from the eighteenth century to the present. the american colonies and the emerging nation...

From the Eighteenth Century to the Present

The American Colonies and the Emerging Nation

PortraitureLandscapesSculptures

In Europe this is the Period of REALISM

And the Colonials who are EUROPEANSMimic that art

John Singleton Copley (1738-1815)Watson and the Shark (1778)

John Singleton CopleyMargaret Kemble Gage (1771)Mrs. Daniel Rogers (Elizabeth Gorham Rogers) (1762)

John Singleton CopleyThe Death of Major Peirson 6 January 1781 (1783)

Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827)The Artist in his Museum, 1822 Portrait of George Washington, 1782

Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828)Portrait of George Washington (1796) Mrs. Perez Morton (1802)

Early Nineteenth-Century Art

The Hudson River School and the Lure of the West

European artists turn away from realism 1800-1840 in reaction against Industrialism, almost

constant war and the growing scientific attempt to rationally quantify EVERYTHING. The Romantics emphasize FEELINGS!! This same process happens in America – but with

AMERICAN themes and subjects.

► These artists captured the undiluted power of nature► Paint the nation’s most spectacular and undeveloped areas [the new Garden of Eden].► Nature was the best source of wisdom & fulfillment.► They created visual embodiments of the ideals of the Transcendentalists. * painting is the vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind. * art is the agent of moral & spiritual transformation.

The Hudson River SchoolThe Hudson River SchoolThe Hudson River SchoolThe Hudson River School

1. Paint grand, scenic vistas.

2. Humans are an insignificant [even non-existent] part of the picture.

3. Experiment with affects of light on water and sky.

4. Symbol of the school --> a broken tree stump

Characteristics of the Hudson River SchoolCharacteristics of the Hudson River School

“A new art for a new land.”

► Transcendentalist thinking.► Westward expansion.► American nationalism --> What is America?

* creation of a national mythology► Racism and Native Americans.► Concern for political extremism.► The price paid for progress and the

advances of civilization.

Issues/Themes Addressed by the Antebellum Artists

In Nature’s WonderlandThomas Doughty, 1835

Niagara – Frederic Church, 1857

View of the Catskills, Early AutumnThomas Cole, 1837

The Course of Empire: The Savage StateThomas Cole, 1834

The Course of Empire: The Arcadian or The Pastoral State - Thomas Cole, 1836

Kindred Spirits – Asher Durand, 1849

Watercolors by John Audubon

Stanley Hawk Barred Owl

The Constitution in Boston HarborFitz Hugh Lane, 1848-49

Fur Trappers Descending the MissouriGeorge Caleb Bingham, 1845

Neo-Classical Architecture: U. S. Customs House, 1836

Jefferson Rotunda (Univ. of VA), 1819-26

The Capitol Rotunda

Horatio Greenough (1805-1852)George Washington, 1840Rescue, 1853

The Landing of the PilgrimsUnknown Artist, 1830s

Washington Crossing the DelawareEmmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, 1851

George Washington Horatio Greenough, 1841

Our Banner in the Sky - Frederic Church, 1861

Young Omahaw, War Eagle, Little Missouri, and Pawnees - Charles Bird King, 1821

1. The “Noble Savage” Image

George Catlin (1796-1872)From Indian Gallery, 1832

Mato-Tope – Karl Bodmer, 1830s

3. The “Demonic” Indian

Osage Scalp Dance – John Mix Stanley, 1845

Last of the Race – Tompkins Matteson, 1847

4. The “Doomed” Indian

Dying Indian Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization – Thomas Crawford, 1857

Impressionism and the Gilded Age 1880-1900

Childe Hassam (1859-1935)Union Square in Spring, 1896 The South Ledges, Appledore, 1913

Winslow Homer (1836-1910)A Fair Wind, 1876The Gulf Stream, 1899

In Europe a short revival in realism is

Also reflected in Amerca’s

Conservative in style, they were revolutionary in

content.

Conservative in style, they were revolutionary in

content. Departure from the staid portraitures and genteel landscapes of the late 19c.

The intent of the artists was not social commentary.

Departure from the staid portraitures and genteel landscapes of the late 19c.

The intent of the artists was not social commentary.

1. Gritty, urban scenes: - find beauty in the drab and ugly aspects of life.

1. Gritty, urban scenes: - find beauty in the drab and ugly aspects of life.

Characteristics of the Ashcan

School


School

“Eviction” - Everett Shinn, 1904

“Eviction” - Everett Shinn, 1904

“Cliff Dwellers” – George Bellows, 1908

“Cliff Dwellers” – George Bellows, 1908

“A Woman’s Work

”

John Sloan,

1912

“A Woman’s Work

”

John Sloan,

1912

2. Portrayal of urban vitality.

2. Portrayal of urban vitality.


School


School

“Madison Square” Maurice Prendergast,

1901

“Madison Square” Maurice Prendergast,

1901

“The Mall in Central Park”

“The Mall in Central Park”

“Recruiting in Union Square”

John Sloan, 1909

“Recruiting in Union Square”

John Sloan, 1909

3. Captured the spontaneous moments in everyday life.

3. Captured the spontaneous moments in everyday life.


School


School

“Skating in New York”

William Glackens, 1910

“Skating in New York”

William Glackens, 1910

“Sunday—Women Dying Their Hair”

John Sloan, 1910

“Sunday—Women Dying Their Hair”

John Sloan, 1910

4. Illustrated the process of Americanization.

4. Illustrated the process of Americanization.


School


School

“Winter, Washington Square”

William Glackens, 1907?

