fruits of warm climates, 3rd edition - morton

8/12/2019 Fruits of Warm Climates, 3rd Edition - Morton

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FRUITS of WARM CLIMATES

ByDr. Julia F. Morton

JULIA F. MORTON is Resear! "rofessor of Biolo#y an$ Diretor of t!e MortonColletanea% Uni&ersity of Mia'i% an$ resear! an$ infor'ation enter $e&ote$ toeono'i (otany. S!e reei&e$ !er D.S. fro' Flori$a State Uni&ersity in )*+, an$ -as

elete$ a Fello- of t!e Linnean Soiety of Lon$on in )*+. S!e !as on$ute$ e/tensi&efiel$ stu$ies for t!e U.S. National Institutes of 0ealt! an$ t!e De1art'ent of Defense% !asser&e$ as !ortiultural $e&elo1'ent onsultant in Flori$a an$ tro1ial A'eria% an$%sine )*2% !as (een onsultant for t!e "oison Control Centers in Flori$a. In )*+3% s!e-as selete$ as t!e First Distin#uis!e$ Eono'i Botanist (y t!e international Soietyfor Eono'i Botany. S!e ser&e$ as "resi$ent of t!e Flori$a State 0ortiultural Soietyin )*+*. S!e is a 'e'(er of t!e Boar$ of Trustees of Fair!il$ Tro1ial 4ar$en% Mia'i%an$ of t!e Boar$ of Diretors of t!e Flori$a National "ar5s an$ Monu'ents Assoiation.S!e is t!e aut!or of )6 (oo5s an$ o7aut!or of or ontri(utor to )8 ot!ers9 !as -ritten *sientifi 1a1ers an$ o7aut!ore$ 8+ ot!ers9 !as 1ro$ue$ 8 full7olor -all !arts of1oisonous 1lants9 a set of Sur&i&al Car$s for Sout!east Asia an$ a )2+71a#e re1ort on t!e

Sur&i&al7relate$ Flora an$ Fauna of t!e Me5on# for t!e U.S. De1art'ent of Defense. S!eis -ell 5no-n as a leturer on to/i% e$i(le an$ ot!er-ise useful 1lants.

Dr. Julia F. Morton

)


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4eneral flo- of infor'ation in t!is (oo5

Desri1tion Ori#in an$ Distri(ution :arieties Cli'ate Soil "ro1a#ation Culture Season 0ar&estin# ;iel$ "ests an$ Diseases Foo$ Uses

To/iity Ot!er Uses

8
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Description%23Descriptionhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Origin%20and%20Distribution%23Origin%20and%20Distributionhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Varieties%23Varietieshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Climate%23Climatehttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Soil%23Soilhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Propagation%23Propagationhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Culture%23Culturehttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Season%23Seasonhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Harvesting%23Harvestinghttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Yield%23Yieldhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Pests%20and%20Diseases%23Pests%20and%20Diseaseshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Food%20Uses%23Food%20Useshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Toxicity%23Toxicityhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Other%20Uses%23Other%20Useshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Origin%20and%20Distribution%23Origin%20and%20Distributionhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Varieties%23Varietieshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Climate%23Climatehttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Soil%23Soilhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Propagation%23Propagationhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Culture%23Culturehttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Season%23Seasonhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Harvesting%23Harvestinghttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Yield%23Yieldhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Pests%20and%20Diseases%23Pests%20and%20Diseaseshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Food%20Uses%23Food%20Useshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Toxicity%23Toxicityhttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Other%20Uses%23Other%20Useshttp://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/soursop.html#Description%23Description


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MORACEAEFi#

Brea$fruitJa5fruit an$ Relate$ S1eies

Fig

Ficus carica

W!ile t!e anient !istory of t!e fi# enters aroun$ t!e Me$iterranean re#ion% an$ it is'ost o''only ulti&ate$ in 'il$7te'1erate li'ates% it ne&ert!eless !as its 1lae intro1ial an$ su(tro1ial !ortiulture. Botanially i$entifie$ asFicus caricaL.


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"late :@ FI4%Ficus carica

Description

T!e fi# is a tree of s'all $i'ensions% )6 to ,6 ft


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o''erial fi# ulture 1ossi(le. Fro' :ir#inia% fi# ulture s1rea$ to t!e Carolinas%4eor#ia% Flori$a% Ala(a'a% Mississi11i% Louisiana an$ Te/as. T!e tree -as 1lante$ inBer'u$a in early ti'es an$ -as o''on aroun$ Ba!a'ian 1lantations in Colonial $ays.It (ea'e a fa'iliar $ooryar$ 1lant in t!e West In$ies% an$ at 'e$iu' an$ lo- altitu$esin Central A'eria an$ nort!ern Sout! A'eria. T!ere are fair7sie$ 1lantations on

'ountainsi$es of 0on$uras an$ at lo- ele&ations on t!e "aifi si$e of Costa Ria. Fro'Flori$a to nort!ern Sout! A'eria an$ in In$ia only t!e o''on fi# is #ro-n. C!ile an$Ar#entina #ro- t!e ty1es suite$ to ooler ones.

In :eneuela% t!e fi# is one of t!e fruits in #reatest $e'an$ (y fruit 1roessors. Beauseof t!e ina$e>uate su11ly% a 1ro#ra' -as laun!e$ in )*6 to enoura#e o''erial1lantin#s. In )*+% fres! fi#s -ere re#ar$e$ as !i#!ly $esira(le lu/uries an$ -ere sellin#for .,2 to +.82 1er l( uire 1ollination. Most 1o1ular a'on# t!ese are Celeste an$Bro-n Tur5ey% follo-e$ (y Bruns-i5 an$ Marseilles% $esri(e$ as follo-s@

'Celeste'G1ear7s!a1e$% ri((e$% so'eti'es -it! a s!ort ne5 an$ slen$er stal5 to , inuality9 al'ost see$less. Main ro1 is !ea&y (ut ofs!ort $uration. T!ere is rarely an early% ?(re(a?% ro1.

'Brown Turkey'G(roa$71yrifor'% usually -it!out ne59 'e$iu' to lar#e9 o11er7olore$9 1ul1 is -!itis! s!a$in# to 1in5 or li#!t re$9 of #oo$ to &ery #oo$ >uality9 -it!fe- see$s. T!e tree is 1rolifi. T!e 'ain ro1% (e#innin# in 'i$7July% is lar#e9 t!e early%(re(a% ro1 is s'all. T!is ulti&ar is -ell a$a1te$ to -ar' li'ates. It is #ro-n on all t!eislan$s of 0a-aii.

'Brunswick'


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'Marseilles'


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$e&elo1'ent an$ ri1enin# are $etri'ental to t!e ro1% ausin# t!e fruits to s1lit. T!e se'iari$ tro1ial an$ su(tro1ial re#ions of t!e -orl$ are i$eal for fi#7#ro-in# if 'eans ofirri#ation are a&aila(le. But &ery !ot% $ry s1ells -ill ause fruit7$ro1 e&en if t!e trees areirri#ate$.

$oil

T!e fi# an (e #ro-n on a -i$e ran#e of soils9 li#!t san$% ri! loa'% !ea&y lay orli'estone% 1ro&i$in# t!ere is suffiient $e1t! an$ foo$ $raina#e. San$y soil t!at is'e$iu'7$ry an$ ontains a #oo$ $eal of li'e is 1referre$ -!en t!e ro1 is inten$e$ for$ryin#. 0i#!ly ai$ soils are unsuita(le. T!e 10 s!oul$ (e (et-een .6 an$ .2. T!e treeis fairly tolerant of 'o$erate salinity.

Propagation

Fi# trees !a&e (een raise$ fro' see$% e&en see$ e/trate$ fro' o''erial $rie$ fruits.4roun$7 or air7layerin# an (e $one satisfatorily% an$ ra1i$ 'ass 'ulti1liation (y tissueulture !as (een a!ie&e$ in 4reee% (ut t!e tree is o''only 1ro1a#ate$ (y uttin#s of'ature -oo$ 8 to , years of a#e% )8 to , in


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Fi# trees usually (ear 8 ro1s a year% t!e early season


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-ea5ene$ (y e/essi&e !u'i$ity or 1rolon#e$ $rou#!t% an$ t!e lesser ene'y% Saissetiahaemispherica.

A o''on an$ -i$es1rea$ 1ro(le' is leaf rust ause$ (y Cerotelium fici9 (rin#in# a(out1re'ature leaf fall an$ re$uin# yiel$s. It is 'ost 1re&alent in rainy seasons. Leaf s1ot

results fro' infetion (y Cylindrocladium scopariumor Cercospora fici. Fi# 'osai isause$ (y a &irus an$ is inura(le. Affete$ trees 'ust (e $estroye$.

T!e $rie$ fruit (eetle% or sour (u#% Carpophiluss11.% enters t!e fruit t!rou#! t!e eye an$lea$s to sourin# an$ s'ut ause$ (yAspergillus niger. T!is fun#us 'ay atta5 ri1enin#fruits.

Food *ses

So'e 1eo1le 1eel t!e s5in (a5 fro' t!e ste' en$ to e/1ose t!e fles! for eatin# out of7!an$. T!e 'ore fasti$ious eater !ol$s t!e fruit (y t!e ste' en$% uts t!e fruit into >uarters

fro' t!e a1e/% s1rea$s t!e setions a1art an$ lifts t!e fles! fro' t!e s5in -it! a 5nife(la$e% $isar$in# t!e ste' an$ s5in. Co''erially% fi#s are 1eele$ (y i''ersion for )'inute in (oilin# lye -ater or a (oilin# solution of so$iu' (iar(onate. In -ar'% !u'i$li'ates% fi#s are #enerally eaten fres! an$ ra- -it!out 1eelin#% an$ t!ey are often ser&e$-it! rea' an$ su#ar. "eele$ or un1eele$% t!e fruits 'ay (e 'erely ste-e$ or oo5e$ in&arious -ays% as in 1ies% 1u$$in#s% a5es% (rea$ or ot!er (a5ery 1ro$uts% or a$$e$ to ierea' 'i/. 0o'e o-ners 1reser&e t!e -!ole fruits in su#ar siru1 or 1re1are t!e' as a'%'ar'ala$e% or 1aste. Fi# 1aste ueurs an$ to(ao.

To+icity

T!e late/ of t!e unri1e fruits an$ of any 1art of t!e tree 'ay (e se&erely irritatin# to t!es5in if not re'o&e$ 1ro'1tly. It is an ou1ational !aar$ not only to fi# !ar&esters an$1a5ers (ut also to -or5ers in foo$ in$ustries% an$ to t!ose -!o e'1loy t!e late/ to treats5in $iseases.

*


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Car(o!y$rates )+.)786.,# *.)#

Fi(er ).878.8 # 2. #

As! 6.3 6.32 # 8., #

Caliu' ,27+3.8 '# )8 '#

"!os1!orus 887,8.* '# ++ '#

Iron 6.7.6* '# ,.6 '#

So$iu' 8.6 '# , '#

"otassiu' )* '# 6 '#

Carotene 6.6),76.)*2 '# G

as :ita'in A 8678+6 I.U. 36 I.U.

T!ia'ine 6.6,76.6 '# 6.)6 '#

Ri(ofla&in 6.62,76.6+* '# 6.)6 '#

Niain 6.,876.)8 '# 6.+ '#

Asor(i Ai$ )8.87)+. '# 6 '#

Citri Ai$ 6.)676. '#

Note@ T!ere are s'all a'ounts of 'ali% (ori an$ o/ali ai$s.

Aor$in# to analyses 'a$e in In$ia% 0a-aii% Central A'eria% an$ (y t!e U.S.De1art'ent of A#riulture in Was!in#ton% D.C

))


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Bread.ruitArtocarpus altilis

One of t!e #reat foo$ 1ro$uers in its real' an$ -i$ely 5no-n% at least (y na'e% t!rou#!its ro'antiie$ an$ $ra'atie$ !istory% t!e (rea$fruit%Artocarpus altilisFos(.


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Description

T!e (rea$fruit tree is !an$so'e an$ fast #ro-in#% rea!in# 32 ft


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In t!e #reen sta#e% t!e fruit is !ar$ an$t!e interior is -!ite% star!y an$so'e-!at fi(rous. W!en fully ri1e% t!efruit is so'e-!at soft% t!e interior isrea' olore$ or yello- an$ 1asty% also

s-eetly fra#rant. T!e see$s areirre#ularly o&al% roun$e$ at one en$%1ointe$ at t!e ot!er% a(out , in uesas in )2*2% t!en in Ta!iti in )6. Att!e (e#innin# of t!e )3t! Century% t!e early En#lis! e/1lorers -ere lou$ in its 1raises%an$ its fa'e% to#et!er -it! se&eral 1erio$s of fa'ine in Ja'aia (et-een )+36 an$ )+3%ins1ire$ 1lantation o-ners in t!e Britis! West In$ies to 1etition in# 4eor#e III toi'1ort see$less (rea$fruit trees to 1ro&i$e foo$ for t!eir sla&es.

T!ere is #oo$ e&i$ene t!at t!e Fren! na&i#ator Sonnerat in )++8 o(taine$ t!e see$e$(rea$fruit in t!e "!ili11ines an$ (rou#!t it to t!e Fren! West In$ies. It see's also t!atso'e see$less an$ see$e$ (rea$fruit 1lants rea!e$ Ja'aia fro' a Fren! s!i1 (oun$ forMartini>ue (ut a1ture$ (y t!e Britis! in )+38. T!ere -ere at least t-o 1lants of t!esee$e$ (rea$fruit in Ja'aia in )+3 an$ $istri(utions -ere >ui5ly 'a$e to t!e ot!erislan$s. T!ere is a reor$ of a 1lant !a&in# (een sent fro' Martini>ue to t!e St. :inentBotanial 4ar$en (efore )+*,. T!e story of Ca1tain Bli#!s first &oya#e to Ta!iti% in

Fi#. ) Brea$fruit is (orne sin#ly or in 8s or ,s at t!e(ran! ti1s of t!is !an$so'e% lar#e7lea&e$ tree.

