frontiers of radiocommunicationswireless.ictp.it/school_2006/lectures/luther/frontiers.pdf · ieee...

1

FRONTIERS OF RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS

2006

2

FRONTIER TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERS

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCE

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOS

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITES

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING> 50 GHz

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING> 50 GHzRF IDENTIFICATION TAGS

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING> 50 GHzRF IDENTIFICATION TAGSPOWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING> 50 GHzRF IDENTIFICATION TAGSPOWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONSSPECTRUM MANAGEMENT STUDIES

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING> 50 GHzRF IDENTIFICATION TAGSPOWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONSSPECTRUM MANAGEMENT STUDIESBROADCAST STUDIES

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING> 50 GHzRF IDENTIFICATION TAGSPOWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONSSPECTRUM MANAGEMENT STUDIESBROADCAST STUDIESFRONTIER TECHNOLOGY

2


FORCES IMPACTING FRONTIERSIMT-2000 AND BEYOND (IMT-ADVANCED)IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENTUNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCESOFTWARE AND COGNITIVE RADIOSRADIONAVIGATION SATELITESBSS / FSS SHARING> 50 GHzRF IDENTIFICATION TAGSPOWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONSSPECTRUM MANAGEMENT STUDIESBROADCAST STUDIESFRONTIER TECHNOLOGYS-CURVES

3

FORCES IMPACTING TELECOMMUNICATION FRONTIERS

3


• INTERNET

3


• INTERNET

• GLOBALIZATION (UNIVERSAL SWITCHED NETWORK ACCESS) AND LIBRALIZATION

3


• INTERNET


• NATIONAL PRIORITIES (REGULATIONS)

3


• INTERNET



• PRIVATIZATION AND INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES

3


• INTERNET




• COMPETITION AND ECONOMICS

3


• INTERNET





• TECHNOLOGY AND MARKET INNOVATION

3


• INTERNET






• PUBLIC AND SOCIAL INTEREST

3


• INTERNET







• CONSUMERS' INTERESTS AND MOBILITY

3


• INTERNET








• WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION AGREEMENTS (OPEN MARKETS)

3


• INTERNET









• FOREIGN OWNERSHIP / ACCESS (INVESTMENT)

3


• INTERNET









• FOREIGN OWNERSHIP / ACCESS (INVESTMENT)

• EARTH ENVIRONMENT

Generations of Terrestrial Commercial Wireless Systems

TimeCap

abili

ty E

nhan

cem

ents

by

Gen

erat

ion Mobile telephone

Analog cellular technology

Macro cells

Digital voice, messaging & data services

Fixed wireless loop, wireless LAN services

Digital cellular & PCS

Macro, micro & pico cells

Greatly enhanced data communications services

Narrowband and wideband multimedia services

Higher spectrum for wideband applications


Very high bit rate (> 2 Mb/s) multimedia enhancements

1980 1990 2000 2010

1GW

2GW

3GW

2020

IMT-2000 and Beyond

Future Evolution

Generations of Terrestrial Commercial Wireless Systems

TimeCap

abili

ty E

nhan

cem

ents

by

Gen

erat

ion Mobile telephone

Analog cellular technology

Macro cells

Digital voice, messaging & data services

Fixed wireless loop, wireless LAN services

Digital cellular & PCS


Greatly enhanced data communications services

Narrowband and wideband multimedia services

Higher spectrum for wideband applications


Very high bit rate (> 2 Mb/s) multimedia enhancements

1980 1990 2000 2010

1GW

2GW

3GW

2020

IMT-2000 and Beyond

Future Evolution

Time1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Glo

baliz

atio

n

Nat

’l

R

eg’L

Int’

l

Historical (2G)Recent Past (3G)

Current and Future (3G and Beyond)

Standardization Activities Relative to the Generations

5

ITU-R WORKING PARTY 8F

5

ITU-R WORKING PARTY 8F

• WP8F IS THE GLOBAL FOCAL POINT FOR THE CONTINUING VISION OF NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS SERVICES AND SYSTEMS, ACTING AS A FORUM FOR USER REQUIREMENTS AND AS A CATALYST FOR TRANSLATING THOSE REQUIREMENTS INTO TECHNICAL REALITY

