from the editor’s deskbiomasspower.gov.in/document/magazines/akshay urja/vol 1...praveen saxena b...

Chief PatronVilas MuttemwarMinister for New and Renewable Energy,New Delhi

Patron

V SubramanianSecretary, MNRE, New Delhi

Editor

Arun K TripathiMNRE, New Delhi

Editorial BoardN P Singh, ChairmanK P SukumaranBibek BandopadhyayPraveen SaxenaB BhargavaD K KhareParveen DhamijaB S NegiP C PantD MajumdarB V Rao

Production teamMadhu Singh Sirohi, Ambika Shankar, R Ajith Kumar,R K Joshi, and T Radhakrishnan, TERI, New Delhi;N Ghatak, MNRE, New Delhi

Editorial officeArun K Tripathi, EditorAkshay UrjaMinistry of New and Renewable EnergyBlock No. 14, CGO Complex, Lodhi RoadNew Delhi – 110 003Tel. +91 11 2436 3035, 2436 0707Fax +91 11 2436 3035, 2436 2288E-mail [email protected] www.mnre.gov.in

Produced byTERI PressTERI, Darbari Seth Block, IHC ComplexLodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003Tel. +91 11 2468 2100, 4150 4900Fax +91 11 2468 2144, 2468 2145E-mail [email protected] www.teriin.org

Printed atBrijbasi Art Press LtdE46/11, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase IINew Delhi – 110 020, India

Publisher and PrinterMinistry of New and Renewable Energy,New Delhi

DisclaimerThe views expressed by authors including those ofthe editor in this newsletter are not necessarily theviews of the MNRE.

Dear Reader,

I remember that about three years ago for the May–June 2005 issue ofAkshay Urja I mentioned that ‘we all were surprised when the oil pricescrossed $60 per barrel’, recently and it seems that the days are notvery far when it would reach to $100 per barrel. Today the oil price hascrossed $120 per barrel that is, just double in less than three years.The rising trend is so steep that it necessitates the use of alternativeenergy sources in all areas – urban, rural, or industrial – for commer-cial, domestic, transport agriculture, and other purposes. As the 1973oil crises gave new impetus to the development of renewable energy,the current soaring oil prices are compelling us to adopt renewableenergy in our daily life style.

Among the other renewable sources, solar energy based systems anddevices are on the forefront of resolving our day-to-day energy de-mand. Solar water heating systems, solar cookers, solar home lighting,solar generators, solar lanterns, solar air heaters, solar traffic lights,solar road studs, solar blinkers, and so on are the most common de-vices and systems that are commercially available in the market. Useof solar passive techniques in buildings designs has started and fewsuch buildings are already visible in India. Many states have issuedorders on mandatory use of solar water heaters, construction of solarefficient buildings, promotion of solar streetlights, solar holdings, andso on. Few have even announced rebates in electricity tariff and prop-erty tax.

In this context, the present issue of Akshay Urja focuses on SolarEnergy for Urban and Industrial Applications. Shri Ajit K Gupta,Adviser, MNRE, has presented the current development of solar en-ergy in his article, ‘Solar energy development in India’. The articles onsolar steam cooking by Shri Deepak Gadhia, solar cities in India byDr A K Singhal, solar township in Pune by Shri Satish Magar, and solarhot air by Shri Palaniappan, present the applications of solar energycommercially in India. The details on policies and programmes pre-sented by Dr A K Singhal and Shri Dilip Nigam are very informative.

I am sure that you will find the material presented in this issue, in-formative and useful as well. The Akshay Urja team gratefully acknowl-edges the contribution of its writers. We are encouraged by theoverwhelming response and valuable suggestions from our readers.

With best wishes,

w w w . m n r e . g o v . i n

A newsletter of the

Ministry of New and Renewable Energy,

Government of India

Volume 1 P Issue 5

March–April 2008

Published, printed, and edited for and on behalf of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, from B-14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road,New Delhi, by Dr Arun Kumar Tripathi. Printed at M/s Brijbasi Art Press Ltd, E46/11, Okhla Industrial Area, Phase II, New Delhi – 110 020, India

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ARUN K T R I PATHI<[email protected]>

2 MARCH–APRIL 2008 Volume 1 • Issue 5

I received your Bahut hi pyari sinewsletter Akshay Urja. While goingthrough the same I also read aboutthe essay competition for studentsand immediately wrote a circular tothe teachers to motivate studentsto write for the same. Your newslet-ter is too beautiful/useful to praisein words. I appreciate whole-heartedly the sincere efforts madeby your team towards Akshay Urja.

Dr Ram KumarPrincipal, Kendriya Vidyalaya,

Baramulla, J&K

I happened to see a copy of AkshayUrja at a friend’s place. I was quiteimpressed by the contents and theway it fulfils the much-felt need inthe field of renewable energy andsustainable design. This being arelatively new area, there is a needto disseminate knowledge. AkshayUrja fulfils the purpose and givesupdated information on develop-ments in the field of renewableenergy.

R PamnaniChief Architect, Public Works

Department, Goa

Akshay Urja is doing great work interms of spreading awareness andknowledge on renewable energy.Keep up the good work.

Anjan KaliaSenior Scientist (Energy), Depart-

ment of Agricultural Engineering, Ch.Sarwan Kumar Krishi Vishwa

Vidyalaya, Himachal Pradesh

I came across a copy of Akshay Urjaand found that it contains very use-ful information on renewable en-ergy. We at E Square Verification (P)Ltd, are acting as verifier for verifi-cation of destruction and/or dis-placement of GHG emissions on

Thank you very much foryour encouragement. Theeditorial team of Akshay Urjawill make every effort tomake this newsletter highlyinformative and useful to allour readers. We welcomeyour suggestions and valu-able comments to make fur-ther improvement in termsof content and presentation.

EditorAkshay Urja

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behalf of the Chicago Climate Ex-change. We appreciate the all-outefforts put by the ministry towardsthe publication of this newsletterand wish it all success in the yearsto come.

S C KatyalDirector, E Square Verification (P)

Ltd, New Delhi

I was very happy to go through anissue of Akshay Urja. The article onEnergy-efficient buildings (SriAurobindo Ashram) was really inter-esting. We congratulate the teamfor bringing out such an informa-tive newsletter.

B B SatpathyCoordinator, Renewable Energy

Club, K A College of Engineering,Orissa

We are power and energy consult-ants focusing on the areas of windenergy, biomass, and solar energy.Since Akshay Urja is a newsletterthat carries valuable information onrenewable energy, we would like tobe included in the mailing list. Thenon-conventional energy sectorcertainly needs these kinds of ef-forts to ensure that the potential ofthis sector is exploited rightly andto its fullest extent.

C M JainPower and Energy Consultants, New

Delhi

Akshay Urja is a very useful newslet-ter for the scientists of our univer-sity. It is a very good source ofinformation on renewable sourcesof energy. I would like to receivethis publication for our libraryregularly.

P C KapilaAssistant Librarian, Nehru Library,

Chaudhary Charan Singh HaryanaAgricultural University

Letters to the editor

We are a renewable energy-basedcompany located at Kolkata, WestBengal. We are engaged in the fieldof manufacturing solar photo-voltaic modules, solar water heat-ing systems, and biomass gasifierplants. As we are in the field of non-conventional energy, Akshay Urja isof a great help to the organization.It would also help in the further ex-pansion of the organization, as themagazine is a good source of infor-mation on renewable energy sys-tems and devices as well. We wouldlike to receive this publicationregularly.

Amitabh Kumar GuptaManaging Director, Synergy Renew-

able Energy Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata

The staff of Amrutvahini College ofEngineering, Pune, congratulatesthe whole team of Akshay Urja forbringing out such an informativenewsletter. It is a very good sourceof information on all aspects of re-newable energy. The quality of pho-tographs is also very good. It willdefinitely help students in the ruralareas to acquire more knowledgeon renewable energy as a whole.

Prof. A K MishraPrincipal, Amrutvahini College of

Engineering, Sangamner, Pune

Con ten ts M A R C H – A P R I L 2 0 0 8Volume 1 P I s s u e 5

Development of Solar Cities in India 14R E N E W S > > 4SPECIAL FOCUS: Taking forward bilateralcooperation on renewable energy

YO U N G A C H I E V E R > > 4 3

R E E V E N T > > 4 4

B O O K R E V I E W > > 4 5

W E B / B O O K A L E R T > > 4 6

FORTHCOMING E VENTS >> 4 7

R E S TAT I S T I C S > > 4 8

5

National news

P Make solar heaters a must: KREDL

chief 6

P Small hydro, wind power projects

have 60,000 MW potential 6

P Suzlon invests Rs 100 crore to

retrofit turbines 6

P Renewable energy sector

to benefit from

nanotechnology 6

P First integrated renewable

energy farm to come up

near Pune 7

International news

P UK must develop

of fshore wind and

marine 9

P GE powers Japan’s

largest wood gas

plant 9

R E T E C H U P D AT E > >

New system aims to efficiently convert biomass 10to ethanol

F E AT U R E A R T I C L E S > >

11Solar energy for urban areasSolar energy for urban areas

19Solar hot air applications toindustries and agro processing in IndiaSolar hot air applications toindustries and agro processing in India

28A solar township for 7000 familiesin Pune

24Reflections: ten years of solar steamsystems for cooking in IndiaReflections: ten years of solar steamsystems for cooking in India

Mainstreaming green buildings in India 31

Solar energy for urban and industrial 35applications: policies and programmes

> RE NE WS <


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Minister for Climate Change andEnergy, Denmark on 9 April 2008regarding various cooperation ini-tiatives in the area of renewablesidentified by the Indo-Denmark

Joint Committee on 7 April 2008.The Danish minister highlightedthe initiatives taken in the area ofrenewables and energy efficiencyin Denmark. He also highlightedthe preparations being made bythem for organizing the COP-15meeting in December 2009 in Co-penhagen.

The Indian co-chair of the JointCommittee, Ms Gauri Singh, JointSecretary, MNRE along with hiscounterpart co-chair Mr HansJorgen Koch, Deputy State Secre-tary, Denmark highlighted the co-operation activities identified bythe Joint Working Group beforethe two ministers. India and Den-mark have agreed to work jointlyin the area of wind energy. Thiswould include consultancy onpolicy tools on re-powering windfarms, resource assessment andfeasibility study leading to a dem-onstration project for off-shorewind energy in India, policy tools

Shri Vilas Muttemwar, Minis-ter for New and RenewableEnergy, led a delegation to

Denmark recently to take forwardbilateral cooperation in the areaof new and renew-able energy. Themembers of the del-egation included MsGauri Singh, JointSecretary, MNREand co-chair ofIndo-Denmark JointWorking Group; ShriK P Sukumaran, Ad-viser (wind &biomass); ShriAnoop Kumar, P S tothe Minister; andShri Rajiv Arora, Di-rector, MNRE. Minis-ter (NRE) helddiscussions with MsConnie Hedegaard,

Taking forward bilateral cooperation onrenewable energy

Shri Vilas Muttemwar, Minister for New and Renewable Energy with Ms Connie Hedegaard,Danish minister for climate change

Indian delegation with Danish minister and officials

> RE NEWS <

MARCH–APRIL 2008 5Volume 1 • Issue 5

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HE President of India Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil had been on a maidenstate visit to three prominent nations of Latin America viz. Brazil, Mexico,

and Chile from 12 April 2008 till 25 April 2008. Shri Vilas Muttemwar, Hon’bleMinister for New and Renewable Energy was the only accompanying ministerrepresenting the union cabinet. Brazil has been on the forefront of develop-ing renewable transport fuel, that is ethanol, as a viable alternative to petro-leum since petroleum contributes towards a major portion of the carbonemissions. The President of Brazil, during his visit to India in July 2007, hadshown a great interest in working with India for the development of biofuels.India, Brazil, and Sri Lanka have entered into a tripartite agreement on thedevelopment of renewable energy sources. The inclusion of the Hon’ble Min-ister for New and Renewable Energy in the prestigious official delegation is astrong indication of India’s interest in working together with various coun-tries for the development of renewable energy technologies.

During her travel to Mexico and Guadalajara, the Hon’ble President willalso signed a memorandum ofunderstanding on bilateral coop-eration with the Republic ofMexico on renewable energytechnologies. Her concludingvisit to Santiago, Chile, enabledidentification of areas of coop-eration in new and renewableenergy with Chile also. Overall,this visit aimed at strengtheningcooperation with Latin Americancountries thereby widening In-dia’s initiatives towards interna-tional cooperation in the field ofrenewable energy.

for better grid integration,wind prediction modelling,and accreditation of C-WETfor testing and certificationservices. In addition to theaforesaid, the two sidesalso agreed to cooperate inthe area of energy-efficientbuildings with possible re-newable energy solutionsand also applicability of re-newable energy in variousindustrial processes andutilization of agro and in-dustrial residues for value-added product.

The Minister (NRE) alsoundertook a visit to a 275MW waste-to-energy incin-eration plant in Copenha-gen and was quiteimpressed with the wastesegregation methodology,the policy on hierarchy ofwaste management, andthe model of commercialviability of such a plant.The Danish side has agreedfor providing technical as-sistance to India for estab-lishing an MSWdemonstration plant in In-dia also. Both sides appre-ciated the renewableenergy initiatives in thetwo countries. The delega-tion also visited offshorewind farms set up in thesea near Copenhagen har-bour by Vestas. This visitwas successful in kick start-ing a pro-active coopera-tion in new and renewableenergy technologies be-tween the two countries.

Report by Shri Anoop Kumar(IAS), PS to the Hon’ble Minister

for New and Renewable Energy

Hon’ble President’s visit to Latin America

HE President of India Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil at a delegation level meeting with theGovernor of the State of Jalisco, Mr. Emilio Gonzalez Marquez at Governor’s palace inGuadalajara, Mexico on April 19, 2008.

HE President of India Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patilshaking hands with the Governor of the State of theJalisco, Mr. Emilo Gonzalez Marquez after signing thevisitor’s book the at Governor's Palace, Guadalajara,Mexico on April 19, 2008. The Minister for New andRenewable Energy, Shri Vilas Muttemwar

> RE NE WS <


Make solar heaters amust: KREDL chief

To reduce consumption of elec-tricity in a big way, it is impera-

tive that solar heaters and CFLs(compact fluorescent lamps) aremade mandatory in Karnataka, saidDr B Shivalingaiah, MD (ManagingDirector), KREDL (Karnataka Renew-able Energy Development Ltd).Speaking at a seminar on ‘Designsfor Life Symposium and Exhibition’at M S Ramaiah Memorial Hospitalauditorium, the MD said Bangaloreand its surrounding areas con-sumed 35% of the electricity gener-ated in Karnataka. Usage of waterheaters and bulbs was the reasonfor heavy consumption.

‘If usage of solar heaters is mademandatory in the state, 800 to 1000MW (megawatt) of power can besaved daily during peak hours. Simi-larly, by using CFLs 1000 MW of elec-tricity can be saved daily,’ he said. It isimportant to take all steps possible tominimize the consumption of elec-tricity. The 22.5 crore animal popula-tion in India is one of the richestresources we have. Cow dung can beconverted to methane and used forgenerating electricity, he added.

DECCAN HERALD, 2 MARCH 2008

Small hydro, windpower projects have60,000 MW potential

In a written reply to Rajya Sabha,Shri Vilas Muttemwar, Minister of

State for New and Renewable En-ergy, has declared that the poten-tial of small hydropower projects inthe country is estimated at 15,000MW, while that of wind power at45,000 MW. So far, small hydroprojects of 2,061 MW and wind

power projects of 7,940 MW (as on31 January 2008) have been set upin the country. In response to an-other query, the minister said thereexists a potential of about 84,776MW in the country for power gen-eration from various renewablesources such as wind, biomass,small hydro, and solar. According tothe minister, grid-interactive powergeneration capacity from renew-able sources reached 11,273.62 MWas on 21 December 2007.

