frontiers in the treatment of aortic valve disease · 2018. 5. 4. · aortic stenosis is...
TRANSCRIPT
Frontiers In The Treatment of
Aortic Valve Disease
Association of Physician Assistants
In Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery
April 7, 2018
Benjamin A. Burroughs, PA-C, M.S.Chief Physician Assistant
Division of Cardiac SurgeryHenry Ford Hospital
Detroit, Michigan
Disclosures
• I have none.
Aortic Stenosis
Natural History Overview…
What Causes Aortic Stenosis in Adults?
More CommonLess Common
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Images courtesy of John Webb, MD at St. Paul’s Hospital and Renu Virmani, MD at the CVPath Institute
Age-Related Calcific Aortic
Stenosis
Congenital Abnormality
RheumaticFever
Population at Risk for Aortic Stenosis is Increasing
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▪ Aortic Stenosis is estimated to be
prevalent with 12.4% of the population
over the age of 75.2
▪ The elderly population will more than
double between now and the year 2050,
to 80 million.3
▪ 80% of adults with symptomatic aortic
stenosis are male4
Approx. 2.5 Million People in the U.S.
Over the Age of 75 suffer from this
disease.1
ELDERLY AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE:
1910 to 2030
2.6%
3.1%
2.4%2.2%
1.3%
2.8%
0.0%
1.0%
2.0%
3.0%
4.0%
1910-1930 1930-1950 1950-1970 1970-1990 1990-2010 2010-2030
1. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division. June 2015; 2. Ruben L.J.et al. Heart. 2000;84:211-21; 3. U.S. Census Bureau Statistical Brief. May 1995;
4. Ramaraj R, Sorrell VL. Br Med J 2008;336: 550–5.
Definition Valve Hemodynamics
High-gradient severe
aortic stenosis
▪ Aortic jet velocity ≥ 4 m/s or mean gradient ≥ 40 mmHg
▪ Or aortic valve area index ≤ 0.6 cm2/m2
Low-flow/low-gradient with
reduced left ventricular
ejection fraction
▪ Resting aortic jet velocity < 4m/s or mean gradient < 40 mmHg
▪ Dobutamine stress echocardiography shows aortic valve area ≤ 1.0
cm2 with aortic jet velocity ≥ 4m/s at any flow rate
▪ Left ventricular ejection fraction < 50%
Low-gradient with
normal left ventricular
ejection fraction or
paradoxical low-flow
▪ Aortic jet velocity < 4m/s or mean gradient < 40 mmHg
▪ Indexed aortic valve area ≤ 0.6 cm2/m2
▪ Stroke volume index < 35 mL/m2 measured when patient is
normotensive (systolic blood pressure < 140 mmHg)
▪ Left ventricular ejection fraction ≥ 50%
Patients with severe aortic stenosis typicallyhave an aortic valve area ≤ 1.0 cm2
Symptoms:
Dyspnea or decreased exercise tolerance, heart failure, angina, syncope and presyncope
Definition of Severe Aortic Stenosis
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2014
Valvular
Disease
Guidelines
AHA / ACC
9. Nishimura RA et al. JACC. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.537.
Aortic Stenosis Is Life-Threatening and Progresses Rapidly
➢Survival after onset of
symptoms is 50% at two years
and 20% at five years.1
➢“…valve surgery is appropriate
with even mild symptoms.”2
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Sources
1) Catherine M. Otto. Valve Disease: Timing of aortic valve surgery. Heart. 2000;84:211-218.
2) Catherine M. Otto. Valvular aortic stenosis disease severity and timing of intervention. AMJC. 2006;47:2141-51.
Chart: Ross et al. Aortic stenosis. Circ.1968;38 (Suppl 1):61-7.
Aortic Valve Stenosis: Echo Findings
• Leaflet changes: Thickening, Calcification, Mobility
• Left ventricular hypertrophy
• Valve gradient / Valve area
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ECHO – Short Access View
The Evolution of TAVR as a Disruptive Technology:
• Increasingly growing population of patients with severe AS.
• As medicine evolves, people live longer with more co-morbid diseases.
• Making traditional SAVR higher risk, and at times not possible.