• WP8F HAS THE CHALLENGING TASK OF SUPPORTING THE NEAR TERM NEEDS OF THE IMT-2000 MARKETPLACE WHILE EXPLORING WHERE WE MIGHT GO IN THE WIRELESS WORLD OF THE FUTURE (IMT-ADVANCED)

6

MOBILE SERVICE STUDIESITU-R WORKING PARTY 8F

(IMT-ADVANCED)

6


(IMT-ADVANCED)• FUTURE SYSTEMS WITH DATA RATES > 2 Mbit/s

6


(IMT-ADVANCED)• FUTURE SYSTEMS WITH DATA RATES > 2 Mbit/s• SERVICE APPLICATIONS, OBJECTIVES AND USER

NEEDS

6



NEEDS

• ENHANCED INTERNET PROTOCOL

6



NEEDS

• ENHANCED INTERNET PROTOCOL• TECHNICAL AND OPERATIONAL ISSUES, AND

CHARACTERISTICS

6



NEEDS


CHARACTERISTICS• HARMONIZE SPECTRUM

6



NEEDS



• MIGRATION STRATEGY

6



NEEDS



• MIGRATION STRATEGY• GLOBAL CIRCULATION AND MUTUAL

RECOGNITION AGREEMENTS

7

THIRD GENERATION(IMT-2000 AND BEYOND)

7


1710 - 1755 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE

7


1710 - 1755 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE1755 - 1850 MHz - DEFENSE USES

7


1710 - 1755 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE1755 - 1850 MHz - DEFENSE USES2110 - 2150 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE

7


1710 - 1755 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE1755 - 1850 MHz - DEFENSE USES2110 - 2150 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE2160 - 2165 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE

7


1710 - 1755 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE1755 - 1850 MHz - DEFENSE USES2110 - 2150 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE2160 - 2165 MHz - FIXED & MOBILE2500 - 2690 MHz – MMDS, ITFS, BSS

8

IEEE STANDARDS VIEW OF WIRELESS NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES

Source: International Telecommunications Union, “Birth of Broadband”, September 2003

* UWB: 500 Mbit/s** ZigBee: 250 kb/s

8



PAN<10 m

~1 Mbit/s

802.15.1 (Bluetooth)802.15.3 (UWB) *

802.15.4 (ZigBee)**


8



WLAN<100 m

11-54 Mbit/s

802.11a/b, e, g

Wi-Fi®

PAN<10 m

~1 Mbit/s

802.15.1 (Bluetooth)802.15.3 (UWB) *

802.15.4 (ZigBee)**


8



MAN<5 km

70 Mbit/s

802.16a/e

WiMAXNew standard forFixed broadbandWireless. Trying to dofor MAN what Wi-Fidid for LAN.

WLAN<100 m

11-54 Mbit/s

802.11a/b, e, g

Wi-Fi®

PAN<10 m

~1 Mbit/s

802.15.1 (Bluetooth)802.15.3 (UWB) *

802.15.4 (ZigBee)**


8

WWAN<15 km

802.20 (proposed)



MAN<5 km

70 Mbit/s

802.16a/e

WiMAXNew standard forFixed broadbandWireless. Trying to dofor MAN what Wi-Fidid for LAN.

WLAN<100 m

11-54 Mbit/s

802.11a/b, e, g

Wi-Fi®

PAN<10 m

~1 Mbit/s

802.15.1 (Bluetooth)802.15.3 (UWB) *

802.15.4 (ZigBee)**


9

Distance from licensed transmitting antenna

Po

wer

at

Rec

eive

r Licensed signal

Current FCC Power Limits

UNDERLAYS AND INTERFERENCE AVOIDANCE

New Opportunities for Spectrum

Access

Noise Floor

Prevent Aggregation Above Interference Temperature Limit

10

INTERFERENCE TEMPERATURE

10

INTERFERENCE TEMPERATUREWITH THIS CONCEPT, USING COGNITIVE

10


RADIOS, OPERATION IS BEING

10


RADIOS, OPERATION IS BEINGCONSIDERED IN FIXED SERVICE, FIXED

10



SATELLITE SERVICE, AND MOBILE

10



SATELLITE SERVICE, AND MOBILESERVICE BANDS:

10




• 6525-6700 MHz

10




• 6525-6700 MHz • 12.75-13.15 GHz

10




• 6525-6700 MHz • 12.75-13.15 GHz• 13.2125-13.25 GHz

11

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

11

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

A RADIO THAT INCLUDES A TRANSMITTER IN WHICH THE OPERATING PARAMETERS OF

FREQUENCY RANGE, MODULATION TYPE OR MAXIMUM OUTPUT POWER (EITHER RADIATED OR CONDUCTED)

CAN BE ALTERED BY MAKING A CHANGE IN SOFTWARE WITHOUT

MAKING ANY CHANGES TO HARDWARE COMPONENTS THAT AFFECT THE RADIO FREQUENCY

EMISSIONS

12

COGNITIVE RADIO

12

COGNITIVE RADIO

A RADIO THAT SENSES ITS ENVIRONMENT AND LOCATION, AND AUTOMATICALLY ADAPTS

TO THAT ENVIRONMENT MAKING USE OF AVAILABLE

SPECTRUM AND TECHNOLOGY INCLUDING FOR OVERLAYS AND

UNDERLAYS

13

SDR / COGNITIVE RADIO ABILITIES AND PROCESSES

13

SDR / COGNITIVE RADIO ABILITIES AND PROCESSES

1. USE “EMPTY” SPECTRUM2. FILL EMPTY TIME SLOTS3. VARY SIGNAL LEVELS4. APPLY CODING5. DIGITALLY PROCESS6. VARY ROUTING7. USE ADAPTIVE ANTENNAS8. ENABLE BOTH NEGOTIATED AND NON-

VOLUNTARY SHARING

(USED TODAY IN WIRELESS LANs AND MOBILE SERVICENETWORKS BOTH ON A MULTIBAND AND

MULTIFUNCTION BASIS)

14

GLOBAL POSITIONING(RADIONAVIGATION SATELLITE

SERVICE)

14


SERVICE)

GPS

14


SERVICE)

GPSGLONASS

14


SERVICE)

GPSGLONASSGALILEO

14


SERVICE)

GPSGLONASSGALILEONEW JAPANESE SYSTEM

15

BSS / FSS SHARING (SKYBRIDGE)

15


• BSS SHARING WITH NGSO FSS OPERATIONS IS FEASIBLE

15



• TERRESTRIAL MVDDS CAN OPERATE AT 12 GHz Ku BAND ON NON-HARMFUL INTERFERENCE BASIS

15




• GLOBAL TECHNICAL AND SERVICE RULES IN PLACE FOR AGGREGATION

15




• GLOBAL TECHNICAL AND SERVICE RULES IN PLACE FOR AGGREGATION

• INTERFERENCE TESTING MANDATORY

16

MILLIMETER WAVES (ABOVE 50 GHz)

16


• 51.4 - 52.6 GHz AND 58.2 - 59 GHz ALLOCATED TO FIXED AND MOBILE SERVICES TO INTERCONNECT MOBILE SERVICE BASE STATIONS AND OTHER SYSTEMS

16



• 57 - 64 GHz UNLICENSED ALLOCATION (HIGH O2 ABSORPTION) TO PROVIDE 7 GHz OF VERY HIGH SPEED AND/OR HIGH BANDWIDTH COMMUNICATION OVER SHORT DISTANCES, AND FOR NETWORKING BACKBONE PURPOSES IN CONGESTED AREAS

16




• 64 - 66 GHz ALLOCATED TO FIXED AND MOBILE SERVICES, EXCEPT AMS TO I NTERCONNECT MOBILE SERVICE BASE STATIONS AND OTHER SYSTEMS

16




• 64 - 66 GHz ALLOCATED TO FIXED AND MOBILE SERVICES, EXCEPT AMS TO I NTERCONNECT MOBILE SERVICE BASE STATIONS AND OTHER SYSTEMS

• 65 - 71 GHz ALLOCATED TO INTERSATELLITE SERVICE FOR SATELLITE NETWORK INTERCONNECTIONS PROMOTING VIDEO TELEPHONY, MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL TELE-IMAGING, HIGH SPEED DATA NETWORKS, AND BANDWIDTH-ON-DEMAND FOR CONSUMERS

