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    History of Slavic CapitalsThrough the Archival Materials

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    CIP - Kataloni zapis o publikacijiNarodna in univerzitetna knjinica, Ljubljana

    94(4-25)

    SLAVIC capitals in 2D : History of Slavic Capitals Through the ArchivalMaterials / [text Slobodan Mandi ... [et al.] ; editor-in-chief Andreja Rihter ;translated by Svetlana Adi]. - Ljubljana : Forum of Slavic Cultures, 2013

    ISBN 978-961-92433-4-31. Mandi, Slobodan, 1947- 2. Rihter, Andreja266726656

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    Contents

    4 Foreword

    6 Forum of Slavic Cultures

    7 Slavic Capitals

    8 Belgrade

    19 Bratislava

    28 Cetinje

    37 Kyiv

    46 Ljubljana

    57 Minsk

    67 Moscow

    75 Prague85 Sarajevo

    95 Skopje

    104 Sofia

    112 Warsaw123 Zagreb

    135 Catalogue

    154 Our Partners

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    Andreja Rihter

    Directrice du Forum des cultures slaves

    Andreja Rihter, MA

    Director of the Forum of Slavic Cultures

    Parmi les plus beaux moments de notre vie, il y aceux o nous accompagnons quelqu'un qui nous estcher au dpart d'un voyage. Nous nous rjouissons deses nouvelles expriences et de ses plaisirs, lui disonsau-revoir, nous l'embrassons chaleureusement et nouslui souhaitons bonne chance. En tant que directricedu Forum des cultures slaves, qui prsente et soutientla crativit dans l'espace des cultures slaves, en

    partenariat troit avec les organisations internationaleset les initiatives nationales, je suis aujourd'hui trs requ'une exposition prenne son envol, sur l'volutionhistorique des capitales slaves raconte par les archives.

    Chers amis, cette exposition est vraiment unique, rus-sie, et invite au voyage. Unique, car pour la premirefois 13 pays slaves ont amicalement mis en communleurs archives. Russie, car c'est une collaboration fertilemalgr la dispersion des archives dans diffrentes

    institutions tatiques ou non, et malgr les nombreuxobstacles. Invitation au voyage, car aprs le palais del'Unesco cette exposition partira pour un voyage d'un andans tous les pays participants.

    C'est dans ces russites que s'inscrivent le but et lavocation du Forum des cultures slaves. Cela apparatdans le soutien et la collaboration de 300 millions deSlaves. Cela apparat dans ce dialogue interculturel

    ouvert et respectueux, cette collaboration fonde sur lerespect de la diffrence et la tolrance, cela apparat danstoujours plus d'ouverture des socits des cultures slaves,cela apparat dans l'innervation et la rsonance de laculture spirituelle slave, dans la crativit et l'innovation!

    Quand nous accompagnons quelqu'un de cher pourun voyage, chacun de nous aimerait srement par-tir avec lui sur un coup de tte. Mais nous savons qu'ilne peut partir que sans nous. C'est pourquoi au fond de

    nous nous ne ressentons pas la peur devant l'inconnu,nous avons conscience qu'il saura suivre son chemin.Alors, bon voyage Paris et bon voyage Moscou,Varsovie, Minsk, Kiev, Prague, Bratislava, Ljubljana,Zagreb, Sarajevo, Belgrade, Cetinje, Skopje et Soa!

    Very special moments in our lives are those when weare seeing off our dear ones. We are happy becauseof new experiences and events they will go through,we tightly hug them, proudly pat them on the back andwish them farewell. As the Director of the Forum ofSlavic Cultures, which in strong partnership with inter-national organizations and national initiatives presentsand supports the creativity of Slavic cultural areas, I am

    very proud that the exhibition on the historical develop-ment of Slavic capitals, as related by their archives, issetting out on its journey.

    Dear friends, this exhibition is truly unique, out-standing and daringly globe-trotting. Unique, as itsucceeded in setting up a friendly network of twelveSlavic countries and their archives. Outstanding, as itestablished a fruitful cooperation regardless of specialjuridical and organizational positions the archives have

    in their countries and in spite of numerous obstacles. Itis globe-trotting because, from the UNESCO headquar-ters, it will immediately set off on a full-year journeythrough all the participating countries.

    Isee the mission and task of our Forum of SlavicCultures in such successful ventures. I can see it inwholehearted support and in cooperation of 300 millionSlavs. I see it in a deferential and open intercultural

    dialogue, in the collaboration, based on respect ofotherness and tolerance, I see it in improving of socialconditions for open and productive cooperation of Slaviccultures, as well as in nerving and voicing the Slavicspiritual culture, creativity and innovation!