THE PTI, 3 MARCH 2008

Suzlon investsRs 100 crore toretrofit turbines

Wind turbine manufacturer SEL(Suzlon Energy Ltd) has an-

nounced a retrofit programme toresolve blade cracking issues dis-covered during the operations ofsome of its S88 turbines in the US.The total cost of the retrofit pro-gramme is estimated at Rs 100 crore($25 million), for which a provisionwill be made in the fourth quarter

of the fiscal. The retrofit programmeinvolves the structural strengthen-ing of 1251 (417 sets) blades on S88(2.1 MW) turbines, of which 930blades are already installed, whilethe remaining blades are in transitor inventory.

BUSINESS LINE, 4 MARCH 2008

Renewableenergy sectorto benefit fromnanotechnology

Nanotechnology is expected toprovide exciting opportunities

in various spheres. The renewable en-ergy segment is one of the applica-tion areas. Solar energy can be madeavailable in a more viable manner bymeans of nanotechnology, expertssay. The efficiency and viability ofrenewable energy sources can beimproved by employing the tech-nology, G M Pillai, Director-Generalof WISE (World Institute of Sustain-able Energy), says.

Solar energy and bio-energy willbe among the beneficiary seg-ments, he says. Mr Pillai has ex-plained the underlying principles ina publication called Green Energybrought out by WISE. Photovoltaiccells developed in the 1960s had anefficiency of only 6%. Conventionalphotovoltaic devices use the photo-electric effect. A silicon semi-conduc-tor is used in the process. Butamorphous silicon cells face theproblem of photo instability that canresult in a loss of over 50% of the out-put, he says. Nanotechnology helpsto fine-tune amorphous silicon’s‘bandgap’ and crystalline structure,thereby increasing its photostabil-ity and resultant efficiency. Simi-larly, methods of production of

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> RE NEWS <


hydrogen using thermo chemicaltechniques can be made more effi-cient using nanocatalysts andnanoscale membranes.

Bio-ethanol technologies, par-ticularly those that produce hydro-gen from bio-ethanol through asteam reforming process, are alsomade more efficient through theuse of nanocatalysts. Bio-diesel pro-duction may be enhanced usingnanotechnology, he says. As thingsstand, there is reason to believethat some of the limitations per-taining to renewable energy tech-nologies can be overcome in thenot-too-distant future with the helpof nanotechnology. ‘If man, in hissearch for progress, has tamperedwith the environment, causing eco-logical disasters, I am sure his inge-nuity will also find ways to tacklethe problem, he says.

THE HINDU, 13 MARCH 2008

First integratedrenewable energyfarm to come up nearPune

Gurgaon-based R S India Group issetting up the first integrated

renewable energy farm in the coun-try at Patan, in Satara district nearPune. The first phase of the Rs 700-crore project, for which 1400 acres

has been acquired will have an in-stalled capacity to generate 100MW wind power, 5 MW of solarpower, and extract bio-diesel fromjatropha plantations on 225 hec-tares. The second phase of theproject involves adding installedcapacity of another 200 MW of windenergy and planting jatropha onanother 225 hectares. The project isbeing set up with lease financial as-sistance of Rs 4.87 billion by thePower Finance Corporation. Thepromoter, R S Group, is investing Rs1 billion in it, and the Power TradingCorporation has a 37% equity par-ticipation in the new companyformed for the purpose, RSIWEL (R SIndia Wind Energy) amounting to Rs540 million. According to the com-pany, the first of the wind turbines,being put up by Denmark-basedVestas RRB, would be in place bythe end of the month. The secondphase will be commissioned by De-cember, while a third phase, whichwould be financed through debt, isalso on the anvil taking the total in-stalled capacity to 500 MW by theend of 2009.


10,500 MW of windpower to be generatedin Eleventh Planperiod

A target has been set for produc-tion of 10,500 MW of wind

power energy in the country duringthe Eleventh Five-year Plan period.Giving this information in LokSabha in a reply to a question, theMinister of State for New and Re-newable Energy, Shri VilasMuttemwar said the strategy for

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Spromoting wind power projectsthrough private sector investmentis being continued in the EleventhPlan. He said fiscal incentives suchas concessional import duty on cer-tain components, excise duty ex-emption and 10 years’ tax holidayon income generated from suchwind power projects will be givento the private players. A wind powercapacity of 7,844 MW has been in-stalled in the country as of 31 De-cember 2007.

THE PRESS TRUST OF INDIA LTD,

14 MARCH 2008

Solar lights for NPA

The Sardar Vallabhai Patel Na-tional Police Academy will soon

provide an example to the manycity-based institutes and corporateorganizations characterized bysprawling landscapes, when it usessolar power to illuminate its cam-pus. The academy already installed90 solar streetlights along its fivekilometre boundary to make thejob easier for the CISF personnel onthe patrol. They were inauguratedby the Vice Chairman and ManagingDirector of NEDCAP who also facili-tated the installation. Placed at adistance of 50 metres from eachother, the Tata BP lamps will glowautomatically once the sunlightfades out as they are fixed with sen-sors to measure the natural light. Atits optimal level, the battery canprovide for two nights continuouslyeven if not charged in the day. Witha luminosity of 10 lumens persquare foot, the lamps can preciselyattend to the Academy’s securityrequirement.


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Signet to investRs 2000 crore to setup photovoltaicfacility in Chennai

California-based photovoltaicmodules maker Signet Solar has

said that its Indian operations, ex-pected to start production by 2009-end, will be the company’s largestglobal facility. The upcoming plant atSriperumbudur near Chennai canmanufacture 300 Mw worth of panelswhen the expansions are completed.The Chennai plant is being set upwith an investment of Rs 2000 croreat the special economic zone outsideChennai. The company’s first plant inGermany may start production byJune this year and will have an initialcapacity of 60 Mw, which will behiked to 120 MW by 2010. The Indianoperations with manufacturing facili-ties in different locations are ex-pected to produce 300 MW of panelsin five years. The first phase of thisproject will have a capacity of 60 MW.

BUSINESS STANDARD, 18 MARCH 2008

Power Finance, IREDAsign pact

PFC (Power Finance CorporationLtd) and IREDA (Indian Renew-

able Energy Development AgencyLtd) signed an MoU (memorandum ofunderstanding) for undertaking jointfinancing of renewable energy, en-ergy efficiency and conservation, andmedium and large hydro projects. Thepact was signed by Mr ShyamWadhera, Director-Projects, PFC; andMr Debashish Majumdar, Chairmanand Managing Director, IREDA.

‘PFC and IREDA shall cooperate toleverage their respective strengthsand competencies built over the

years for facilitating financing ofthese sectors for mutual benefit,’ aPFC statement said. At present, theinstalled capacity of electric powerfrom renewable energy sources inthe country is 10,209 MW.

BUSINESS LINE, 26 MARCH 2008

Promoting the use ofofficial language

The MNRE has constituted aHindi Advisory Committee for

progressive use of the official lan-guage Hindi in the ministry. Thecommittee, reconstituted under thechairmanship of the Minister forNew and Renewable Energy com-prises members of parliament, rep-resentatives of differentdepartments and institutions as itsmembers. Four meetings of thecommittee have been organized sofar. The fourth meeting of the com-mittee was held on 25th March 2008at Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh,under the chairmanship of Secre-tary, MNRE. The meeting was at-tended by members of parliament,representatives of renowned insti-tutions engaged in propagatingHindi and other senior members.

The discussions held in thesemeetings, interalia, included pointsregarding change in the name ofthe ministry, use of Hindi in officialcorrespondence, purchase of Hindibooks, Prakrtik Urja PuraskarYojana, organizing meetings of Offi-cial Language ImplementationCommittee, motivating officers/staff for progressive use of Hindi inofficial work, organizing Hindiworkshops, and so on. The mem-bers suggested that the name ofthe ministry (in Hindi) should beNaveen aur Akshay Urja Mantralaya

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MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

India and EU tostrengthen coopera-tion in renewable en-ergy research

India and the EU (European Union)have agreed to strengthen coop-

eration in the area of new and re-newable energy on the basis ofcommon interest and mutual ben-efit under the EU-India Science andTechnology Cooperation Agree-ment. Both sides attach high prior-ity to sustainable development ofenergy systems to jointly meet thechallenges of energy security andclimate change. At a workshopheld at New Delhi, the two sidesidentified strategic areas and topicsfor research and technology devel-opment cooperation in solarphotovoltaics, solar thermal powergeneration, wind energy, biomass,and waste-to-energy. Apart fromthese areas, the Indian side also ex-pressed interest for cooperation inhydrogen, fuel cells, and biofuels.

The workshop was organized bythe Ministry of New and RenewableEnergy in association with the Di-rectorate General Research of theEuropean Commission and the De-partment of Science and Technol-ogy. It was attended by scientistsand experts from leading institu-tions active in renewable energy re-search and technologydevelopment, apart from officialsfrom both sides.

MINISTRY OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY

> RE NEWS <


UK must developoffshore wind andmarine

The transition to a low-carboneconomy will require a long-term

partnership between the UK govern-ment and industry in three key areas.The UK has significant potential todevelop its offshore wind and marine(wave and tidal) renewable indus-tries, says a report called Deliveringthe low-carbon economy: business op-portunities for UK manufacturers. Thereport was published by the manu-facturers’ association EEF and pre-pared by the Deloitte advisory group.

Britain possesses ‘the best windenergy resource in Europe’ and thepotential size of the offshore mar-ket and specialist marine engineer-ing capabilities ‘should make the UKan attractive investment location,especially for next-generation tur-bines designed for offshore deploy-ment,’ it explains. ‘However, UKproducers face significant chal-lenges in breaking into well-estab-lished global supply chains.’

‘Pressure to meet targets to ex-pand the UK’s use of renewable en-ergy and reduce carbon emissionswill create significant opportunitiesfor developing a range of sources oflow-carbon energy,’ and the mostpromising sectors for Britain are off-shore wind, marine renewables,and clean coal technologies. ‘Mostof these technologies are currentlymore expensive than conventionalforms of electricity generation andwill require financial support for theimmediate future.’

Nuclear power also has a keyrole to play in low-carbon energysupply but the technology is notconsidered in the report becausethe opportunities have been con-sidered in detail elsewhere. The UKmust source 15% of its energy fromrenewables by 2020 and reduceCO2 emissions by 16% in responseto targets set by the European Com-mission. This will create significantchallenges for industry in terms ofits competitiveness, but UK manu-facturers are well placed to take ad-

vantage of the major commercialopportunities, the report explains.

WWW.RENEWABLENERGY

FOCUS.COM, 2 MARCH 2008

GE powers Japan’slargest wood gasplant

Japan’s largest wood gas-to-energy plant, powered by two of

GE Energy’s Jenbacher gas engines,has successfully started operationin the Yamagata Prefecture, gener-ating 2 MW of electricity for localpower purposes.

The Yamagata’s Murayama siteruns completely on gasified woodchips, without any backup fuel sup-ply. The facility uses wood biomassfrom nearby forests that includetrimmed cherry tree branches. By2010, Japan is planning to increaserenewable energy production to3% of the country’s overall energysupply. Additionally, as part of itsrenewable energy strategy, Japan isplanning to expand its use of

biomass fuel up to 330MW by 2010.

‘This project repre-sents the first order oflarge-scale wood gas en-gines for GE Energy inAsia,’ said Prady Iyyanki,CEO of GE’s Jenbachergas engine business. ‘Welook forward to workingwith our customers in Ja-pan as we apply our re-spective specialty gasengines and their gasifi-cation technologies tohelp the country meet itscommitments underKyoto.’

WWW.RENEWABLENERGYWORLD.COM,

14 MARCH 2008

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Iowa State University researchersare developing an integrated sys-tem of thermochemical and cata-

lytic technologies to efficiently pro-duce ethanol from plant biomass.‘Increasing supplies of renewable en-ergy and using more energy efficienttechnologies must continue to playan indispensable role in reducinggreenhouse gas emissions and meet-ing the rapidly growing demand forenergy,’ said Samuel Bodman, the USsecretary of energy. Victor Lin, a pro-fessor of chemistry and director ofthe Center for Catalysis, will lead theIowa State project. The project alsoincludes Robert C Brown, the IowaFarm Bureau Director of theBioeconomy Institute; George Kraus,the director of the Institute for Physi-cal Research and Technology; MarekPruski, a scientist for the Departmentof Energy’s Ames Laboratory locatedat Iowa State; and Justinus Satrio, aproject manager at the Center forSustainable Environmental Technolo-gies.

They’re working to develop abiomass-to-ethanol system thatwould work like this: Plant biomasssuch as corn stalks and switchgrasswould be broken down by fast py-rolysis, a process that uses heat at 900degrees Fahrenheit in the absence ofoxygen to convert biomass into a bio-oil. The bio-oil would be gasified withsteam and/or oxygen at 1,100 to1,500 degrees Fahrenheit to producea synthesis gas, a mixture of carbonmonoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxideand short-chain hydrocarbon gases.The hydrogen and carbon monoxidein the synthesis gas would be reactedwith a nanotechnology-based cata-lyst to produce ethanol fuel.

Lin said researchers have lookedat catalysts to produce ethanol from

New system aims to efficiently convert biomass to ethanol

synthesis gas for years. But therewere some problems with the oldchemistry and research progress hasslowed since the early 1990s. Thechemistry didn’t produce the selec-tive reactions necessary for efficientproduction. There were also issueswith controlling those reactions. Butnow, ‘With the emphasis on biomassand biorenewables, I think there willbe a renaissance of this research andtechnology,’ Lin said. His idea for anew kind of catalyst is based on solidnanospheres just 250 billionths of ameter in diameter that have honey-comb channels running throughthem. Lin said those channels can beloaded with a metallic catalyst andother species that can promotehigher reactivity and product selec-tivity. The new technology, becauseof the nanoporous structure and theunique spatial arrangement of thecatalytic components, solves some ofthe selectivity and control problemsof the old chemistry.

Lin has already worked on thesynthesis gas-to-ethanol catalyst fora year and has filed a patent applica-tion. Satrio, of Iowa State’s Center forSustainable Environmental Technolo-gies, called the research collabora-

tion ‘a very exciting project.This is on the cutting edge ofthis technology’. The centre’sfocus will be to develop asystem that efficiently andeconomically produces cleansynthesis gas that’s ready tobe reacted with Lin’s catalyst.Center researchers will usethe two thermochemicaltechnologies (fast pyrolysisand gasification) with thegoal of developing a com-plete conversion system thatmakes economic sense for

the future. Transporting biomass tofuel production plants isn’t easy orcheap because of the bulk and quan-tities involved. The Department ofEnergy has estimated a biorefinerywould need at least 2,000 tons ofbiomass per day. A year’s supplywould cover 100 acres with 25 feet ofbiomass.

The Iowa State idea calls forbiomass to be transported to small,local fast pyrolysis plants that wouldconvert the plant fibre into liquid bio-oil, Satrio said. The bio-oil would bemuch easier to transport to bigger,regional facilities where it could beefficiently gasified at high pressureand catalytically converted into etha-nol. The departments of agricultureand energy said the 21 researchprojects won grants because theycan advance President George Bush’sAdvanced Energy Initiative. The initia-tive’s goals are to change the way thecountry powers its cars, homes andbusinesses by increasing energy effi-ciency and diversifying energysources. Funding for the projects willbe provided through the depart-ments’ Biomass Research and Devel-opment Initiative.