17

RF IDENTIFICATION (RFID) TAGSREAD AT ~ 3 OR 4 METER DISTANCE

PRIVACY IS A PARTICULAR ISSUE

Source: TIA, “The Economic and Social Benefits of Broadband Deployment”, October 2003

17

RAPID TRANSPORTATION




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARS




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSES




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSESPARKING GATES




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSESPARKING GATESPALLETS




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSESPARKING GATESPALLETSPERSONNEL ENTRY




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSESPARKING GATESPALLETSPERSONNEL ENTRYLIBRARY MANAGEMENT




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSESPARKING GATESPALLETSPERSONNEL ENTRYLIBRARY MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL PROTECTION




17

RAPID TRANSPORTATIONRAIL CARSTOLLBOOTH PASSESPARKING GATESPALLETSPERSONNEL ENTRYLIBRARY MANAGEMENTFINANCIAL PROTECTION“BEST CUSTOMER” CARDS




17





PRODUCT INVENTORY

17





PRODUCT INVENTORYPRODUCT DISTRIBUTION

17






AIRLINE LUGGAGE / SECURITY

17







SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

17







SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

MEDICATION TRACKING

17







SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

MEDICATION TRACKINGFOOD TRACEABILITY

17







SCHOOL ATTENDANCE

MEDICATION TRACKINGFOOD TRACEABILITY

ENVIRONMENTAL, ANIMAL, POULTRY, FISH, WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT

18

RFID TAG CONTAINING A MICROCHIP SURROUNDED BY COPPER STRANDS THAT ACT

AS AN ANTENNA

COURTESY OF INTERMEC TECHNOLOGIES

SOURCE: WASHINGTON POST

19

CURRENT RFID TAG TYPES BY FORM, DIMENSIONS, AND MAIN APPLICATION

TECHNOLOGY – UWB?

FORM DIMENSIONS MAIN APPLICATION

DISK SEVERAL mm TO TENS OF mm•CLOTHING MANAGEMENT

•TAGS FOR EMBEDDING IN DEVICES

TUBE SEVERAL mm TO TENS OF mm•ANIMAL / AQUATIC MANAGEMENT

•PALLET MANAGEMENT

LABEL SEVERAL mm TO TENS OF mm

•TAGS FOR POINT-OF-SERVICE PAYMENT

•DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT

•FREIGHT MANAGEMENT

CARD 85 x 54 x SEVERAL mm

•PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION PASSES

•TELEPHONE CARDS

•ID CARDS FOR ENTRY / EXIT

BOX 50 x 50 x 10 mm ~•VEHICLE MANAGEMENT

•CONTAINER MANAGEMENT

SOURCE: NEW BREEZE, ITU ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN 2004

20

FORECAST OF RFID ECONOMIC IMPACT

IMPEDED USE DUE TO UNRESOLVED ISSUES (STANDARDIZATION, TECHNOLOGY, AND

PRIVACY)

SUFFICIENT ENVIRONMENT

DESPITE UNSOLVED ISSUES

FAST WIDESPREAD USE DUE TO TECHNOLOGY ISSUES, AND LOWER

COST

NEGATIVE CASE

BASE CASE

POSITIVE CASE

SOURCE: NEW BREEZE, ITU ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN 2004

$81 BILLION $155 BILLION $282 BILLION

21

POWER LINE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

21


• ADVANCED DIGITAL PROCESSING AND MODULATION

21



• MULTIPLE CARRIERS

21




• SERVICE OUT TO ≈ TWO KILOMETERS

21




• SERVICE OUT TO ≈ TWO KILOMETERS• 2 to 80 MHz BANDWIDTHS - - UP to 80 MHz RF

21




• SERVICE OUT TO ≈ TWO KILOMETERS• 2 to 80 MHz BANDWIDTHS - - UP to 80 MHz RF

• TELECOMMUNICATIONS ACCESS TO NEIGHBORHOODS OR TO BUILDINGS OR HOMES WHERE EXISTS POWER INFRASTRUCTURE

22

BPL BENEFITS

22

BPL BENEFITS• COMPETITION TO DSL, CABLE, AND SATELLITE

22

BPL BENEFITS• COMPETITION TO DSL, CABLE, AND SATELLITE• ACCESS TO WHEREVER THERE IS MAINS

POWER

22


POWER

• REDUNDANCY AT LOW COST

22


POWER

• REDUNDANCY AT LOW COST• BETTER MANAGEMENT OF ELECTRIC GRIDS

22


POWER


• SMART HOME APPLICANCES

22


POWER


• SMART HOME APPLICANCES• REMOTE NOTIFICATION (SECURITY, TRAFFIC,

REMOTE METER READING, INTERNET CONNECTIVITY)