)


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)+3+% an$ t!e loss of !is ar#o of )%6)2 1otte$ (rea$fruit 1lants on !is $isastrous return&oya#e is -ell 5no-n. 0e set out a#ain in )+*) an$ $eli&ere$ 2 $ifferent 5in$s totallin#8%)8 1lants to Ja'aia in Fe(ruary )+*,. On t!at islan$% t!e see$less (rea$fruitflouris!e$ an$ it a'e to (e o''only 1lante$ in ot!er islan$s of t!e West In$ies% in t!elo-lan$s of Central A'eria an$ nort!ern Sout! A'eria. In so'e areas% only t!e

see$less ty1e is #ro-n% in ot!ers% 1artiularly 0aiti% t!e see$e$ is 'ore o''on. Ja'aiais (y far t!e lea$in# 1ro$uer of t!e see$less ty1e% follo-e$ (y St. Luia. In Ne- 4uinea%only t!e see$e$ ty1e is #ro-n for foo$.

It !as (een su##este$ t!at t!e see$e$ (rea$fruit -as arrie$ (y S1aniar$s fro' t!e"!ili11ines to Me/io an$ Central A'eria lon# (efore any rea!e$ t!e West In$ies. Ont!e "aifi oast of Central A'eria% t!e see$e$ ty1e is o''on an$ stan$ar$ fare for$o'esti s-ine. On t!e Atlanti Coast% see$less &arieties are 'u! onsu'e$ (y 1eo1leof Afrian ori#in. T!e (rea$fruit tree is 'u! #ro-n for s!a$e in ;uatan. It is &eryo''on in t!e lo-lan$s of Colo'(ia% a 1o1ular foo$ in t!e Caua :alley% t!e C!oo%an$ t!e San An$res Islan$s9 'ostly fe$ to li&e sto5 in ot!er areas. In 4uyana% in )*+3%

a(out )%666 ne- (rea$fruit trees -ere (ein# 1ro$ue$ ea! year (ut not nearly enou#! tofill re>uests for 1lants. T!ere an$ in Trini$a$% (eause of 'any Asians in t!e 1o1ulation%(ot! see$e$ an$ see$less (rea$fruits are 'u! a11reiate$ as a re#ular artile of t!e $iet9in so'e ot!er areas of t!e Cari((ean% (rea$fruit is re#ar$e$ 'erely as a foo$ for t!e 1oorfor use only in e'er#enies. No-a$ays% it is attratin# t!e attention of #our'ets an$so'e islan$s are 'a5in# s'all s!i1'ents to t!e Unite$ States% Cana$a an$ Euro1e fors1eialie$ et!ni 'ar5ets. In t!e "alau Islan$s of t!e Sout! "aifi% (rea$fruit is (ein#outlasse$ (y assa&a an$ i'1orte$ flour an$ rie. For so'e ti'e (rea$fruit -as losin##roun$ to taro


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Class &@ Leaf entire% or -it! one or t-o% oasionally% t!ree lo(es.

'(o/o'G roun$9 in


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'Balekana 0i $a#oa'Groun$9 to 2 in ui5ly.

'Balekana Dina'Go&al9 to 3 in


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'Balekana 0i $a#oa'Groun$9 2 to 2 )8 in


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oo5s >ui5ly o&er fire. Fruit (orne in 8s an$ ,s. "o1ularly lai'e$ to (e one of t!e (est(rea$fruits.

'Mao!i'Gfruit roun$9 in ui5ly. Ri1ensearlier t!an ot!ers. W!en t!e (rea$fruit ro1 is sant% t!e fruits of t!is ulti&ar are store$(y (uryin# in t!e #roun$ until nee$e$% e&en for a year% t!en ta5en u1% -ra11e$ inCordylinelea&es an$ (oile$.

'Pucro'Gfruit s1!erial or elon#ate$9 lar#e9 rin$ yello-7#reen -it! s'all (ro-n s1ots%&ery rou#!% s1iny% t!in9 1ul1 li#!t7yello- an$ s'oot!% of e/ellent fla&or. Coo5s >ui5ly.0i#!ly estee'e$% ran5e$ -it! t!e &ery (est (rea$fruits. T!ere are t-o o(lon# for's% one-it! a lar#e% !airy ore.

'2are'Gfruit (roa$7o&oi$9 to + in


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a s'all oastal &alley -!ere t!ere is !ea&y rainfall. It is of lar#e $i'ensions an$ !i#!7(ran!in# an$ it is $iffiult to !ar&est t!e fruits.

'Vai Paere'Gfruit is o(o&oi$9 )6 to )8 in uires a te'1erature ran#e of 6 to )66F uent $rou#!ts. In Central A'eria% it is #ro-nonly (elo- 8%666 ft


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li'ati an$ soil on$itions% an$ t!at ea! s!oul$ (e 'at!e$ -it! its 1ro1eren&iron'ent. T!e Ta!itian Manitar&a5a is 5no-n to (e $rou#!t7resistant. T!e &arietyMai7Tari5a% of t!e 4il(ert Islan$s% is salt7tolerant. Me-aan% a see$e$ &ariety of t!eMars!all Islan$s% is not !ar'e$ (y (ra5is! -ater nor salt s1ray an$ !as (een intro$ue$into Western Sa'oa an$ Ta!iti.

Propagation

T!e see$e$ (rea$fruit is al-ays #ro-n fro' see$s% -!i! 'ust (e 1lante$ -!en fairlyfres! as t!ey lose &ia(ility in a fe- -ee5s. T!e see$less (rea$fruit is often 1ro1a#ate$ (ytrans1lantin# su5ers -!i! s1rin# u1 naturally fro' t!e roots. One an $eli(eratelyin$ue su5ers (y uno&erin# an$ inurin# a root. "runin# t!e 1arent tree -ill inreaset!e nu'(er of su5ers% an$ root 1runin# ea! su5er se&eral ti'es o&er a 1erio$ of'ont!s (efore ta5in# it u1 -ill ontri(ute to its sur&i&al -!en trans1lante$. For'ulti1liation in >uantity% it is (etter to 'a5e root uttin#s a(out ) to 8 )8 in


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In t!e Sout! Seas% t!e tree fruits 'ore or less ontinuously% fruit in all sta#es of$e&elo1'ent (ein# 1resent on t!e tree t!e year aroun$% (ut t!ere are t-o or t!ree 'ainfruitin# 1erio$s. In t!e Caroline Islan$s an$ t!e 4il(ert Islan$s% t!e 'ain ri1enin# seasonis May to July or Se1te'(er9 in t!e Soiety Islan$s an$ Ne- 0e(ri$es% fro' No&e'(erto A1ril% t!e seon$ary ro1 (ein# in July an$ Au#ust. Brea$fruits are 'ost a(un$ant in

0a-aiian 'ar5ets off an$ on fro' July to Fe(ruary. Flo-erin# starts in Mar! innort!ern In$ia an$ fruits are rea$y for !ar&est in a(out , 'ont!s. See$e$ (rea$fruits#ro-in# in t!e Eastern Caroline Islan$s fruit only one a year (ut t!e season is , 'ont!slon#Gfro' Dee'(er to Mar!. See$less &arieties intro$ue$ fro' "ona1e (ear 8 to ,ti'es a year. In t!e Ba!a'as% (rea$fruit is a&aila(le 'ainly fro' June to No&e'(er% (utso'e fruits 'ay 'ature at ot!er ti'es $urin# t!e year.

%ar&esting and ield

Brea$fruits are 1i5e$ -!en 'aturity is in$iate$ (y t!e a11earane of s'all $ro1s oflate/ on t!e surfae. 0ar&esters li'( t!e trees an$ (rea5 t!e fruit stal5 -it! a for5e$

sti5 so t!at t!e fruit -ill fall. E&en t!ou#! t!is 'ay ause so'e (ruisin# or s1littin#% it isonsi$ere$ (etter t!an at!in# t!e fruits (y !an$ (eause t!e (ro5en 1e$iel lea5s 'u!late/. T!ey are 1a5e$ in artons in -!i! t!ey are se1arate$ in$i&i$ually (y $i&i$ers.

In t!e Sout! "aifi% t!e trees yiel$ 26 to )26 fruits 1er year. In sout!ern In$ia% nor'al1ro$ution is )26 to 866 fruits annually. "ro$uti&ity &aries (et-een -et an$ $ry areas.In t!e West In$ies% a onser&ati&e esti'ate is 82 fruits 1er tree. Stu$ies in Bar(a$osin$iate a reasona(le 1otential of .+ to ),. tons 1er are


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(osellinias1. In t!e "aifi Islan$sFusariums1. is (elie&e$ to (e t!e ause of $ie (a5%an$)ythiums1. is sus1ete$ in ases of root rot. A 'ysterious 'ala$y% alle$ ?"in#ala1$isease?% 5ille$ t!ousan$s of trees fro' )*2+ to )*6 in t!e 4il(ert an$ Ellie Islan$s% t!eCaroline Islan$s% Mars!alls an$ Mariannas. T!e folia#e -ilts an$ t!en t!e (ran! $ies(a5. So'eti'es t!e -!ole tree is affete$ an$ 5ille$ to t!e roots9 oasionally only !alf

of a tree $elines. T!e fun#us%)hytophthora palmivora% atta5s t!e fruit on t!e islan$ ofTru5.)homopsis%othiorellaan$)hylosporaause ste'7en$ rot.

Food *ses

Li5e t!e (anana an$ 1lantain% t!e (rea$fruit 'ay (e eaten ri1e as a fruit or un$erri1e as a&e#eta(le. For t!e latter 1ur1ose% it is 1i5e$ -!ile still star!y an$ is (oile$ or% in t!etra$itional "aifi Islan$ fas!ion% roaste$ in an un$er#roun$ o&en on 1re7!eate$ ro5s.So'eti'es it is ore$ an$ stuffe$ -it! oonut (efore roastin#. Malayans 1eel fir'7ri1efruits% slie t!e 1ul1 an$ fry it in siru1 or 1al' su#ar until it is ris1 an$ (ro-n. Fili1inosenoy t!e oo5e$ fruit -it! oonut an$ su#ar.

Fully ri1e fruits% (ein# s-eeter% are (a5e$ -!ole -it! a little -ater in t!e 1an. So'eoo5s re'o&e t!e ste' an$ ore (efore oo5in# an$ 1ut (utter an$ su#ar in t!e a&ity%an$ ser&e -it! 'ore of t!e sa'e. Ot!ers 'ay ser&e t!e (a5e$ fruit -it! (utter% salt an$1e11er. Ri1e fruits 'ay (e !al&e$ or >uartere$ an$ stea'e$ for ) or 8 !ours an$ seasone$in t!e sa'e 'anner as (a5e$ fruits. T!e stea'e$ fruit is so'eti'es slie$% rolle$ in flouran$ frie$ in $ee1 fat. In 0a-aii% un$erri1e fruits are $ie$% (oile$% an$ ser&e$ -it! (utteran$ su#ar% or salt an$ 1e11er% or $ie$ an$ oo5e$ -it! ot!er &e#eta(les% (aon an$ 'il5as a !o-$er. In t!e Ba!a'as% (rea$fruit sou1 is 'a$e (y (oilin# un$erri1e !un5s of(rea$fruit in -ater until t!e li>ui$ (e#ins to t!i5en% t!en a$$in# oo5e$ salt 1or5%!o11e$ onion% -!ite 1e11er an$ salt% stirrin# till t!i5% t!en a$$in# 'il5 an$ (utter%

strainin#% a$$in# a (it of s!erry an$ si''erin# until rea$y to ser&e.

T!e 1ul1 sra1e$ fro' soft% ri1e (rea$fruits is o'(ine$ -it! oonut 'il5


24/405

(rea$fruits are s5inne$% -as!e$% >uartere$ an$ left to fer'ent in a 1it line$ an$ o&ere$-it! layers of (anana an$*eliconialea&es% an$ to11e$ -it! eart! an$ ro5s. T!e fruitsfer'ent for lon# 1erio$s% so'eti'es for se&eral years% an$ for' a 1asty 'ass alle$ masi.T!e see$s are s>ueee$ out% t!e 1aste is -ra11e$ in*eliconialea&es s'eare$ -it!oonut rea' an$ t!e 1ro$ut is (a5e$ for 8 !ours. T!ere is a stron#% !eese7li5e o$or%

(ut it is 'u! relis!e$ (y t!e nati&es.

T!e ori#inal 'et!o$ of 1oi 'a5in# in&ol&e$ 1eelin#% -as!in# an$ !al&in# t!e fruit%$isar$in# t!e ore% 1lain# t!e fruits in stone 1its line$ -it! lea&es of Cor$yl'eter'inalis unt!% alternatin# t!e layers of fruit -it! ol$ fer'ente$ 1o$% o&erin# t!eu11er layer -it! lea&es% to11in# t!e 1it -it! soil an$ ro5s an$ lea&in# t!e ontents tofer'ent% -!i! ai$ifies an$ 1reser&es t!e (rea$fruit for se&eral years.

Mo$ern 1oi is 'a$e fro' fir'7ri1e fruits% (oile$ -!ole until ten$er% ore$% slie$%#roun$% 1oun$e$ to a 1aste% 5nea$e$ -it! a$$e$ -ater to t!in it% straine$ t!rou#! lot!%an$ eaten. If it is to (e 5e1t in t!e refri#erator for 8 $ays% only a little -ater is a$$e$ in

5nea$in#9 'ore is a$$e$ an$ it is straine$ ust (efore ser&in#. Foo$ &alue an$$i#esti(ility are i'1ro&e$ (y 'i/in# -it! 1oi 'a$e fro' taro -!i! is rate$ !i#!ly as anon7aller#eni foo$. In t!e Sey!elles% t!e see$less (rea$fruit is ut into slies )8 in


25/405

T!e see$s are (oile$% stea'e$% roaste$ o&er a fire or in !ot oals an$ eaten -it! salt. InWest Afria% t!ey are so'eti'es 'a$e into a 1uree. In Costa Ria% t!e oo5e$ see$s aresol$ (y street &en$ors.

