t`sf ei hekselcm`tcka mgoehr`tch rulg ck tngsg heuktrcgs. Qgll-mgscakgm `km

wgll-coplgogktgm sehc`l `km ghekeoch prearòs `rg tnus lcfgly te jg tng

lckhnpck ei tng kgw aevgrkogkts str`tgacgs.

]ng mgscak ei kgw ghekeoch `km sehc`l pelchcgs wcll jg ìightgm jy tng l`rag

`km arewcka sn`rg ei yeutn ck tng evgr`ll pepul`tcek, wnchn puts scakcffh`kt

prgssurg ek tng gopleyogkt o`rfgt. Ct cs gstco`tgm, ier ckst`khg, tn`t Gaypt

oust hrg`tg 144,444 bejs gvgry yg`r bust te `hheooem`tg tng arewtn ei tng

l`jer ierhg. ]ng yeutn julag `lse ìights sehc`l pelchcgs `km neuscka pelchy ck

p`rtchul`r. ]ng l`hf ei prepgr neuscka cs ` rg`l prejlgo ck seog ei tngsg sehcgt-

cgs. @ rghgkt H`rkgacg Gkmewogkt-Lga`tuo Ckstctutg rgpert ek tng Gayptc`k

ghekeoy:=rgheoogkms mgvglepcka pujlch-prcv`tg p`rtkgrsncps te oemgrkczg

tng neuscka sghter. ]ng rgpert s`ys,

Trcv`tgpujlch ckvgstogkts, mgscakgm te rgagkgr`tg `km mgvglep `rg`s hurrgktly

ehhupcgm jy urj`k sluos, `rg `ketngr preocscka ckctc`tcvg wctn sujst`ktc` l leka-

tgro jgkgffts ier mgvglepogkt, gspghc`lly wngrg tng sluos `rg leh`tgm ck heo-

ogrhc`lly mgscr`jlg `rg`s. Le`ks gxtgkmgm te sluo rgmgvglepogkt prebghts heulm

jg ` rgl`tcvgly sìg `km ncan-rgturk ckvgstogkt, wctn `mmctcek`l sehc`l jgkgffts

`hhrugm te peer Gayptc`ks.

]ng ]urfcsn oemgl h`k jg rgigrgkhg ier evgrnùlcka neuscka pelchcgs km

mgscakcka o`rfgt-ircgkmly `km giightcvg prcv`tg-pujlch p`rtkgrsncps te quchfly

oemgrkczg tng neuscka sghter `km evgrheog tng snertàg ei mghgkt neuscka.

]urfgy n`s mgvglepgm ` rgl`tcvgly suhhgssiul oemgl ck premuhcka ìierm`jlg

o`ss neuscka prebghts j`sgm ek tng pujlch-prcv`tg p`rtkgrsncp ier lew-ckheog

areups. ]urfgy ierogm ` O`ss Neuscka @utnercty (ON@) ck 03>=. J`hfgm

wctn aevgrkogkt ffk`khg `km `hhgss te ]rg`sury-ewkgm l`kms, tng ON@ ar`m-

u`lly gxp`kmgm cts `htcvctcgs, h`rrycka eut tng hekstruhtcek ei n`li ` ocllcek

rgscmgktc`l ukcts jgtwggk :448 `km

:404 wctneut jurmgkcka tng pujlch jum-

agt.:7@hhermcka te cts jusckgss oemgl, tng ON@ mglcvgrs tng l`km, ùhtceks

tng hekstruhtcek prebght te prcv`tg mgvglepgrs, `km oekcters tng hekstruhtcek


30/42

Xck`k lagk | :7

`km o`rfgtcka ei tng mgvglepogkt prebghts, `s wgll `s prevcmcka neuscka le`ks

te lew-ckheog g`rkgrs. ]ng suhhgss ei tng ON@ lgm ` r`kag ei cktgrk`tcek`l

p`rtkgrs te `sf ier ckiero`tcek `jeut cts jusckgss oemgl. @t l`st heukt, 88

st`tgs, ckhlumcka Xùmc @r`jc`, Cr`q, Berm`k, Xyrc`, Gaypt, Fuw`ct, Sgogk, `km

@lagrc`, n`vg `sfgm tng ON@ te h`rry eut neuscka prebghts ck tngcr heuktrcgs.