23

BPL RULES

23

BPL RULESUNLICENSED

23

BPL RULESUNLICENSEDNO HARMFUL INTERFERENCE

23

BPL RULESUNLICENSEDNO HARMFUL INTERFERENCEMUST ACCEPT INTERFERENCE

23

BPL RULESUNLICENSEDNO HARMFUL INTERFERENCEMUST ACCEPT INTERFERENCELIMITED RF EMISSION (TABLE)

23

BPL RULESUNLICENSEDNO HARMFUL INTERFERENCEMUST ACCEPT INTERFERENCELIMITED RF EMISSION (TABLE)12 AERONAUTICAL BANDS RESTRICTED (TABLE)

23

BPL RULESUNLICENSEDNO HARMFUL INTERFERENCEMUST ACCEPT INTERFERENCELIMITED RF EMISSION (TABLE)12 AERONAUTICAL BANDS RESTRICTED (TABLE)REQUIRED CONSULTATION WITH PUBLIC SAFETY AND

AERONAUTICAL SITES

23


AERONAUTICAL SITESEXCLUSION ZONES

2182 kHz WITHIN 1 km OF A MARITIME STATION73-74.6 MHz WITHIN 29 km (OVERHEAD) AND 11 km

(UNDERGROUND) OF RADIOASTRONOMY

23


AERONAUTICAL SITESEXCLUSION ZONES

2182 kHz WITHIN 1 km OF A MARITIME STATION73-74.6 MHz WITHIN 29 km (OVERHEAD) AND 11 km

(UNDERGROUND) OF RADIOASTRONOMY

ADAPTIVE IX MITIGATION TECHNIQUESEXCLUDE OR NOTCH ANY SPECIFIC FREQUENCYREMOTELY TURN OFF ANY BPL DEVICE

24

BPL EXCLUDED AERONAUTICAL FREQUENCIES

2850 – 3025 kHz 3400 – 3500 kHz 4650 – 4700 kHz

5450 – 5680 kHz 6525 – 6685 kHz 8815 – 8965 kHz

10005 – 10100 kHz 11275 – 11400 kHz 13260 – 13360 kHz

17900 – 17970 kHz 21924 – 22000 kHz 74.8 – 75.2 MHz

25

SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT (ITU-R SG 1) STUDIES

25


• HOW ARE INTERACTIVE MULTIMEDIA APPLICATIONS OF TERRESTRIAL FIXED, MOBILE, AND BROADCASTING SERVICES CONVERGING TECHNICALLY?

25



• HOW DOES TECHNICAL CONVERGENCE IMPACT ON THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RADIO REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT?

25



• HOW DOES TECHNICAL CONVERGENCE IMPACT ON THE NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL RADIO REGULATORY ENVIRONMENT?

• IF TECHNICAL CONVERGENCE IMPACTS THE SERVICE DEFINITIONS OF THE RADIO REGULATIONS, HOW SHOULD THE DEFINITIONS (FIXED, MOBILE, AND BROADCASTING) BE REVISED?

26

BROADCAST (ITU-R SG 6) STUDIES

26

BROADCAST (ITU-R SG 6) STUDIES

STUDY GROUP 6 STUDIES TERRESTRIAL AND SATELLITE BROADCASTING FROM END-TO-END, INCLUDING VISION, SOUND, MULTIMEDIA AND DATA SERVICES INTENDED FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC. USE IS MADE OF POINT-TO-EVERYWHERE INFORMATION DELIVERY. WHEN RETURN CHANNELS ARE REQUIRED FOR ACCESS CONTROL, E.G., INTERACTIVITY, AN ASYMMETRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE IS USED.