WWW.SCIENCEDAILY.COM

Victor Lin, an Iowa State University professor ofchemistry and director of the Center forCatalysis, is leading a project that’s developing asystem to convert plant biomass into ethanol.Photo credit: Bob Elbert, Iowa State University



Our country is wit-nessing a boom inthe constructionsector and in realestate development.

The construction sector contrib-utes to 10% of India’s GDP (grossdomestic product) and is growingat about 9%, as against the worldaverage of 5.5%. This has led to arapid rise in energy demand in ur-ban areas. Urban areas haveemerged as one of the biggestsources of GHG (greenhouse gas)emissions, with buildings alonecontributing to about 40% of thetotal GHG emissions. As per latestUN report one million people aremoving to urban areas each week.It is estimated that about two-thirds of the world population willbe living in cities by 2050. This re-quires a tremendous shift in en-ergy resources in urban areas.

Solar energy, in both the activeand passive forms, has significantpotential for replacing substantialamounts of fossil fuels and elec-tricity currently used in our townsand cities, particularly in the hous-

ing and building sector. Energy-efficient solar buildings, or greenbuildings, can reduce energy de-mand by as much as 40%. The de-signs can be such that theworking and living environmentin buildings is quite comfortableduring different seasons withouttoo much dependence on con-ventional energy.

We have a rich heritage in ourcountry of traditional buildingsthat were designed to provideyear-round comfort through natu-ral heating, cooling and ventila-tion. In recent years, significantadvances have been made andenormous progress achievedworldwide in climate responsivedesigns. In our country too, thereis a vast scope for development ofsolar passive buildings, integratedwith active solar energy systemsand energy-efficient devices thatneed to be promoted actively, es-pecially in our urban areas. The in-tegration need not necessarymean ‘invisibility of solar collec-tors’ as the solar energy elementnow can be used in a manner

Ajit K Gupta , Adviser and Group Head, Urban, Industrial, and Commercial Applications of Renewable Energy

which enhances the aesthetic ap-peal of the building. In most cases,solar collectors have been used aspart of the building materials, es-pecially the photovoltaic mod-ules, which make the buildingcost quite reasonable.

In several cities, builders anddevelopers are now integratingsolar water heating systems inbuildings and housing complexesbeing built by them. These com-plexes have eliminated the needof electric geysers in homes andhave also reduced the electricityconsumption required for com-fortable living. One such com-plex, namely, ‘the Magarpatta City’near Pune has become quitepopular.

Solar water heating is today afully mature technology. About180 million m2 (square metre) ofcollector area is estimated to havebeen installed worldwide at theend of 2007. Of this, over100 million m2 has been installedin China. About 10 to 12 million m2

collector area is being addedevery year in China, with annual

SOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGYSOLAR ENERGYF O R U R B A N F O R U R B A N F O R U R B A N F O R U R B A N F O R U R B A N A R E A SA R E A SA R E A SA R E A SA R E A S


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production projected to reach 20million m2 by 2010. Eighty-five percent of the market in China is forevacuated tube collector basedsystems with about 300 compa-nies involved in manufacturingsuch systems. The other activemarkets are in Spain, Germany,Greece, Turkey, Japan, Austria, andUSA.

In India, about 2.3 million m2

collector area has been installedso far. Of this, about 1.2 million m2

has been added during the lastthree years under an AcceleratedProgramme initiated during 2005/06. We have set a goal of adding 5million m2 collector area duringthe Eleventh Plan period up to2012. To provide renewed thrust,the Ministry has enhanced thebudget provision for the pro-gramme significantly during theEleventh Plan.

Solar photovoltaic systems canbe integrated in building designin an elegant and aesthetic man-ner so that they not only providean energy source but also serve asan element of building construc-tion. They can be inte-grated in the form ofsloped or flat roofs, cano-pies, shades or facades. Ori-entation and angle are veryimportant for BiPV (build-ing integrated photo-voltaic) design. BiPVsystems can have smallbattery storage, but are byand large grid connectedfor import and export fromthe grid, as necessary, withaccounting being carriedout on net-metering basisor through an appropri-ately fixed tariff by the

regulator. Deployment of solarstreetlight, traffic signals, hoard-ings, and power packs can help inconserving electricity during peakhours in cities and towns.

Installation of a solar systemfor heating and a separate systemfor electricity on the roof, or inte-grated with the roof, can some-times become difficult in terms oflimitation of space and high cost.A few products have, therefore,been developed which combineboth the solar thermal and solarphotovoltaic systems. These saveroof space, are cheaper and instal-lation can be faster.

A solar housing complex hascome up at Kolkata, which com-prises 25 independent houses, acommunity hall, and a swimmingpool. Whereas the houses and thecommunity hall have been de-signed on solar passive concepts,they have been integrated withsolar water heaters and photo-voltaic modules. The swimmingpool under construction will beheated through solar energy. Thecomplex also has solar streetlights

and garden lights and all the elec-trical appliances in the houses areenergy-efficient devices.

The Ministry has been promot-ing solar passive architecture byproviding support for the prepa-ration of project reports and, on alimited scale, for construction ofdemonstration solar buildings.Support is also being provided fortraining, documentation andawareness creation activities. Sev-eral publications including manu-als, guidelines, and case studieshave been brought out. A set ofCDs containing a knowledge bankand database on existing solarbuildings has been prepared.More recently, a Handbook on En-ergy Conscious Buildings has beenprepared. The BIS (Bureau of In-dian Standards) and BEE (Bureauof Energy Efficiency) have also in-corporated energy efficiencymeasures in the National BuildingCode and the Energy Conserva-tion Building Code.

Keeping in view our climaticconditions, a National Rating Sys-tem, GRIHA, has been developed

Solar water heaters installed in a residential school at Bangalore


indigenously which is suitable forall types of buildings in differentclimatic zones of the country. Therating system was initially con-ceived and developed by TERI(The Energy and Resources Insti-tute). It has been modified as aNational Rating System after in-corporating various suggestionsby a group of architects and ex-perts. It takes into account theprovisions of the National Build-ing Code 2005, the Energy Conser-vation Building Code 2007, andother IS codes and local by-laws.Through various qualitative andquantitative assessment criteria,GRIHA would be able to ‘rate’ abuilding on the degree of its‘greenness’. The rating would beapplied to different types of newand existing buildings, whethercommercial, institutional, or resi-dential.

The Ministry proposes toincentivize the National RatingSystem with a view to promotelarge-scale design and construc-tion of green buildings in thecountry. Energy-efficient solarbuildings has been identified asan important focus area of theMinistry and a target for construc-tion of such buildings covering afloor area of 5 million m2 has beenproposed in the Eleventh Plan.

To cope with the rising de-mand of electricity in our townsand cities especially during peakhours, the Ministry has recentlylaunched a new scheme on ‘De-velopment of solar cities’. Thescheme would encourage and as-sist cities in assessing theirpresent energy consumption sta-tus, setting clear targets for andpreparing action plans for gener-

ating energythrough renewableenergy sourcesand in conservingenergy utilized inconducting urbanservices. Financialsupport will bemade available tothe urban localbodies for prepara-tion of the MasterPlan, setting up ofa ‘Solar City Cell’and various othersupport measures.

The introduction of renewableenergy including active solar en-ergy systems and passive architec-ture is fairly complex given theinvolvement of a large number ofstakeholders, such as municipalbodies, utilities, architects, engi-neers, builders, housing financeagencies, equipment manufactur-ers, and the users themselves. Anappropriate policy framework andfocused approach is, therefore,necessary. Financial incentivesand regulations, amendments inbuilding codes and municipallaws may be necessary, togetherwith sustained awareness cam-paigns, apart from efforts atmainstreaming solar energy intoarchitectural practice and in theconstruction industry

All states/UTs (union territo-ries) were earlier requested to is-sue suitable instructions to theirurban local bodies for modifyingthe building by-laws to make theuse of solar water heating systemsmandatory in certain categories ofbuildings. Eighteen states/UTshave issued such orders. Twenty-six municipal corporations/

municipalities have amended by-laws in seven states. Governmentsof Maharashtra and AndhraPradesh have issued GOs for in-stallation of solar energy systemsin municipal areas, especiallystreetlights and advertisementhoardings. Himachal Pradesh,Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthanhave made it mandatory for allnew buildings in the governmentand public sector to be con-structed based on these concepts.The Ministry of Urban Develop-ment is again being requested toissue suitable orders to all urbanlocal bodies to make amendmentin their municipal laws for manda-tory installation of solar waterheating systems and solar streetlights/colony/park lights in all mu-nicipal areas. Sanctioning of pro-posals under the JNNURM tomunicipal corporations could alsobe linked with amendment ofbuilding by-laws and other mu-nicipal rules/laws both for solarwater heating systems and solarstreet/colony/park lights in citiesand towns.

Building-integrated solar chimney in Sudha andAtam Kumar’s residence in New Delhi for effective

ventilation at a residence. The inset shows acloser view of the chimney top

F E AF E AF E AF E AF E AT U R ET U R ET U R ET U R ET U R E ARARARARART I C L ET I C L ET I C L ET I C L ET I C L E

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Introduction

About 30% (285.35 mil-lion people, 2001 census) of the Indianpopulation resides inurban areas. In the

post-independence era, whilepopulation of India has grownthree times, the urban populationhas grown five times. Urban areasare heavily dependant on fossilfuels (often imported), for themaintenance of essential publicservices, for powering homes,transport systems, infrastructure,industry, and commerce. The fossilfuels are increasingly becomingmore expensive due to scarcity offuel and increase in demand. Inaddition to this, the environmen-tal and social impacts of the con-sumption of fossil fuels areincreasingly becoming a concern.These impacts include air pollu-tion, global warming, waste dis-

posal problems, land degradation,and the depletion of natural re-sources.

Urbanization and economicdevelopment are leading to arapid rise in energy demand in ur-ban areas. Urban areas haveemerged as one of the biggestsources of GHG (greenhouse gas)emissions, with buildings alonecontributing to about 40% of thetotal GHG emissions. As per the

Dr A K Singhal , Director, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India

Development ofSolar Cities in India

latest UN report, one million peo-ple are moving to urban areaseach week. It is estimated thatabout two-thirds of the worldpopulation will be living in citiesin 2050. This requires a tremen-dous shift in energy resources inurban areas. In recognition of this,various cities around the world aresetting targets and introducingpolicies for promoting renewableenergy and reducing GHG emis-sions. London has announced 20%carbon emission reduction by2010; New York and 200 other UScities have set a similar target.Tokyo has announced 20% shareof renewables in the total


consumption by 2020 and theAustralian government has initi-ated a Solar Cities programme.

Need for energymeasures in IndiaIn India, several cities and townsare experiencing 15% growth inthe peak electricity demand. Thelocal governments and the elec-tricity utilities are finding difficultto cope with this rapid rise in de-mand and as a result most of thecities/towns are facing severe elec-tricity shortages. Thus, managingenergy demand has emerged as apriority for the local governmentsand municipal corporations. An ac-tion plan, therefore, needs to be de-veloped by city administrations andmunicipal corporations, whichcould lead to reduction in conven-tional energy consumption intheir cities/towns by about 10% ina specified period, besides reduc-ing enormous amount of CO

2

emissions in the atmosphere byway of using energy conservationand renewable energy devices/systems. For an indicative list ofenergy conservation and renew-able energy devices/systems that

can help in developing Solar Cit-ies, see Box.

Suggested plans fordevelopment of solarcitiesThe city administrations and mu-nicipal corporations may preparea Master Plan for their cities/townswhich would provide total andprojections by sector for energydemand and supply for the next10 years. Further, it should be ableto provide a complete baseline, bysector, on the energy utilizationand GHG emissions in the city. Tar-gets by year for energy conserva-tion, renewable energy addition,and GHG abatement along withthe action plan for implementa-tion need to be clearly broughtout in the Master Plan. Potentialsources of funding from respec-tive organizations (both publicand private) for providing finan-cial support will be identified. Be-fore finalization, the draft MasterPlan may be discussed in aStakeholders Consultation Work-shop having representation fromelected representatives, local re-search and academic institutions,resident welfare associations, in-dustries and corporate organiza-

tions, NGOs, SNAs, and so on. TheMaster Plan should have a mini-mum target of reduction in theirenergy consumption by 10% fromthe existing level and consequentreduction in CO

2 emissions.

To implement the Master Plan,a ‘Solar City Cell’ may be set up inthe City Council, which will in-clude a senior administrator andthe city engineers. A ‘Solar CityStakeholders Committee’ may alsobe set up for advisory support in-volving representation fromelected representatives in the mu-nicipal bodies, local research andacademic institutions, residentwelfare associations, industriesand corporate organizations,NGOs, SNAs, and other relevantstakeholders. The committee maytake initiatives in organizing train-ing programmes/workshops/business meets/awareness camps,and so on for various stakeholderssuch as elected representatives ofthe municipal bodies, municipalofficials, architects/engineers,builders and developers,financial institu-tions, NGOs, tech-nical institutions,


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The following is a list of renewable energy devices/

systems/projects and energy conservation meas-

ures that can help to bring about reduction in the

consumption of conventional energy.

P Renewable energy devices/systems/ projects

P Solar water heating systems

P Solar cookers (box and dish type)

P Scheffler cookers for indoor cooking

P Solar steam generating systems

P Solar drying/air heating systems

P Solar refrigeration and air conditioning plants

P Solar concentrators for process heat applica-

tions

P Solar lanterns

P Solar home lighting systems

P Solar generators

P Street light solar control systems

P Solar hoardings

P Solar street light/garden lights

P Solar traffic lights

P Solar blinkers

P§ Road studs

P Solar power packs

P Building integrated photovoltaic

P SPV power plants for decentralization applica-

tions

P Power projects based on municipal and urban

waste, and also on industrial waste through

combustion/bio-methanation technologies.

P Power projects based on methane available

from STPs (sewage treatment plants)

P Biomass gasification and co-generation

projects in industries

List of Renewable Energy Systems

P Biomass-gasifier-based crematoriums

P Projects on methane utilization for thermal and

electrical applications in industries

P Wind turbines for power generation

ENERGY CONSERVATION/MEASURES

P LEDs/CFLs instead of incandescent bulbs

P LED traffic lights

P Electronics chokes and fan regulators

P Sensors for automatic functioning of

streetlights

P Automatic speed regulating fans/motors

P Plugging of leakages in the water supply sys-

tem and use of efficient pumps and motors

P Energy-efficient electrical appliances such as

fans, refrigerators, air conditioners, coolers,

room heaters, and water pumps

P Use of insulating materials and low-energy/en-

ergy-efficient building materials for example,

fly ash bricks, hollow bricks, stabilized mud

blocks, and so on in building construction

SOLAR PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE IN

BUILDINGS/HOUSING COMPLEXES

The major components of solar passive architec-

ture are the orientation of a building, sun shades,

double-glazed windows, smart glazing window

overhangs, thermal storage wall/roof, roof paint-

ing, ventilation, evaporative cooling, day lighting,

wind towers, earth air tunneling, construction ma-

terials, and so on. Incorporation of specific compo-

nents will depend on what climatic zone the

building is being constructed in.


manufactures and suppliers, andRWAs, so as to sensitize them inenergy conservation and use ofrenewable energy devices/sys-tems. Publicity and awareness cam-paign may also be organizedthrough print and electronic media.

Proposed measuresfor city administra-tionsVarious measures which could betaken by the city administrations/municipal corporations to reducetheir conventional energy con-sumption could be as follows.P Conduct energy auditing of gov-

ernment/public sector buildings,water pumping, and streetlightings in the city at regular in-terval and take necessary stepstowards conservation of electric-ity. Other establishments shouldalso be encouraged for the same.