    When we are seeing off our dear ones, most of uswould like for a moment to depart together withthem. But we know they can go their way only withoutus. Therefore, deep inside of us, there is no nagging worry

    or a fear of the unknown, but rather the assurance thatthey know how and will be able to walk their way. So,good luck in Paris, and have a pleasant journey to Warsaw,Prague, Bratislava, Moscow, Minsk, Kyiv, Ljubljana, Zagreb,Sarajevo, Belgrade, Cetinje, Skopje and Soa!

    Foreword

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    Bojan Cvelfar

    Directeur des Archives d'histoire de Ljubljana

    Bojan Cvelfar, MA

    Head of the Ljubljana Historical Archives

    Les capitales slaves sont exceptionnellement richesde leur pass, pass que les archives municipaleset nationales nourrissent et conservent. Ce segmentimportant et vari du patrimoine culturel sexprimepar des traces crites sous les formes et les genresles plus divers, quil sagisse de feuillets et codex desplus anciens, de cartes et plans, de photographies,dafches, de matriel pistolaire, ou mme dcrits

    contemporains sous forme lectronique.

    Les archives sont un trsor de souvenirs qui permetau visiteur de cette exposition de sattarder sur lesmoments les plus intressants et les plus importantsdu pass agit des capitales slaves, de dcouvrir leurdiversit historique, culturelle, religieuse ou autre. Cequi nempche pas de discerner des ressemblances!

    Ce projet commun sur les archives de 13 capitales

    slaves dmontre que, malgr les diffrences depoint de vue et de pratique, ensemble on fait mieux.Alors, que cette exposition ne soit que le dbut dunecollaboration long terme entre les archives descultures slaves, car dans le domaine spcialis desarchives nous sommes tous lis par la croix et labannire.

    The Slavic capitals have exceedingly rich and col-ourful past, which is to a great extent preservedand safeguarded by their city and national archives.This signicant and heterogeneous segment ofcultural heritage is manifested through diversetypes and forms of written memory, from the oldestcharters and codices, maps and plans, photographs,posters, important records, to the contemporary

    digital documents.

    This exhibition, with the help of the archivesas treasuries of memory, makes possible for avisitor to stop by the most interesting or notewor-thy points of the dynamic past of Slavic capitals,discovering their historical, cultural, religious andother peculiarities, while also identifying somesimilarities.

    The common project of thirteen archives ofSlavic capitals has proved that, in spite of somedifferent practices and views, we can do muchmore together than each by itself. Therefore, let theexhibition be only a beginning of a long cooperationof Slavic archives, as we all share common problemsand experience in our professional archival work.

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    International Foundation

    Forum ofSlavic Cultures

    Mednarodna ustanova Forum slovanskih kulturMedzinrodn nadcia Frum slovanskch kultr o unrdn ustnv Frum slovnskih kulturMeunarodna ustanova Forum slavenskih kultura Medzinrodn nadcia Frum slovanskch kultr Mezinrodn nadace Frum slovanskch kulturMiedzynarodowa Fundacja Forum Kultur Sowiaskich

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    Slavic Capitals [ 7]S

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    Belgrade

    Historical ArchivesOf Belgrade

    No. 1, Palmira Toljatija St.11 070 BelgradeLandline: +38111 2606-336Fax: +38111 [email protected]

    www.arhiv-beograda.org

    The Historical Archives of Belgrade was founded in1945. Ever since, its existence, activities and archivalmaterial it treasures have witnessed to the history ofBelgrade, Serbia and Yugoslavia.

    Some 2,738 fonds and collections i.e. 13 kilometersof the archival material, are preserved today in itsrepositories, covering the historical periods since the16thcentury until modern times.

    The oldest document preserved is The Dialogue

    between the Ottoman Turk and the Christianpertainingto the military and political situation, dated to thesecond half of the 16thcentury. The oldest fonds is theMagistrate of Semlin (1794-1934). Forty fonds andarchival collections have been proclaimed a culturalheritage of the extraordinary value.

    111 070 +38111 2606-336 +38111 [email protected]

    www.arhiv-beograda.org

    1945.

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    (1749-1934), 40 .[ 8]

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    mailto:[email protected]://www.arhiv-beograda.org/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.arhiv-beograda.org/mailto:[email protected]
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    And while they break my arm, leg, soul, and spearThey cannot break you, and cannot tear.

    (Milo Crnjanski, Lament Over Belgrade)

    Belgrade Throughthe Centuries

    Area: 3.236 km2,Citizens: 1.659.440At the beginning of XV century, Belgrade

    became the capital city of the Serbian territo-ries. The Turks conquered it in 1521. Belgradewas in the possession of Austrians threetimes until the Serbian Uprising (1804). Statecapital moved from Kragujevac to Belgradein 1841 when it became the capital city of themodern Serbian state, as it has been today.Belgrade was decorated with Legion of Honor

    after the First World War and with Order ofNational Hero of Yugoslavia after the SecondWorld War. Belgrade became the capital cityof the newly founded socialist state in 1946,after the Monarchy was abolished in 1945.Belgrade was bombed in NATO campaign in1999.