Un$erri1e fruits are oo5e$ for fee$in# to 1i#s. Soft7ri1e fruits nee$ not (e oo5e$ an$

onstitute a lar#e 1art of t!e ani'al fee$ in 'any (rea$fruit7#ro-in# areas of t!e Ol$ an$Ne- Worl$. Brea$fruit !as (een in&esti#ate$ as 1otential 'aterial for !i5fee$ (ut !as(een foun$ to 1ro$ue less -ei#!t #ain t!an assa&a or 'aie $es1ite !i#!er inta5e% an$ italso auses $elaye$ 'aturity.

E/1eri'ents (y te!nolo#ists at t!e Unite$ States De1art'ent of A#riultures WesternRe#ional Resear! La(oratory in Ber5eley% California% !a&e $e'onstrate$ t!at (rea$fruitan (e o''erially $e!y$rate$ (y tunnel $ryin# or freee7$ryin# an$ t!e -aste fro't!ese 1roesses onstitutes a !i#!ly7$i#esti(le sto5 fee$.

Foo$ :alue "er )66 # of E$i(le "ortion

Fruit+underripe!

ra,-

(ipe

+coo"ed-

Seeds

+fresh-

Seeds

+roasted-

Seeds

+dried-

Calories )627)6*

Moisture 8.+73*.) # +.3 #,2.6372.36#

,.36 #

"rotein ).,78.8 # )., # 2.827),., # +.+8 # ),.37)*.* #

Fat 6.)76.3 # 6.,) # 8.2*72.2* # ,.,6 # 2.)7)8.+* #

Car(o!y$rates 8).2 8*.* # 8+.38 #,6.3,7.6,#

).) # )2.*2 #

Fi(er ).63 8.) # ).2 # ).,78.)# ).+ # ,.67,.3+ #

As! 6.27).8 # ).8, # ).2672.23 # ).*6 # ,.87,.2 #

Caliu' 6.62 '# 6.688 # 6.)) '# 6 '# 6.)8 '#

"!os1!orus 6.6 '# 6.68'# 6.,2 '# )+3 '# 6.,+ '#

Iron 6.)78. '# ,.+3 '# 8. '#

Carotene6.66 '#


26/405

0isti$ine ). 6.*)

Isoleuine .+ 8.)

Leuine +. 8.6

Lysine 2.3

Met!ionine ).8 ,.)+

"!enylalanine 3., ).62

T!reonine .3 6.+3

Try1to1!an +.6

:aline +.3

As1arti Ai$ )6.3

4luta'i Ai$ ))., 6.*3

Alanine ,.* ).2,

4lyine +.8 6.*2

"roline .2 6.+8

Serine 2.+ 8.63

Tyrosine ).2

A o'1osite of analyses 'a$e in Central A'eria% Me/io% Colo'(ia% Afria an$ In$ia.

Note@ T!ere are re1orte$ly t-o eny'es in t!e (rea$fruitGpapayotinan$ artocarpine.

Ne#ron $e Bra&o an$ ollea#ues in "uerto Rio s!o- niain ontent u1 to 3.,, '# in$rie$% #roun$ see$s ollete$ loally.

It -ill (e seen fro' t!e a(o&e t!at t!e see$less (rea$fruit is lo- in 1rotein% t!e see$sonsi$era(ly !i#!er% an$ t!erefore t!e see$e$ (rea$fruit is atually of 'ore &alue as foo$.

Brea$fruit flour ontains .62K 1rotein9 +.+6K ar(o!y$rates% an$ ,,) alories% -!ileassa&a flour ontains% ).)K 1rotein% 3,.3,K ar(o(y$rates% an$ ,+ alories 1er )66 #.

To+icity

Most &arieties of (rea$fruit are 1ur#ati&e if eaten ra-. So'e &arieties are (oile$ t-iean$ t!e -ater t!ro-n a-ay% to a&oi$ un1leasant effets% -!ile t!ere are a fe- na'e$ulti&ars t!at an (e safely eaten -it!out oo5in#.

T!e ylo1ro1ane7ontainin# sterol% cycloartenol% !as (een isolate$ fro' t!e fres! fruit.It ontitutes )8K of t!e non7sa1onifia(le e/trat.

Ot!er *ses

8


27/405

-ea&es,Brea$fruit lea&es are ea#erly eaten (y $o'esti li&esto5. In In$ia% t!ey are fe$to attle an$ #oats9 in 4ua'% to attle% !orses an$ 1i#s. 0orses are a1t to eat t!e (ar5 ofyoun# trees as -ell% so ne- 1lantin#s 'ust (e 1rotete$ fro' t!e'.

-ate+,Brea$fruit late/ !as (een use$ in t!e 1ast as (ir$li'e on t!e ti1s of 1osts to at!

(ir$s. T!e early 0a-aiians 1lu5e$ t!e feat!ers for t!eir ere'onial loa5s% t!enre'o&e$ t!e #u''y su(stane fro' t!e (ir$s feet -it! oil fro' t!e an$lenut%AleuritesmoluccanaWill$.% or -it! su#arane uie% an$ release$ t!e'.

After (oilin# -it! oonut oil% t!e late/ ser&es for aul5in# (oats an$% 'i/e$ -it!olore$ eart!% is use$ as a 1aint for (oats.

1ood,T!e -oo$ is yello-is! or yello-7#ray -it! $ar5 'ar5in#s or oran#e s1e5les9li#!t in -ei#!t9 not &ery !ar$ (ut stron#% elasti an$ ter'ite resistant


28/405

Bread.ruitArtocarpus altilis

83


29/405

3ack.ruit

Artocarpus heterophyllus

T!e a5fruit%Artocarpus heterophyllusLa'.


30/405

3ack.ruit


31/405

'= lon# an$ to 86 in ue -ere ta5en toJa'aia -!ere t!e tree is no- o''on% an$ a(out )66 years later% t!e a5fruit 'a$e its

a11earane in Flori$a% 1resu'a(ly i'1orte$ (y t!e Reasoners Nursery fro' Ceylon. T!eUnite$ States De1art'ent of A#riultures(eport on the Conditions of $ropical andSemitropical Fruits in the nited States in /001states@ ?T!ere are (ut fe- s1ei'ens int!e State. Mr. Bi$-ell% at Orlan$o% !as a !ealt!y youn# tree% -!i! -as 5ille$ (a5 to t!e#roun$% !o-e&er% (y t!e freee of )33. ? T!ere are to$ay less t!an a $oen (earin#a5fruit trees in Sout! Flori$a an$ t!ese are &alue$ 'ainly as uriosities. Many see$s!a&e (een 1lante$ o&er t!e years (ut fe- see$lin#s !a&e sur&i&e$% t!ou#! t!e a5fruit is!ar$ier t!an its lose relati&e% t!e (rea$fruit .&.=.

,)


32/405

In Sout! In$ia% t!e a5fruit is a 1o1ular foo$ ran5in# ne/t to t!e 'an#o an$ (anana intotal annual 1ro$ution. T!ere are 'ore t!an )66%666 trees in (a5yar$s an$ #ro-n fors!a$e in (etelnut% offee% 1e11er an$ ar$a'o' 1lantations. T!e total area 1lante$ toa5fruit in all In$ia is alulate$ at )%38 ares


33/405

of t!e Mat!eson tree -!i! !e 'aintaine$ -ere !oney a5s are $efinitely yello- -!enri1e. T!e 'elaty1e 1re$o'inates in t!e West In$ies.

Fir'in#er $esri(e$ t-o ty1es@ t!e2hu4a


34/405

T!e a5fruit tree flouris!es in ri!% $ee1 soil of 'e$iu' or o1en te/ture% so'eti'es on$ee1 #ra&elly or laterite soil. It -ill #ro-% (ut 'ore slo-ly an$ not as tall in s!allo-li'estone. In In$ia% t!ey say t!at t!e tree #ro-s tall an$ t!in on san$% s!ort an$ t!i5 onstony lan$. It annot tolerate ?-et feet?. If t!e roots tou! -ater% t!e tree -ill not (earfruit or 'ay $ie.

Propagation

"ro1a#ation is usually (y see$s -!i! an (e 5e1t no lon#er t!an a 'ont! (efore1lantin#. 4er'ination re>uires , to 3 -ee5s (ut is e/1e$ite$ (y soa5in# see$s in -aterfor 8 !ours. Soa5in# in a )6K solution of #i((erelli ai$ results in )66K #er'ination.T!e see$s 'ay (e so-n in situor 'ay (e nursery7#er'inate$ an$ 'o&e$ -!en no 'oret!an lea&es !a&e a11eare$. A 'ore a$&ane$ see$lin#% -it! its lon# an$ $eliate ta1root% is &ery $iffiult to trans1lant suessfully. Bu$$in# an$ #raftin# atte'1ts !a&e often(een unsuessful% t!ou#! O!se onsi$ers t!e 'o$ifie$ For5ert 'et!o$ of (u$$in#feasi(le. Eit!er a5fruit or !a'1e$a5 .&.= see$lin#s 'ay ser&e as rootsto5s an$ t!e

#raftin# 'ay (e $one at any ti'e of year. Inar!in# !as (een 1ratie$ an$ a$&oate$ (ut1resents t!e sa'e 1ro(le' of trans1lantin# after se1aration fro' t!e sion 1arent. Toa&oi$ t!is an$ yet a!ie&e onsistently early (earin# of fruits of 5no-n >uality% air7layers1ro$ue$ -it! t!e ai$ of #ro-t! 1ro'otin# !or'ones are (ein# $istri(ute$ in In$ia. InFlori$a uttin#s of youn# -oo$ !a&e (een roote$ un$er 'ist. At Calutta Uni&ersity%uttin#s !a&e (een suessfully roote$ only -it! fore$ an$ etiolate$ s!oots treate$ -it!in$ole (utyri ai$


35/405

After !ar&estin#% t!e fruitin# t-i#s 'ay (e ut (a5 to t!e trun5 or (ran! to in$ueflo-erin# t!e ne/t season. In t!e Ca!ar $istrit of Assa'% 1ro$ution of fe'ale flo-ersis sai$ to (e sti'ulate$ (y slas!in# t!e tree -it! a !at!et% t!e s!oots e'er#in# fro' t!e-oun$s9 an$ (ran!es are lo11e$ e&ery , to years to 'aintain fruitfulness. On t!e ot!er!an$% stu$ies at t!e Uni&ersity of alyani% West Ben#al% s!o-e$ t!at neit!er sorin# nor

1runin# of s!oots inreases fruit set an$t!at rin#in# en!anes fruit set only t!efirst year% 1ro$ution $elinin# in t!eseon$ year.

$eason

In Asia% a5fruits ri1en 1rini1ally fro'Mar! to June% A1ril to Se1te'(er%orJune to Au#ust% $e1en$in# on t!eli'ati re#ion% -it! so'e off7season

ro1s fro' Se1te'(er to Dee'(er% or afe- fruits at ot!er ti'es of t!e year. Int!e West In$ies% I !a&e seen 'anyri1enin# in June9 in Flori$a% t!e season islate su''er an$ fall.

%ar&esting

Fruits 'ature , to 3 'ont!s fro'flo-erin#. In Ja'aia% an ?? isso'eti'es ut in t!e a1e/ of t!e fruit to s1ee$ ri1enin# an$ i'1ro&e fla&or.

ield

In In$ia% a #oo$ yiel$ is )26 lar#e fruits 1er tree annually% t!ou#! so'e trees (ear as'any as 826 an$ a fully 'ature tree 'ay 1ro$ue 266% t!ese 1ro(a(ly of 'e$iu' ors'all sie.

$torage

Ja5fruits turn (ro-n an$ $eteriorate >ui5ly after ri1enin#. Col$ stora#e trials in$iatet!at ri1e fruits an (e 5e1t for , to -ee5s at 28 to 22F


36/405

'aor 1ests are t!e ste' an$ fruit (orer%Margaronia caecalis% an$ t!e (ro-n (u$7-ee&il%6chyromera artocarpio. In sout!ern C!ina% t!e lar&ae of t!e lon#iorn (eetles% inlu$in#Apriona germarri9)terolophia discalis!7enolea tomenlosa asiatica% an$6lenecamptus bilobusseriously $a'a#e

t!e fruit ste'. T!e ater1illar of t!e leaf-e((ers%)erina nudaan$iaphaniabivitralis% is a 'inor 1ro(le'% as area1!i$s% 5reenidea artocarpian$$oxoptera aurantii9 an$ t!ri1s%)seudodendrothripsd,ivarna.

Diseases of i'1ortane inlu$e 1in5$isease%)elliculana +Corticium-salmonicolor% ste' rot% fruit rot an$ 'aleinfloresene rot ause$ (y(hizopus

artocarpi9 an$ leafs1ot $ue to)homopsisartocarpina! Colletotrichum lagenarium!Septoria artocarpi% an$ ot!er fun#i. 4ray(li#!t%)estalotia elasticola% !aroal rot%stilana zonata% ollar rot%(oselliniaarcuata% an$ rust% redo artocarpi% ouron a5fruit in so'e re#ions.

T!e fruits 'ay (e o&ere$ -it! 1a1ersa5s -!en &ery youn# to 1rotet t!e'fro' 1ests an$ $iseases. Bur5ill says t!e

(a#s enoura#e ants to s-ar' o&er t!efruit an$ #uar$ it fro' its ene'ies.