• Large push for less invasive treatment options.
• Balloon Aortic Valvuloplsty - developed in 1985. Initially showed promise, however, restenosis rate was at 80% within the first year.
• Leading to the concept and ultimately the birth of TAVR. Now considered a medical breakthrough in the treatment of Aortic Stenosis.
Alain CribierFirst human transcatheter valve replacement (2002)
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PARTNER Trial
• TAVI with significant ↓ in mortality compared
with standard therapy: 30.7% vs. 50.7%, p <
0.001; death or hospitalization: 42.5% vs. 71.6%,
p < 0.001
• Major vascular complications at 1 year: 16.8% vs.
2.2%, major bleeding: 22.3% vs. 11.2%, (p <
0.001); major strokes: 7.8% vs. 3.9%, p = 0.18
• Landmark trial – demonstrates utility of TAVI
in the management of patients with high or
prohibitive surgical risk severe aortic stenosis
Patients at high or prohibitive risk for surgery randomized to transcatheter aortic
valve implantation (TAVI) or standard therapy and followed for 1 year.
Results
Leon MB, et al. N Engl J Med 2010;Sep 22:[Epub]
(p < 0.001)
TAVI
(n = 179)
All-cause mortality at 1
year
0
50
100
%
30.7
50.7
(p < 0.001)
16.8
2.2
50
Major vascular
complications at 1 year
Standard
therapy
(n = 179)
0
100
%
Approved Devices
• Medtronic Corevalve – Self Expanding Nitonal Valve
• Corevalve
• Evolut R
• Evolut Pro
• Sapien balloon expandable platform
• Sapien
• Sapien XT
• Sapien 3
Additional Trials
• Corevalve Trial – High risk / in-operable. TAVR vs. Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement.
• Surtavi – (Corevalve) intermediate risk / low risk randomized Trials TAVR vs. Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement.
• Partner 2 Trial – Intermediate Risk Registry – Sapien XT/S3.
• Partner 3 Trial – Randomized Low Risk – Sapien 3 vs. Surgical AVR
• Valve in Valve Registry
• Bicuspid Valve Registry
• EARLY TAVR – Asymptomatic patients- TAVR vs medical management
Edwards Sapien Valve
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Valve size 20 mm 23 mm 26 mm 29 mm
Native annulus size by TEE 16 – 19 mm 18 – 22 mm 21 – 25 mm 24 – 28 mm
Native annulus area (CT) 273 – 345 mm2 338 – 430 mm2 430 – 546 mm2 540 – 683 mm2
Area-derived diameter (CT) 18.6 – 21 mm 20.7 – 23.4 mm 23.4 – 26.4 mm 26.2 – 29.5 mm
Medtronic Corvalve
Smaller Sheath Sizes
Low mortality and stroke ratesPatient selection, procedural techniques, device evolution
Edwards eSheathintroducer set
Improved vascular accessLower profile devices expands treatment possibilities
Increased treatment range Larger and smaller valves
RetroFlex 3 introducer sheath
22F 16F
NovaFlex+delivery system
RetroFlex 3delivery system
SAPIEN valve23 mm and 26 mm
SAPIEN XT valve23 mm, 26 mm, 29 mm
SAPIEN 3 valve20 mm, 23 mm, 26 mm, 29 mm
Edwards Commander delivery system
Edwards eSheathintroducer set*
14F
*Only used with 20 mm,23 mm,26 mm valve sizes
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Heart Murmur = Aortic Stenosis = TAVR!!!