    The old manuscripts record the place on the steeprock over the conuence of the river Sava and theDanube. This place known as Kalemegdan has alwaysbeen the rst symbol of Belgrade.

    Since the ancient times when the Celtic tribesorganized the rst settlement in its territory andnamed it Singidunum, until the times when Belgradeofcially became the rst Serbian state capital elapsed1600 years. Along its long history, the City had beenbuilt and destroyed, inhabited by soldiers and civilians,Romans of the IV Legion of Flavius Felix, Christianmartyrs, the Byzantines of Emperor Justinian I.

    Belgrade was targeted, attacked and destroyed bybarbarian tribes of the Huns ruler Attila, EasternGoths, Gepids, Sarmatians, Avars, Slavs and others.

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    The Slavic name of Belgrade appeared for the rsttime in the letter Pope John VIII wrote to BulgarianPrince Boris on April 16, 878.

    Many fought for Belgrade, passed through andruled it Hungarians, Serbs, Bulgarians, Frederick

    Barbarossas Crusaders, two Serbian kings from theDynasty of Nemanji, Dragutin and Milutin. AfterMilutin's rule, even Duan the Mighty, the Emperor ofSerbia, during whose rule Serbia was the most power-ful and spacious in its history, failed to recapture it. Anew and strong enemy intruded from the East theOttoman Turks. During the Battle of Kosovo, which took

    place on St. Vitus Day on June 15/28, 1389, the SerbianPrince Lazar Hrebeljanovi was defeated and almostall of the Serbian nobility and army killed. Serbia wasdevastated. Despite the complexities of the historicalcontext, Belgrade experienced a real revival during thereign of the renaissance ruler Despot Stefan Lazarevi.

    Belgrade - The City VeryGreat Since Ancient Times

    The rst time Belgrade became the Serbian capitalwas in 1403-1427, during the reign of DespotStefan Lazarevic, son of Prince Lazar and PrincessMilica. The Despot was an extraordinary politician,diplomat, warrior and writer. After the Battle of Angorain 1402, in which he fought as a Turkish vassal inthe troops of Sultan Bayezid I, Stefan received atitle of Despot, the highest rank after the emperors,from the Byzantine Emperor John VII Palaiologos inConstantinople. The political events made him turn tohis enemy, Hungarian King Sigismund of Luxemburg,who awarded him lands and the city of Belgrade. Ina few years period, the Despots state became one of

    the most stable thanks to legislation he passed andreforms he implemented.

    Despot Stefan was the second-signed founder of thechivalric Order of the Dragon, immediately afterthe Hungarian king Sigismund but before other twentytwo European renowned aristocrats. Europe was en-chanted by the Despot; the chronicles compared himto the Moon among the Stars.

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    Belgrade of those times had churches, schools, a hos-pital, and shelters for the old, disabled and poor, ahospice for the travelers. The Despot himself describedit as the most beautiful place, Belgrade - the city very

    great since the ancient times, destroyed and abandonedonly by accident, which I had built up and consecrated toHoly Mother of God.

    The Gate and the Tower of the Despots city are theonly remaining parts that survived until these days.

    Meeting Point of Knightsand Nursery of Scientists

    The Turks, led by the Sultan Suleiman theMagnicent, conquered Belgrade in 1521, after twounsuccessful attempts. Hungarians defended Belgradestrongly but lost it, hundred years after the Despotsdeath. The Turks remained there for 167 years.

    The travelling writers described Belgrade as abeautiful town in which the nights were as bright asdaily light, reecting the whiteness of the Fortress and theashes of the swords, a town which was a meeting pointof the knights and heroes, a nursery of scientists (prof.Abdul Kemal of Travnik).Turkish poets, philosophersand jurists lived and worked in Belgrade, among themHabibi, Ahmet bay Paic, sheikh Ibrahim bin Iskandarand others. However, the peaceful multiethnic andmulticultural city from time to time experienced theTurkish cruelty. On the Vraar plateau in Belgradein 1594, they burned the remains of the greatestSerbian Saint, Sava, of the Nemanji Family, who wasthe rst Serbian Archbishop and the founder of theHilandar Monastery on the Mount Athos (Greece) andthe Studenica Monastery (Serbia). Two empires, the

    Ottoman and the Habsburg, fought over Belgradecontinuously until the Serbian Uprising in 1804. TheAustrians recaptured it three times and kept it longestunder the rule of Charles VI and Eugene of Savoy,1717-1739.