Food *ses

Westerners #enerally -ill fin$ t!ea5fruit 'ost ae1ta(le in t!e full7#ro-n (ut unri1e sta#e% -!en it !as no o(etiona(leo$or an$ e/els oo5e$ #reen (rea$fruit an$ 1lantain. T!e fruit at t!is ti'e is si'1ly utinto lar#e !un5s for oo5in#% t!e only !an$ia1 (ein# its o1ious #u''y late/ -!i!au'ulates on t!e 5nife an$ t!e !an$s unless t!ey are first ru((e$ -it! sala$ oil. T!e!un5s are (oile$ in li#!tly salte$ -ater until ten$er% -!en t!e really $eliious fles! is utfro' t!e rin$ an$ ser&e$ as a &e#eta(le% inlu$in# t!e see$s -!i!% if t!orou#!ly oo5e$%are 'ealy an$ a#reea(le. T!e late/ lin#in# to t!e 1ot 'ay (e re'o&e$ (y ru((in# -it!oil. T!e fles! of t!e unri1e fruit !as (een e/1eri'entally anne$ in (rine or -it! urry. It'ay also (e $rie$ an$ 5e1t in tins for a year. Cross setions of $rie$% unri1e a5fruit aresol$ in nati&e 'ar5ets in T!ailan$. Ten$er youn# fruits 'ay (e 1i5le$ -it! or -it!outs1ies.

Fi#. )+@ Drie$ slies of 1eele$ unri1e a5fruit are

o''only 'ar5ete$ in Sout!east Asia

Fi# )3@ Ja5fruit see$s% sal&a#e$ fro' t!e ri1e fruits% aresol$ for (oilin# or roastin# li5e !estnuts.

,


37/405

If t!e a5fruit is allo-e$ to ri1en% t!e (ul(s an$ see$s 'ay (e e/trate$ out$oors9 or% ifin$oors% t!e o$orous resi$ue s!oul$ (e re'o&e$ fro' t!e 5it!en at one. T!e (ul(s 'ayt!en (e enoye$ ra- or oo5e$ uor.

T!e see$s% -!i! a11eal to all tastes% 'ay (e (oile$ or roaste$ an$ eaten% or (oile$ an$

1reser&e$ in siru1 li5e !estnuts. T!ey !a&e also (een suessfully anne$ in (rine% inurry% an$% li5e (a5e$ (eans% in to'ato saue. T!ey are often inlu$e$ in urrie$ $is!es.Roaste$% $rie$ see$s are #roun$ to 'a5e a flour -!i! is (len$e$ -it! -!eat flour for(a5in#.

W!ere lar#e >uantities of a5fruit are a&aila(le% it is -ort!-!ile to utilie t!e ine$i(le1ortion% an$ t!e rin$ !as (een foun$ to yiel$ a fair elly -it! itri ai$. A 1etin e/tratan (e 'a$e fro' t!e 1eel% un$e&elo1e$ 1eriant!s an$ ore% or ust fro' t!e inner rin$9an$ t!is -aste also yiel$s a siru1 use$ for to(ao urin#.

Ten$er a5fruit lea&es an$ youn# 'ale flo-er lusters 'ay (e oo5e$ an$ ser&e$ as

&e#eta(les.


"ul1


38/405

"rotein ).,7).* # . #

Fat 6.)76., # 6. #

Car(o!y$rates )3.*782. # ,3. #

Fi(er ).67).) # ).2 #

As! 6.37).6 # ).827).26 # 8.*K

Caliu' 88 '# 6.6276.22 '# 6.),K

"!os1!orus ,3 '# 6.),76.8, '# 6.2K

Iron 6.2 '# 6.6687).8 '# 6.662K

So$iu' 8 '#

"otassiu' 6+ '#

:ita'in A 26 I.U.

T!ia'ine 6.6, '#

Niain '#

Asor(i Ai$ 37)6 '#

T!e 1ul1 onstitutes 8276K of t!e fruits -ei#!t.

In #eneral% fres! see$s are onsi$ere$ to (e !i#! in star!% lo- in aliu' an$ iron9 #oo$soures of &ita'ins B)an$ B8.

To+icity

E&en in In$ia t!ere is so'e resistane to t!e a5fruit% attri(ute$ to t!e (elief t!at

o&erin$ul#ene in it auses $i#esti&e ail'ents. Bur5ill $elares t!at it is t!e ra-% unri1efruit t!at is astrin#ent an$ in$i#esti(le. T!e ri1e fruit is so'e-!at la/ati&e9 if eaten ine/ess it -ill ause $iarr!ea. Ra- a5fruit see$s are in$i#esti(le $ue to t!e 1resene of a1o-erful try1sin in!i(itor. T!is ele'ent is $estroye$ (y (oilin# or (a5in#.

Ot!er *ses

Fruit,In so'e areas% t!e a5fruit is fe$ to attle. T!e tree is e&en 1lante$ in 1astures sot!at t!e ani'als an a&ail t!e'sel&es of t!e fallen fruits. Sur1lus a5fruit rin$ isonsi$ere$ a #oo$ sto5 foo$.

-ea&es, ;oun# lea&es are rea$ily eaten (y attle an$ ot!er li&esto5 an$ are sai$ to (efattenin#. In In$ia% t!e lea&es are use$ as foo$ -ra11ers in oo5in#% an$ t!ey are alsofastene$ to#et!er for use as 1lates.

-ate+,T!e late/ ser&es as (ir$li'e% alone or 'i/e$ -it!Ficussa1 an$ oil fro'Schleichera tri4ugaWill$. T!e !eate$ late/ is e'1loye$ as a !ouse!ol$ e'ent for'en$in# !ina-are an$ eart!en-are% an$ to aul5 (oats an$ !oles in (u5ets. T!e!e'ial onstituents of t!e late/ !a&e (een re1orte$ (y Tan!io an$ Ma#1anlay. It is

,3


39/405

not a su(stitue for ru((er (ut ontains 38. to 3.K resins -!i! 'ay !a&e &alue in&arnis!es. Its (ateriolyti ati&ity is e>ual to t!at of 1a1aya late/.

1ood,Ja5-oo$ is an i'1ortant ti'(er in Ceylon an$% to a lesser e/tent% in In$ia9 so'eis e/1orte$ to Euro1e. It !an#es -it! a#e fro' oran#e or yello- to (ro-n or $ar57re$9 is

ter'ite 1roof% fairly resistant to fun#al an$ (aterial $eay% seasons -it!out $iffiulty%rese'(les 'a!o#any an$ is su1erior to tea5 for furniture% onstrution% turnery% 'asts%oars% i'1le'ents% (rus! (a5s an$ 'usial instru'ents. "alaes -ere (uilt of a5-oo$in Bali an$ Maassar% an$ t!e li'ite$ su11ly -as one reser&e$ for te'1les in In$o!ina.Its stren#t! is +2 to 36K t!at of tea5. T!ou#! s!ar1 tools are nee$e$ to a!ie&e a s'oot!surfae% it 1olis!es (eautifully. Roots of ol$ trees are #reatly 1rie$ for ar&in# an$1iture fra'in#. Drie$ (ran!es are e'1loye$ to 1ro$ue fire (y frition in reli#iousere'onies in Mala(ar.

Fro' t!e sa-$ust of a5-oo$ or !i1s of t!e !eart-oo$% (oile$ -it! alu'% t!ere is$eri&e$ a ri! yello- $ye o''only use$ for $yein# sil5 an$ t!e otton ro(es of

Bu$$!ist 1riests. In In$onesia% s1linters of t!e -oo$ are 1ut into t!e (a'(oo tu(esolletin# oonut to$$y in or$er to i'1art a yello- tone to t!e su#ar. Besi$es t!e yello-olorant% morin% t!e -oo$ ontains t!e olorless cyanomaclurinan$ a ne- yello-olorin# 'atter% artocarpin% -as re1orte$ (y -or5ers in Bo'(ay in )*22. Si/ ot!erfla&onoi$s !a&e (een isolate$ at t!e National C!e'ial La(oratory% "oona.

Bark, T!ere is only ,.,K tannin in t!e (ar5 -!i! is oasionally 'a$e into or$a#e orlot!.

Medicinal *ses,T!e C!inese onsi$er a5fruit 1ul1 an$ see$s toni% oolin# an$nutritious% an$ to (e ?useful in o&ero'in# t!e influene of alo!ol on t!e syste'.? T!e

see$ star! is #i&en to relie&e (iliousness an$ t!e roaste$ see$s are re#ar$e$ asa1!ro$isia. T!e as! of a5fruit lea&es% (urne$ -it! orn an$ oonut s!ells% is use$alone or 'i/e$ -it! oonut oil to !eal ulers. T!e $rie$ late/ yiel$s artostenone%on&erti(le to artosterone% a o'1oun$ -it! 'ar5e$ an$ro#eni ation. Mi/e$ -it!&ine#ar% t!e late/ 1ro'otes !ealin# of a(sesses% sna5e(ite an$ #lan$ular s-ellin#s. T!eroot is a re'e$y for s5in $iseases an$ ast!'a. An e/trat of t!e root is ta5en in ases offe&er an$ $iarr!ea. T!e (ar5 is 'a$e into 1oulties. 0eate$ lea&es are 1lae$ on -oun$s.T!e -oo$ !as a se$ati&e 1ro1erty9 its 1it! is sai$ to 1ro$ue a(ortion.

2elated $pecies

T!e C!a#pedak%A. integerMerr.


40/405

an$ t!e fruit ylin$rial or irre#ular% no 'ore t!an ) in


41/405

T!e tree is nati&e fro' -an#tun#% C!ina% to 0on# on#% an$ !as (een intro$ue$s1arin#ly a(roa$. It -as 1lante$ e/1eri'entally in Flori$a in )*8+ an$ -as t!ri&in# in"uerto Rio in )*8*. It #ro-s at an altitu$e of 266 ft


42/405

ANNONACEAEC!eri'oyaSu#ar A11leSourso1Custar$ A11leBiri(a

"on$ A11le

C!eri#oya

Annona cherimola

Certainly t!e 'ost estee'e$ of t!e fruits of t!e #enusAnnona


43/405

'isa11lie$ to t!e less7estee'e$ ustar$ a11le%A.reticulataL. In Australia it isoften a11lie$ to t!e ate'oya


44/405

Sierra Ne&a$a 'ountains% as a re1lae'ent for t!e 'any oran#e trees t!at suu'(e$ to$isease an$ !a$ to (e ta5en out. By )*2,% t!ere -ere 88 ares ue% Co!a(a'(a%


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Boli&ia% are loally fa'e$ for t!eir sie an$ >uality. 'Conc!a -isa'an$ 'Bronceada'are#ro-n o''erially in C!ile. Ot!er ulti&ars 'entione$ in C!ilean literature are'Conc!a Picuda'an$ 'Terciopelo'6

Dr. Ernesto Saa&e$ra% Uni&ersity of C!ile% after e/ 1eri'entin# -it! #ro-t! re#ulators

for years% $e&elo1e$ a su1er !eri'oya% to in uality9 #enerally (ears -ell (ut $oesnt s!i1 -ell9 ol$7resistant.Mi$season.

'Boot!'Gs!ort7onial% fin#er1rinte$% 'e$iu' to lar#e9 of #oo$ fla&or9 ne/t to Deliiosain !ar$iness. Late.

'McP!erson'Gs!ort onial% fin#er1rinte$ (ut u'(onate at t!e (ase9 'e$iu' to lar#e9 of!i#! >uality9 (ears -ell. Mi$season.

'Carter'Glon#7onial% (ut not s!oul$ere$9 s'oot! or faintly fin#er1rinte$9 s5in #reen to(rone9 (ears -ell. Late. Lea&es -a&y or t-iste$.

'2yerson'Glon#7onial% s'oot! or fin#er1rinte$% -it! t(i5% tou#!% #reen or yello-#reen s5in9 of fair >uality9 s!i1s -ell. Lea&es -a&y or t-iste$.

'1!ite'Gs!ort7onial -it! roun$e$ a1e/9 sli#!tly 1a1il late to u'(onate9 'e$iu' to

lar#e9 s5in 'e$iu' t!i59 of #oo$ fla&or9 $oesn t (ear -ell near t!e oast.

'C!a..ey'Gintro$ue$ in )*6s9 roun$e$% s!ort% fin#er 1rinte$9 of 'e$iu' sie9 e/ellent>uality9 (ears -ell% e&en -it!out !an$71ollination.

'Ott'G


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A'on# ot!ers t!at !a&e (een 1lante$ in California (ut onsi$ere$ inferior are@ '%orton'%'Golden2usset'% '-o#a'% 'MireVista'% '$all#on'.

Pollination

A 1ro(le' -it! t!e !eri'oya is ina$e>uate natural 1ollination (eause t!e 'ale an$fe'ale strutures of ea! flo-er $o not 'ature si'ultaneously. Fe- insets &isit t!eflo-ers. T!erefore% !an$71ollination is !i#!ly $esira(le an$ 'ust (e $one in a 7 to 37!our 1erio$ -!en t!e sti#'as are -!ite an$ sti5y. It !as (een foun$ in C!ile t!at in t!efirst flo-ers to o1en t!e 1ollen #rains are loa$e$ -it! star!% -!ereas flo-ers t!at o1enlater !a&e 'ore a(un$ant 1ollen% no star! #rains% an$ t!e 1ollen #er'inates rea$ily."artly7o1ene$ flo-ers are ollete$ in t!e afternoon an$ 5e1t in a 1a1er (a# o&erni#!t.T!e ne/t 'ornin# t!e s!e$ 1ollen is 1ut% to#et!er -it! 'oist 1a1er% in a &ial an$transferre$ (y (rus! to t!e ree1ti&e sti#'as. Usually only a fe- of t!e flo-ers on a treeare 1ollinate$ ea! ti'e% t!e o1eration (ein# re1eate$ e&ery or 2 $ays in or$er to e/ten$t!e season of ri1enin#. T!e losely relate$A. senegalensis"ers.% if a&aila(le% is a #oo$

soure of a(un$ant 1ollen for 1ollinatin# t!e !eri'oya. T!e 1ollen of t!e su#ar a11le isnot satisfatory. Fruits fro' !an$71ollinate$ flo-ers -ill (e su1erior in for' an$ sie.