P Reduce electricity consumptionin streetlight/garden lights,

traffic lights, blinkers, hoard-ings, and so on by using energyconservation and renewableenergy devices.

P Amend building by-laws formaking the use of solar waterheating systems mandatory incertain category of buildings.

P Provide rebate in property taxthrough municipal corporations/municipalities, and in electricitytariff though utilities/electricityboards to the users of solar waterheaters especially in the domes-tic sector.

P Issue GO as regards constructionof energy-efficient solar build-ings at least in government/pub-lic sectors in accordance withECBC:2006 and follow up its im-plementation rigorously.

P Comply to MSW Rules 2000 no-tified by the MoEF and set upprojects of suitable capacity forgenerating energy from thewaste collected from the city/town.

P Generate necessary funds fromthe state government and otherfunding organizations for achiev-ing the objective of making thecity a ‘Solar City’. Benefits of theschemes of Government of Indiamay also be taken in meeting theobjectives.

Government effortsThe MNRE has developed a newscheme on ‘Development of SolarCities’ with a view to encourageand assist cities in assessing theirpresent energy consumption sta-tus, setting clear targets for andpreparing action plans for gener-ating energy through renewableenergy sources, and in conservingenergy utilized in conducting ur-ban services. The major objectivesof the scheme are given below.P Enable/empower urban local

governments to address energychallenges at the city level

P To provide a framework and sup-port the preparation of a MasterPlan that includes assessment ofthe current energy situation, fu-ture demand, and action plans

P Build capacity in the urban localbodies and create awarenessamong all sections of the civilsociety

P Involve various stakeholders inthe planning process

P Oversee the implementation ofsustainable energy optionsthrough public–private part-nerships

An indicative target of 60 cities/towns with at least one in each stateto a maximum of five cities in a statehas been set for the Eleventh Planperiod including 2007-08. The tar-gets will be achieved by providing


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Solar housing complex in Kolkata


support for preparation of a MasterPlan for their city; setting up of a‘Solar City Cell’ in the council/ad-ministration, organizing trainingprogrammes/workshops/businessmeets for various stakeholders suchas elected representatives of themunicipal bodies, municipal offi-cials, architects/engineers, buildersand developers, financial institu-tions, NGOs, technical institutions,manufactures and suppliers, andRWAs on creation of public informa-tion and awareness. This supportwill be up to Rs 50 lakh per city/town. The cost towards actual in-stallations of energy conservationand renewable energy devices/systems will be borne both by thegovernment in the public sectorand the people in the private sec-tor with suitable incentives fromthe state and central government.Local bodies will be required toarrange necessary funds from

various resources including theschemes of the Ministry of UrbanDevelopment—for example,JNNURM as well as the Bureau ofEnergy Efficiency. The major crite-ria for selection of the cities forSolar Cities are as below.P City population (0.5 to 5 mil-

lion), regional setting, andprominence in region

P Political and administrativecommitment towards adoptionof sustainable energies (resolu-tion to be passed by the citycouncil/administration for im-plementing all the activitiesspecified in the ‘Solar cities’ pro-gramme).

P Potential for adoption of en-ergy conservation and renew-able energy in the city activities

P Regulatory measures taken onadoption of energy conservationmeasures and deployment of re-newable energy technologies

P Initiatives already taken by citycouncil/administration/privatedevelopers/industry/generalpublic in promoting energyconservation and renewableenergy

P Urban local bodies’ previous ex-perience in involving publicparticipation and working withall stakeholders.

P Willingness to provide re-sources and sustenance of ac-tivities initiated under theprogramme

Apart from financial support avail-able from the ministry, annualawards to identified Solar Citieswill be given away by the ministryin the form of Shields/ Certificatesbased on the information pro-vided by the city council/adminis-tration in regard to initiativestaken on developing their city as aSolar City.

Advertisements

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Akshay Urja is widely circulated to various stakeholders of renewable energy. AkshayUrja invites advertisements (in colour) from interested organizations, manufacturers,institutions, etc. The advertisement tariffs are as follows.

The interested organizations may write to:Editor

Akshay UrjaMinistry of New and Renewable Energy

Block - 14, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003Tel. +91 11 2436 3035 or 2436 0707 Fax +91 11 2436 3035 or 2436 1298

E-mail [email protected]

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respiration and micro floras, insectand mite attack, rodent attack,and so on. An accelerated rate ofdeterioration occurs within a cer-tain temperature range and alsowhen the moisture content in theproduct is at higher level. Hence,it is important to develop post-harvest technology for agricul-tural products. The greatestemphasis has to be given to thedehydration of the food products.

The technologyPEN (Planters Energy Network)uses flat-plate solar collectorshaving a blackened solar heat ab-sorber that has a 4 mm thick tem-pered glass as transparent coverand is well insulated on its lowerside with mineral wool insulation.Air is forced into the space be-tween the cover and the absorber,where it is heated. PEN solar col-lector is installed on existingbuildings. In early models factory

C PalaniappanPlanters Energy Network, Theni – 625 531

<E-mail [email protected]>

roofs were converted into absorb-ers, and in the later ones collectorswere constructed on the south-fac-ing roofs of factories, keeping theroof as a base for the collector.Wherever the roof is not ideally ori-ented, collectors are installed onthe ground. A centrifugal blowerwith a suitable capacity then drawshot air from the panel into an insu-lated duct, from which it is distrib-uted to the points of use.

Special features of the PEN col-lector include solar collectors thatare designed to allow mainte-nance staff to walk over them. Forhigher efficiency and when dust isa problem, use of selective specialsheets, as absorbers in a systemthat heats air from below the ab-sorber, are being used. In addi-tion, a new arrangement of bafflesin the collector overflow parti-tions increases its efficiency con-siderably. As a result of this carefuldesign and development process,the PEN collector has the follow-ing innovative features and char-acteristics.P They can be easily fitted into

existing conventional fossil fuelsystems


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Introduction

Nearly 1 754 000 kiloli-tres of furnace oil orits equivalent is being used annually inIndian industries for

drying and process heat by em-ploying fossil fuels. It is possible tosave considerable quantity of thisfuel by using solar air heating sys-tems. Moreover, the post-harvestsector of Indian agriculture did notreceive the needed attention toproduce quality products. ThoughIndia stands third next to the USand China in the production ofmany raw foods, it is still in the low-est place in processing as well asvalue addition to raw food leadingto a phenomenal wastages. Loss ofdry matter and degradation in thequality of the agricultural productoccurs due to the fungal growth,


P They perform consistently andefficiently

P They have a long life of 15 to 20years with periodical mainte-nance

P They substantially reduce fossilfuel consumption

P They are economically viable,paying for their own installationcosts within three yearsthrough reduced fuel consump-tion and expenditure

P They ensure cleaner processing,a healthier environment, andmore hygienic, better-qualityend products

PEN has installed nearly 8200m2 solar collector for more than 40projects covering drying of a widespectrum of products both in agroindustry and also in other process-ing industries.

Applications toindustryProduction of process heat/hot airusing fossil fuels like electricity,diesel, furnace oil, LPG, coal, fire-wood, and other forms is a com-mon production method in

almost all food processing and in-dustrial application including ce-ramic, leather, pharmaceutical,and chemical industries. Apartfrom the above industries, allprocessing industries adopt eitherdrying or process heat as one ofthe manufacturing steps.

PEN, initiated at MaduraiKamaraj University in 1989, is ac-tive in the promotion of solar hotair generation units for foodprocessing and other industrialapplication in order to reduce/re-place the conventional fuel. PENhas installed large-scale solar hotair generation systems that are re-liable and durable using the roofs

of agro processing houses, to re-duce/replace conventional fossilfuel. This article explains the expe-riences gained by PEN in this sec-tor with success stories.

Agro-processingapplicationsTea

Tea industry is energy intensive. Alarge amount of thermal and elec-trical energy is used to obtain finalblack tea with a moisture contentof 2% to 3% from the green leaves(75%). PEN has introduced roof-in-tegrated collector (Figure 1) in 9tea factories in Tamil Nadu, so thattheir fuel consumption could bereduced up to 25%–35% by usingsolar heat. These installations alsoreduce about 1500 tonnes of CO

2

emissions per year. All these unitsreceived capital subsidies fromthe ministry and many of themalso get soft loans from IREDA.

Spices

Spices factories use fossil fuel fordrying the spices to low moisturecontent so as to obtain nicegrounded powder with good col-our. PEN has installed solar dryingfacilities (Figure 2) for spices for

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Figure 1 Golden hills tea estate, Coonoor

Figure 2 Sakthi Masala (P) Ltd, Erode


two leading spices powder manu-facturing companies in the southnamely M/s Eastern Condiments(P) Ltd, Theni (500 + 167 m2) andM/s Sakthi Masala (P) Ltd, Erode(1040 m2). M/s Eastern Condi-ments (P) Ltd was quite satisfiedwith the technology and itadopted it in 1994 and again in2002. There is also a tremendouspotential for adopting similar so-lar drying units for drying otherspices like green and black pep-per, small and large cardamom,and cashew nuts.

Leather

Under the facilitation from UNIDO,a 700 m2 area roof integrated solarhot air system unit has been in-stalled for a leading tannery to dryleather in a special imported drier(Figure 3) at Ranipet, Tamil Nadu.This unit could save 368.8 tonnesof firewood fuel in six months andreplace a 1.2 tonne steam boilerduring its operation. A similarsmaller unit of a collector area 50m2 in a tannery at Vaniyambadihas generated hot air of tempera-

ture above 100 0C so as to saveabout 5 litres of diesel per hour inan auto-spray drying unit.

Pulses

PEN has demonstrated the suc-cessful usage of solar heating forpulses to reduce diesel fuel con-sumption. A 167 m2

area solar col-

lector installed in a dal factorysaves 60 litres of diesel per day.Quality of the dal also improvedthrough solar drying. Two otherdal mills have opted for solar airheating technology. Theseprojects replace the conventionaldiesel or agricultural waste fueland have a payback period of lessthan 2 years.

Fish

Fish is a highly perishable foodproduct and can be stored only byrefrigeration or drying. But theproblem affecting the quality ofthe dried fish is the unhygienicway in which it is prepared anddried. The open beach drying re-sults in insects laying eggs insidethe fish thus, rendering the prod-

uct non-consumable. In the firstproject at Vishakapatnam, AndhraPradesh, PEN successfully demon-strated a 500 kg capacity hygienicprocessing of fish so as to obtainbetter market price for the fish. Asimilar but smaller unit of capacity150 kg of fish per batch is success-fully working near Poompukarnear Chidambaram in Tamil Nadu.To cater to individual fisherwomen and small groups, PENlaunched an 11.5 m2 area solar airheating system which will run byfour number of DC fans, operatedby 4 × 10 watts SPV panel couldprocess about 70 kg of productper batch. Nearly 50 units for fishand herbal products (Figure 4) areinstalled in the coastal belt ofTamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.Each unit produces about 6000 kgof quality fish per annum creatingabout 600 job days. Among manyoptions, solar drying of salted ornon-salted fish offers a tremen-dous potential in creating multi-ple job for women in coastalregion.

Fruits andvegetables

Many of the hilly regionsof India suffer from lack ofinfrastructure facilities forprocessing its agro prod-ucts like fruits and veg-etables. This leads to ahuge wastage in vegeta-ble fruits chain as well asother fruit products andthis ultimately affects thefarmers’ income. Dehy-dration or drying is verycritical for these prod-ucts mainly to avoidspoilage as well as to


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Figure 3 Leather drier with solar hot air ducts at M/S M A Khizar Hussain &Sons, Ranipet


bring remuneration prices for thefarmers. The absence of biomassfuel and availability of abundantsun’s energy that is, about 5400Wh/m2 day on horizontal plainmakes it attractive to adopt solarenergy for drying in these regions.

PEN air heaters coupled withPEN’s re-circulation drier could beused to dry many fruits and veg-etables. A 2 × 212 m2 area solarcollector was installed to producehot air for a vegetables dehydrat-ing company near Coimbatore.Another two units were installedfor drying organically grown fruitslike mango, pineapple, and ba-nana for export near Batlagunduin Tamil Nadu. PEN has installedmany large solar drying units inthe Ladakh and Kargil region. Theroof of the processing house has55 to 90 m2 solar collector areaand the hot air is passed to the re-circulation drier placed inside theroom. Nearly 8 such solar units(Figure 5) are in operation at dif-ferent parts of Ladakh and Kargil.Many small driers of 70 kg capac-

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ity with SPV panel have also beeninstalled in Ladakh. The solar driedapricot fruits fetch 100% higherprice in the market than the con-ventional open dried.

Industrial applicationsIn Apollo Hospital Ranipet, electri-cal heating is used for dryingwashed wet cloth. A 55 m2 solarheater provides hot air so as to re-duce the electrical consumptionby 60%. A similar area collector

has been successfully used fordrying latex condoms in TTK-LIGfactory, Chennai reducing 40%–50% electrical consumption. Twonew units (2 × 110 m2) to providehot air for 4 tumble driers are be-ing installed in Pondicherry andVirudhunagar, Tamil Nadu. To re-duce furnace oil used for ceramicdrying at EID Parry factory inAlwar, Rajasthan PEN has installeda 230 m2 solar air heater and theproject has a payback of 3 years.Sahayamatha Salt factory nearTuticorin uses a 110 m2 solar airheater for preheating air to a fluid-ized bed drier so as to reduce thefurnace oil consumption in saltmaking.

Economic analysisFor solar air heating system whereconventional fuel like electricalcoil, LDO, diesel, or gas are used;analysis through a pay-back flowchart taking into account the in-vestment cost, interest for invest-ment, parasitic cost (electrical andmaintenance), tax concessions,Government subsidy and savingsin fuel show a payback period

Figure 4 11.5 m2 solar herbal drying installed at Irula Natural HerbalCentre, Chengalparttu

Figure 5 Solar fruits and vegetables drying centre – M/s Sham Co-operative Ltd, Nimoo (30 km from Leh)



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for a profit making company be-tween 2 to 3 years with Govern-ment subsidy and 3 years abovewithout the subsidy. As the maincomponents are aluminum frameand toughened glass, the ex-pected life span of the system ismore than 15 years. The parasiticand maintenance costs are about3%–5% of accrued annual savings.

Government supportfor solar air heatingsystemsTo popularize solar air heatingtechnology, the Government ofIndia offers 80% depreciationleading to savings of 29.3% ofproject cost through tax saving.For example, a company investingRs 10 lakh in solar heating projectcould save Rs 2,93,000 as tax. 35%

subsidy on solar installation orRs 1750 per square metre ofcollector is also available as capi-tal subsidy from MNRE. Hence, acompany investing in solar airheating system will spend onlyabout 50% of the project costand balance through subsidy andtax savings.

Bottlenecks intechnology promotionThere is a general feeling that theproject is costly and the initial in-vestment is on the higher side butin reality it is not so. Moreover thegovernment may evolve unham-pered process to sanction subsidyto the beneficiaries directlythrough banks without any inter-mediaries as it may bring moreusers to harness this technology.