    Belgrade's architecture was inuenced by theCentral European Baroque of those times. WhenJohann Balthasar Neumann, later to become one of

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    the greatest architects of German Baroque, came toBelgrade, the reconstruction works on the city fortressbegan.

    According to the design of Baron Nicholas Doxat deMorez, engineer and constructor, the Fortress wasthoroughly reconstructed as a unied and elaboratefortication complex. For the rst and only time in itshistory, the City was divided by a prescribed Decree ontwo territories Serbian or the Sava part and Germanor the Danube part. Following the Treaty of Sistova in1791 the Austrians left Belgrade and crossed over to

    Semlin, today Zemun.

    The First and the Second Uprisings (1804/1815)are considered crucial in the new Serbian history.Soon after them the narrow patriarchal and peas-ant ways of life changed. The Pashaluk of Belgradeproled itself as the meeting point of revolutionarygathering of Serbs from Austria. The Serbian scholar,eminent man of letters, the rst Minister of Education

    I II (1804/1815) . - . . . ,, , , , , , , , . (1804-1835)

    , - .

    Panorama and war scene of the capture of Belgrade in 1521. Johann Ambrosius Siebmacher, Nurnberg, 1603

    1521. . , 1603 [, ]

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    in Serbia, representrative of the Serbian and SouthSlavic Age of Englightenment, Dositej Obradovimorally administered and materially supported therebells from the very start. The European intellectual

    elite, Pushkin, Goethe, Lamartine, Walter Scott, AdamBernard Mickiewicz, Leopold von Ranke, Pavol Jozefafrik, the Grimm Brothers, wrote on the heroic ghtof Serbian uprisers. The Serbian Revolutions (1804-1835) led to national freedom, represented in theleader Karadjordjes personality, led to state independ-ence and social welfare thanks to Milo Obrenovisdiplomatic abilities and to cultural revival supportedby Vuk Stefanovi Karadi, a great language reformer.

    The City Keys

    The reign of the Dynasty of Obrenovi, thoughbriey interuppted, marked the 19th-century historyof Serbia. Serbia became a modern European country,

    received its independence and territorial expansion, in1882 was declared a kingdom, and had a strong armyand developed institutions. One of the most progres-sive constitutions in Europe at that time was passed in1888, which gave people their democratic rights andintroduced parliamentary rule.

    The reign of young king Aleksandar (1889-1903), thelast of the Obrenovic Dynasty, was characterizedby many unexpected turns of events which led to theassassination of the royal couple and change of thedynasty in 1903. Peter I Karadjordjevic (1903-1921)ascended the Serbian throne.

    The decision on the modern Serbian capital wastaken by the Prince Mihailo Obrenovi (1839-1842,1860-1868), who moved the seat of government fromKragujevac to Belgrade in April 1841. The Prince waswell educated and respected person, a traveler and apoet, enlightened absolutist, loved by the citizens ofBelgrade. One of the most beautiful streets in Belgradetoday is named after him. The monument dedicatedto the Prince, a big donor to the National Theatre, waserected in 1882 and posted in front of the Theatrecommemorating the national liberation from the Turksand the handover of the City keys to the Prince in April1867. In the second half of the 19thcentury the capital

    XIX

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    XIX . . . (1884), .

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    city was urbanized, Europeanized and rapidly trans-formed to a modern metropolis. The industrial produc-tion emerged and put away traditional craftsmanship.Construction of the Belgrade -Ni railway in 1884greatly helped trade and trafc to develop. Soon, thefamous Orient Express steamed through Belgrade onhis way to Constantinople. Belgrade got its rst electricpower plant in 1892, exactly eight years after Paris andve years after Berlin. That same year Nikola Tesla, anelectrical engineer and scientist of the Serbian stock,was a distinguished guest in Belgrade.The social life was undergoing the same pattern as in

    Vienna, Pest and Paris. Natalija Obrenovi (Florence1895-Paris 1941) inuenced the life and events of theSerbian court, which resembled the other Europeancourts. The Princess, renowned for her beauty andskills, dominated the court balls.

    The House of Wars

    Serbia faced difcult temptations at the beginning ofthe 20th century the customs war, the AnnexationCrisis, the Balkan wars and the World War I.

    The rst day the Austro-Hungarian Empire declaredwar to Serbia in summer 1914, Belgrade was

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    Natalija Obrenovi (1859 - 1941), wife of King Milan,

    mother of the last king from the Obrenovi Dynasty,Alexander, the rst Princess of the modern Serbia,great benefactor, Europeanized the Serbian court.

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    bombed. During the four-month long bombardmentmany Belgrade citizens remained underneath theruins, the citys infrastructure was destroyed. In the lastair attack in 1915, Belgrade was bombed day in andnight out. The defence of Belgrade became famous forMajor Gavrilovis speech given to his troops: Soldiers!Heroes! The Supreme command has erased our regimentfrom its records. Our regiment has been sacriced for thehonor of Belgrade and the Fatherland ...