Cli#ate

T!e !eri'oya is su(tro1ial or 'il$7te'1erate an$ $oes not suee$ in t!e lo-lan$tro1is. It re>uires lon# $ays. In Colo'(ia an$ Eua$or% it #ro-s naturally at ele&ations(et-een %66 an$ %66 ft


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$oil

T!e !eri'oya tree 1erfor's -ell on a -i$e ran#e of soil ty1es fro' li#!t to !ea&y% (utsee's to $o (est on a 'e$iu' soil of 'o$erate fertility. In Ar#entina% it 'a5es e/ellent#ro-t! on ro5stre-n% loose% san$y loa' 8 to , ft


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$ee1 an$ 3 in


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Pests and Diseases

T!e !eri'oya tree is resistant to ne'ato$es. :ery fe- 1ro(le's !a&e (een note$ inCalifornia e/e1t for infestations of 'ealy(u#s% es1eially at t!e (ase of t!e fruit% an$t!ese an (e flus!e$ off. In Colo'(ia% on t!e ot!er !an$% it is sai$ t!at a 1erfetly !ealt!y

tree is a rarity. In t!e :alle $e Tena% for'erly an i'1ortant enter of 1ro$ution% la5 ofontrol of 1ests #reatly re$ue$ t!e 1lantations (efore )*6 -!en 1ro#ra's -erelaun!e$ to i'1ro&e !eri'oya ulture !ere an$ in &arious ot!er re#ions of t!e ountry.

Cater1illars


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Analysis of cherimoyas in Ecuador Colombian Analysis

Moisture +. # Moisture ++.) #

Et!er E/trat 6.2 # "rotein ).* #

Cru$e Fi(er ).2 # Fat 6.) #

Nitro#en .88+ # Car(o!y$rates )3.8 #

As! 6.) # Fi(er 8.6 #

Caliu' 8).+ # As! 6.+ #

"!os1!orus ,6.8 '# Caliu' ,8.6 '#

Iron 6.36 '# "!os1!orus ,+.6 '#

Carotene 6.666 '# Iron 6.2 '#

T!ia'ine 6.))+ '# :ita'in A


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Medicinal *ses,In Me/io% rural 1eo1le toast% 1eel an$ 1ul&erie ) or 8 see$s an$ ta5et!e 1o-$er -it! -ater or 'il5 as a 1otent e'eti an$ at!arti. Mi/e$ -it! #rease% t!e1o-$er is use$ to 5ill lie an$ is a11lie$ on 1arasiti s5in $isor$ers. A $eotion of t!es5in of t!e fruit is ta5en to relie&e 1neu'onia.

$ugar Apple

Annona squamosa

2)


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T!e 'ost -i$ely #ro-n of all t!e s1eies of Annona% t!e su#ar a11le%A. s9uamosa L.%!as a>uire$ &arious re#ional na'es@ anon


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Description

T!e su#ar a11le tree ran#es fro' )6 to86 ft uently in sout!ern Me/io% t!eWest In$ies% Ba!a'as an$ Ber'u$a% an$ oasionally in sout!ern Flori$a. In Ja'aia%"uerto Rio% Bar(a$os% an$ in $ry re#ions of Nort! Hueenslan$% Australia% it !as esa1e$fro' ulti&ation an$ is foun$ -il$ in 1astures% forests an$ alon# roa$si$es.

T!e S1aniar$s 1ro(a(ly arrie$ see$s fro' t!e Ne- Worl$ to t!e "!ili11ines an$ t!e"ortu#uese are assu'e$ to !a&e intro$ue$ t!e su#ar a11le to sout!ern In$ia (efore )2*6.It -as #ro-in# in In$onesia early in t!e )+ t! entury an$ !as (een -i$ely a$o1te$ insout!ern C!ina% Hueenslan$% Australia% "olynesia% 0a-aii% tro1ial Afria% E#y1t an$ t!elo-lan$s of "alestine. Culti&ation is 'ost e/tensi&e in In$ia -!ere t!e tree is also &eryo''on as an esa1e an$ t!e fruit e/ee$in#ly 1o1ular an$ a(un$ant in 'ar5ets. T!esu#ar a11le is one of t!e 'ost i'1ortant fruits in t!e interior of Brail an$ is ons1iuousin t!e 'ar5ets of Ba!ia.

Culti&ars

"late 3@ SU4AR A""LE%Annona s9uamosa

2,


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T!e '$eedlessCuban'su#ar a11le -as intro$ue$ into Flori$a in )*22% !as 1ro$ue$sant ro1s of sli#!tly 'alfor'e$ fruits -it! 'ere &esti#es of un$e&elo1e$ see$s. T!efla&or is less a11ealin# t!an t!at of nor'al fruits (ut it is &e#etati&ely 1ro1a#ate$ an$$istri(ute$ as a no&elty. Anot!er see$less ty1e -as intro$ue$ fro' Brail.

In$ian !ortiulturists !a&e stu$ie$ t!e $i&erse -il$ an$ ulti&ate$ su#ar a11les of t!atountry an$ reo#nie ten $ifferent ty1es@ '2ed'uality9 o'es true fro' see$. '2ed7speckled'G!a&in#re$ s1ots on #reen rin$. 'Cri#son'Gons1iuous re$7tone$ folia#e an$ flo-ers% $ee171in5 rin$% 1in5 fles!. 'ellow'9 '1!ite7ste##ed'9 'Ma##ot!'


55/405

Su#ar a11le see$s !a&e a relati&ely lon# life% !a&in# 5e1t -ell for , to years. T!ey#er'inate (etter a -ee5 after re'o&al fro' t!e fruit t!an -!en 1erfetly fres!.4er'ination 'ay ta5e ,6 $ays or 'ore (ut an (e !astene$ (y soa5in# for , $ays or (ysarifyin#. T!e 1erenta#e of #er'ination is sai$ to (e (etter in unsoa5e$ see$s. W!ilet!e tree is #enerally #ro-n fro' see$% &e#etati&e 1ro1a#ation is 1ratie$ -!ere t!e ro1

is i'1ortant an$ early fruitin# is a $istint a$&anta#e.

See$lin#s 'ay (e (u$$e$ or #rafte$ -!en one7year ol$. In In$ia% selete$ lones #rafte$onA. reticulatasee$lin#s !a&e flo-ere$ -it!in 'ont!s an$ fruite$ in 3 'ont!s after1lantin# out% o'1are$ -it! 8 to years in see$lin#s. T!e #rafte$ trees are &i#orous% t!efruits less see$y an$ 'ore unifor' in sie.A. senegalensisis e'1loye$ as a rootsto5 inE#y1t.A. glabrais suita(le (ut less !ar$y. T!e su#ar a11le itself ran5s ne/t after A.reticulataas a rootsto5. In In$ia% (u$$in# is (est $one in January% Mar! an$ June.Results are 1oor if $one inJuly% Au#ust% No&e'(er or Dee'(er unless t!e sions are$efoliate$ an$ $e(u$$e$ in a$&ane an$ ut only after t!e 1etioles !a&e $e!ise$. Si$e7#raftin# an (e $one only fro' Dee'(er to May% re>uires 'u! s5ill an$ t!e rate of

suess !as not e/ee$e$ 23.,,K. S!iel$7(u$$in# #i&es +2K suess an$ is t!e onlyo''erially feasi(le 'et!o$.

Inar!in# is )66K suessful. Cuttin#s% layers% airlayers !a&e a lo- rate of suess% an$trees #ro-n (y t!ese te!ni>ues !a&e s!allo- root syste's an$ annot en$ure $rou#!t as-ell as see$lin#s $o.

Culture

In E#y1t% su#ar a11le trees are s1ae$ at )6 / )6 ft


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In In$ia% 'ature fruits treate$ -it! 2676 # ar(i$e ri1ene$ in 8 $ays an$ t!ereafterre'aine$ in #oo$ on$ition only 8 $ays at roo' te'1erature% -!ile t!ose 1a5e$ in stra-ri1ene$ in 27 $ays an$ 5e1t -ell for $ays.

Stora#e trials in Malaya in$iate t!at t!e ri1enin# of su#ar a11les an (e $elaye$ (y

stora#e at te'1eratures (et-een 2* an$ 3F


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T!e see$s are ari$ an$ 1oisonous. Bar5% lea&es an$ see$s ontain t!e al5aloi$% anonaine.Si/ ot!er a1or1!ine al5aloi$s !a&e (een isolate$ fro' t!e lea&es an$ ste's@ ory$ine%roe'erine% norory$ine% norisoary$ine% isoory$ine an$ #lauine. A1or1!ine%norlaureline an$ $ienone 'ay (e 1resent also. "o-$ere$ see$s% also 1oun$e$ $rie$ fruitsser&e as fis! 1oison an$ insetii$es in In$ia. A 1aste of t!e see$ 1o-$er !as (een

a11lie$ to t!e !ea$ to 5ill lie (ut 'ust (e 5e1t a-ay fro' t!e eyes as it is !i#!ly irritantan$ an ause (lin$ness. If a11lie$ to t!e uterus% it in$ues a(ortion. 0eat7e/trate$ oilfro' t!e see$s !as (een e'1loye$ a#ainst a#riultural 1ests. Stu$ies !a&e s!o-n t!eet!er e/trat of t!e see$s to !a&e no resi$ual to/iity after 8 $ays. 0i#! onentrationsare 1otent for 8 $ays an$ -ea5en stea$ily% all ati&ity (ein# lost after 3 $ays. In Me/io%t!e lea&es are ru((e$ on floors an$ 1ut in !ens nests to re1el lie.

Ot!er *ses

T!e seed kernelsontain )7*K of -!itis! or yello-is!% non7$ryin# oil -it!sa1onifiation in$e/ of )3.6. It !as (een 1ro1ose$ as a su(stitute for 1eanut oil in t!e

'anufature of soa1 an$ an (e $eto/ifie$ (y an al5ali treat'ent an$ use$ for e$i(le1ur1oses. T!e lea&es yiel$ an e/ellent oil ri! in ter1enes an$ ses>uiter1enes% 'ainly B7aryo1!yllene% -!i! fin$s li'ite$ use in 1erfu'es% #i&in# a -oo$y s1iy aent.

Fibere/trate$ fro' t!e (ar5 !as (een e'1loye$ for or$a#e. T!e treeser&es as !ost forla7e/retin# insets.

Medicinal *ses,In In$ia t!e rus!e$ lea&es are sniffe$ to o&ero'e !ysteria an$ faintin#s1ells9 t!ey are also a11lie$ on ulers an$ -oun$s an$ a leaf $eotion is ta5en in asesof $ysentery. T!rou#!out tro1ial A'eria% a $eotion of t!e lea&es alone or -it! t!oseof ot!er 1lants is i'(i(e$ eit!er as an e''ena#o#ue% fe(rifu#e% toni% ol$ re'e$y%

$i#esti&e% or to larify t!e urine. T!e leaf $eotion is also e'1loye$ in (at!s to alle&iater!eu'ati 1ain. T!e #reen fruit% &ery astrin#ent% is e'1loye$ a#ainst $iarr!ea in ElSal&a$or. In In$ia% t!e rus!e$ ri1e fruit% 'i/e$ -it! salt% is a11lie$ on tu'ors. T!e (ar5an$ roots are (ot! !i#!ly astrin#ent. T!e (ar5 $eotion is #i&en as a toni an$ to !alt$iarr!ea. T!e root% (eause of its stron# 1ur#ati&e ation% is a$'inistere$ as a $rastitreat'ent for $ysentery an$ ot!er ail'ents.


Calories 33.*7*2.+ #

Moisture *.37+2.)3 #

Fat 6.87).)6 #

Car(o!y$rates )*.)782.)* #

Cru$e Fi(er ).)78.26 #

"rotein ).2,78.,3 #

Amino Acids@

Try1to1!an *7)6 '#

2+


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Met!ionine +73 '#

Lysine 27* '#

Minerals@

As! 6.227)., '#

"!os1!orus 8,.722., '#

Caliu' )*.7.+ '#

Iron 6.837)., '#

'itamins@

Carotene 27+ I.U.

T!ia'ine 6.)6676.), '#

Ri(ofla&in 6.)),76.)+ '#

Niain 6.276.*,) '#

Asor(i Ai$ ,.+78.8 '#

Mini'u' an$ 'a/i'u' le&els of onstituents fro' analyses 'a$e in t!e "!ili11ines%Central A'eria an$ Cu(a.

T!e a&era#e su#ar ontent is ).23K an$ is a(out 26726 #luose an$ surose.

$ugar Apple

$oursop

23


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Annona muricata

Of t!e 6 or 'ore s1eies of t!e #enusAnnona% fa'ily Annonaeae% t!e sourso1%A.muricataL.% is t!e 'ost tro1ial% t!e lar#est7fruite$% an$ t!e only one len$in# itself -ellto 1reser&in# an$ 1roessin#.

It is #enerally 5no-n in 'ost S1anis!7s1ea5in# ountries asguanabana9 in E) Sal&a$or%asguanaba9 in 4uate'ala% as huanaba9 in Me/io% often aszopotedevie4as% or cabezade negro9 in :eneuela% as catocheor catuche9 in Ar#entina% as anona de puntitasoranona de bro9uel9 in Boli&ia%sinini9 in Brail% araticum do grande! graviola% or4aca do)ara9 in t!e Net!erlan$s Antilles%sorsa"aorzunrza"% t!e latter na'e also use$ inSurina' an$Ja&a9 in Fren!7s1ea5in#areas of t!e West In$ies% West Afria%an$ Sout!east Asia% es1eially Nort!:ietna'% it is 5no-n as corossol%grandcorossol! corossol epineux% or cachiman

epineux. In Malaya it 'ay (e alle$durian belanda! durian ma"i9 orseri"aya belanda9 in T!ailan$% thu#rian#"hac".

In )*2)% "rof. Clery Salaar% -!o -asenoura#in# t!e $e&elo1'ent of sourso11ro$uts at t!e Colle#e of A#riulture atMaya#ue% "uerto Rio% tol$ 'e t!at t!ey-oul$ li5e to a$o1t an En#lis! na'e'ore a11ealin# t!an t!e -or$ ?sourso1?%

an$ not as li5ely asguanabanato (e'is1ronoune$. To $ate% no alte'ati&es!a&e (een !osen.

