What is this?

Teosinte grass

This slide from: http://gallery4share.com/t/teosinte-grass.htmlPrevious slide from: http://www.gmo-safety.eu/science/maize/337.threat-biological-diversity.html

From www.pbs.org, NOVA: The Hippocratic Oath Today

Hippocrates

Aristotle

From en.wikipedia.com/wiki/Aristotle

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

From http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anton_van_Leeuwenhoek.png

Carl von Linnè (Linnaeus)

From http://linnaeus.sourceforge.net/

Jena-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de MonetChevalier de Lamark

(Lamark)

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamark

Charles Lyell

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lyell

From http://galapagosonline.wordpress.com/2011/09/15/charles-darwin-in-galapagos/ (left)

From http://www.biography.com/people/charles-darwin-9266433 (right)

Charles Darwin

From http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/09/the-hms-beagle-and-charles-darwin-on-the-shores-of-the-galapagos-islands-picture-essay-of-the-day/

The Beagle

Alfred Wallace

From http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2013/jan/20/alfred-russel-wallace-forgotten-man-evolution

Francis Galton

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton

From https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Pearson_2.jpg (left)

Karl Pearson

From http://apprendre-math.info/anglais/historyDetail.htm?id=Fisher (right)

Ronald Fisher

English Biometry

From http://www.thomasmore.edu/library/mendel_collection.cfm

Gregor Mendel

Mendel’s pea phenotypes

1866: Ernst Haeckle: Nucleus is the seat of heredity

1880s: August Weissman, Wilheln Roux, Theodor Boveri:Chromosomes contain the hereditary material.

1870s: Walther Flemming, Edouard Van Beneden:Chromosomes identified.

Early Cell Biology

1665: Robert Hooke: First cell described

1839 - 1855: Schwann, Virchow et al:Cell theory developed

(You do not need to know these names!)

Thomas Hunt Morgan

From http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1933/morgan-bio.html

Drosophila Phylogeny

From http://insects.eugenes.org/DroSpeGe/

Social Darwinism

• Application of principles of evolution to societies

• Predates “Origin of Species” (philosophical works byHerbert Spencer and others)

• Concepts of competition and genetic superiority /inferiority

• Justified nationalism and colonialism

• Most extreme example: Nazi philosophy

Eugenics

• Long history in many cultures (infanticide as a form of selection)

• Plato: state regulated marriage and reproduction

• Francis Galton: modern concept and term

• Encourage those with desirable traits to reproduce; discourage those with undesirable traits from reproducing

• In early days, weakly correlated with political views

Two U.S. Examples:

1) Compulsory Sterilization• 1907 Indianna• By 1950, around half the states• Practice varied immensely• Buck v Bell

2) Immigration restriction

• Initially US had almost unrestricted immigration• 1870s onward: restrictions on Asian immigrants• Early 1900s: restrictions on indigents, unhealthy• 1920s: restrictions based on nationality

Charles Davenport

From http://www.dnaftb.org/14/gallery.html

Carrie Buck

From http://saintleoinkblot.com/2012/05/02/today-in-the-history-of-psychology-52/carrie-buck-2/

Harry Hamilton Laughlin

From http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_H._Laughlin

From http://natgeotv.com/asia/historys-secrets/galleries/the-hunt-for-hitler/2

Adolph Hitler

Nazi Social Darwinism and Eugenics• 1920: Racial superiority/inferiority present at its origin• 1925: Mein Kampf• 1933: Hitler elected as Chancellor• 1933 on: Series of laws on

• Racial classification• Job and marriage restrictions• Compulsory sterilization

• 1939: Invasion of Poland• 1939: Euthanasia program• 1941: Invasion of Soviet Union

• Large scale genocide• 1942: Official plans for “the final solution”

• Wannsee conference death camps

From http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lysenko_evil_eyes.jpg

Trofim Lysenko

Lysenkoism

• 1930s: poor harvests in Soviet Union• Lysenko promised quick and radical solutions

• Genetics = “capitalistic Mendelian-Morgonian science”• Theory based on Marxist principles (dialectical materialism)• Vernalization

• Appointed head of Soviet agriculture• Purge of geneticists• Great harm to Soviet agriculture• Influenced waned after Stalin’s death (1953)

From Grant, P.R. & Grant, B.R. (2002). Science. 296: 707-711