    After heavy defensive struggles, the Serbian Armyretreated towards South. Many followed: SerbianArmy commanders, the King, the Crown Prince, govern-

    ment members, state institutions staff, many citizensfrom Belgrade, among them pupils and the OldmensLast Defence. Retreat across Albania to the island ofCorfu (Greece) was one more major suffering of theSerbian Nation. The French Marshal Joseph Joffre,the supreme commander of the Entente Alliance,described this retreat as beyond sufferings ever recordedin history. The living in Belgrade was full of fear,expectations, poverty, hunger, plunder. One of the mostdistressing descriptions of the situation in Serbia andBelgrade was given in the Report of the United StatesChildrens Bureau, signed by John Adams Kingsbury:

    In Serbia, there are almost no peoplebetween eighteen and fty years of age

    In Serbia, there are no childrenunder three years of age

    Serbia will have to start buildingeverything again, step by step

    The President of the Republic of France, AlexandreMillerand, conferred Legion of Honour on Belgradeon December 21, 1920. The decoration was awardedto Belgrade in January 1921 by the French marshalFranchet dEsperey who was the honorary voivoda ofthe Serbian Army, too.

    After the World War I ended, in compliance withthe Treaty of Versailles, the Kingdom of Serbs,Croats and Slovenes was created. King AleksandarI Karadjordjevi (1921-1934) himself took part infoundation of the new State.

    Belgrade, capital of the newly formed Kingdom,during the rst post-war years, fought withunemployment, poverty, slow-paced reconstruction of

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    the industry and unsettled national issues. The newurban development plan and the acceleration of civilengineering initiated in the second decade of the 20thcentury and culminated in the third. Russian imperial

    architects, who were refugees in Yugoslavia, built upthe most important state buildings, residential com-plexes, private houses, together with their colleaguesfrom all over Yugoslavia. At that time, Belgrade wasthe only European city which had a Buddhist Temple.The activities on building up St. Savas Church on theVraar plateu in Belgrade continued.The state Capital was completely integrated into theEuropean policy, culture and economy. The moderniza-tion of life in general, based on the industrializationprocesses, resulted in existance and work of 107industrial entities in Belgrade.

    The scent of approaching war was being felt in theair long before it started. Yugoslavia signed theTripartite Treaty in March 1941, provoking oppositionto the Treaty and launching a coup dtat, and massdemonstrations followed. The country was attacked,

    without a declaration of war, Belgrade was heavilybombed on April 6th, 1941. German bombs targetedcivilians and infrastructure. The National Library ofSerbia was hit, some 350.000 books and as many as500.000 volumes of other texts, most of them uniquesamples, were burned, among them Charter grantedto Belgrade by Despot Stefan Lazarevi. King Peter IIKaradjordjevi (19341945), along with the members

    107 .

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    . II (1934-1945) . , . .

    1 : 100 1 : 50 . : . 11.870 , 1.115. ,

    Legion of Honor, the highest decoration of France,awarded in 1921 to Belgrade for its heroic par-

    ticipation in the World War I. Beside Belgrade onlytwo more cities outside France have this decoration:Liege (Belgium) and Luxembourg (Luxembourg).

    1921, . , . [, ]

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    of the Yugoslav Government, left the country and, inLondon, formed the Government in exile.

    B

    elgrade within its communal territories came underthe administration of the German occupational

    military and police forces, while Semlin with its vicinitycame under the administration of the IndependentState of Croatia. Soon, the collaboration governmentwas established. The German Administration issuedthe cruel Order, effective on the territories of Belgradeand the whole of Serbia, by which 100 Serbs were tobe shot for one killed German soldier and 50 for awounded one.

    Two concentraion camps in Belgrade, Banjica andSajmite were established within the network ofthe Nazi concentration camps in Europe. Only 1,115persons of Jewish community out of 11.870 wholived in the prewar Belgrade, survived the war. Priorto the liberation, Belgrade was bombed on severaloccasions by Allied forces in their attempt to clean upthe territories from Germans. Those carpetbombings

    caused massive human casualties, devastated the city,destoryed its bridges.

    Belgrade was liberated on October 20, 1944 whenthe National Liberation Army and the Soviet RedArmy entered the City. During the Second World Warsome 100,000 civilians and soldiers were killed inbombardments, in concentration camps, in actions ofrevange and in battles for liberation waged on the

    territory of Belgrade. Belgrade was decorated with theOrder of National Hero of Yugoslavia.