Description

T!e sourso1 tree is lo-7(ran!in# an$ (us!y (ut slen$er (eause of its u1turne$ li'(s%an$ rea!es a !ei#!t of 82 or ,6 ft


60/405

ten$er% ine$i(le% (itter s5in fro' -!i! 1rotru$e fe- or 'any stu((y% or 'ore elon#ate$an$ ur&e$% soft% 1lia(le ?s1ines?. T!e ti1s (rea5 off easily -!en t!e fruit is fully ri1e.T!e s5in is $ar57#reen in t!e i''ature fruit% (eo'in# sli#!tly yello-is!7#reen (eforet!e 'ature fruit is soft to t!e tou!. Its inner surfae is rea'7olore$ an$ #ranular an$se1arates easily fro' t!e 'ass of sno-7-!ite% fi(rous% uiy se#'entsG'u! li5e fla5es

of ra- fis!Gsurroun$in# t!e entral% soft71it!y ore. In aro'a% t!e 1ul1 is so'e-!at1inea11le7li5e% (ut its 'us5y% su(ai$ to ai$ fla&or is uni>ue. Most of t!e losely71a5e$se#'ents are see$less. In ea! fertile se#'ent t!ere is a sin#le o&al% s'oot!% !ar$% (la5see$% l8 to , in


61/405


62/405

sourso1 is 1erfetly at !o'e. In "uerto Rio% t!e tree is sai$ to 1refer an altitu$e (et-een366 an$ )%666 ft


63/405

%ar&esting

T!e fruit is 1i5e$ -!en full #ro-n an$ still fir' (ut sli#!tly yello-7#reen. If allo-e$ tosoften on t!e tree% it -ill fall an$ rus!. It is easily (ruise$ an$ 1unture$ an$ 'ust (e!an$le$ -it! are. Fir' fruits are !el$ a fe- $ays at roo' te'1erature. W!en eatin# ri1e%

t!ey are soft enou#! to yiel$ to t!e sli#!t 1ressure of ones t!u'(. 0a&in# rea!e$ t!issta#e% t!e fruit an (e !el$ 8 or , $ays lon#er in a refri#erator. T!e s5in -ill (la5en an$(eo'e unsi#!tly -!ile t!e fles! is still uns1oile$ an$ usa(le. Stu$ies of t!e ri1enin#1roess in 0a-aii !a&e $eter'ine$ t!at t!e o1ti'u' sta#e for eatin# is 2 to $ays after!ar&est% at t!e 1ea5 of et!ylene 1ro$ution. T!ereafter% t!e fla&or is less 1ronoune$ an$a faint offo$or $e&elo1s. In :eneuela% t!e !ief !an$ia1 in o''erial 1roessin# ist!at t!e fruits store$ on ra5s in a ool s!e$ 'ust (e #one o&er e&ery $ay to selet t!oset!at are ri1e an$ rea$y for uie e/tration.

ield

T!e sourso1% unfortunately% is a s!y7(earer% t!e usual ro1 (ein# )8 to 86 or 8 fruits 1ertree. In "uerto Rio% 1ro$ution of 2%666 to 3%666 l(s 1er are ual 5#!a=% isonsi$ere$ a #oo$ yiel$ fro' -ell7are$7for trees. A stu$y of t!e first ro1 of ,2 2 year7ol$ trees in 0a-aii s!o-e$ an a&era#e of *,. l(s


64/405

fee$in# on flo-ers an$ youn# (ran!es9Membracis foliata% atta5in# youn# (ran!es%flo-er stal5s an$ fruits9 Saissetia nigra9Escama ovalada% on (ran!es% flo-ers an$ fruits9Cratosomus bombina% a fruit (orer9 an$ Cyclocephala signata% affetin# t!e flo-ers.

In Trini$a$% t!e $a'a#e $one to sourso1 flo-ers (y $hecla ortygnusseriously li'its t!e

ulti&ation of t!is fruit. T!e s1!in/ ater1illar% Cocytiusantueusantueus'ay (e foun$fee$in# on sourso1 lea&es in "uerto Rio. Ba##in# of sourso1s is neessary to 1rotett!e' fro' Cerconota anonella. 0o-e&er% one #ro-er in t!e Ma#$alena :alley ofColo'(ia lai's t!at (a##e$ fruits are 'ore ai$ t!an ot!ers an$ t!e flo-ers !a&e to (e!an$1ollinate$.

It !as (een o(ser&e$ in :eneuela an$ El Sal&a$or t!at sourso1 trees in &ery !u'i$ areasoften #ro- -ell (ut (ear only a fe- fruits% usually of 1oor >uality% -!i! are a1t to rot att!e ti1. Most of t!eir flo-ers an$ youn#fruits fall (eause of ant!ranose ause$(y Collectotrichumgloeosporioides. It

!as (een sai$ t!at sourso1 trees forulti&ation near San Juan% "uerto Rio%s!oul$ (e see$lin#s of trees fro'si'ilarly !u'i$ areas -!i! !a&e #reaterresistane to ant!ranose t!an see$lin#sfro' $ry ones. T!e sa'e fun#us auses$a'1in#7off of see$lin#s an$ $ie7(a5 oft-i#s an$ (ran!es. Oasionally t!efun#us% Scolecotrichums1. ruins t!elea&es in :eneuela. In t!e East In$ies%sourso1 trees are so'eti'es su(et to

t!e root7fun#i%Fomes lamaoensisan$iplodias1. an$ (y 1in5 $isease $ue toCorticum salmonicolor.

Food *ses

Sourso1s of least ai$ fla&or an$ least fi(rous onsisteny are ut in setions an$ t!e fles!eaten -it! a s1oon. T!e see$e$ 1ul1 'ay (e torn or ut into (its an$ a$$e$ to fruit u1sor sala$s% or !ille$ an$ ser&e$ as $essert -it! su#ar an$ a little 'il5 or rea'. For years%see$e$ sourso1 !as (een anne$ in Me/io an$ ser&e$ in Me/ian restaurants in Ne-;or5 an$ ot!er nort!ern ities.

Most -i$es1rea$ t!rou#!out t!e tro1is is t!e 'a5in# of refres!in# sourso1 $rin5s


65/405

In "uerto Rian 1roessin# fatories% t!e !an$71eele$ an$ ore$ fruits are 1asse$ t!rou#!a 'e!anial 1ul1er !a&in# nylon (rus!es t!at 1ress t!e 1ul1 t!rou#! a sreen% se1aratin#it fro' t!e see$s an$ fi(er. A sourso1 soft $rin5% ontainin# )8 to )2K 1ul1% is anne$ in"uerto Rio an$ 5ee1s -ell for a year or 'ore. T!e uie is 1re1are$ as a ar(onate$(ottle$ (e&era#e in 4uate'ala% an$ a fer'ente$% i$er7li5e $rin5 is so'eti'es 'a$e in

t!e West In$ies. T!e &auu'7onentrate$ uie is anne$ o''erially in t!e"!ili11ines. T!ere sourso1 $rin5s are 1o1ular (ut t!e nor'al ?'il5? olor is not. T!e1eo1le usually a$$ 1in5 or #reen foo$ olorin# to 'a5e t!e $rin5s 'ore attrati&e. T!estraine$ 1ul1 is sai$ to (e a $eliay 'i/e$ -it! -ine or (ran$y an$ seasone$ -it!nut'e#. Sourso1 uie% t!i5ene$ -it! a little #elatin% 'a5es an a#reea(le $essert.

In t!e Do'inian Re1u(li% a sourso1 ustar$ is enoye$ an$ a onfetion is 'a$e (yoo5in# sourso1 1ul1 in su#ar siru1 -it! inna'on an$ le'on 1eel. Sourso1 ie rea' iso''only froen in refri#erator ie7u(e trays in -ar' ountries.

In t!e Ba!a'as% it is si'1ly 'a$e (y 'as!in# t!e 1ul1 in -ater% lettin# it stan$% t!en

strainin# to re'o&e fi(rous 'aterial an$ see$s. T!e li>ui$ is t!en (len$e$ -it! s-eetene$on$ense$ 'il5% 1oure$ into t!e trays an$ stirre$ se&eral ti'es -!ile freein#. A ri!er1ro$ut is 'a$e (y t!e usual 'et!o$ of 1re1arin# an ie rea' 'i/ an$ a$$in# straine$sourso1 1ul1 ust (efore freein#. So'e ey West restaurants !a&e al-ays ser&e$sourso1 ie rea' an$ no- t!e influ/ of resi$ents fro' t!e Cari((ean an$ LatinA'erian ountries !as reate$ a stron# $e'an$ for it. T!e anne$ 1ul1 is i'1orte$ fro'Central A'eria an$ "uerto Rio an$ use$ in 'a5in# ie rea' an$ s!er(eto''erially. T!e 1ul1 is use$% too% for 'a5in# tarts an$ elly% siru1 an$ netar. T!esiru1 !as (een (ottle$ in "uerto Rio for loal use an$ e/1ort. T!e netar is anne$ inColo'(ia an$ froen in "uerto Rio an$ is 1re1are$ fres! an$ sol$ in 1a1er artons in t!eNet!erlan$s Antilles. T!e straine$% froen 1ul1 is sol$ in 1lasti (a#s in "!ili11ine

su1er'ar5ets.

I''ature sourso1s are oo5e$ as &e#eta(les or use$ in sou1 in In$onesia. T!ey areroaste$ or frie$ in nort!eastern Brail. I !a&e (oile$ t!e !alf7#ro-n fruit -!ole% -it!out1eelin#. In an !our% t!e fruit is ten$er% its fles! off7-!ite an$ 'ealy% -it! t!e aro'a an$fla&or of roaste$ ears of #reen orn


66/405

"!os1!orus 8+.+ '#

Iron 6. '#

:ita'in A


67/405

1ood,T!e -oo$ is 1ale% aro'ati% soft% li#!t in -ei#!t an$ not $ura(le. It !as (een use$for o/ yo5es (eause it $oes not ause !air loss on t!e ne5.

In Colo'(ia% it is $ee'e$ to (e suita(le for 1i1este's an$ (arrelsta&es. Analyses inBrail s!o- ellulose ontent of 2 to +K% !i#! enou#! to (e a 1otential soure of 1a1er

1ul1.

Medicinal *ses,T!e uie of t!e ri1e fruit is sai$ to (e $iureti an$ a re'e$y for!ae'aturia an$ uret!ritis. Ta5en -!en fastin#% it is (elie&e$ to relie&e li&er ail'ents an$le1rosy. "ul&erie$ i''ature fruits% -!i! are &ery astrin#ent% are $eote$ as a$ysentery re'e$y. To $ra- out !i##ers an$ s1ee$ !ealin#% t!e fles! of an ai$ sourso1 isa11lie$ as a 1oultie un!an#e$ for , $ays.

InMateriaMedicaof Britis! 4uiana% -e are tol$ to (rea5 sourso1 lea&es in -ater%?s>ueee a ou1le of li'es t!erein% #et a $run5en 'an an$ ru( !is !ea$ -ell -it! t!elea&es an$ -ater an$ #i&e !i' a little of t!e -ater to $rin5 an$ !e #ets as so(er as a u$#e

in no ti'e.? T!is so(erin# or tran>uiliin# for'ula 'ay not !a&e (een -i$ely teste$% (utsourso1 lea&es are re#ar$e$ t!rou#!out t!e West In$ies as !a&in# se$ati&e or so1orifi1ro1erties. In t!e Net!erlan$s Antilles% t!e lea&es are 1ut into ones 1illo-sli1 or stre-non t!e (e$ to 1ro'ote a #oo$ ni#!ts slee1. An infusion of t!e lea&es is o''only ta5eninternally for t!e sa'e 1ur1ose. It is ta5en as an anal#esi an$ antis1as'o$i inEs'eral$as "ro&ine% Eua$or. In Afria% it is #i&en to !il$ren -it! fe&er an$ t!ey arealso (at!e$ li#!tly -it! it. A $eotion of t!e youn# s!oots or lea&es is re#ar$e$ in t!eWest In$ies as a re'e$y for #all (la$$er trou(le% as -ell as ou#!s% atarr!% $iarr!ea%$ysentery an$ in$i#estion9 is sai$ to ?ool t!e (loo$%? an$ to (e a(le to sto1 &o'itin# an$ai$ $eli&ery in !il$(irt!. T!e $eotion is also e'1loye$ in -et o'1resses oninfla''ations an$ s-ollen feet. T!e !e-e$ lea&es% 'i/e$ -it! sali&a% are a11lie$ to

inisions after sur#ery% ausin# 1rou$fles! to $isa11ear -it!out lea&in# a sar. Mas!e$lea&es are use$ as a 1oultie to alle&iate ee'a an$ ot!er s5in afflitions an$r!eu'atis'% an$ t!e sa1 of youn# lea&es is 1ut on s5in eru1tions.

T!e roots of t!e tree are e'1loye$ as a &er'ifu#e an$ t!e root (ar5 as an anti$ote for1oisonin#. A tinture of t!e 1o-$ere$ see$s an$ (ay ru' is a stron# e'eti. Sourso1flo-ers are (elie&e$ to alle&iate atarr!.