Trcv`tg Xghter Mgvglepogkt

Trcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt cs `k copert`kt ckstruogkt ier hekffmgkhg juclmcka

`km ier st`jclczcka tng agepelctch`l gkvcrekogkt. L`hf ei ckhgktcvgs ier era`kc-

z`tcek`l ckkev`tceks ck tng prcv`tg sghter cs hctgm `s ekg ei tng oest copert`kt

rg`seks ier ghekeoch ukmgrmgvglepogkt ck tng Ocmmlg G`st.:9Xcocl`rly, ck cts

ncanly hrctch`l rgpert:1ek tng jusckgss gkvcrekogkt ck @r`j heuktrcgs (`ptly

gktctlgm Ireo prcvclgag te heopgtctcek2 Wklehfcka prcv`tg lgm arewtn ck tng

Ocmmlg G`st `km Kertn @irch`), tng Qerlm J`kf ukmgrshergm tng kggm te ies-

tgr ` strekagr prcv`tg gktgrprcsg hulturg. ]ng Qerlm J`kf tgò ncanlcantgm tng

prgv`lgkhg ei twe ejst`hlgs2 p`trekàg kgtwerfs `km hekkghtgm lgkmcka, wnchn

lcocts `hhgss te h`pct`l te rgacog-ircgkmly gktgrprcsg ewkgrs.

Ier ` leka tcog, GW pelchy i`clgm te `mmrgss tncs cssug, hneescka ckstg`m te

rgly ek tng Kertn @irch`k st`tgs `s tng àgkts ier hn`kag. Ck ncs `ssgssogkt

ei tng ffrst tgk yg`rs ei tng J`rhglek` Trehgss, Gjgrn`rm Fcgklg, ier ckst`khg,

ukmgrshergs tncs i`clurg, hektgkmcka tn`t tng ghekeoch lcjgr`lcz`tcek suppertgm

jy tng J`rhglek` Trehgss n`s prgvgktgm prcv`tg ghekeoch `hters ireo gogra-

cka2 Kewngrg n`s Vtng J`rhglek` Trehgss_ ygt ckvelvgm tng mgvglepogkt ei

ckstctutceks wnchn heulm i`ver tng gogragkhg ei Vprcv`tg_ pewgr hgktgrs.

Ker n`s ct, ei heursg, gopewgrVgm_ wg`fgr `hters suhn `s gktrgprgkgurs

wctneut rgacog hekkghtceks .:>]ng oest rghgkt GW ckctc`tcvg, tng Wkcek

ier tng Ogmctgrr`kg`k, rgprgsgkts `k gvgk st`rfgr i`clurg tn`k tng J`rhglek`

Trehgss ck tncs rga`rm, `s ct gxhlumgs tng l`ttgrs iehus ek ghekeoch rgstruhtur-

cka km ar`ssreets ghekeoch htcvcty km cs tngrgierg gvgk oerg st`tg-iehusgm.:3

Iellewcka tng gruptcek ei tng @r`j Xprcka `km ockmiul ei tng uragkt kggm

ier ` rgh`lcjr`tcek ei cts pelchcgs, tng Gurepg`k Heoocsscek pujlcsngm ck

O`rhn :400 ` pelchy p`pgr gktctlgm, @ p`rtkgrsncp ier mgoehr`hy `km sn`rgm

prespgrcty wctn tng Xeutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k, wnchn prepesgm ` kgw iròg-

werf ei heepgr`tcek wctn tng @r`j heuktrcgs.84@s ier ghekeoch rgieros, tng

Heoocsscek jluktly st`tgm,

]ng ukrgst ck sgvgr`l Xeutngrk Ogmctgrr`kg`k heuktrcgs cs hlg`rly lckfgm te ghe-

keoch wg`fkgssgs. O`ky ei tng ghekeocgs `rg hn`r`htgrczgm jy `k ukgqu`l

mcstrcjutcek ei wg`ltn, cksuiffhcgkt sehc`l `km ghekeoch rgiero, lcoctgm bej hrg-

`tcek, wg`f gmuh`tcek `km tr`ckcka systgos wnchn me ket premuhg tng sfclls

kggmgm ek tng l`jer o`rfgt, `s wgll `s lew lgvgl ei rgacek`l tr`mg cktgar`tcek.

Ct tngk wgkt ek te s`y,


31/42

:9 | Ireo Ckspcr`tcek te @spcr`tcek2 ]urfgy ck tng Kgw Ocmmlg G`st

]ngrg cs kggm ier tng heuktrcgs ei tng rgacek te rg-ckvcaer`tg tngcr ghekeocgs te

mglcvgr sust`ck`jlg `km ckhluscvg arewtn, mgvglepogkt ei peergr rgaceks `km bej

hrg`tcek. Xo`ll `km ogmcuo sczg gktgrprcsgs (XOGs) n`vg ` hrctch`l relg te pl`y

ck bej hrg`tcek. ]e tnrcvg, tngy kggm ` seukm rgaul`tery irògwerf, hekmuhcvg

te jusckgss `km

gktrgprgkgursncp.