    The City of Future

    F

    ederative Republic of Yugoslavia Declaration ofNovember 29th, 1945 abolished the Monarchy. In

    January 1946, a socialist state, with Belgrade as itsCapital, was established. Josip Broz Tito (1945-1980)was the President of Yugoslavia and his cult through-out his presidency was very strong. Belgrade usedto be that central point where many political eventstook place or reected them: break up with the SovietUnion in 1948, students movement in 1968, the NewConstitution of 1974. In addition, Belgrade hosted

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    many world and European conferences and sum-mits, among them the First Non-Aligned Conferencein 1961. Belgrade is well know for numerous sportsand cultural events: Belgrade Music Festival BEMUS,

    Childrens FestivalJoy of Europe, Film Festival FEST.The Belgrade International Theatre Festival BITEFwasfounded in 1967 on the initiative of the avant-gardeTheatre Atelje 212, following the new theatrical trands.Among distinguished Belgrades honorary citizens wasIvo Andri, the Nobel Prize winner for Literature, whowas awarded the Gold Memorial Plaque of the City ofBelgrade.

    Postwar ideas on construction of a new socialist cityactually gave birth to a whole new town New

    Belgrade which today simbolizes the town of Sun,Space and Green Areas, developed on the conceptof modular systems of great Franch architect LeCorbusier.

    A

    fter Titos death in 1980, the dissolution of SFRY in1992, at the end of the century and the millenium,

    in 1999, Belgrade once again got bombed by theNATO alliance. The bombardment lasted for 78 daysand nights, in and out, targeting not only the strate-gic points but also civil ones and civilians that weredeclared a collateral damage.

    Misfortunes and crises that befell Belgrade passedaway, and once again, as many times earlier in itshistory, Belgrade recovered and turned into a moderncity, the largest in the Region.

    The Dome was mounted in 2004 on the St. SavasChurch built on the very site where the Turks in1594 burned the relics of Sava, the greatest SerbianEducator; the Belgrade Arena Kombank Arenawas com-pleted. After winning the City of the Future for South-East Central Europe, the Serbian capital has won the

    second round of this prestigious competition on March16th2006 in Cannes, organized by the Financial Timesfor 2006/2007 and was awarded the name City of theFuture in Southern Europe. Avala Tower, one of the Citysymbols, hit and pulled down in the NATO bombard-ment, was reconstructed and reopened in 2009.Citizens of Belgrade celebrated the New Year 2012walking over the new Ada Bridge.

    1980, 1992, , , 1999. . 78

    , . , .

    , , , .

    2004. , ( ). 2006. 2007. , (Financial Times), 16. 2006. . 2009. , , . 2012. .

    Ada Bridge Belgrade, 2012. Color photograph.

    , 2012. . [, ]

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    Bratislava

    Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic

    Archives of theCapital of the SlovakRepublic Bratislava

    Mailing address: Markova 1, P.O.Box 40,850 05 Bratislava 55, SlovakiaTelephone: +421 2 5443 3248E-mail: [email protected]

    www.minv.sk/?statne-archivy

    The Archives of the Capital of the Slovak RepublicBratislava is the State Archives with regionalterritorial competence. The Archives administratesof 600 archive fonds and archive collections inextent of 5 000 running meters about from the 11thcentury to the present days. Thirteen professionalemployees take care of their acquisition, record,protection, as well as contact with researchers. The

    Archives is situated in provisional premises withlimited opportunities to acquire archives and presentarchival heritage to the public.

    Bratislava

    Ministerstvo vntra Slovenskej republiky

    Archv hlavnhomesta Slovenskejrepubliky Bratislavy

    Potov adresa: Markova 1, P.O.Box 40,850 05 Bratislava 55, SlovenskoTelefnne slo: +421 2 5443 3248E-mail: [email protected]

    www.minv.sk/?statne-archivy

    Archv hlavnho mesta SR Bratislavy je ttnymarchvom s regionlnou zemnou psobnosou.Archv spravuje 600 archvnych fondov a archv-nych zbierok. Ich rozsah je pribline 5000 benchmetrov. asov rozsah fondov je od 11. stor. a posasnos. O ich preberanie, evidenciu, ochranuako i kontakt s bdatemi sa star 13 odbornchpracovnkov. Archv v sasnosti sdli v doasnch

    priestoroch s obmedzenmi monosami preberaarchvne dokumenty, ako i prezentova archvnededistvo verejnosti.

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    Bratislava - city onthe Danube

    Bratislava is the city which developed frommarket settlement by the Danube ford intotodays modern economic and culturalcenter of Slovakia. Over the centuries,Bratislava was a free royal city and thecoranation city of the Hungarian rulers.In its multiethnicity, it is a city of toler-ance. Today it is the capital of independent

    Slovakia and a good place to live.