“Winter, Washington Square”

William Glackens, 1907?

“6th Avenue Elevated at 3rd Street”

“6th Avenue Elevated at 3rd Street”John Sloan, 1928

“Allen Street” - George Luks, 1905

“Allen Street” - George Luks, 1905

“McSorley’s Bar” – John Sloan, 1912

“McSorley’s Bar” – John Sloan, 1912

“A Stag at Sharkey’s Place”

George Bellows, 1917

“A Stag at Sharkey’s Place”


5. These artists rebelled against the sentimental landscapes of 19c storybook illustrations.

5. These artists rebelled against the sentimental landscapes of 19c storybook illustrations.


School


School

“Fire on 24th

Street”Everett Shinn, 1907

“Fire on 24th

Street”Everett Shinn, 1907

“Morning Snow on the Hudson”


“Morning Snow on the Hudson”


“Washington Square”Everett Shinn, 1910

“Washington Square”Everett Shinn, 1910

American Impressionism 1880, United States

American Impressionism, was a style of painting related to European Impressionism and practiced by American artists in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. American Impressionism is a style of painting characterized by loose brushwork and vivid colors.

Self-portrait by Mary Cassatt, c. 1878,

Expressionism 1900

An Expressionist wishes, above all, to express himself... (an Expressionist rejects) immediate perception and builds on more complex psychic structures...

Mostly a German movement, but American artits were influenced

In 2012: sold for 120,000,000

Twentieth-Century Art Artists in the twentieth century chose two

distinct ways to depict modernism and the excitement of progress: realism and abstaction.

The 1913 69th Regiment Armory ExhibitionNamed for the building in New York City where this

art exhibition took place.Brought to the U.S. many of the new modern

artists who were launching into art as alteration with boldness and intensity.

This art exhibition found few admirers at the time due to its radical departures from traditional painting.

Unlike Van Gogh (and others in Post-impressionist alteration) who began with the natural world and painted it as they saw it, alteration for these modern artists sought to impose something new on the world, something inside themselves.

AKA: THE EXPLOSION 1810-1930

The Explosion 1910-1930

Experiments in 1.Dadaism: 1914-19302.Surrealism: 1900-19303.Cubism:

1. Dadaism: 1914corresponds to the outbreak of World War I. For many participants, the movement was a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests, which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war, and against the cultural and intellectual conformity.

2. Surrealism

“The Persistence of Memory,” 1931 By Salvador Dali

A style of painting that has recognizable figures and shapes but these things are related to each other as objects in dreamlike state.

Georgia O’Keefe (1887-1986)Two Calla Lillies on Pink, 1928 Pink and Blue II, 1919

. Cubism

“Les Demoiselles d’Avignon,” 1902,

By Pablo Picasso

American Cubism

Joseph Stella American Cubist 1929

Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000)The Library, 1969 The Ironers, 1943

Cubism gives wayto ModernismThe term modernism

refers to those artists who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world

Modernism 1930- 1945embraced discontinuity, rejecting smooth

change in everything from biology to fictional character development and filmmaking. It approved disruption, rejecting or moving beyond simple realism in literature and art, and rejecting or dramatically altering tonality in music. Subtypes:

1.American Realism: 1930-1945

2.Harlem Renaissance (Only in America)

3.Geometric Abstractionism

4.Modern Realism

1. Regionalism 1930-35popular during the 1930s. The artistic focus

was from artists who shunned city life, and rapidly developing technological advances, to create scenes of rural life.

Thomas Hart Benton“The enemy of Modernism”

“American Gothic,” 1930

By Grant Wood

Andrew Wyeth (1917--)Cristina’s World, 1948 Master Bedroom,

Edward Hopper (1882-1967)Cape Cod Morning, 1950

American ModernismAmerican modernism in general was a trend

of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic.

2. HarlemRenaissance1920-1930

Street Musicians (1939-1940), by William H. Johnson.

3. Geometric Abstractionism (NOT abstract Expressionism)

“Composition VIII,” 1923, Vasiliy Kandinsky

4. Modern Realism

“Nighthawks,” 1942, By Edward Hopper

Post Modernism 1945-19701. Abstract Expressionism: 1945-19602. Pop Art: 1960 – 19703. Minimalism: 1960-1980. The term

minimalism is used to describe a trend in design and architecture where in the subject is reduced to its necessary elements.