+


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Custard Apple

Annona reticulata

Bot! in tree an$ in fruit% t!e ustar$ a11le%Annona reticulataL.% is #enerally rate$ as t!e'e$iore or ?u#ly $u5lin#? s1eies a'on# t!e 1ro'inent 'e'(ers of t!is #enus. Its$esri1ti&e En#lis! na'e !as (een -i$ely 'isa11lie$ to ot!er s1eies an$ to t!e !y(ri$ATEMO;A% an$ it is so'eti'es erroneously ter'e$ ?su#ar a11le?% ?s-eetso1? an$% (yS1anis!7s1ea5in# 1eo1le% ?anon? or ?rinon?% in In$ia% ?ramphal?% all 1ro1erly a11lie$only to Annona s>ua'osa. It !as% itself% a>uire$ relati&ely fe- a11ro1riate re#ionalna'es. Most o''only e'1loye$ as an alternate na'e in En#lis!7s1ea5in# areas is(ullo5s7!eart or (ulls7!eart9 in Fren!% coeur de boeuf9 "ortu#uese% coracao de boi9 in

3


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S1anis!% often 'erely corazonGall allu$in# to its for' an$ e/ternal (lus!. T!e s5inolor is reflete$ in t!e Boli&ian na'e% chirimoya roia% t!e Sal&a$oran anona rosada% an$t!e 4uate'alan anona ro4aor anona colorada. In t!e latter ountry it is also 5no-n asanona de seso.Araticum apeor araticum do matoare a$$itional na'es in Brail. So'e1eo1le refer to it as Ja'aia a11le% or as nette$ ustar$ a11le% -!i! is translate$ as

anona de redecillain 0on$uras an$ Niara#ua. Cachiman! cachiman coeur de boeufan$corossol sauvage'ay (e !ear$ in t!e Fren!7influene$ West In$ies.

In t!e Net!erlan$s Antilles it is "as4oema. T!is na'e an$ boeah nonaare use$ inSurina'. In Cu(a% it is mamonor chirimoya. So'e Central A'erians #i&e it t!e na'eanona% or anonillo9 Colo'(ians% anonpelon. To t!e Cari( In$ians t!e fruit -as5no-n as alacalyoua9 to t!e Ates%9uaultzapotl% an$ to t!e Maya% tsulimay%tsulilpox! tsulipox! pox! oop% or op. It is#enerally alle$ in t!e "!ili11ines

sari"aya9 in In$ia ramphal% nonaorluvuni% in Malaya% nona"apri% or lonang9in T!ailan$% noi nong?99 in Ca'(o$ia%mo bator mean bat9 in Laos% "han tualot9 in Sout! :ietna'% binh bat9 Nort!:ietna'% 9ua na.

Description

T!e ustar$ a11le tree is not es1eially attrati&e. It is eret% -it! a roun$e$ or s1rea$in#ro-n an$ trun5 )6 to ) in


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T!e ustar$ a11le is (elie&e$ to (e a nati&e of t!e West In$ies (ut it -as arrie$ in earlyti'es t!rou#! Central A'eria to sout!ern Me/io. It !as lon# (een ulti&ate$ an$naturalie$ as far sout! as "eru an$ Brail. It is o''only #ro-n in t!e Ba!a'as an$oasionally in Ber'u$a an$ sout!ern Flori$a.

A11arently it -as intro$ue$ into tro1ial Afria early in t!e )+t! entury an$ it is #ro-nin Sout! Afria as a $ooryar$ fruit tree. In In$ia t!e tree is ulti&ate$% es1eially aroun$Calutta% an$ runs -il$ in 'any areas. It !as (eo'e fairly o''on on t!e east oast ofMalaya% an$ 'ore or less t!rou#!out sout!east Asia an$ t!e "!ili11ines t!ou#! no-!ere1artiularly estee'e$. Ei#!ty years a#o it -as re1orte$ as t!orou#!ly naturalie$ in4ua'. In 0a-aii it is not -ell 5no-n.

Culti&ars

No na'e$ ulti&ars are re1orte$ (ut t!ere is onsi$era(le &ariation in t!e >uality of fruitfro' $ifferent trees. T!e yello-7s5inne$ ty1es see' su1erior to t!e (ro-nis!% an$% -!en

-ell fille$ out% !a&e t!i5er an$ uiier fles!. See$s of a 1ur1le7s5inne$% 1ur1le7fles!e$for'% fro' Me/io% -ere 1lante$ in Flori$a an$ t!e tree !as 1ro$ue$ fruit ofunre'ar5a(le >uality.

Cli#ate

T!e ustar$ a11le tree nee$s a tro1ial li'ate (ut -it! ooler -inters t!an t!ose of t!e-est oast of Malaya. It flouris!es in t!e oastal lo-lan$s of Eua$or9 is rare a(o&e 2%666ft


71/405

s!o-e$ (est results -!en ustar$ a11le sions -ere si$e7#rafte$ onto self7rootsto5%sourso1% or A. s1. Af. lutescens. Custar$ a11le see$lin#s are fre>uently use$ as rootsto5sfor t!e sourso1% su#ar a11le an$ ate'oya.

Culture

T!e tree is fast7#ro-in# an$ res1on$s -ell to 'ul!in#% or#ani fertiliers an$ to fre>uentirri#ation if t!ere is $ry -eat!er $urin# t!e #ro-in# 1erio$. T!e for' of t!e tree 'ay (ei'1ro&e$ (y u$iious 1runin#.

%ar&esting and ield

T!e ustar$ a11le !as t!e a$&anta#e of ro11in# in late -inter an$ s1rin# -!en t!e1referre$ 'e'(ers of t!e #enus are not in season. It is 1i5e$ -!en it !as lost all #reenolor an$ ri1ens -it!out s1littin# so t!at it is rea$ily sol$ in loal 'ar5ets. If 1i5e$#reen% it -ill not olor -ell an$ -ill (e of inferior >uality. T!e tree is naturally a fairly

!ea&y (earer. Wit! a$e>uate are% a 'ature tree -ill 1ro$ue +2 to )66 l(s


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Calories 367)6)

Moisture 3.,736.) #

"rotein ).)+78.+ #

Fat 6.276. #

Car(o!y$rates 86782.8 #

Cru$e Fi(er 6.*7. #

As! 6.27).)) #

Caliu' )+.78+ '#

"!os1!orus ).+7,8.) '#

Iron 6.87).) '#

Carotene 6.66+76.6)3 '#

T!ia'ine 6.6+276.))* '#

Ri(ofla&in 6.6376.)+2 '#

Niain 6.2837).)*6 '

Asor(i Ai$ )2.67. '#

Niotini Ai$ 6.2 '#

Mini'u' an$ 'a/i'u' le&els of onstituents fro' analyses 'a$e in Central A'eria%"!ili11ines an$ else-!ere.

To+icity

T!e see$s are so !ar$ t!at t!ey 'ay (e s-allo-e$ -!ole -it! no ill effets (ut t!e5ernels are &ery to/i. T!e see$s% lea&es an$ youn# fruits are insetii$al. T!e leaf uie5ills lie. T!e (ar5 ontains 6.)8K anonaine. Inetion of an e/trat fro' t!e (ar5 ause$1aralysis in a rear li'( of an e/1eri'ental toa$. Sa1 fro' ut (ran!es is ari$ an$irritant an$ an se&erely inure t!e eyes. T!e root (ar5 !as yiel$e$ , al5aloi$s@ anonaine%lirio$enine an$ retiuline


73/405

'inutes in a liter of -ater to 'a5e an e/ee$in#ly 1otent $eotion. Fra#'ents of t!eroot (ar5 are 1a5e$ aroun$ t!e #u's to relie&e toot!a!e. T!e root $eotion is ta5en asa fe(rifu#e.

Custard Apple

+,


74/405

BiribaRollinia mucosa

Of t!e a11ro/i'ately 2 s1eies of t!e #enus(ollinia


75/405

T!e (iri(a


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Brailian sientists !a&e foun$ t!at s1eies of (eetles of t!e fa'ily C!ryso'eli$ae1ollinate t!e flo-ers% (ut only ,8K of t!e (loo's set fruit. Fruitin# (e#ins 22 $ays aftert!e onset of flo-erin#.

Cli#ate and $oil

T!e (iri(a is li'ite$ to -ar' lo-lan$s% fro' 86V nort! to ,6V sout! latitu$es in tro1ialA'eria. In "uerto Rio% it ours at ele&ations (et-een 266 an$ 8%666 ft


77/405

4lyeri$es l*.) #

Fi(er )., #

As! 6.+ #

Caliu' 8 '#

"!os1!orus 8 '#

Iron ).8 '#

:ita'in B) 6.6 '#

:ita'in B8 6.6 '#

Niain 6.2 '#

Asor(i Ai$ ,,.6 '#

Amino Acids


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Pond Apple

Annona glabra

T!e Pond"apple


79/405

T!e .ruitis o(lon# to s1!erial an$ a11le7sie$ or lar#er% +7)2 ' lon# an$ u1 to * '$ia'eter% an$ falls -!en it is #reen or ri1enin# yello-. It $is1erses (y floatin# tone- loations% an$ it is foo$ for 'any ani'al s1eies. It is e$i(le for !u'ans% an$an (e 'a$e into4a#% alt!ou#! t!e taste is usually not 1refera(le to sourso1 an$ot!er relate$ fruits. T!e fles! is s-eet7sente$ an$ a#reea(le in fla&or% (ut sostron#ly naroti t!at it !as ne&er attaine$ #eneral 1o1ular use.

*ses,"on$ a11les are usually eaten ra-% (ut so'eti'es 'a$e into ellies an$ -ine.

"on$ a11les an stan$ i''ense floo$in# an$ s1en$ -ee5s at a ti'e -it! t!eir roots un$er-ater.T!e 1on$ a11le is &ery useful as a rootsto5 for ot!er Annona s1eies.

Propagation@ Al'ost e/lusi&ely (y see$s% as 1on$ a11les are not ulti&ate$o''erially for t!eir fruit.

+*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jam


80/405

LAURACEAEA&oa$o an$ Relate$ S1eies

A&ocado

Persea Americana

T!e a&oa$o% unflatterin#ly 5no-n in t!e 1ast as alli#ator 1ear% 'i$s!i1'ans (utter%&e#eta(le (utter% or so'eti'es as (utter 1ear% an$ alle$ (y S1anis!7s1ea5in# 1eo1leaguacate% cura% cupandra% orpalta9 in"ortu#uese% abacate9 in Fren!%avocatier9 is t!e only i'1ortant e$i(lefruit of t!e laurel fa'ily% Lauraeae. It is(otanially lassifie$ in t!ree #rou1s@ A=%)erseaamericanaMill. &ar. americana


81/405

T!e a&oa$o tree 'ay (e eret% usually to ,6 ft


82/405

a(out )*,6 into t-o areas -it!in )66 'i


83/405

'Butler'


84/405

ten$s to o&er(ear an$ $ie (a59 is !ar$y. 0as (een a lea$in# o''erial ulti&ar inentral an$ sout!ern Flori$a.

T!ere are se&eral "uerto Rian seletionsGAla'ora% A&ila% Faria% 4aria%0ernan$e% St. JustGan$ so'e ulti&ars of un5no-n anestry@ A'a$or% 4alo%

4i'ene% Torres% an$ Truillo.

4UATEMALAN rae@ uality% )2 to 8K oil9 see$ nearly roun$% 'e$iu'. Season@ A1r. to Au#. in Calif.9 Jan. toMar. in Israel9 July an$ Au#. in Hueenslan$. T!e tree (e#ins to (ear late an$ yiel$s onlya(out )) l(s


85/405


86/405

)6K 'ore t!an in 0ass or Fuerte9 s'oot! te/ture$% of #oo$ fla&or% !i#! in oil% rate$ asof #oo$ >uality (ut inferior to 0ass an$ Fuerte9 ten$s to $ar5en in t!e latter 1art of t!eseason9 see$ s'all% se1arates rea$ily fro' t!e fles! -it! t!e oat a$!erin# to t!e see$.Season@ first ro1% Ot. or No&.% 8n$ ro1% De. or Jan. Fruit s!i1s -ell an$ !as #oo$ s!elflife% (ut t!e ne5 is a $isa$&anta#e on t!e fres! fruit 'ar5et9 aor$in#ly% t!e late7season

fruits are sent to 1roessin# 1lants. T!e tree is of lo-% s1rea$in# !a(it9 (ears early an$!ea&ily9 is as ol$7sensiti&e as 0ass. A(out )866 ares uality an$ fla&or9 see$ of 'e$iu' sie% ti#!t.Season@ May to De. in California9 Fe(. an$ Mar. in Flori$a. "oor (earer in California9fair in Flori$a (ut ol$7sensiti&e.

'Taylor'


87/405

>uality an$ fla&or% )8 to )+K oil9 see$ of 'e$iu' sie% ti#!t. Season@ late


88/405

'C!e/uette'


89/405

In )*,% "uerto Rian !ortiulturists re1orte$ on t!e 1erfor'ane of 82 seletions fro')66 stu$ie$ in t!e 1re&ious 2 years. Four of t!e seletions 1ree$e$ t!e esta(lis!'ent oft!e olletion at t!e Isa(ela Su(station of t!e Uni&ersity of "uerto Rio. One of t!eo(eti&es -as to i$entify late 'aturin# &arieties -it! su1erior >uality an$ yiel$. Of t!elea$in# )6% all are 1resu'e$ to (e 4uate'alan West In$ian !y(ri$s e/e1t one% anan

No. )% -!i! is 1ro(a(ly 4uate'alan% an$ t!is an$ Melen$e No. 8 are t!e only ones ofalternate (earin# !a(it. 4ri1ina Nos. 8% 2 an$ )8 -ere !i#!ly rate$ as% res1eti&ely%(etter t!an Na(al% one of t!e (est o''erial ulti&ars% an$ 'ost attrati&e of all. Se'ilNos. 8,% ,)% ,% 8% ,% an$ see'e$ e>ually $esira(le% -it! Nos. , an$ 8 note$ as-in$7resistant.

"uerto Rian (ree$ers !a&e no- $e&elo1e$ t!e follo-in# 4uate'alan West In$ian!y(ri$s@ A$untas% 4uate'ala% Melen$e 8% 4ri1ina 2% an$ Se'il , an$ ,% as late7'aturin#


90/405

#oo$ >uality% 8K oil9 see$ 'e$iu'. Season@ Ot. an$ No&. in California9 'i$ July to'i$7Se1t. in Flori$a9 'i$ Se1t. to 'i$ Ot. in Israel. Fruit $oes not 5ee1 -ell9 fla&or$isa#reea(le -!en o&erri1e. Tree (ears re#ularly (ut !as lo-er yiel$ t!an Du5e.

'Puebla'utano'

#ro-n -!ere it is too ol$ for 0ass.