    At the foot of the Little Carpathian Mountainsand on the borders of three countries, Austria,Hungary and Slovakia, there lies the capital of theSlovak Republic, Bratislava.The city, with over 460.000 inhabitants, has rich andeventful history, owing its origin and development to

    advantageous geographical position and two ancienttrade routes. Here was the crossing of the Amberroad that led from the Baltic to the Adriatic and theDanube route that connected Central and EasternEurope. The Danube ford has also played a signicantrole in the city-forming process.

    According to the testimony of archaeologicalnds, Bratislava and its surroundings have beeninhabited since the Neolithic. Rich ndings are thewitnesses of the presence of many cultures. In thesecond century BC, the Celtic tribe of Boii built afortied oppidum in the place of todays city. Basedon ancient patterns, the silver coins were minted hereby the Celts. This ourishing city was destroyed bythe Dacians at the turn of our era.

    In the 1stcentury AD, the Romans pushed theboundaries of their empire to the Danube river. Traces

    of several stone buildings of the military-defensecharacter have been found on the castle hill and inthe inner city. In the city part Dubravka, remains ofthe 3rd-century Roman buildings were discovered. Thevillage Rusovce, nowadays a part of Bratislava, waspart of the Roman military settlement Gerulata. Afterthe Germans and Avars at the turn of the 5thand 6thcenturies, various groups of Slavs gradually occupied

    Bratislava - mestona Dunaji

    Bratislava je mestom, ktor sa z trhovejosady pri dunajskom brode vyvinulo dopodoby dnenho modernho hospodr-skeho i kultrneho centra Slovenska. Vpriebehu stro bola slobodnm krov-skm mestom i korunovanm mestomuhorskch panovnkov. Vo svojej multiet-nicite vdy mestom tolerantnm. Dnes je

    hlavnm mestom samostatnho Slovenskaa dobrm miestom pre ivot.

    Bratislava je mestom, ktor sa z trhovej osady pridunajskom brode vyvinulo do podoby dnenhomodernho hospodrskeho i kultrneho centraSlovenska. V priebehu stro bola slobodnm kr-ovskm mestom i korunovanm mestom uhorskch

    panovnkov. Vo svojej multietnicite vdy mestomtolerantnm. Dnes je hlavnm mestom samostatn-ho Slovenska a dobrm miestom pre ivot.

    Na pt Malch Karpt a na rozhran troch ttov,Rakska, Maarska a Slovenska, sa rozprestierahlavn mesto Slovenskej republiky Bratislava.

    B

    ohat a pohnut s dejiny tohoto vye tyristoti-

    scovho mesta, ktor va za svoj vznik a rozvojvhodnej geograckej polohe a dvom starobylmobchodnm cestm. Tu sa kriovali Jantrov cesta,ktor viedla od Baltickho mora k Jadranskmu aPodunajska cesta, ktor spjala stredn Eurpu svchodnou. Aj dunajsk brod hral vznamn lohu vmestotvornom procese.

    Poda svedectva archeologickch nlezov

    Bratislava a jej okolie boli osdlen od mladejdoby kamennej. Bohat nlezy s svedkami pr-tomnosti mnohch kultr. Keltsk kme Bjov v 2.storo pred naim letopotom na zem dnenhomesta vybudoval opevnen oppidum. Kelti tu razilipoda antickch predlh aj strieborn mince. Totokvitnce mesto zniili Dkovia na prelome nholetopotu.

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    the region. Artifacts at the Bratislava Castle show thepresence of the Slavs on the castle hill at least fromthe end of the 8thcentury. During the Great Moraviaperiod, the rst stone buildings were created there:

    the house and the three-nave basilica. At that timeDevin fortication was also built. Settlements werecreated below these fortied buildings and aroundthem, as well as on the territory of the later medievaltown. After the fall of the Great Moravia Principality,this area became part of the Hungarian Kingdom.

    The name Bratislava is for the rst time docu-mented in the annals in 907 as Brezalauspurc(from the name Braslav). The second historicalname Bratislava occurs in 1002 in a document ofthe Hungarian King Stephen I. (also known as St.Stephen) as Posonium.In the 11thcentury, the Bratislava Castle was al-ready one of the most important castles in thewhole Hungarian Kingdom. As a fortress that washard to conquer, it played an important role at thebattle for the throne of Hungary in the 11thcen-

    tury. Undoubtedly, in the 11thcentury, there wasan important market settlement below the castle,which gradually developed into a city. The favorabledevelopment was interrupted by the Tatar invasionin 1241. The completion of city-forming process inthe second half of the 13thcentury is documented bythe oldest preserved town privileges, granted by KingAndrew III in 1291. Because of the privileges, the citywas removed from the jurisdiction of the Bratislava

    governor and subordinated directly to the King. The

    V 1. storo nho letopotu Rimania posunulihranice svojej re a na Dunaj. Stopy nie-kokch kamennch stavieb vojensko-obrannhocharakteru njdeme tak na hradnom vrchu ako