Ket surprcsckaly, tng Heoocsscek mghcmgm te upar`mg tng `co ei XOG preoe-

tcek km bej hrg`tcek km lcst ct s tng ffrst ae`l ukmgr tng hn`ptgr ei tng preoe-

tcek ei ckhluscvg ghekeoch mgvglepogkt.

Ck tncs hektgxt, prcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt h`k `lse jg ` prcercty `rg` ier

@kf`r`s heepgr`tcek àgkm` ek tng j`scs ei ]urfgys v`lu`jlg, `km te ` l`rag

gxtgkt, tr`kspes`jlg gxpgrcgkhg, `s wgll `s cts tr`hf rgherm ei rgacek`l ckctc`tcvgs

ier prcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt.

]ng ]urfcsn Wkcek ei Hnòjgrs `km Heooemcty Gxhn`kags (]EJJ),

wnchn hekscmgrs ctsgli tng l`ragst hcvcl sehcgty era`kcz`tcek ck tng heuktry, n`s

tr`mctcek`lly jggk k `htcvg p`rtchcp`kt ck ]urfgys evgrsg`s prcv`tg sghter mgvgl-

epogkt `sscst`khg. Ct lùkhngm, ier ckst`khg, tng Ckmustry ier Tg`hg Ckctc`tcvg

ck :447 `s ` h`t`lyst ier prcv`tg sghter mgvglepogkt ck tng Ocmmlg G`st.80]ncs

ckctc`tcvg ierogm tng @kf`r` Ieruo, wnchn jreuant teagtngr tng rgprgsgkt`-

tcvgs ei tng Igmgr`tcek ei T`lgstckc`k Hnòjgrs, tng O`kui`hturgrs @ssehc`tcek

ei Csr`gl, `km tng ]EJJ. ]ng @kf`r` Ieruo `cogm te mgvglep hekhrgtg preb-

ghts te jelstgr tng Csr`glc-T`lgstckc`k pg`hg prehgss. ]ng rgvct`lcz`tcek km o`k-

àgogkt ei tng Grgz Ckmustrc`l Gst`tg (GCG), leh`tgm `t tng kertngrk tcp ei tng

A`z` Xtrcp, w`s tng ffrst prebght ei tng @kf`r` Ieruo. Ck :449, ]urfgy scakgm

àrggogkts wctn Csr`gl `km tng T`lgstckc`k @utnercty ier rgsurrghtcka tng Grgz

ckmustrc`l `rg`. Newgvgr, iellewcka tng Nò`s t`fgevgr ck A`z` ck :441, tngprebght w`s irezgk mug te tng wersgkcka sghurcty sctu`tcek. @itgr tng i`clurg

ei tng Grgz ckctc`tcvg `km tng hrcscs ck ]urfcsn-Csr`glc rgl`tceks, tng gkvcsàgm

trcp`rtctg struhturg ei heepgr`tcek w`s rgpl`hgm wctn ` jcl`tgr`l iero`t, `km tng

]EJJ rg`htcv`tgm ` scocl`r prebght, tncs tcog ck Bgkck ck tng kertngrk Qgst

J`kf. Ck Igjru`ry :404, tng ]EJJ-JCX (Ckmustry ier Tg`hg) scakgm kgw hek-

hgsscek àrggogkt wctn tng T`lgstckc`k @utnercty. Ck tng Bgkck ckmustrc`l zekg,

tng ]EJJ `cos ket ekly te mglcvgr ckir`struhturg `km rgaul`tery sgrvchgs ei

ckmustrc`l `htcvctcgs ck tng Qgst J`kf jut `lse hektrcjutgs te tng st`tg-juclmcka

prehgss ck T`lgstckg jy iestgrcka ckstctutcek`l mc`leaug `km h`p`hcty juclmcka.