27

DIGITAL FM BROADCAST

27


• 88 - 108 MHz BAND

27


• 88 - 108 MHz BAND• EXISTING FM RADIO STATIONS USE EITHER +/- 75 kHz

DEVIATION AT 200 kHz CHANNEL SEPARATION, OR +/- 50 kHz DEVIATION AT 100 kHz CHANNEL SEPARATION

27




• IN-BAND ON CHANNEL (IBOC) DIGITAL OVERLAY EXPERIMENTS

27





• IBOC DIGITAL SIGNAL INSERTED ~20 dB BELOW THE ANALOG FM SIGNAL

27





• IBOC DIGITAL SIGNAL INSERTED ~20 dB BELOW THE ANALOG FM SIGNAL

• OTHER STANDARDS BEING DISCUSSED INTERNATIONALLY WITH THE HOPE OF FINDING A COMMON GLOBAL STANDARD

28

DIGITAL SOUND BROADCASTING BELOW 30 MHz

28

DIGITAL SOUND BROADCASTING BELOW 30 MHz

THE WORLD BROADCASTING UNION AND THE ITU HAVEBEEN COOPERATING IN SUPPORT OF STUDIES LEADING

TO THE ADOPTION OF SINGLE WORLDWIDEBROADCASTING STANDARDS, PARTICULARLY:• SINGLE COMMON DIGITAL SOUND BROADCAST

SYSTEM IN LF, MF, AND HF

• DIGITAL CODING AND MODULATION COMPATIBLE WITH EXISTING STATION PLANNING

• WHAT ARE ADVANTAGES OVER ANALOG?

• WHAT ARE NEW SERVICES?• COMPLEXITY OF DUAL STANDARD (ANALOG AND

29

DIGITAL TELEVISION

29

DIGITAL TELEVISION

• HIGH DEFINITION DEFINED AS EQUIVALENT TO A 35 mm CINEMA PICTURE

29

DIGITAL TELEVISION


• TWO COMMON GLOBAL STANDARD (ANALOG) TELEVISION BROADCAST CHANNEL BANDWIDTHS, 6 MHz AND 8 MHz

29

DIGITAL TELEVISION



• THERE IS A COMMON DIGITAL TELEVISION DISPLAY FORMAT BUT DIFFERENT RF MODULATION SCHEMES (COFDM AND 8VSB)

29

DIGITAL TELEVISION




• TRANSITION FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL

29

DIGITAL TELEVISION




• TRANSITION FROM ANALOG TO DIGITAL• VERY POLITICAL (RRC-06)

30

INTERACTIVE TELEVISION

30


STUDIES ARE UNDERWAY OF

30


STUDIES ARE UNDERWAY OFINTERACTIVE TELEVISION SERVICES

30


STUDIES ARE UNDERWAY OFINTERACTIVE TELEVISION SERVICESSO AS TO FACILITATE APPROPRIATE

30



LICENSING:

30



LICENSING:

– VIDEO PIPELINE (MPEG VIDEO)?

30



LICENSING:

– VIDEO PIPELINE (MPEG VIDEO)?– HIGH SPEED INTERNET PROTOCOL?

30



LICENSING:

– VIDEO PIPELINE (MPEG VIDEO)?– HIGH SPEED INTERNET PROTOCOL?– CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT?

30



LICENSING:

– VIDEO PIPELINE (MPEG VIDEO)?– HIGH SPEED INTERNET PROTOCOL?– CUSTOMER PREMISES EQUIPMENT?– ANTI-COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR?

31

BSS-TERRESTRIAL SHARING

31


• SHARING WITH GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE, BROADCAST SATELLITE SERVICE (BSS), IS FEASIBLE

31



• UNIQUE TECHNICAL APPROACH

31



• UNIQUE TECHNICAL APPROACH• INTERFERENCE TESTING

31



• UNIQUE TECHNICAL APPROACH• INTERFERENCE TESTING• POLITICALLY SENSITIVE

32

GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT

33

THREE-DIMENSIONAL TELEVISION

33


JAPAN PLANS, STARTING IN 2006, TO

33


JAPAN PLANS, STARTING IN 2006, TOCREATE 3-D, HOLOGRAPHIC, VIRTUAL

33


JAPAN PLANS, STARTING IN 2006, TOCREATE 3-D, HOLOGRAPHIC, VIRTUALTELEVISION IMAGING FOR THE HOME

33


JAPAN PLANS, STARTING IN 2006, TOCREATE 3-D, HOLOGRAPHIC, VIRTUALTELEVISION IMAGING FOR THE HOMEMARKET BY YEAR 2020.