ConclusionThe status, technology, and po-tential study of fuel savings andeconomic assessment of solar airheating technology forpreheating the air for agro-processing and selected indus-tries indicates that using thermalsolar energy, it is possible to saveannually an average of 25%–60%fossil fuel consumption. The pay-back period for the system in-stalled is less than two years dueto governmental concessions forrenewable energy application inIndian industries. Therefore, thereappears to be a tremendous po-tential for the growth of solar airheating interventions to our in-dustries due to the escalating costof fossil fuels. It also paves way forcleaner energy development.

w w w . m n r e . g o v . i n

Inviting articles for Akshay UrjaThe need to have a sustainable supply necessitates the exploitation of available en-ergy sources, and among these, renewable resources are at the forefront. It is now anestablished fact that RE (renewable energy) can be an integral part of sustainable de-velopment because of its inexhaustible nature and environment-friendly features. REcan play an important role in resolving the energy crisis in urban areas to a great ex-tent. Today RE is an established sector with a variety of systems and devices availablefor meeting the energy demand of urban inhabitants, but there is a need to createmass awareness about their adoption. Akshay Urja is an attempt to fulfil this need.20 000 copies are being disseminated in India and abroad.

Akshay Urja publishes news, articles, research papers, case studies, success stories,and write-ups on RE. Readers are invited to send material with original photographsand statistical data. Akshay Urja will pay suitable honorarium for each published arti-cle of about 1500 words and above to the authors. The publication material in twocopies, along with a soft copy on CD/floppy/e-mail may be sent to

Editor, Akshay UrjaMinistry of New and Renewable Energy, Block – 14, CGO Complex,

Lodhi Road, New Delhi – 110 003

Tel. +91 11 2436 3035 • Fax +91 11 2436 3035 • E-mail [email protected]


Background

Global warming andclimate change arethe two major con-cerns before theworld today, due to

CO2

(carbon dioxide) emissions. Ifonly 3% Indians were to cook withsolar cookers, we would save 3.2MT (million tonnes) of wood peryear and reduce CO

2 emissions by

6.7 MT per year.Gadhia Solar has been on the

forefront in identifying appropri-ate technologies and indigenizingthem. The company introducedSeifert Parabolic Solar Cookers fordomestic cooking and SchefflerParabolic Concentrators for com-munity cooking. As a new needarose, Gadhia Solar, with the helpof inventors, developed and im-proved upon them. It is also work-ing on newer applications of solarconcentrators not just for cookingbut also for industrial applicationssuch as desalination, waste waterevaporation, incineration, drying,and food processing.

Scheffler concen-trators/dishes are thebuilding blocks for so-lar steam generation.The unique feature ofScheffler dish is that ithas stationary focus,which is achieved bychanging the curva-ture of the dish in dif-ferent seasons with seasonaladjustment bars at its back.

Initially, Scheffler dishes wereused for community cooking andhad a mechanical counter weightdriven tracking system, whichmoves the dish East–West and fol-lows the sun. Thus, irrespective of

Deepak Gadhia , Managing Director, Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd <www.gadhiasolarenergy.com>

Ten years of solar steamsystems for cooking in India

Figure 1 Schematics of Schefflercommunity cooker

Figure 2 Community solar cookerfor 100 students

the position, the sunrays are fo-cused at a fixed point.

For direct solar cooking sys-tems, solar rays are reflectedthrough a small opening in thenorth-facing wall of the kitchenand further deflected and bun-dled onto secondary reflectorplaced below a blackened cook-ing vessel placed in the kitchen.This enables cooking within thecomforts of the kitchen. The tem-perature at focus is about 400 ºC.Therefore, practically all items canbe cooked. A single dish can cookfor 50 persons per mealtime.


Evolution of solarsteam cooking systemIt has been 10 years since the firstsolar steam cooking system was de-veloped by Gadhia Solar EnergySystems Pvt. Ltd for the BrahmaKumari’s in cooperation with MrGolo Pilz of Brahma Kumari’s, MrWolfgang Scheffler, and HTT com-pany of Germany. Brahma Kumari’sneeded a system to cook for 1200persons for their Mt Abu Ashram.

The company’s initial idea wasto offer a series of Scheffler dishesfor direct cooking to be aligned inrows in the conventional East–West direction. This was not foundto be feasible since it would havemeant a large kitchen and manycooking vessels. Thus, it was de-cided to generate steam with so-lar concentrators and supply it tothe kitchen. Fortunately, BrahmaKumari’s were already cookingwith steam but it was generatedwith diesel-fired boilers. There-fore, it was proposed that they usesolar generated steam.

The technology for generatingsteam with Scheffler dishes was pro-vided by Ms HTT GmbH of Germanywhere Deepak Gadhia had workedbefore returning to India in 1985.The funding agency GATE of GTZ,Germany provided funds under itsprototype funding scheme. Allthese factors together helped theworld’s first and largest solar steamcooking system (in 1997) to be in-stalled at Brahma Kumari’s helpingthem save 70 litres of diesel per day.

Working of solarsteam cooking systemP Parabolic solar concentrators

are arranged in pairs of sleep-

ing and standing dishes in par-allel modules, aligned in a per-fect East–West direction.

P Receivers (heat exchangerspainted black) are placed in thefocus of each pair of dishes.

P Above the receiver is a headerpipe half-filled with water.

P Cool water enters the receiverthrough the inner pipe comingfrom the header.

P Solar rays falling onto thedishes are reflected and con-centrated onto the receivers.

P Due to the high temperaturesachieved (450–650 °C), the wa-ter within the receiver is con-verted into steam.

P Steam is stored in the upperhalf (empty portion) of theheader pipe and if the steam isnot drawn the pressure keepson increasing.

P This steam is then drawn/sent tothe kitchen through insulatedpipelines to the steam cookingvessels, for fast, hygienic cookingin a clean environment.

P There are two types of steamcooking vessels a) vesselswhere steam is injected directlyinto the food to cook items like

dal, vegetable, and rice; and b)double-jacketed vessels wheresteam circulates through theoutside jacket of the vesselheating the food inside. It canhelp boil milk, tea, soup, and soon since injecting steam intothe food would dilute it.

P On cloudy days, during monsoonand at night, conventional fuelcan be used in the boiler houseas a back-up system.

P Depending on the quantity offood to be cooked the numberof pairs of dishes and number ofmodules will vary.

P All the dishes are connected witha metal wire rope and the wirerope is connected to a winch,which in turn has DC motor con-nected to a timer mechanismwhich keeps on moving the dishaligning them to movement ofthe sun. This type of tracking sys-tem is called central tracking.

P To ensure that food is cookedeven when the sun is not there(at night and on cloudy days inmonsoon) the solar steam gen-erating system is connectedwith a fuel-fired boiler that actsas a back-up system.


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Figure 3 Schematics of solar steam cooking system


Some prestigioussystems installedSince the first system installed in1997, solar steam generation sys-tem has found more and more ac-ceptance in India. At present thereare more than 23 solar steam gener-ating systems installed by GadhiaSolar and many more are in thepipeline. These systems are of vari-ous sizes and configuration and fordifferent target groups, dependingon the quantity of food to becooked and space availability onthe terrace or on the ground nearthe kitchen. The size of the cookingsystems varies with the number ofpeople—from 250 persons to15,000 persons per day, and for var-ied user groups such as temples,ashrams, mutts, industrial canteens,schools, hostels, hospitals, and evendefence institutions. Some of themany installations done by GadhiaSolar are as follows.P World’s largest solar steam cook-

ing system at TTD (TirumalaTirupati Devasthanam), whichcooks 30,000 meals per day. The

system was installed on 12 Octo-ber 2002 and has been workingfor more than five years. On anaverage it saves 200 litres of die-sel every day. TTD has recoveredits investment in approximatelyfour years. The system is ex-pected to run for another 15years, with only reflector platesto be replaced every five years.

P World’s highest solar steamcooking system for the Indian

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Army to cook for 500 jawans inLeh Ladakh, at a height of morethan 3,000 metres above sealevel.

P Shri Saibaba Sansthan Templeat Shirdi that cooks 7000 mealsper day. The system has beenworking for the last seven yearsand the performance is improv-ing day by day. Now the ShirdiTemple Sansthan is planning fora system to prepare food for20,000 people equivalent to40,000 meals per day.

Gadhia Solar has learnt from itsexperiences. It also offers and un-dertakes not only AMC (AnnualMaintenance Contract) but alsothe Operating and MaintenanceContract where its team is placedpermanently at the clients’ site torun the system. At present suchteams are located at Shirdi BabaTemple site Temple and TirupatiBalaji Temple for hassle free op-eration and maintenance of theirsystems.

Figure 4 World’s largest solar steam cooking system at Tirupati temple

Figure 5 World’s highest solar steam cooking system in Ladakh


Getting cleandevelopmentmechanism benefitsfor solar projects byselling carbon creditsGadhia Solar has bundled its solarsteam cooking system projects andregistered the same with theUNFCCC (United Nations Frame-work Convention on ClimateChange) under the Gold Standardproject. Thus, its clients are now ableto sell the carbon credits arising dueto the saving of fuel by using solarcookers.

Gadhia Solar has also found abuyer for the carbon credits whohas agreed to buy the CERs (certi-fied emission reductions) at Euro11.50 per tonne of CO

2 saved. Thus

it’s a win-win situation as the cli-ent saves precious fuel cost andgets paid for CO

2 not emitted into

the atmosphere as well.

Newer applications ofsolar steam systemsBesides cooking, Gadhia Solar hasdeveloped and supplied solarsteam generating systems forother applications such as the fol-lowing.

ises a bright future for India, asthere is a perfect match betweenthe need of cooling and availabil-ity of sun.

Gadhia Solar is at present test-ing a thermic fluid System at MuniSeva Ashram, where instead ofsteam synthetic oil is being circu-lated in the solar loop heating theoil to about 250 °C. This will en-able frying and also storage of en-ergy to be able to cook not onlyduring day but also at night andearly morning. Thermic fluid sys-tems are also widely used in tex-tile and other process industryand offer immense potential.

Now with MNRE support inplace for Rs 3500 per square metreof concentrator area for commer-cial institutions, availing an accel-erated depreciation benefit of80% in the very first year and of Rs5000 per square metre of solarconcentrator area for NGOs and soon, the use is bound to spread.

Gadhia Solar had through itsNGO Eco Center ICNEER, in coop-eration with MNRE and GEDA(Gujarat Energy DevelopmentAgency) conducted a training pro-gramme for dissemination of thetechnology, in which 18 industriesparticipated.


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ing used for manufacturing ofTutti fruit and concentrates.

Value addition and employmentgeneration in the food Industrysector with solar concentrator of-fers to be a vehicle and backbonefor changing the economy of ourcountry by creating wealth in ruralareas.P Waste water evaporation and

desalination to get drinking wa-ter from sea water as alsodesalinated and contaminatedwater.

P Air conditioning, where the so-lar generated steam is used torun a 100 TR vapour absorptionchiller. MNRE has sanctionedthe subsidy for the Muni SevaAshram, Goraj who has placedthe order for thesame with GadhiaSolar. The plant isunder installation,and once installed,it will become theworld’s largest so-lar air conditioningsystem.

Like food processing,solar air-conditioningtoo holds and prom-

Figure 6 Solar steam cooking system at Shirdi

Figure 7 Tapi foods solar steam generating system

P A system forprocess heatingto Jaipur SadiKendra wherethe steam is be-ing injected intowater for fasten-ing of colours.

P A system for foodprocessing toTapi Food Indus-tries, Surat wherethe system is be-


Satish MagarChairman and Managing Director,Magarpatta Township Development & Construction Co. LtdPune – 411 001

A solarsolarsolarsolarsolar townshipfor 70007000700070007000 families

in Pune

The Magarpatta City,more popularly knownas ‘Oxygen Zone’ is lo-cated in the city of Punein the Western part of

India. Each house of the city isprovided with a solar waterheater. Additionally, there is abiogas power generation plantthat converts two tonnes of or-ganic waste into 10.7 million kWh

of electricity everyday. Other ma-jor activities such as rainwater har-vesting, waste water recycling,and solid waste management, arealso implemented in the show-case city.

MagarpattaIt is a one-of-its-kind integratedtownship developed by 120 fami-

A view of Magarpatta city

lies of farmers from Magarpattawho came together to pool intheir ancestral land. Approved bythe Government of Maharashtra itis spread over 430 acres of primeland, which is planned on the coreidea of ‘Walk-to-Work, Walk-to-School’ eliminating the stress oftravelling for both parents andtheir children. The goal was to cre-ate a city where the needs of afamily would be integrated intoone campus. It emphasizes on en-vironment, education, healthcareand fitness, and recreation as well.

A brief status on the renewableenergy technologies/devices inte-grated in the complex is givenbelow.

Solar water heatingsystemMagarpatta City has becomehome to one of the largest resi-dential solar water heating sys-tems in the country. Currently,about 3194 solar collectors havebeen put in all the residentialneighbourhoods comprising


about 3500 flats in Phase I & II ofMagarpatta City. The total capac-ity of the installed system is4,03,150 LPD (litres per day) andthe saving of carbon emission intonnes per year is 6047.25. Theelectrical units saved per year are68.94 lakh kWh.

Upon completion ofMagarpatta City, the total solarcollectors will be 7160. Approxi-mately, 9 lakh litres of water perday will be heated through thesecollectors. The savings in electricalunits would be 1,45,48,000 unitsper year which would mean sav-ing 5.81 crore/year in the cost ofpower. The savings in carbonemission would be 13,483 tonnesper year.

Solar passivearchitectureAll the neighbourhood units arebased on courtyard planning.These landscape courtyards aresuitable for tropical climate andused as interactive space. Build-ings are mostly aligned east–westto facilitate minimal exposure tothe sun. Large projections ofopen-to-sky terraces are providedto all the buildings, which givesprotection to the buildings. Flyash bricks are used with cavitywalls giving very good thermal in-sulation to the buildings. Air corri-dors are provided below andbetween the buildings whichkeeps the air-circulation allaround them and create cool

breeze corridors. Hard surfacesare kept minimum by using grasspavers in parking areas and foot-paths to reduce the heat radia-tion. ‘Cybercity’, the IT Park hasdouble-skinned buildings withglass façade which minimizes thethermal transmission.

Solid wastemanagementEco-friendly practice of segregationof over 400 tonnes of householdand commercial garbage, trash, andwaste per month is done at sourceof which 280 tonnes of biodegrad-able waste is used for vermi-cultureand bio-compost.

A two tonne capacity biogasplant is installed in Magarpatta

Solar water heaters at each house of city


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City wherein biodegradable wastegoes through a process and thenon-polluting biogas which is gen-erated is used to generate power tooperate a major percentage of thegarden pumps. This saves excessivepower equivalent to 118 commer-cial gas cylinders of 19 kilogramscapacity per month, which trans-lates to a power generation of over270 electrical units per day. Thenursery has vermi-culture and bio-compost pits, which generate ma-nure from garbage segregated atsource at Magarpatta City.

The manure composted hereprovides for nourishing these sap-lings and shrubs. Organic pesticideslike Verticillium and Trichodermaare used extensively. Not only areplants, saplings, and organic veg-etables sold here, a unique facilityof a plant library is also offeredwhereby just like a book/ video li-brary one can enjoy the differentplants here at a nominal charge fora limited period providing a refresh-ing and dynamic feel to one’s dwell-ing. The inorganic recyclable wastecollected (about 480 tonnes peryear) is sorted out and sold to thevendors.

Sewage watertreatmentThere is a comprehensive networkof sewage treatment plants withcapacity ranging from 0.25 MLD(million litres per day) to 3 MLD.Electrolysis, filtration, and electro-lytic disinfections are the variousprocesses followed. Currently, wa-ter is used for construction andlandscaping. Ultimately, the entiretreated water will be used forlandscaping and air-conditioningfor water-cooled chillers.