@s ` rgsult ei cts pr`htch`l gxpgrcgkhg ck kurturcka ckmustry-lgm ckctc`tcvgs, tngCslòch Mgvglepogkt J`kf rghgktly `sfgm tng ]EJJ te `ssgss `km gv`lu`tg

prcv`tg sghter epgr`tgm ckmustrc`l zekgs ck Cslòch heuktrcgs.8:

]ng ]EJJ w`s lse ckstruogkt`l ck tng gst`jlcsnogkt ei tng Cst`kjul-j`sgm

Lgv`kt Jusckgss Ieruo. ]ng rgprgsgkt`tcvgs ei jusckgss era`kcz`tceks ireo

]urfgy, Xyrc`, Lgj`kek, `km Berm`k a`tngrgm l`st yg`r ck Cst`kjul `km scakgm `

mghl`r`tcek te coplgogkt 17 prebghts ukmgr ieurtggk hn`ptgrs ier strgkatngk-

cka prcv`tg sghters tnreuaneut tng rgacek.88 Ct cs hlg`r tn`t tng ]EJJ n`s tng

petgktc`l te jgheog ` scakcffh`kt p`rtkgr ier Gurepg`k Wkcek `km GW ogojgr


32/42

Xck`k lagk | :1

st`tg ckstctutceks leefcka te pl`y ` oerg vcscjlg relg ck iestgrcka prcv`tg sghter

mgvglepogkt ck tng @r`j werlm. Xuhn `k ckstctutcek weulm prevcmg ckv`lu`jlg

`sscst`khg wctn tng oghn`kchs ei jrcmacka tng leity ae`ls ei tng pelchy p`pgrs

`km tng m`cly epgr`tcek`l rgqucrgogkts ier `hncgvcka tngsg ae`ls.

Zgaul`tery H`p`hcty Juclmcka

]urfgy heulm `lse pl`y ` v`lu`jlg relg ck tr`ksigrrcka cts ewk gxpgrcgkhg ck sgt-

tcka up km hekselcm`tcka ckmgpgkmgkt rgaul`tery ckstctutceks. ]ng rg` ei heo-

pgtctcek pelchy prevcmgs ` hlg`r gxòplg ck tncs rgspght. ]urfgy `meptgm cts ffrst

heopgtctcek l`w ck 033= `s ` rgsult ei tng rgaul`tery n`roekcz`tcek trcaagrgm

jy tng husteos ukcek wctn tng Gurepg`k Wkcek. ]ng Heopgtctcek @utnercty

w`s gst`jlcsngm ck 0331 `s `k ckmgpgkmgkt ckstctutcek, `km sckhg tngk, ]urfgy

n`s jgauk te iully coplgogkt heopgtctcek rulgs. ]ng Heopgtctcek @utnercty

seek mgvglepgm ` pr`htchg ei heopgtgkt `km cop`rtc`l gkierhgogkt. ]ng

EGHM gvgk hnòpcekgm ct `s tng rcant oemgl ier gogracka o`rfgt heuktrcgs

cktgrgstgm ck sgttcka up heopgtctcek oekctercka gktcty. N`vcka a`ckgm o`tu-

rcty ck tng pr`htchg ei heopgtctcek rulgs ck tng meogstch o`rfgt, tng ]urfcsn

Heopgtctcek @utnercty turkgm oerg `ttgktcek te ` r`kag ei cktgrk`tcek`l

heepgr`tcek ckctc`tcvgs, scakcka jcl`tgr`l heepgr`tcek àrggogkts wctn Xeutn

Ferg`, Zeo`kc`, Jula`rc`, Tertua`l, Jeskc`-Ngrzgaevck`, Oekaelc`, Zussc`,

`km Hre`tc`. ]ng Heopgtctcek Je`rm gxpgrts prevcmgm preigsscek`l tr`ckcka

te o`kàgrs `km gxpgrts werfcka `t tng T`fcst`k Heopgtctcek @utnercty ck

:443, `km te tng Gayptc`k Heopgtctcek @utnercty eiffhc`ls ck B`ku`ry :400

ck @kf`r`. Xpg`fcka `t ` prgss hekigrgkhg `t tng gkm ei tng tr`ckcka prearò

ier tng Gayptc`k @utnercty, Kurgttck F`lmcrcohc, hn`cro`k ei tng ]urfcsn

Heopgtctcek @utnercty, gxprgssgm tng Je`rms wcllckakgss te gst`jlcsn ` pl`t-

iero ier sn`rcka gxpgrcgkhgs tnreuaneut tng Ocmmlg G`st.8=

@ pr`htch`l selutcek ier lgvgràcka ]urfgys rgaul`tery h`p`hcty ck tng mcrgh-

tcek ei rgacek`l hell`jer`tcek weulm jg te `llew ]urfgys p`rtchcp`tcek ck tng

GW-lgm ]@CG^ (]ghnkch`l @sscst`khg km Ckiero`tcek Gxhn`kag) prearò ier

rgaul`tery `ssc

from inspiration to aspiration: turkey in the new middle east

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