1. Abstract expressionism was an American post–World War II art movement. It was the first specifically American movement to achieve international influence and put New York City at the center of the western art world, a role formerly filled by Paris.

Franz Kline: Painting Number 2: 1954

1. Abstract Expressionism

“Greyed Rainbow,” 1953, By Jackson Pollock

2. Pop Art

“Beethoven,” 1987, By Andy Warhol“Campbell’s Soup 1,” 1968,

By Andy Warhol

“Elvis,” 1964

“Ugly Americans,”

by Duane Hanson

“Knife Ship II,” 1986, By Claes Oldenburg

Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles

3. American Minimalism: 1960-80Minimalism argued that extreme simplicity

could capture all of the sublime representation needed in art.

Frank Stella (remember the Brooklyn Bridge paintings?) has refined his art to the bare minimum.

To the Left: “Falling Water,” built for the private use of the Kaufmann family in Ohiopyle, PA.

Frank Lloyd Wright, one of the three major architects mentioned in TABH sought to bring balance between form (art), function (use) and the environment. He pushed the notion that “form follows function;” an idea that the needs of a building’s use come first before any artifice (form) should be applied. Buildings should blend with the environment and not overwhelm it. Where necessary, a building should shield the building’s user from harsh and unattractive outside influences.

The Guggenheim Museum, New York

Built with thick walls to shut out urban noise and suffused with indirect lighting, Wright sought to create a “quiet oasis” for the viewing of other works of human creativity (modern art).

“ISM’s”

ChronologicalMoralismPragmatismRomanticismRealismRegionalismNaturalismSymbolismDeconstructionismPhenomenologism

FeaturesReflected in Social, Economic, Political, and

Literary DevelopmentCumulative and FilteredDesignated in Retrospect

Moralism 1620-1730Contest Between Good and EvilLife Interpreted in Moral TermsHistory Illustrative of MoralityLiterature as Moral Instruction

Religious Tracts, Sermons, Diaries, LettersJonathan Edwards, William Byrd, Cotton

Mather

Pragmatism 1730-1820How the World WorksReason as Basis Literature as Pragmatic Instruction

Science, History, Biography, Political TractsFranklin, Jefferson, Hamilton, Paine

Romanticism 1830-1860Imagination Over ReasonExtraordinary, Remote, ExoticGlorification of Individual and PastIdealization of NatureTruth of the Human HeartLiterature as Entertainment

Fiction, Poetry, DramaHawthorne, Melville, Poe,

A sub-type were the TRANCSENDETALISTsEmerson, Thoreau, Whitman

Realism 1860-1920 (from this came Regionalism and Naturalism)VerisimilitudeTruth Verified by ExperienceFocus on Common, Everyday, AverageEmphasis on Immediate, Here, NowLiterature of “Honesty” and Character

Novels, Reviews, Essays, Short StoriesJames, Howells, Twain, Harte, Jewett

Regionalism 1865-1900An outgrowth of Realism, Regionalism in literature is

the tendency among certain authors to write about specific geographical areas. Regional writers like Willa Cather and William Faulkner, present the distinct culture of an area, including its speech, customs, beliefs, and history. Local-color writing may be considered a type of Regionalism, but Regionalists, like the southern writers of the 1920’s, usually go beyond mere presentation of cultural idiosyncrasies and attempt, instead, a sophisticated sociological or anthropological treatment of the culture of a region. Twain, Hamlin, Chopin

Naturalism 1920-1940Scientific DeterminismHumans as hapless victimsMechanistic UniverseEarthy Qualities and Techniques

Expose Novels, Short StoriesSteinbeck, Upton Sinclair, Jack London

Modern Age: 1915-1946 An age of disillusionment and confusion—just

look at what was happening in history in the US during these dates—this period brought us perhaps our best writers. The authors during this period raised all the great questions of life…but offered no answers. Faulkner, Steinbeck, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, and Frost are all examples.

Harlem Rennaissance: 1920-30Part of the Modern Age, The Harlem

Renaissance, which occurred during the 1920’s, was a time of African American artistic creativity centered in Harlem, in New York City. Writers of the Harlem Renaissance include Countee Cullen, Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, Langston Hughes, and Arna Bontemps.

Symbolism 1940-1960Search for MeaningRebellion Against Mechanic UniverseValue of PlaceDignity of IndividualLiterature of Depth

Novels, Short Stories, Poetry, DramaFaulkner, Warren, Ellison

Deconstructionism 1960-1980Central Truth Not KnowableNot One But Many InterpretationsAttacks on “Accepted” and “Correct”Linguistic InstabilityLiterature of Experimentation

Edward Albee, John Barth, Joyce Carol Oates

Phenomenologism 1980-2006Reader Perception Most ImportantWork Exists Only After Actualized by

ReaderPersonal and AnecdotalLiterature as MediaDiversity in Literature

Isabel Allende, Louise Erdrich, Amy Tan, Toni Morrison

from the eighteenth century to the present. the american colonies and the emerging nation...

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