Water harvestingCurrently, 15 existing wells areused and these are intercon-nected. There is also an artificiallake covering over 2 acres of land.The entire paved area is laid out ininterlocking blocks except forroads. The base of the interlockingblocks is made with hard murumto allow water to penetratethrough. Excess rainwater is col-lected in storm water drainagesystem along roadsides by pre-ceding soak chambers and trenchdrains. Storm water rechargingpits and bore wells of 150 mm di-ameter up to 150 feet depth aredeveloped at over 30 metres. Therechargeable pits contain filterbed of sand, gravel, and brickbat.Raw rainwater is filtered throughgravity filter leading to rechargeborewell pits. Pune’s largest mistfountain enhances themicroclimatology here.

Extensive landscapingThe USP of Magarpatta City is itsextensive green cover. Landscap-ing is done on the concept of‘Rutuchakra’ where the flowersbloom all round the year. Thereare 24,700 trees, shrubs spreadover 3,00,000 square metres, and1,85,000 square feet of well-mani-cured lawns in the township. A sixmetre Green Band has been cre-ated all along the periphery. Treesinclude many indigenous/nativespecies like Neem, Pipal, Bakul,Palas, Pangara, and Pimparni. Atree plantation drive is carried outevery year on World EnvironmentDay wherein all the residents andCybercity companies take part toplant various saplings in aplanned manner. The Central Gar-den in Magarpatta City named‘Aditi Garden’ is of 25 acres. Be-sides this, every residential neigh-bourhood has its ownindependent garden.

Biogas plant at Magarpatta city

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Introduction

A green building de-pletes natural resourcesto the minimum dur-ing its constructionand operation. A

green building design aims tominimize the demand on non-re-newable resources; maximize theutilization efficiency of the re-sources, when in use; and maxi-mize the reuse, recycling, andutilization of renewable resources.It maximizes the use of efficientbuilding materials and construc-tion practices; optimizes the use ofon-site sources and sinks by bio-cli-matic architectural practices; usesminimum energy to power itself;uses efficient equipment to meet itslighting, air-conditioning, and otherneeds; maximizes the use of renew-able sources of energy; uses effi-cient waste and water managementpractices; and provides comfort-able and hygienic indoor workingconditions. The following aspectsare integrated in a green buildingdesign.P Sustainable site planningP Building envelope designP Building system design HVAC

(heating ventilation and airconditioning), lighting, electri-cal, and water heating)

P Integration of renewable en-ergy sources to generate en-ergy onsite

P Water and waste managementP Selection of ecologically sus-

tainable materials (with highrecycled content, rapidly re-newable resources with lowemission potential, and so on)

P Indoor environmental quality(maintain indoor thermal andvisual comfort, and air quality)

GRIHA: the nationalrating systemKeeping in view the Indian agro-climatic conditions, particularlythe preponderance of non-ACbuildings, a national rating sys-tem, GRIHA, has been developed.This rating system is suitable forall kinds of building in differentclimatic zones of the country. Thesystem was initially conceived anddeveloped by TERI (The Energyand Resource Institute) as TERI-GRIHA. This was then modified toGRIHA as the national rating sys-tem after incorporating variousmodifications suggested by agroup of architects and experts. Ittakes into account the provisionsof the National Building Code2005, the Energy ConservationBuilding Code 2007 announced byBEE, and other IS codes, local by-laws, local standards, and laws.

GRIHA evaluates the environ-mental performance of a buildingover its entire life cycle. The stagesfor evaluation that have beenidentified are the pre-construc-tion (intra and inter site issues),

Minni MehrotraResearch Associate, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi

building planning and construc-tion (issues of resource conserva-tion, and reduction in resourcedemand, resource utilization effi-ciency, resource recovery and re-use, and provisions for occupanthealth and well being). The thirdstage is the building operationand maintenance stage. Here, theissues of building operation andmaintenance of building systemsand processes, monitoring and re-cording of consumption and oc-cupant health and well-being, andalso issues that affect global andlocal environment are addressed.

Centre for Environ-mental Science andEngineering buildingat IIT, Kanpur: GRIHAcase studyThe CESE (Centre for Environmen-tal Science and Engineering)building at IIT, Kanpur has beentaken as an example to illustratehow the building attempted vari-ous GRIHA criteria to make it intoa green building.

Mainstreaming

in Indiagreen buildings


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Sustainable site planning

The objective of this exercise wasto maximize resource (land, water,natural habitat, fauna, and en-ergy) conservation and enhanceefficiency of systems and opera-tion on site. Following are themeasures incorporated at theCESE building, IIT, Kanpur.P The contractor had demarcated

the area to be disturbed duringconstruction activity. He theninstalled dust screen aroundthe disturbed area to preventair pollution and spillage to theundisturbed site area.

P The topsoil was excavated,stored, and preserved outsidethe disturbed construction site.

P Erosion and sedimentation con-trol was achieved by construct-ing sedimentation tank, whichwas used to for collecting, trap-ping, and storing the sedimentproduced by the constructionactivities, and as a flow deten-tion facility for reducing peakrun-off rates.

P All existing vegetation wasmarked and areas designatedfor preservation of natural veg-etation were demarcated andpreserved by providing a bar-rier/ fence.

P To increase the perviousness ofthe site and to reduce heat is-land effect caused due to hardpaving around the building, thetotal paving around the build-ing was restricted to 17%. Morethan 50% of the paving is eitherpervious or shaded by trees.

P Irrigation water demand hasbeen reduced more than 50% incomparison to TERI-GRIHAbenchmark.

Health and well-being ofconstruction workers andsite neighbourhood

Health and well-being is an impor-tant commitment of green build-ing practice. The objective is toprotect health of constructionworkers and site neighborhoodduring construction on site.P Safety measures, norms, and

guidelines as outlined by theNBC (National Building Code)2005 were followed and incorpo-rated in the scope of work of thecontractor.

P Safe drinking water tank andadequate number of decentral-ized latrines and urinals for con-struction workers are providedon construction site.

P First aid box was provided on sitefor construction workers. Sandbuckets were kept on site for firefighting in case of an accident.

P Dustbins were provided on siteto ensure minimum standardsof cleanliness.

Sedimentation tank on the site

Fencing around existing trees topreserve them

Cement gunny bags stitched togetherto form the dust screen at site

Top: Construction worker wearinghelmet and safety belt for safetyBottom: First aid box kept on site forworkers

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Water conservation

There are two ways water could beconserved post construction. Oneis landscape water demand andthe second is building water de-mand.P Reduction in landscape water

demand by more than 50%.P Minimum grass/lawn area,

maximum green area under na-tive vegetation and nativetrees.

P Low-flow plumbing fixtures areused in the building. Reductionin water consumption fromGRIHA’s benchmark in thisbuilding is 62%.

P During construction waste ofwater was prevented duringcuring by using gunny bags. Allslabs were cured by ponding,and bunding is done by cementmortar.

P A common packaged treatmentplant will be installed to treatwaste water from differentbuildings including the newCESE building.

P Rainwater harvesting has beendesigned to provide water tothe water body in rainy seasonand excess water will be usedfor recharging ground water.

P Treated waste water is being re-used in the building for irriga-tion. Annual water reuse in thebuilding is approximately 57%.

Conservation and efficientutilization of resources:energy

Maximum points weightage inGRIHA is given for energy conser-vation. The criteria and commit-ment for energy conservationcould be divided into three parts.a. Energy: end use

b. Energy: embodied and con-struction

c. Energy: Renewable energy utili-zation

Energy: end use

The objective and the aim here is toreduce annual energy consumptionof the building. This has beenachieved in CESE building at IIT,Kanpur through the following ways.P Architectural design optimized as

per the climate of Kanpur, sun pathanalysis, predominant wind direc-tion, and existing vegetation.

P Optimized building envelopeto comply with the Energy Con-servation Building Code, to re-duce cooling load in theair-conditioned spaces and toachieve thermal comfort in thenon air-conditioned areas.

P Efficient window design by se-lecting efficient glazing, exter-nal shading to reduce solar heatgain but at the same timeachieve glare free natural day-light inside all the laboratoryspaces of the building.

P Roof shaded by bamboo trellisand green cover to reduce exter-nal solar heat gains from the roof.

P Common circulation areas arenatural day lit and naturallyventilated through integrationof skylights and ventilators.

P Water-cooled chiller selectedthat complies with the effi-ciency recommended by theEnergy Conservation Buildingcode.

P Variable frequency drive in-stalled in the AHUs (air han-dling units).

P Low energy strategies such asreplacement of water cooler bywater body to cool the con-denser water loop, integrationof thermal energy storage andearth air tunnels enabled re-duction in chiller capacity.

P Integration of energy-efficientlighting design that complieswith the recommendations ofECBC.

P Integration of daylight with ar-tificial lighting.

P Optimized architectural designand integration of energy effi-cient fixtures has resulted intoreduction in annual energyconsumption by 41% fromGRIHA’s benchmark.

Corridor sections showing skylights and ventilators to naturally lit andventilate the space


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Energy: embodied and construction

GRIHA encourages replacement ofhigh energy intensive materialswith low energy intensive materi-als, to utilize regionally availablematerials, and materials which us-ing low energy in their manufac-turing process. Following are themeasures incorporated at theCESE building.P PPC (Portland Pozzolona Ce-

ment) with fly ash content is usedin plaster and masonry mortar.

P Reduction in construction timeand shuttering material wasmade possible by adoptingmodular design of laboratories.

P Shading of roof is done by bam-boo trellis, which is a naturalmaterial.

P Wood for doors is procuredfrom commercially managedforests. Modular furniture madefrom particle board is used forinteriors.

Energy: renewable energy utilization

Following are the measures incor-porated at the CESE building tointegrate renewable sources ofenergy with the building.P Renewable energy from photo-

voltaic panels provides annualenergy requirement equivalentto 30% of internal lighting con-nected load.

P Hot water demand is met bysolar hot water system.

Use of bamboo trellis, naturalmaterial to shade the roof

Integration of photovoltaic panelon roof of the building

Integration of solar hot watersystem on roof top of the building

Use renewable energy for a greener tomorrowUse renewable energy for a greener tomorrow

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pected to be launched soon forthe purpose of reducing their con-ventional energy consumption bysay 10% in a specified period, be-sides reducing enormous amountof CO

2 emission in the atmosphere

by way of using energy conserva-tion and renewable energy de-vices/systems. Brief informationon these schemes and the statuson technologies being promotedin urban areas is given below.

Solar water heatingsystemsSolar thermal installations world-wide have reached 150 million

square metre of collector area. Ma-jority of the installations are for do-mestic water heaters. Over 60% ofthis has been installed in China.About 10 to 12 million square metrecollector area is being added everyyear in China, with annual produc-tion projected to reach 20 millionsquare metre by 2010. About 85%of the market in China is for evacu-ated tube collector-based systemswith about 1000 companies in-volved in manufacturing such sys-tems. The other active markets arein Spain, Germany, Greece, Turkey,Japan, Austria, and the US.

In India, the overall potential isestimated to 140 million square


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Solar radiation abun-dantly available in Indiacould be utilized forthermal as well as pho-tovoltaic applications.

Among solar thermal applica-tions, the most widely acceptabletechnology is the solar waterheating technology. However,solar steam generating and airheating technologies and energy-efficient solar buildings are alsoattracting attention in urban andindustrial areas. As regards solarphotovoltaic applications, de-vices/systems such as solar streetlights, traffic signals, road studs,street light control systems,hoardings, power packs, andbuilding integrated photovoltaicscould be useful in urban areas forthe purpose of demonstratingtheir utility and reducing burdenon conventional electricity.Akshay Urja Shops have also beenfound to be playing an importantrole in on-the-spot sale and re-pair-cum-service of solar energyand other renewable energy prod-ucts. These devices and systemsare being promoted in the urbanareas through various schemes ofsolar energy programme in thecountry. A new scheme on ‘Devel-opment of solar cities is also ex-

Dr A K Singhal and Dilip NigamMinistry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India

Solar energy for urban and

industrial applications:

policies and programmes


metre of collector area. Againstthis 40 million is estimated astechno-economic potential.About 2.15 million square metreof solar collector area is estimatedto have been installed in thecountry over the past two and ahalf decades. The achievementmade so far is, therefore, modestcompared to such a potential, andalso in relation to what has beenachieved in other countries, par-ticularly in China. However, as aresult of continuous efforts, a sig-nificant infrastructure hasemerged in the country for themanufacture and sale of solar wa-ter heating systems. Technicalstandards have been establishedfor flat plate solar collectors alongwith appropriate test facilities.ETC-based systems are also in pro-motion, though the tubes used inthem are being imported at

present. Today, there are 60 BISapproved manufacturers of solarflat plate collectors and 35 MNREapproved suppliers of ETC-basedsystems in the country. The minis-try has been promoting the instal-lation of solar water heatingsystems in homes, hotels, hospi-tals, and in industrial and com-mercial establishments through asoft loan scheme being operatedthrough various banks/and finan-cial institutions. A large number ofloans have been sanctioned bythese organizations utilizing theinterest subsidy provided byMNRE. Solar geysers have becomepopular in Bangalore, Pune, andseveral other cities in Karnataka,Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu,and Andhra Pradesh.

To promote large-scale use ofsolar water heating systems in thecountry, an accelerated scheme

on development and deploymentof solar water heating systems isunder promotion. Under thescheme, soft loans are being pro-vided through various banks/FIsat an effective interest rate of 2%to domestic users, 3% to institu-tions and 5% to commercial users.The interest subsidy is being re-leased on upfront basis with over-all fund management entrusted toIREDA. An incentive at the rate ofRs 100 per square metre of collec-tor area installed is available tomotivators who generate busi-ness for the banks. Presently, 28banks and financial institutionsare participating in the schemethrough their branch network in dif-ferent parts of the country. The listof participating banks is given inBox 1. Alternatively, capital subsidyequivalent to upfront interest sub-sidy is also available to institutions

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Box 1

List of banks/ financing institutions participating insolar water heating programme

Public sector banks1. Canara Bank2. Bank of Maharashtra3. Union bank of India4. Syndicate bank5. Punjab and Sind bank6. Punjab National Bank7. Andhra Bank8. Vijaya Bank9. Dena Bank10. Bank of India11. Oriental Bank of Commerce

NBFCs12. IREDA13. Nagarjuna Credits and Capital Ltd14. SREI Infrastructure Finance Ltd

15. Bhonsale Leasing Finance Co. Ltd16. Madhya Pradesh Financial Corporation

Private banks17. Ratnagar Bank Ltd18. The United Western Bank Ltd

Co-operative banks19. Nagpur Nagrik Sahkari Bank Ltd20. Jalgaon Janata Sahkari Bank Ltd21. Kalyan Janata Sahkari Bank Ltd22. Solapur Janata Sahkari bank Ltd23. Akola Janata Commercial Co-operative Bank24. The Akola Urban Co-operative Bank Ltd25. Parvara Sahkari Bank Ltd26. Cosmos Co-operative Bank Ltd27. Shikshak Sahkari Bank Ltd28. Ichalkaranji Co-operative Bank Ltd


and commercial establishmentsthat do not avail soft loans.Profit-making commercial andindustrial establishments arealready entitled to 80% acceler-ated depreciation.

