from visualization to legal design: a collaborative and...
TRANSCRIPT
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From Visualization to Legal
Design: A Collaborative
and Creative Process
PRESENTED BY GERLINDE BERGER-WALLISER AND THOMAS D. BARTON
(BASED ON AN ARTICLE CO-AUTHORED BY THE PRESENTERS, AND HELENA HAAPIO)
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Outline
I. Introduction: A Brief History of Legal Visualization
A. Our Focus:
1. Knowledge visualization rather than data visualization
2. Utility more than advocacy
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Outline
B. Our Context:
1. the use of images in business documents and
statutes;
2. the process of visualization development,
rather than the product, the image itself; and
3. images in conjunction with words, rather than
isolation—in “hybrid” documents.
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Outline
II. Preventive/Proactive Law as a Bridge to Legal Design
A. What is Preventive/Proactive Law (“PPL”)?
B. What is Legal Design?
C. How does Legal Design complement and expand ideas of “visualization”?
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Outline
III. A Framework for Legal Design
A. Work toward simplified language
B. Adapt the document to audiences with multiple needs
C. Support legal functions through the optimal mix of language and graphics
D. Find the right images.
IV. Conclusion
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Visualization: Knowledge
The digital revolution has prompted a strong, and
accelerating, interest in “Visualization” of both data and
knowledge.
Our application to Contracts is in the realm of
knowledge visualization, using images, photos, icons,
diagrams, charts, or videos to enhance or supplant
printed language.
*all images copied under Creative Commons license
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Visualization: Advocacy
Visualization can aid advocacy by adding emotional impact to an argument or request.
Such power, however, is often met with
caution inside a highly rational legal tradition.
• Even inside formal adversarial settings,
however, visualization may helpfully aid the
portrayal of injuries; may illustrate physical
environments the severity of injury; or may
demonstrate the sequence of events.
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Visualization: Utility
In examining the use of visualization to
simplify contracts, however, we focus more on utility rather than advocacy.
That is because the basic function of
contracts is not to persuade, but instead to
facilitate economic transactions and
business relationships.
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Visualization: “Product”
Hence we focus on contracts and other
business documents, in two connected ways:
1. the “product,” which is the language and images as a vehicle for communication:
Is the contract clear to all who will participate
in the transaction?
Is the contract effective by being complete
and well organized?
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Visualization: “Process”
2. the “process” by which the contract is created, communicated, and implemented:
Does it advance the immediate transaction?
Does it contribute to the effective governance of
the companies that are party to the contract?
Does it help to build relationships between the
contracting parties?
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Hybrid Documents: Word +
Images
We also assume that
contracts will continue
to rely upon words.
But documents can
usefully be hybrids,containing images to
supplement meaning.
Words
+
Images
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II. Preventive/Proactive
Law (“PPL”)
The methods and values of Preventive and
Proactive Law (“PPL”) reach back to the
founding of the preventive law movement in
the 1950’s.
The term “Proactive Law” emerged in the
1990’s in Finland, and was quickly adopted
in Europe, to stress positive goals and
outcomes in legal transactions as well as to
avoid problems.
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II. PPL
Focus away from Focus toward
the past
minimizing cost
winning in court
lawyers as fighters
the future
eliminating causes
preventing litigation
lawyers as advisors,
planners and problem-
solvers
Source: Helena Haapio: Next Generation Contracts 2013, p. 39.
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II. PPL
Focus not just on Focus also on
rules, legal tools: helping
the parties to comply with
the rules
minimizing risks, problems,
disputes, losses
preventing causes of failure
and negative effects
lawyers as advisors,
practicing preventive law;
the law office as a
preventive law laboratory
goals, managerial tools:
enabling the parties to
reach their objectives
maximizing opportunities,
desired outcomes, benefits
promoting drivers of success
and positive effects
lawyers as designers and
coaches, working with
clients as part of cross-
professional teams
Source: Helena Haapio: Next Generation Contracts 2013, p. 41
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II. PPL
When PPL thinking and methods are applied
to visualization, two goals are paramount:
make legal information intellectually
accessible to its intended users; and
functional toward meeting their needs as
well as those of the legal system.
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II. PPL
Where these goals are met, contracts can:
become stronger generators of value rather than of higher transaction costs;
facilitate better communication within and between organizations;
help businesses reach their goals; and
offer possibilities for innovation.
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III. What is Legal Design?
PPL-guided legal design builds on the work of:
Information designers like Rob Waller and Stefania Passera;
Legal designers like Colette Brunschwig and Margaret Hagan;
Plus contracts and legal thinkers like Helena Haapio and Tobias Mahler
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III. What is Legal Design?
“Design =
the way something has been made;
the way the parts of something (such as a building, machine, book, etc.) are formed and arranged;
for a particular use, effect, etc.” (MERRIAM-WEBSTER ONLINE DICTIONARY)
Note the emphasis on the process, rather than the product
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III. What is Legal Design?
Legal Design:
evolution in the analysis of
visualization,
process by which visualization is
created becomes as important as
the image itself
intended to make legal
communication easier, more user-
friendly and more effective,
transform positively the
significance and value of
regulations, and traditionally
word-heavy legal applications like
contracts or governance
documents
Legal Design
PPL
Visualization
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IV. Framework for Legal
Design
work towards simplified
language
adapt to audiences with
multiple needs
support legal functions through optimal mix of language and graphics
choose effective, efficient, and attractive
images
LEGAL
DESIGN
Preliminary: observe
user needs
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IV. Framework for Legal Design
Preliminary Step:
Observe the client’s environment
and needs
Spend time with the users of a
good or service
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IV. Framework for Legal
Design
Step 1 :
Work
toward
simplified
language
Example: UK
Good Law
Initiative
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IV. Framework for Legal
Design
• Step 2: Adapt to Audiences with Multiple Needs
• Example 1:
• Layering
Creative Commons Licensing Agreements
(Image released under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0))
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IV. Framework for Legal
Design
• Step 2: Adapt to Audiences with Multiple Needs
• Example 2:
• Graphic Organizers
• Swimlanes depicting parties’ obligations in a public procurement contract. © 2013 Aalto University / Kuntaliitto ry. Design: Stefania Passera.
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IV. Framework for Legal
Design
Step 3: Support Legal Function Through Optimal Mix Of Language And Graphics
Example 1:
The Stop Sign
Vienna Convention road sign B2a.svg, WIKIMEDIA
COMMONS
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Step 3: Support
Legal Function
Through Optimal
Mix Of Language
And Graphics
EXAMPLE 2:
Stefania Passera’s
Images to
Accompany Contract
Language (© Aalto University,
Stefania Passera, 2012)
IV. Framework for Legal
Design
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IV. Framework for Legal
Design
• Step 4: Choose
Effective,
Efficient, and
Attractive
Images
• Example:
• New York City Street
Vendor Regulations • (used with permission of CUP)
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V. Conclusions
Emerging technologies have made
visualized legal design accessible to
almost any lawyer or business person.
These new tools should be developed
to enhance the making and
functioning of contracts.
That is our aim for legal design.
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V. Conclusions
Legal design combines PPL--a mentality and set of values about how law should function--with principles of information design.
The result are contracts that are not simply new in format—more beautiful or eye-catching, although they certainly will also be that. Visualized contracts will also function consistently with PPL and business goals.
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V. Conclusions
Hence, contracts employing legal design will be:
well planned;
financially and legally sound;
strongly and broadly used;
easily implemented;
facilitate business goals; and
help build lasting commercial relationships.
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