4UATEMALAN MEICAN !y(ri$s inlu$e@

'Bacon'Huality of fles! sli#!tly (etter t!an utano. Season@ sli#!tly later t!en utano.Ten$s to (e affete$ -it! en$ s1ot% an e/ternal (le'is!. T!is ulti&ar an$ utano are t!eonly 8 reasona(ly 1ro$uti&e of 6 ulti&ars trie$ in Los An#eles an$ Oran#e Counties inCalifornia. In )*2+% to1 -or5in# of all t!e ot!ers to t!ese 8 ol$ !ar$y ulti&ars -asstron#ly reo''en$e$. Baon is a #oo$ !oie for tro1ial A'erian !i#!lan$s a(out2%866 ft


91/405

Na(al in ool areas of California% (ut #ro-s tall an$ re>uires to11in#. T!is is t!e lea$in#ulti&ar in Ne- ealan$% re1resentin# 26K of all o''erial 1lantin#s9 82K inHueenslan$. It is seon$ in i'1ortane to Fuerte in C!ile.

'%ayes'


92/405

In #eneral% s'all to 'e$iu'7sie$ fruits are (est for o''erial 1ro$ution an$es1eially for 'etro1olitan 'ar5ets. Lar#e fruits are suita(le for loal use es1eially (ylar#e fa'ilies. S'oot!% t!in or fairly t!in% 1lia(le% #reen s5in is 1referre$ (y t!eonsu'er. T!e fles! s!oul$ (e &irtually fi(erless an$ of a#reea(le fla&or an$% for t!e$ieter% of lo- oil ontent. T!e see$ 'ust (e s'all an$ ti#!t so as not to (ruise t!e fles!

$urin# !an$lin# an$ s!i11in#. T!e see$ oats ou#!t to a$!ere to t!e see$ an$ not to t!ea&ity. T!e fruit s!oul$ s!i1 -ell an$ stan$ ol$ stora#e. T!e tree s!oul$ (e of 'o$erate!ei#!t% slen$er enou#! to 1er'it u$iiously lose 1lantin# -it!out ro-$in#. It s!oul$(ear at an early a#e an$ re#ularly (ut not so !ea&ily as to suffer $ie (a5% an$% of ourse%s!oul$ (e $isease7% inset7% an$% in su(tro1ial areas% ol$7resistant. Col$7resistantulti&ars stan$ ol$7stora#e (etter t!an ol$7sensiti&e ulti&ars.

Pollination

Many isolate$ a&oa$o trees fail to fruit fro' la5 of 1ollination. Co''erial #ro-ersare areful to 'at! Class A ulti&ars -!ose flo-ers -ill reei&e 1ollen in t!e 'ornin#

-it! Class B ulti&ars t!at release 1ollen in t!e 'ornin# an$ e&ery #ro-er 'ust (e sureto inlu$e o'1ati(le 1ollinators in !is #ro&e. Bulletin 8* uires a tro1ial or near tro1ial


93/405

,36 to 66 11' C) 1erfor'e$ -ell in a o''erial or!ar$. In t!e Rio 4ran$e :alley ofTe/as% ulti&ars of t!e Me/ian rae 'ust (e #rafte$ onto salt tolerant West In$ianrootsto5s.

Propagation

Nor'ally% a&oa$o see$s lose &ia(ility -it!in a 'ont!. Lula see$s an (e store$ u1 to 2'ont!s if 1lae$ in non71erforate$ 1olyet!ylene (a#s an$ 5e1t at 6VF


94/405

o(tain unifor' 'aterial uninfluene$ (y rootsto5% for resear! on s1eifi 1ro(le's.De#ree of suess $e1en$s on t!e ulti&ar


95/405

Beause so'e ulti&ars ten$ to #ro- too tall for 1ratial 1ur1oses% o''erial #ro-ersut trees (a5 to ) or )3 ft ue.

A&oa$o (ran!es fre>uently nee$ 1ro11in# to a&oi$ (rea5in# -it! t!e -ei#!t of t!e$e&elo1in# fruits.

So'e #ro-ers fin$ it 1rofita(le to inter1lant (ananas until t!e a&oa$o trees rea!(earin# a#e.

Maturity and %ar&esting

A&oa$os -ill not ri1en -!ile t!ey are still atta!e$ to t!e tree% a11arently (eause of anin!i(itor in t!e fruit ste'. 0o'eo-ners usually onsi$er t!e entire ro1 1i5a(le -!en afe- 'ature


96/405

!an$ li11in#


97/405

sellin# $iretly to t!e retail 'ar5ets. Co'(ine$ Flori$a an$ California efforts !a&e raise$t!e rate of re#ular a&oa$o onsu'1tion in t!e Unite$ States fro' K in t!e late )*6sto o&er )2K to$ay. In California% t!e A&oa$o Mar5etin# Resear! Infor'ation Center-as reate$ in )*3, to #at!er an$ re1ort infor'ation on 1ro$ution% forei#n an$ $o'estis!i1'ents an$ ot!er ati&ities.

Israel 'a5es su(stantial in&est'ents in $e&elo1in# Euro1ean 'ar5ets for a&oa$os an$!as attaine$ t!e 1osition of 1rini1al e/1orter to Euro1e. Frane an$ t!e Unite$ in#$o'are t!e !ief onsu'ers.

$torage

Ri1enin# of a&oa$os 'ay (e !astene$ (y e/1osure to an at'os1!ere of at least )6 11'et!ylene 82 to * !ours after !ar&est. T!e a&oa$o $oes not res1on$ to earlier treat'ent.C!an#es in 1etinesterase ati&ity an$ 1etin ontent are (ein# stu$ie$ to 'easureri1enin# of a&oa$os in stora#e. Di11in# in late/ !as retar$e$ $eay in a&oa$os store$ at

roo' te'1erature.

A&oa$os s!i1 -ell an$ are sent to o&erseas 'ar5ets un$er refri#eration in surfae&essels. T!e fruits are su(et to !illin# inury


98/405

A&oa$os !a&e no 'aor inset ene'ies in Flori$a (ut 'i#ratin# e$ar -a/-in#s fee$ onlea&es% flo-ers an$ &ery youn# fruits an$ t!e fruits are o''only atta5e$ (y s>uirrels%rats an$ 'ie. T!e a&oa$o re$ 'ite% 6ligonychus yothersi9 is t!e 'ost o''on 1re$atoron t!e lea&es in so'e #ro&es an$ not in ot!ers. Re$7(an$e$ t!ri1s% Selenothripsrubrocinctus% t!e #reen!ouse t!ri1s%*eliothrips haemorrhoidalis% an$ re$7s1i$er%

$etranychus mytilaspidis% 'ay fee$ on a&oa$o lea&es an$ (le'is! t!e fruits fro' ti'e toti'e. T!ere are se&eral sales also -!i! 'ay fee$ on folia#e% es1eially t!e Flori$a -a/sale% Ceroplastes floridensis% t!e 1yrifor'% or soft -!ite% sale%)rotopulvinariapyriformis% Dityos1er'u' sale% Chrysomphalus dictyospermi9 an$ t!e (la5 sale%Saissetia oleae. A'on# t-o $oen ot!er 'inor 1ests in Flori$a are t!e itrus 'ealy(u#%)seudococcus citrian$ a&oa$o 'ealy(u#%). nipae. Stin5(u#s 'ay 1ri5 t!e fruitslea&in# little $ents in t!e s5in ou1le$ -it! #ritty areas at t!e sa'e loations insi$e.

In California% 8 le1i$o1terous 1ests%Amorbia cuneanaan$ t!e o'ni&orous loo1er%Sabulodesaegrotata% -!en 1resent in lar#e nu'(ers% ause se&ere $efoliation an$ fruit7sarrin#. Biolo#ial ontrol is (ein# a!ie&e$ (y release of t!e e## 1arasite%

$richogrammaplatneri9 -!i! is no- o''erially a&aila(le to #ro-ers. Sine )**%t!e oran#e tortri/ uires s!a$e$ areas% it is (est ontrolle$ (y t!innin# out alose71lante$ #ro&e or to17-or5in# to less suse1ti(le ulti&ars.

T!e fruit7s1ottin# (u#%Amblypeltanitida% an$ (anana s1ottin# (u#%A. &utescens% arei'1ortant 1ests re>uirin# ontrol in Hueenslan$. T!e Me$iterranean fruit fly is a 'aor!aar$ in Israel% (ut &ery t!i57s5inne$ fruits su! as Ana!ei' are not atta5e$. T!eHueenslan$ fruit fly%acustryoni9 seriously $a'a#es only Me/ian ulti&ars or4uate'alan Me/ian !y(ri$s in Australia. In )*+)% a ne'ato$e sur&ey in Ba!ia%

Brail% re&eale$ * #enera of 5no-n or sus1ete$ 1arasiti ne'ato$es assoiate$ -it!a&oa$o tree $eline. Israeli a&oa$o #ro-ers are see5in# an$ testin# 'eans of (iolo#ialontrol of t!e 'ore serious of t!e , $oen insets an$ 'ites 1reyin# on t!e ro1 in t!atountry. In Me/io% t!e a&oa$o -ee&il%*eilipuslauri9 tunnels into t!e see$s.

T!e 'aor $isease of a&oa$os in Sout! an$ Central A'eria an$ so'e islan$s of t!eWest In$ies% in California% 0a-aii% an$ &arious ot!er areas% is root7rot ause$ (y t!efun#us%)hytophthoracinnamomi% -!i! is (ein# o'(atte$ (y t!e use of strit sanitary1roe$ures an$ resistant rootsto5s% es1eially Du5e. At t!e Uni&ersity of California%Ri&ersi$e% o&er +26 see$lin#s an$ uttin#s -ere (ein# teste$ for root7rot resistane in)*+ an$ )*++ an$ t!e 'ost 1ro'isin# trie$ out for #raftin# o'1ati(ility -it!o''erial ulti&ars. Also% soil fu'i#ation e/1eri'ents -it! 'et!yl (ro'i$e an$ ne-ly$e&elo1e$ !e'ials -ere (ein# arrie$ for-ar$. T!e $isease !as (een so $e&astatin# int!e !i#! rainfall areas of Ne- Sout! Wales an$ Hueenslan$ t!at 1lantin#s !a&e e/1an$e$into t!e se'i7ari$ Murray :alley in t!e !o1e of a&oi$in# it. In Ne- ealan$% it is not a1ro(le' on $ee1% &olani soils% (ut ours on s!allo-% !ea&ier soils. It -as alle#e$lyintro$ue$ into C!ile -it! (alle$ trees fro' California an$ &i#orous 'easures are (ein#ta5en to ontrol it.

*3


99/405

Mus!roo' root7rot fro' Clitocybe tabescens'ay oasionally our. Ceros1ora s1ot


100/405

So'e Oriental 1eo1le in 0a-aii also 1refer t!e a&oa$o s-eetene$ -it! su#ar an$ t!eyo'(ine it -it! fruits su! as 1inea11le% oran#e% #ra1efruit% $ates% or (anana.

In Ja&a% a&oa$o fles! is t!orou#!ly 'i/e$ -it! stron# (la5 offee% s-eetene$ an$ eatenas a $essert.

A&oa$o slies !a&e (een 1i5le$ an$ 'ar5ete$ in #lass ars. California (e#an 'ar5etin#froen #uaa'ole in )*2)% an$ a froen a&oa$o -!i1% $e&elo1e$ at t!e Uni&ersity ofMia'i% -as laun!e$ in )*22. To !el1 1re&ent eny'ati (ro-nin# of t!ese 1ro$uts% itis reo''en$e$ t!at so$iu' (isulfite an$or asor(i ai$ (e 'i/e$ in (efore freein#.

A&ocado Oil

Oil e/1resse$ fro' t!e fles! is ri! in &ita'ins A% B% 4 an$ E. It !as a $i#esti(ilityoeffiient of *,.3K (ut !as re'aine$ too ostly to (e utilie$ e/tensi&ely as sala$ oil.T!e a'ino ai$ ontent !as (een re1orte$ as@ 1al'iti% +.69 steari% ).69 olei% +*.69

linolei% ),.6.

T!e oil !as e/ellent 5ee1in# >uality. Sa'1les 5e1t in a la(oratory in Los An#eles at6VF


101/405

Asor(i Ai$ .278)., '#

Analyses of West In$ian% 4uate'alen an$ Me/ian a&oa$os 'ar5ete$ in CentralA'eria.

Bro-nin# of t!e fles! of fres!ly ut a&oa$o fruits is ause$ (y 1oly1!enol o/i$aseisoeny'es. A&oa$o !al&es a&era#e only ), to )26 alories.

T!e a&oa$o !as a !i#! li1i$ ontent7fro' 2 to 82K $e1en$in# on t!e ulti&ar. A'on#t!e saturate$ fatty ai$s% 'yristi le&el 'ay (e .)K% 1al'iti% +.8% ).) or 88.)K9 steari%6.8% 6. or ).+K. Of t!e unsaturate$ fatty ai$s% 1al'itolei 'ay ran#e fro' 2.2 to )).6K9olei 'ay (e 2).*% +6.+ or 36.*+K% linolei% *.,% )).8 or ).,K. Non sa1onifia(lere1resents ). to 8.K. Io$ine nu'(er is *.. In fee$in# e/1eri'ents -!i! e/lu$e$ani'al fat% ) 1atients -ere #i&en )8 to ) l8 a&oa$os 1er $ay. Total seru' !olesterolan$ 1!os1!oli1i$ &alues in t!e (loo$ (e#an to fall in one -ee5. Bo$y -ei#!t $i$ notinrease. C!olesterol &alues $i$ not rise an$ 3 1atients s!o-e$ $ereases in total seru'

!olesterol an$ 1!os1!oli1i$s.

A'ino ai$s of t!e 1ul1


102/405

# of !alf7an$7!alf nor'al ration an$ eit!er fres! or $rie$ a&oa$o see$ $ie$ in 8 or ,$ays% t!ou#! one 'ouse #i&

fruits of warm climates, 3rd edition - morton

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