Various support measures arealso being taken to expand thebusiness of solar water heatingsystems. A model regulation/building bylaw for installation ofsolar-assisted water heating sys-tems in new buildings was circu-lated by the Ministry of UrbanDevelopment to all states and un-ion territories with a request foronward circulation to all localbodies for incorporation in theirbuilding bylaws. Necessary ordershave been issued in 18 states. 20municipal corporations/munici-palities have so far amended theirbuilding bylaws, or issued neces-sary government organizations, inseven states. Municipal corpora-tions are being encouraged toprovide rebate in properly tax forthose dwellings/buildings wheresolar water heating systems havebeen installed. Four municipalcorporations that is, Thane,Amarawati, Nagpur, and Durgapurhave announced 6-10% rebate inthe property tax for users of solarwater heaters. SERC (state elec-tricity regulatory commissions)/utilities are being encouraged toprovide rebates in electricity tariffto such users. The utilities inRajasthan, West Bengal, Assam,Haryana, Uttarakhand, andKarnataka are already providingsuch rebates up to Rs 150 permonth per domestic system. TheSERCs/utilities in Rajasthan, WestBengal, Uttaranchal, Assam,Haryana, and Karnataka are

already providing such rebates. Abrief status on the support meas-ures taken by various state gov-ernments is given at Table 1.

Efforts are also being made tomainstream incorporation of solarwater heating systems in designof new buildings and housingcomplexes, as well as integrationof these systems in existing build-ings through awareness cam-paigns and guidebooks anddesign aids for planners, archi-tects, developers, builders, engi-neers, and so on. Solar waterheating systems have been incor-porated in the new National Build-ing Code. Housing loan financinginstitutions/companies are alsobeing persuaded to include thecost of solar water heating sys-tems in the loans provided fornew housing construction as oneof the conditions for grantingloans. Extensive publicity and

awareness campaigns are also be-ing made through print media.

It has been estimated that adomestic solar water heater of100 LPD capacity can save up to1500 units of electricity per year. Itcan easily replace an electric gey-ser of 2 kW capacity in a house-hold. One million such systemsinstalled in homes can result inpeak saving of 1000 MW, assum-ing that 50% of the electric gey-sers, each of 2 kW capacityreplaced with solar water heatersare in use during peak hours.

Solar air heating/steam generatingsystems

Solar air heating systems based onFPCs (flat plate collectors) basi-cally consist of flat plate collectorsinstalled on the south-facing ter-race of the building or on the


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Solar steam system ( 240 sq. m.) at Gajaraj dry cleaners,Ahamad Nagar (Maharastra)


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Table 1

Status on G.O.s issued by State Governments on mandatory use of solarwater heaters/solar buildings & other supportive measures

taken on use of solar energy devices/systemsBy-laws amended/implementing GOs GO issued onof State Govt. Notifications promotion of

Notifications issued on GO issued solar energyGO issued on City/ MC/Mubni- issued on rebate in on energy devices ( SPV

Sl. mandatory use cipality/Develop- rebate in electricity efficient solar street lights & StateNo. State of SWHS ment Authority property tax tariff buildings hoardings) subsidy

1. Andhra Pradesh 3 August 2004 Mangalagir — — — 3 August 2004Chilakalurpet16 Nos. ofMunicipalities

2. Maharashtra 31 December Thane Thane (10% — — 1 September2002 rebate for 2004

existinghouses)

Nagpur NagpurBhivandi- Nizampur —Kolhapur —Pimpri Chinchwad —Nashik —Kalyan-Dombivali —Pune —Navi Mumbai —Dhule —— Amravati

(5% to a max.of Rs. 5,000)

3. Madhya Pradesh Copy of order — — — — — —not available

4. Punjab 10 May 2006 — — — 10 May 2006 — —

5. Tamilnadu September — — — — — —2002

6. Rajasthan 8 November — — 15 paise per 8 Nov, 20072007 unit (Copy of

order notavailable)

7. Haryana 29 July 2005 — — Rs. 100/200/ 29 July 2005 Rs 2500/300 on 100/ sq. m. for200/300 lpd govt.systems for employ-3 years ees up to(Copy of order 4 sq. m.not available)

8. Uttar Pradesh 1 August 2004 Lucknow — — — Rs 4000/Ghaziabad 100 lpdMathura- Vrindabvan up to 500Barelley lpdSaharanpurMuradabadGorakhpurBandaMuzaffarnagarFirozabad



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Table 1 (Contd...)

By-laws amended/implementing GOs GO issued onof State Govt. Notifications promotion of

Notifications issued on GO issued solar energyGO issued on City/ MC/Mubni- issued on rebate in on energy devices ( SPV

Sl. mandatory use cipality/Develop- rebate in electricity efficient solar street lights & StateNo. State of SWHS ment Authority property tax tariff buildings hoardings) subsidy

9. Uttranchal August 2002 — — Rs. 75/sq.m. — — —of coll. Areainstalled

10. Chandigarh 12 December — — — — — —2001

11. Dadar and Copy of order — — — — — —Nagar Haveli not available

12. Karnataka Status not Bangalore — 50 paise per — — —known unit (Copy of(Copy of order, revised orderif any, not not available)available)

13. Gujarat Status not Rajkot — —known (Copyof order, if any,not available)

14. West Bengal Status not — Durgapur 40 paise per —known (Copy (10% rebate unit to aof order, if any, on annual max. ofnot available) basis by DMC) Rs. 80 p.m.

15. Himachal 8 Sept. 1995 — — — Copy of order Rs 1500Pradesh not available on 100 lpd

16. Chattisgarh 3 Dec. 2004 Korba — — — — —& 13 Feb. 2005

17. Delhi 28 September — — — — — —2006

18. Assam — — — Rs. 40 for —DSWS p.m.(Copy of ordernot available)

19. Nagaland 10 August 2006 — — — 10 August 2006

20. Andaman and 5 December — — — — — —Nicobar 2006

21. Mizoram 16 June 2006 — — — — — —


ground level. The collectors areconnected to the air ducts and ablower. The system is hooked upwith the conventional drying sys-tem in such a way that when solarradiation is available hot air isdrawn from this system. Other-wise the existing conventionalsystem is used for heating the air.They have been found to be veryuseful especially in the agricul-tural and food industries. Theseindustries generally require hot airat low temperature (50–80 0C) asprocess heat for drying of variousproducts such as tea leaves/coffeebeans and also for processing offruits, spices, cereals, mushroom,papad, vegetables, fish, seafood,and so on. Hot air is also requiredin industries such as leather, tex-tile, chemicals, rubber, paper, andpharmaceuticals. FPC-based airheating systems installed in in-dustries using conventional fuelfor drying of various products cansave a significant amount of fuelapart from improving the qualityof the end product and reducingenvironmental pollution. Onlyabout 10,000 square metre of flatcollector area for solar drying hasbeen installed in about 50 indus-tries so far in the country, mostlyin southern states, which is insig-nificant in comparison to the largepotential.

Solar concentrating systemscomprising of parabolic dishescommonly known as ‘Scheffler’dishes basically consist of auto-matically tracking parabolicdishes which focus the sunlight onto the receivers to generate steamfrom the water circulating inthem. These systems, apart fromsteam generation can also be

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used for heating oil/air for variousapplications in industries andcommercial establishments whereheat requirement is above 80 0C.They have been found to be usefulfor generating steam to cook foodfor thousands of people in com-munity kitchens especially at reli-gious places such as Shirdi, MountAbu, and Tirupati. The world’s larg-est system is functioning atTirupati for cooking food for15,000 people per day. About 30solar steam-generating systemshave been installed so far in vari-ous institutions and industries forcooking/ sterilization/laundry/process heat applications.

Financial support in the formof 50% of the cost of system, sub-ject to a maximum of Rs 5000 persquare metre of dish area for solarconcentrating systems, and Rs2500 per square metre of collectorarea for FPC-based solar air heat-ing systems/ dryers is being pro-vided by the ministry tonon-profit making institutions/or-ganizations. Thirty-five pre cent of

the cost of system, subject to amaximum of Rs 3500 per squaremetre of dish area for solar con-centrating systems, and Rs 1750per square metre of collector areafor FPC-based solar air heatingsystems/dryers is being providedto commercial/industrial organi-zations (profit making and claim-ing depreciation).

A typical solar air heating sys-tem of 100 square metre of flatplate collector area costing aboutRs 5 lakh can save about 80,000 li-tres of diesel in 20 years of its esti-mated life. This means a saving ofabout Rs 24 lakhs at the rate of Rs30 per litre of diesel. On the otherhand, a typical concentrating sys-tem with 100 square metre of para-bolic dishes area costing about Rs10 lakh can save about 1,10,000 li-tres of diesel in its 15 years of esti-mated life which means a saving ofabout Rs 33 lakh.

Solar buildingsSolar buildings are constructedbased on the techniques of solar

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SEC guesthouse building designed and constructed based on solarpassive concepts.



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passive design with a view to pro-vide comfortable living and work-ing conditions, both in winter andsummer. Such energy-efficientbuildings with an additional costof 5% to 10% towards passive de-sign features can save significantamount of conventional energy(30% to 40%) that is used for light-ing, cooling, or heating. The gov-ernments of Himachal Pradesh,Punjab, and Haryana have made itmandatory to construct all its fu-ture buildings using passive de-sign features. There are severalarchitects who have experience indesigning energy-efficient build-ings. For promotion of solar build-ings, financial assistance of up to50% for DPRs to a maximum of Rs2 lakh and 10% for construction ofdemonstration public buildingslimited to Rs 50 lakhs is being pro-vided by the ministry.

Building Rating System hasbeen found to be quite effectivein raising awareness and popular-izing energy-efficient and greenbuilding design. Most of the inter-nationally devised rating systemshave been tailored to suit thebuilding sector of the countrywhere they were developed.Keeping in view our climatic con-ditions, and in particular the con-struction of non-AC buildings, aNational Rating System, GRIHA,has been developed which is suit-able for all types of buildings indifferent climatic zones of thecountry. An MoU has been signedwith TERI to operationalize the Na-tional Rating Systems. The ministryproposes to incentivize the systemby way of providing some financialsupport or rebate in property tax/stamp duty to the users.

ties. SPV devices/systems could,however, also be deployed in urbanareas with the following objectives.P Demonstrate effective alter-

nate solutions for community/institutional low-power solar-based systems in urban areas

P Create awareness about thebenefits of photovoltaic de-vices/systems in urban areas

P Reduce the burden on conven-tional electricity in cities/townsand divert the energy saved tosmall towns and villages thatface acute shortage of power.

The applications in urban areas in-clude the following.P Streetlights/garden lights for

out-lying areas, unlit roads, orat selected locations to ensureminimum lighting in case of anyexigency such as power cutsand also to avoid any securitythreat to the public. They canalso be used for lighting publicgardens and lawns.

P Streetlight solar control sys-tems for automatic switchingoff/on of the streetlights duringmorning and evening.

P Illuminated hoardings to workfor 4 to 6 hours a day

P Traffic signal systems to avoidfrequent breakdowns in powersupply leading to failure of con-ventional traffic lights and conse-quent chaos in the flow of traffic.

P Road studs for uninterruptedfunctioning from dusk-to-dawn

P Blinkers for installation at blindintersections, ahead of roadhumps, sharp bends/U-turns,and pedestrian crossings.

P Building-integrated PV systemsfor the purpose of peak loadsaving in peak hours

Solar photovoltaic products anddevices

Solar photovoltaicproducts and devicesSPV (solar photovoltaic) technol-ogy enables the direct conversionof solar radiation into electricity. Avariety of solar photovoltaic de-vices/systems have been devel-oped for different applicationsincluding lighting, water pump-ing, electrification of villages,communications, broadcasting,and railway signaling. The cost ofSPV systems is often high in rela-tion to conventional energy basedsystems. They have therefore, sofar been deployed mainly in ruralareas, particularly in remote vil-lages, border areas, off-shore plat-forms, and so on where reliablepower is required in modest quanti-


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P Solar power packs to replacesmall generators based onkerosene and petrol in shops,clinics and banks for lights, fans,and computers or other emer-gency requirements.

The above systems are beingpromoted on demonstration basisin the urban areas through statenodal agencies/municipal corpo-rations/traffic police departmentsby providing financial assistancein the form of grants up to 50%subject to certain benchmarks.About 10,000 systems and deviceshave been sanctioned for 93 cit-ies/towns in 8 states so far. A fewstate governments such asAndhra Pradesh and Maharashtrahave also issued orders for promo-tion of solar energy systems intheir states and municipal corpo-rations. Other state governmentsare being requested to issue simi-lar orders.

Solar citiesTo cope with the rising demand ofelectricity in our towns and citiesespecially during peak hours, the ministryhas recentlylaunched anew scheme

on ‘Development of solar cities’.The scheme would encourage andassist cities in assessing theirpresent energy consumption sta-tus, setting clear targets for andpreparing action plans for gener-ating energy through renewableenergy sources and in conservingenergy utilized in conducting ur-ban services. It will also help themin reducing a minimum of 10% oftheir projected energy demand infive years, besides reducing enor-mous amount of CO

2 emission in

the atmosphere by way of usingenergy conservation and renew-able energy devices/ systems. Thescheme provides financial sup-port to selected cities for prepara-tion of the Master Plan, setting upof a ‘Solar City Cell’ and variousother support measures. Supportfor implementation of the MasterPlan by way of actual installationof renewable energy devices/sys-tems and initiating energy effi-ciency measures will have to bemanaged by the municipal bodiesfrom various sources including theschemes of Ministry of Urban De-velopment, MNRE, and Bureau ofEnergy Efficiency. A target of 60 cit-

ies to be developed as Solar Cities,one in each state with maximumfive in a state having populationbetween 5 to 50 lakh has been keptduring the Eleventh Plan period.

Akshay Urja ShopsA revised scheme on establish-ment of Akshay Urja Shops (earliernamed as Aditya Solar Shops) isunder implementation underwhich shops are being establishedby NGOs, state nodal agencies,manufacturers’ associations, andentrepreneurs, one per district.Loans up to Rs 10 lakh throughdesignated banks can be availedfor establishment of the shopswith an interest subsidy of 4%. Inaddition, recurring grant and in-centive linked with turnover up toRs 10,000 per month (subject tocertain conditions) during the firsttwo years of operation is alsoavailable. The scheme is in opera-tion through state nodal agenciesand IREDA. 104 Aditya Solar Shopswere established in 28 states un-der the earlier scheme. Under therevised scheme, 165 Akshay UrjaShops have been sanctioned so

far in 15 states/U Ts .

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At 21, she has a CV that quite lit-erally, bytes. But IIT-Delhi com-puter engineering student PriyaGupta brushes it off with, ‘I justput in my best in whatever I do.’

An all India Rank-2 in theJoint Entrance Examination, shehas been awarded the IIT MeritAward four times for beingamong the top seven per cent inIIT Delhi. In 2004, she becamethe first girl student to representIndia at Germany’s InternationalChemistry Olympiad (IChO) heldat Kiel, Germany, where shebagged a gold medal. And forsomeone who is ‘scared of inter-views’, she managed to win theAditya Birla Scholarship for ex-cellence in academics and lead-ership.

Selected among the top 12students across India for the Lu-cent Global Science Scholars

A C H I E V E M E N TA C H I E V E M E N TA C H I E V E M E N TA C H I E V E M E N TA C H I E V E M E N T

P Second Highest CGPA of 9.62 among the class of2008 at IIT Delhi.

P Awarded Pyarelal Murgai Award for highest CGPA atthe end of first year in CSE IIT Delhi.

P Awarded the IIT Merit Award 4 times for beingamong top 7% in IIT Delhi.

P All India Rank - 2 in IIT-JEE 2004, taken by over170,000 students.

P All India Rank - 1 in the Common Entrance Examina-tion for the Delhi College of Engineering in 2004.

P All India Rank - 8 in All India Engineering EntranceExamination 2004 conducted by CBSE, taken byover 300,000 students.

P Awarded Aditya Birla Scholarship (2004-2008) bythe Aditya Birla Group for excellence in academicsand leadership. This scholarship is awarded to top10 engineering freshmen from across the country.

