from large-scale patterns to plant nutrients:...
TRANSCRIPT
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FROM LARGE-SCALE PATTERNS TO PLANT NUTRIENTS: REMOTE
SENSING TOOLS AID IN SOLVING ECOLOGICAL PUZZLES
Efrat Sheffer
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment
GeoCradle Tel Aviv September 2017
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ECOLOGY IN SPACE
• Ecology – study of organisms and interactions
• Local interactions – especially in sessile organisms
• Spatial interactions
GEOMETRY OF LIFE
• To answer a spatial ecological question • Apparatus to capture spatial relationships
• Analysis of outputs (images)
• Indices to quantify spatial relationships
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SELF ORGANIZED VEGETATION PATTERNS
• Scale-dependent feedback models predict spatial patterns in water-limited environments
• Two types of feedbacks included: • Short-range activation – increased water availability
• Long-range inhibition – competition for water
Pattern changes with decreasing rainfall
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SCALE-DEPENDENT SPATIAL VEGETATION PATTERNS
• Evidences of organized, repetitive spatial patterns of vegetation: spots, stripes, gaps
• Attributed to self-organization due to plant-soil-water (resource) interactions
BUT
• But #1 – in most cases vegetation is not organized – so when should it be?
• But #2 – Does it really indicate plant self-organization?
From Deblauwe et al. 2008
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BUT #1 – MOST VEGETATION IS NOT ORGANIZED
Geomorphologictemplate (soil-rock)
Soil patch:Plant size ratio • How many
plants interact/ self-organize in a soil patch
Scale is fundamental
5 Sheffer et al. 2012 Poa bulbosa grass
Sarcopoteium shrub
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MY FIRST REMOTE SENSING DEVICE
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• Capture vegetation pattern at the appropriate scale
with Moshe Shachak & Ehud Meron
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BUT #2 – DOES PATTERN NECESSARILY MEAN PLANT SELF-ORGANIZATION?
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Bonachela et al. 2015 Published by AAAS 14/9/2017 Remote sensing in ecological studies
Termite mounds underlie all these vegetation patches
Bonachela et al. 2015
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WHY WOULD TERMITE ACTIVITY FORM A PATTERN?
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Tarnita et al. 2017
Basic rules of insect colony behavior:
• Alates can form new colonies anywhere
• Colonies grow according to resource availability
• Individuals forage around the nest of the colony
• A conflict arises at the meeting point of two colonies
• In a conflict – a larger colony always wins
• A boundary will form in a conflict between two similar colonies
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TERMITE MOUNDS FROM A SPOT PATTERN
Tarnita et al. 2017
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with Corina Tarnita, Juan Bonachela, Ryan Long, J. Guyton, T.Coverdale & Rob Pringle
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פ
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• Each colony has 5.99 neighbors
• Colonies are over-dispersed
• The spatial organization of model termites resembles that from field sites
• Spatial organization differs from random
Tarnita et al. 2017
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פ
FAIRY CIRCLES
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All photos: Jen Guyton
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FAIRY CIRCLES
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In the area between nests:
• Plant-plant interaction for limiting water
• Self-organized vegetation patchiness
• Plant patterns in the model resemble field results
• Scale of self-organized plant patches fit the scale of roots
SCALES OF TERMITE VS. PLANT
INTERACTIONS AND PATTERNS
Remote sensing in ecological studies
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FORESTS & BIOGEOCHEMISTRY
• Spatial structure of plant species
• Spatial pattern of nutrient availability
• How these change - temporal dynamics
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Igal Morag© Ben Houlton© Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute©
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with Moshe Mandelmilch & Eyal Ben-Dor
Common oak Quercus caliprinos at different seasons
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SCALE & RESOLUTION
• Interplay between scales create opportunities for pattern
• Spectral resolution to enable challenging plant analyses, as well as detailed biogeochemistry in space and time
Gvaot Gad, Israel. Photo: Jaime Kigel
THANK YOU
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Juan Bonachela Rob Pringle Corina Tarnita
Jen Guyton Tyler Coverdale Ryan Long
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HOW TERMITE MOUNDS CREATE VEGETATION SPOTS OR GAPS?
HOW DOES THE SCALE OF TERMITE
PATTERNS RELATE TO PLANT SCALE?
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TERMITE NESTS CREATE VEGETATION SPOTS
• Collecting plant material into the colony nest
• Increasing nutrient availability in nest area
• Increasing water infiltration in nest area
18 CREDIT: G. GRULLÓN/SCIENCE 14/9/2017 Remote sensing in ecological studies
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TERMITE NESTS CREATE VEGETATION GAPS
Termites consume all plant material in the nest area
Forming vegetation gaps
Juergens.The Biological Underpinnings of Namib Desert Fairy Circles, Science 2013 14/9/2017 Remote sensing in ecological studies 19
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RESOURCE SUPPLY AND THE DENSITY OF COLONIES
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Tarnita et al. 2017
How food supply affect:
• Colony territory?
• Distance between nests?
• Nest density?
Increasing food supply distance between nests decreases and colony density increased
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Cramer & Barger 2013. Are Na i ia Fai y Ci les the Co se ue e of Self-Organizing Spatial Vegetation Patterning?
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Getzin, Wiegand, Wiegand, Yizhaq, von Hardenberg, & Meron. Ecography 2015
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