33



(MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIAL

33



(MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIALAND SONY HAVE PUBLISHED AN

33



(MATSUSHITA ELECTRIC INDUSTRIALAND SONY HAVE PUBLISHED ANINTERMIM REPORT, JULY 2005)

34

TECHNOLOGY CONTINUES TO EVOLVEU

S $

- L

OG

AR

ITH

MIC

SC

AL

E

35

NEW COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY6 GIGABYTES STORAGE IN A SMALL PACKAGE - 2005

SOURCE: TOSHIBA

36

MOORE’S LAWFAMOUS FORECAST BY INTEL FOUNDER GORDON

MOORE: THE NUMBER OF TRANSISTORS ON A CHIP WOULD ROUGHLY DOUBLE EVERY TWO YEARS

INTEL HAS ACHIEVED A MILESTONE IN SHRINKING THE SIZE OF TRANSISTORS TO POWER ITS NEXT-GENERATION CHIPS TO 35 NANOMETERS

EVEN CURRENT 90 NANOMETER TRANSISTORS HAVE PROBLEMS WITH HEAT AND POWER DISSIPATION

65 NANOMETER TRANSISTORS DELIVERED IN 2005

35 NANOMETER TRANSISTORS (30% SMALLER THAN TODAY’S STATE-OF-THE-ART CHIPS) ARE USED ON 70 MBIT MEMORY CHIPS

POSSIBLE WITH NEW MATERIALS, PROCESSES, AND CHIP STRUCTURES

SLEEP TRANSISTORS SHUT OFF ELECTRICAL CURRENT TO CHIP PARTS (NOT BEING USED) à DECREASING HEAT GENERATION AND HELPING BATTERY-POWERED DEVICES LAST LONGER

MOORE’S LAW HOLDS

37

NEW COMPUTER CHIPSMULTIPLE FUNCTIONS REPLACE SPEED AS MAIN

FEATURE

NEW CHIPS SIMULTANEOUSLY RUN MULTIPLE TASKS SUCH AS BURNING CDS AND WORD PROCESSING

WORLD’S BIGGEST SEMICONDUCTOR MAKER DESIGNING CHIPS WITH MORE THAN ONE PROCESSOR

“A SEA CHANGE IN COMPUTING” – MOVING FROM FASTER CHIPS TO MULTIPLE FUNCTION CHIPS

TRADITION HAS BEEN INCREASING CHIP “CLOCKSPEED” (NUMBER OF CALCULATIONS PER SECOND)

“CLOCKSPEED” TODAY IS 36 TIMES FASTER THAN IN 1995, BUT USERS WANT FEATURES SUCH AS A LONGER BATTERY LIFE, SURROUND SOUND, AND MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS

EACH NEW CHIP HAS ON THE ORDER OF 2 MILLION TRANSISTORS

SOURCE: WASHINGTON POST

38

GENERIC “S-CURVE”

39

“S-CURVES” FOR VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1920

1921

1922

1923

1924

1925

1926

1927

1928

1929

1930

1931

1932

1933

1934

1935

1936

1937

1938

1939

1940

1941

1942

1943

1944

1945

1946

1947

1948

1949

1950

1951

1952

1953

1954

1955

1956

1957

1958

1959

1960

1961

1962

1963

1964

1965

1966

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971

1972

1973

1974

1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

TelephonesElectricityTV's (Color)Cable (basic)VCR'sPC'sInternet Access

40

GLOBAL DIGITAL MOBILE AND INTERNET S-CURVES

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

Mobile Telephone Penetration Internet Penetration

Source: ITU World Telecommunication Indicators Database.

frontiers of radiocommunicationswireless.ictp.it/school_2006/lectures/luther/frontiers.pdf · ieee...

Documents