P Selected among top 12 students across India for theLucent Global Science Scholars Programme 2005.

P Gold Medal in 36th International Chemistry Olym-piad (IChO), Kiel, Germany, July 2004. First girl torepresent India at IChO.

A C H I E V E M E N T SP Gold Medal in Indian National Chemistry and Phys-

ics Olympiads, July 2004. Awarded to top 25 stu-dents all over India to select teams to representIndia at the International Chemistry and Physics Ol-ympiads.

P Awarded Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana(KVPY) Fellowship, 2002, by Department of Scienceand Technology, Government of India and adminis-tered by IISc, Bangalore.

P Selected for pursuing a research project in Chemis-try under the National Initiative in UndergraduateSciences (NIUS) program (2005) started by theHBCSE, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, In-dia.

P National Talent Search Examination (NTSE) Scholar,by National Council of Educational Research andTraining (NCERT), New Delhi in 2002.

P Ranked 4 in Regional Mathematics Olympiad, DelhiRegion in 2003.

P Ranked 2 in Junior Science Talent Search Examina-tion 2001, conducted by Dept. of Science & Tech,Govt. of India.

Young achieverYoung achiever

Programme in 2005, Priya’s lat-est feather in the cap is theGoogle India Women in Engi-neering Award. She is currentlyhaving a tough time choosing

between MIT, Berkeley and CMUfor higher studies. She is daugh-ter of Mr Mohan Lal who is un-der secretary in the ministry ofnew and renewable energy.


R E E V E N TR E E V E N TR E E V E N TR E E V E N TR E E V E N T

Scientist across the world havebeen working on technolo-gies that may change the very

concept and process of how wegenerate and use energy. Thesebreakthrough technologies will havea major impact on the business proc-ess and economy. It is with this focusthat three leading NGOs in the en-ergy sector – IRADe (Integrated Re-search and Action for Development),IEF (International Energy Foundation)and WEC–IMC (World Energy Coun-cil–Indian Member Committee) –joined hands to organize the EnergyTechnology Conclave in New Delhion 13 and 14 March 2008.

The conclave witnessed intensedebate and rich contribution by ex-perts on issues, challenges, and op-portunities for existing andemerging energy technologieswhile also addressing the issue ofclimate change and environment-friendly energy and ways andmeans for technology funding andcollaborative R&D efforts.

Challenges and opportunities for existing andemerging energy technologies

Generate commercially viable tehnologies for solar energy,says Dr Kalam

Dr Kirit Parikh, member, PlanningCommission, inaugurated the con-clave. Former President of India, Dr AP J Abdul Kalam spoke on ‘Three Di-mensional Approach to Energy Inde-pendence’. He suggested that energyresearchers should realign their re-search and development contribu-tion for generating commerciallyviable technologies for solar energy,wind energy and nuclear powerplants and production of biofuels,sufficient to substitute at least 20% of

Dr Kalam also suggested thatthe Energy Technology Conclaveshould submit comprehensive rec-ommendations for leading India tobecome energy independent by theyear 2030 for discussion and ap-proval by both Houses of the Parlia-ment as the Energy IndependenceBill. He also suggested that inten-sive advocacy be undertaken withthe parliamentarians for achievingthis goal.

Eminent energy experts, includ-ing Shri Anil Razdan, Secretary(Power), Government of India; Dr TRamasami, Ministry of Science andTechnology, Shri R Kchaturvedi,Member(Power), Planning Commis-sion; Shri T Sankaralingam, CMD,NTPC Ltd; Shri P S Bami, Ex-CMD,NTPC/Chairman, IEE; and Dr JyotiParikh, ED, IRADe, participated inthe event, which witnessed a richmix of experts from the public andprivate sector and academic shar-ing the stage on this issue of energytechnology for growth.

Report by Mr J K Mehta, GM, NTPC

Session in progress

Former President of India, Dr A P J Abdul Kalam with Shri TSankaralingam, CMD, NTPC Ltd

fossil fuels. He empha-sized the need to in-tensify research oncarbon nanotube-based solar cells forhigher efficiency. Healso called on auto-mobile manufacturersto work with oil com-panies to develop en-gines that could runon 100% bio-dieseland ethanol, usingmolecular engineer-ing methods.


Book Review

RENEWABLE ENERGY ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY:

A KNOWLEDGE COMPENDIUM

Edited by V V N Kishore

Every branch of engineering has its own genesis, growth, and stabilization.For example, as late as the 1960s, chemical engineering was considered asa new and somewhat risky branch with uncertain job markets, compared to

conventional branches such as civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering.Soon, however, it established itself as a core branch of engineering. More re-cently, because of the IT (information technology) revolution, several branches ofengineering have emerged, which were hitherto not considered as viable careeroptions. Renewable energy engineering is yet to establish itself as a viablebranch. However, it may happen sooner than later. The Nobel Peace Prize for theIPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is the ultimate recognition ofthe fact that climate change is a result of rapid development and that there areno viable solutions other than sustainable energy solutions. There will be a hugeinterest in the study of philosophy, science, engineering, and technology of sus-tainable energy in the coming years.

There is vast and rich literature available on renewable energy. Several bookson renewable energy, published both in India and abroad, are available, but mostof these are in the specialization category. Also, many of these books are not tar-geted at practitioners. It is well known that renewable energy is amultidisciplinary area, requiring knowledge of basic sciences such as physics,chemistry, biology; applied sciences such as material science; and engineeringsubjects such as mechanical, chemical, and electrical. Many existing books onrenewable energy cover only a few basics relevant to the topic.

The first edition of the book Renewable Energy Engineering and Technology: aknowledge compendium covers major renewable energy resources and technolo-gies for various applications. This book is the partial outcome of a dream projectthat aimed at putting everything under the ‘Sun’ in one place. Conceived nearlythree years ago, this book was planned to cover various items, including coresubjects like solar thermal engineering, photovoltaics, wind energy, biomass en-ergy, along with ancillary subjects like economic/financial analysis, rural energy,techno-social interaction, energy planning, among others. The book is conceivedas a standard reference book for students, experts, and policy-makers. It has beendesigned to meet specific needs of these diverse groups. While covering basics ofscientific and engineering principles of thermal engineering, heat and masstransfer, fluid dynamics, and renewable energy resource assessments, the bookfurther deals with the basics of applied technologies and design practices forfollowing renewable energy resources.P Solar (thermal and photovoltaic)P WindP Bio-energy including liquid biofuels and municipal solid wasteP Other renewables such as tidal, wave, and geothermal

The book is designed to fulfil the much-awaited need for a handy, scientific,and easy-to-understand comprehensive handbook for design professionals andstudents of renewable energy engineering courses. Besides the sheer breadth ofthe topics covered, what makes this well-researched book different from earlierattempts is the fact that this is based on extensive practical experience of theeditor and the authors. Thus, a lot of emphasis has been placed on system sizingand integration. Ample solved examples using data for India make this book arelevant and an authentic reference.

Rs 2250

Pages 925

Size 7.25 × 9.5 inch

ISBN 81-7993-093-9

Key contentsEnergy and development: concerns of the

current millennium P Renewable energy

utilization: desirability, feasibility, and the

niches P Review of basic scientific and

engineering principles P The solar energy

resource P Solar photovoltaic technology

P Solar thermal engineering P Elements

of passive solar architecture P Wind

energy resources P Introduction to wind

turbine technology P Small hydro:

resource and technology P Geothermal

energy, tidal energy, wave energy, and

ocean thermal energy P Bio-energy

resources P Thermochemical conversion

of biomass P Biochemical methods of

conversion P Liquid fuels from biomass:

fundamentals, process chemistry, and

technologies

B o o k / We b A l e r t

World-wide Information Systemfor Renewable Energyhttp://wire0.ises.org/

WIRE (World-wide Information Systemfor Renewable Energy) is a serviceprovided by the International SolarEnergy Society. The purpose of thisservice is to facilitate and acceleratethe flow of knowledge among renew-able energy professionals worldwide.

Renewable DevelopmentInitiativehttp://www.ebrdrenewables.com/sites/renew/default.aspx

The website tracks the latest develop-ments in the region and serves as aninformation resource to projectdevelopers, policymakers, and re-searchers. The website covers theentire spectrum of renewable energysources including solid biomass,biogas, biofuels, hydro, wind, solar,ocean, and geothermal.

Windustryhttp://www.windustry.com/

Windustry aims to create an under-standing of wind energy opportuni-ties for rural economic benefit byproviding technical support andcreating tools for analysis. The website includes a resource library, windproject calculator, and other compre-hensive information about the windpower sector.

Centre of Alternative Technologyhttp://www.cat.org.uk/

CAT (Centre of Alternative Technol-ogy) is an educational charity strivingto achieve the best cooperationbetween the natural, technological,and human worlds through regulartesting and displaying of strategiesand tools. CAT describes itself asEurope’s foremost eco-centre. It has auseful menu including informationabout educational visits, a virtual tourwhilst online, publication lists, infor-mation on aspects of renewableenergy which can be downloaded free,courses at the centre (including coursesspecifically for teachers, current news,and member information).

Chambers A. 2004Renewable energy in non-technicallanguageTulsa, Oklahama, USA: PennWell Corporation. 244 pp.

In this book, the author draws from her expertiseon energy matters to deliver an unparalleled guideto renewable energy resources. Using a non-techni-cal approach, she introduces sources of renewableenergy such as wind, solar, biomass, and hydro sup-ported by several pictures, graphs, and chartsshowing the usage of each energy type state-by-state for the US (United States). The author also cov-ers renewable energy usage around the globe.

Next, she details out each energy type, providing case studies, market con-ditions, usage leaders, and more. A chapter on fuel cells has also been intro-duced in the book. Besides, a comprehensive coverage of renewablegasoline additives, alternatives, ethanol, and bio-diesel is also provided.

Mallon K (ed.). 2006Renewable Energy Policy and Poli-tics: a handbook for decision-makingLondon, UK: Earthscan. 268 pp

The book addresses the politics of renewable energy,the key players required to drive energy reforms andthose likely to resist change. The interplay betweengovernment, industry, and society is discussed andexplained with a balanced hand, offering a rare in-sight into political campaigning on energy. Interna-tional case studies are included, complemented by astep-by-step breakdown of the elements required to

achieve legislation. The book is intended for policy-makers, energy consultants,non-governmental organizations, students, and researchers working in thefields of energy policy, climate change, and environmental policy

Hansen M O L. 2008Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines(second edition)London: Earthscan. 181 pp.

This book is the established essential text for thefundamental solutions to efficient wind turbine de-sign. Now in its second edition, it has been entirelyupdated and substantially extended to reflect ad-vances in technology, research into rotor aerody-namics, and the structural response of the windturbine structure. The topics covered include in-creasing mass flow through the turbine, perform-ance at low and high wind speeds, assessment ofthe extreme conditions under which the turbine

will perform and the theory for calculating the lifetime of the turbine.

ISBN 978-1-84407-438-9

Price: $57

I n t e r n e t r e s o u r c e s

ISBN 1-59370-005-9

$82.95

ISBN 978-1-84407-126-5

$75

Volume 1 • Issue 546 MARCH–APRIL 2008


Forthcoming Events

National events

Renewable Energy India 2008 Expo21–23 August 2008, New Delhi

Rajneesh KhattarExhibitions India Group217-B, second floor,Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase IIINew Delhi – 110 020Tel. 91 11 4279 5000 and 91 11 4279 5054Mobile 9871726762

Green Energy Summit16–19 October 2009, Bangalore

Saltmarch MediaTel. +91 99015 08099E-mail [email protected]

Renewable Energy Finance Forum 200820–21 November 2008, Mumbai, India

Euromoney Energy EventsNestor House, Playhouse YardLondon, EC4V 5EXTel. +44 (0)20 7779 8945Fax +44 (0)20 7779 8946

International events

Solar 20083–8 May 2008, San Diego, California

Town and Country Resort and Convention Centre500 Hotel Circle NorthSan Diego, CA 92108Tel. 619-291-7131

Wind Power 20081–4 June 2008, Houston, Texas

1001 Avenida de las AmericasHouston, TX 77010Tel. (800) 427-4697 or (713) 853-8000Web http://www.houstonconventionctr.com

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World Biofuels Forum 200810–11 June 2008, Prague

Tel. +44 (0) 20 7202 7511Fax +44 (0) 20 7202 7600E-mail [email protected]

Energy Ocean 200824–26 June 2008, Texas, USA

Technology Systems CorporationP O Box 1096, Palm City, FL 34991Tel. 877 270 7102 or 772 221 7720Fax 772 221 7715E-mail [email protected]

Fuel Cell Forum 200830 June–4 July 2008, Lucerne, Switzerland

Morgenacherstrasse 2F, Oberrohrdorf/SwitzerlandTel. 41 56 496 7292 • Fax 41 56 496 4412E-mail [email protected]

The 10th World Renewable Energy Congressand Exhibition21–24 July 2008, Glasgow, UK

Prof. Ali Sayigh, P O Box 362, Brighton BN2 1YHTel. 44 (0)1 273 625 643E-mail [email protected]

23rd European Photovoltaic Solar EnergyConference1–4 September 2008, Valencia, Spain

WIP-Renewable EnergiesSylvensteinstr. 2, 81369 München, GermanyTel. +49 89 720 12 735 • Fax +49 89 720 12 791Web www.wip-munich.deE-mail [email protected]

Fuel Cells Science and Technology 20088–9 October 2008, Oxfordshire, UK

Fuel Cells Science & Technology 2008Conference SecretariatTel. +44 (0) 1865 843691 • Fax +44 (0) 1865 843 958E-mail [email protected]


Renewable Energy Statistics

Renewable Energy at a Glance in IndiaRenewable Energy at a Glance in IndiaAchievement as on

S.No. Source/system Estimated potential 31 March 2008

I Power from renewables

A Grid-interactive renewable power (MW) (MW)

1 Wind power 45 195 8757.00

2 Bio power (agro residues and plantations) 16 881 606.00

3 Bagasse cogeneration 5 000 800.00

4 Small hydro power (up to 25 MW) 15 000 2180.00

5 Energy recovery from waste (MW) 2 700 55.25

6 Solar photovoltaic power — 2.12

Sub total (A) 84 776 12 400.37

B Captive/combined heat and power/distributed renewable power (MW)

7 Biomass/cogeneration (non-bagasse) — 95.00

8 Biomass gasifier — 100.11

9 Energy recovery from waste — 26.70

Sub total (B) — 221.81

Total (A+B) — 12 622.18

II Remote village electrification — 4 198 villages/hamlets

III Decentralized energy systems

10 Family-type biogas plants 120 lakh 39.94 lakh

11 Solar photovoltaic systems 50 MW/km2 120 MWp

i. Solar street lighting system — 70 474 nos

ii. Home lighting system — 402 938 nos

iii. Solar lantern — 670 059 nos

iv. Solar power plants — 2.22 MW

v. Solar photovoltaic pumps 7148 nos

12 Solar thermal systems

i. Solar water heating systems 140 million m2 2.30 million m2

collector area collector area

ii. Solar cookers 6.20 lakh

13 Wind pumps 1284 nos

14 Aero generator/hybrid systems 675.27 kW

IV Awareness programmes

16 Energy parks — 504 nos

17 Akshay Urja shops — 269 nos

21 Renewable energy clubs — 521 nos

22 District Advisory Committees — 560 nos

MW – megawatt; kW – kilowatt; MWp – megawatt peak; m2 – square metre; km2 – kilometre square

RNI No. DELENG/207/22701

from the editor’s deskbiomasspower.gov.in/document/magazines/akshay urja/vol 1...praveen saxena b...

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