Henry Ford TAVR Volume
44
105
153
210 213
275
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
#
#
Early TAVR Approaches
Alternative Access for TAVR
Carotid
Transcaval
Subclavian/
Percutaneous axillary
Thoracic / Extra-thoracic
Suprasternal notch
Transapical
Direct Aortic
32
66
103
164 167
223
716
6 3 3 23 2
199
1 1
1725 24 26 26
1016 20
2 7 30
50
100
150
200
250
2012 (n=44) 2013 (n=108) 2014 (n=153) 2015 (n=210) 2016 (n=213) 2017 (n=275)
HFH TAVR Volume by Approach
transfemoral transapical transaortic transcaval transcarotid antegrade axillary
Trans-Caval Approach: Rationale
Halabi…Lederman. JACC 2013;61(16):1745Greenbaum…Lederman. JACC 2014;64(1)
◼Ilio-femoral veins –
Larger, more compliant
Lower pressure system
◼Aorto-caval fistulas from ruptured AAA often
not immediately life threatening
◼IVC is usually close to aorta without significant
intervening structures
Transcaval Physiology
Transcaval aortic access for TAVR>400 patients, 5 valve types, >50 centers , 3 continents as of Jul17
Halabi .. Lederman, JACC, 2013Greenbaum, O’Neill .. Lederman, JACC, 2014
Greenbaum, Babaliaros.. Lederman, JACC, 2017
Electrified wire cross-inginto aortic snare
Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder 8mm
Final Angiogram
Introducer sheath from femoral vein into aorta
Angiogram
CT-based plan
Trans-Caval Closure Technique
Trans-Caval Approach: First Patient
• 76 year old female s/p AVR, Ascending aortic aneurysm repair with a Dacron Graft.
• Developed significant degeneration / AI of her bio-prosthetic valve.
• Significant tortuous calcific femoral / illiac disease – Bilateral Illiac Stents.
• Attempted Trans-Apical TAVR – Unsuccessful due to significant epicardial fat, poor tissue.
• Done in collaboration with the NIH at Henry Ford Hospital.
• Approximately 3 months later, with the development of advanced technology, through the NIH, she successfully underwent the world’s first Trans-Caval TAVR at Henry Ford Hospital on July 3, 2013.
“Youtube.com”
Search: TCT Adam Greenbaum 2016
Watch Recorded Trans-Caval Case
Trans-Carotid Approach
• Patients considered candidates for TC TAVR if by CT scan they had common carotid arteries ≥6.0mm in diameter without significant calcification or tortuosity.
• All candidates undergo carotid duplex scanning. Those with significant unilateral disease (>50%) are considered candidates if the stenotic side is suitable for valve delivery. Attention to the amount of stenosis of the ipsilateral external carotid artery, as well as bilateral vertebral artery flow is considered.
• All cases are performed without shunting, EEG monitoring, or cerebral oximetry.
Aortic Insufficiency - ? TAVR
• Off label
• Lack of thickened, sclerotic, calcified valve leaflets for catheter valves to adhere to .
• Medtronic CoreValve due to dimensions / aortic wall tension.
A.I. – Device Choices
Case: S.D.
• 69 year old female with PMH of chronic a-fib, hypothyroidism, depression, MV repair/CABG in 1994, stage D ICMP s/p DT LVAD in April 2013
• Admitted 1/14/18 with evidence of hemolysis with presumed pump thrombosis.
• Difficult OR course in 2013 due to significant mediastinal adhesions, therefore sub costal approach recommended for LVAD exchange however,
• Echo 1/23/18 with moderate to severe AI, moderate MR and moderate to severe TR
• Structural heart consulted for transcatheter aortic valve replacement for AI.
TAVR for Aortic Insufficiency
Corevalve Evolut R
BASILICABioprosthetic Aortic Scallop Intentional Laceration to prevent Iatrogenic
Coronary Artery obstruction during transcatheter aortic valve replacement
References
1. Nkomo 2006, Iivanainen 1996, Aronow 1991, Bach 2007, 2014 internal estimates 2. Freed 2010, Iung 2007, Pellikka 2005; 2014 internal estimates 3. Das P. European Heart Journal. 2005;26:1309-13134. Lester SJ et al. CHEST 1998;113(4):1109-1114.5. Otto CM. Timing of aortic valve surgery. Heart. 2000;84:211-218 6. Nishimura RA et al. JACC. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.537.7. Dumesnil et al. European Heart Journal 2010; 31, 281-289.8. Nishimura RA et al. JACC. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.537.9. National Coverage Determination (NCD) for Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR). 2012.10. Leon M et al. New England Journal of Medicine 2010 October 21;363(17):1597-1607.11. Nishimura RA et al. JACC. 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.537.12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4004491
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Thank You!!