    aj vo vntornom meste. V bratislavskej Dbravkeboli objaven zvyky rmskych objektov z 3. sto-roia. K Bratislave patriace Rusovce boli sasourmskej vojenskej osady Gerulata. Po Germnocha Avaroch na prelome 5. a 6. storoia sem prich-dzaj i etnick skupiny Slovanov, ktor postupneobsadzuj tento regin. Artefakty na Bratislavskomhrade dokazuj prtomnos Slovanov na hradnomkopci najneskr od konca 8. storoia. Vo vekomo-

    ravskom obdob tu vznikli prv kamenn stavby:obytn objekt a trojloov bazilika. V tomto obdobbolo vybudovan aj devnske hradisko. Pod tmitohradiskami i okolo nich vznikali osdlia, tak ako aj nazem neskorieho stredovekho mesta. Po znikuVekomoravskho knieatstva sa toto zemie stalosasou Uhorskho krovstva.

    Nzov Bratislava v kronikch je prv raz doloe-

    n v roku 907 ako Brezalauspurc (poda menaBraslav). Druh historick nzov Bratislavy sa vysky-tuje roku 1002 v listine uhorskho kra tefana I.(al. svtho) ako Posonium.

    V 11. storo bol u Bratislavsk hrad jednm znajvznamnejch hradov v celom Uhorskomkrovstve. Ako ako dobytn pevnos zohralvznamn lohu pri bojoch o uhorsk trn v 11.

    storo. Nepochybne u v 11. storo bola podhradom vznamn trhov osada, ktor sa postupne

    Bratislava Chapter House signs the agree-ment with Bratislava City about election of cityvicar. The charter from March 9, 1302 includesthe oldest appearance of the city seal.

    Bratislavsk kapitula uzatvra s mestomBratislavou dohodu o vobe mestskho farra.Na listine z 9. III. 1302 najstar vskyt mestskejpeate. [AMB, Zbierka listn a listov, No. 23]

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    city was administrated by the town mayor and 12 ju-rors. They were voted for every year by the townspeo-ple. The city gained a number of other privileges thatespecially supported development of trade, crafts and

    winemaking. This period begins with the construc-tion of the Bratislava city in the area surrounded bythe city walls. There were created the Gothic churchbuildings - St. Martins Church and the churches ofFranciscans and Poor Clares. In the middle of the city,prosperous burghers built expensive tower houses,the largest of which was the house of the MayorJacob, the later city council seat The City Hall.

    The 14th

    and 15th

    centuries were the ourishingperiod of medieval Bratislava. Emperor Sigismundparticularly preferred Bratislava, as it often gavehim an abundant nancial aid. In 1405 he promotedBratislava to the status of a free royal city, andtogether with other privileged towns it could sendits representatives to the provincial councils. In 1430the city acquired the right to mint coins. By grant-ing a ceremonial Grant of Coat of Arms Charter in

    1436, King Sigismund greatly expanded the rightsof the city. In the cultural life of Central Europe atthat time, Bratislava got famous with the help ofKing Matthias Corvinus, who founded here the rstuniversity in Hungary, Academia Istropolitana in 1465.Outstanding scholars came here to teach and madethe institution renowned.

    The position of Bratislava in the next century was

    inuenced by the defeat of the Hungarian royalarmy at the battle of Mohacs in 1526, the gradualoccupation of the country by the Turks and thenal conquest of the capital city of Buda. In 1536the Hungarian parliament declared Bratislava thecapital of the Hungarian Kingdom. It became thehighest residence of the provincial authorities, localcouncil and the election and coronation seat of the

    Hungarian kings. Between 1563 and 1830 elevenkings and eight royal wives were crowned in St.Martins Church.

    In the 17thcentury, Bratislava went through one of

    the most difcult periods in its history. Because ofuprisings against the Habsburgs it was repeatedlyinvaded and plundered. Gabriel Bethlen in 1613conquered Bratislava and the Castle. But the city was

    vyvjala v mesto. Priazniv vvoj preruil tatrskyvpd v roku 1241. Zavenie mestotvornho procesuv druhej polovici 13. storoia dokumentuje najstar-ie zachovan mestsk privilgium od kra Ondreja

    III. z roku 1291. Privilgiom bolo mesto vyat spodprvomoci bratislavskho upana a podriadenpriamo panovnkovi. Sprvu mesta vykonval richtrs 12 prsanmi, ktorch si meania mohli kado-rone voli. Mesto zskalo aj cel rad alch vsad,ktor podporovali najm rozvoj obchodu, remesiela vinohradnctva. V tomto obdob sa zana vstav-ba Bratislavy na zem obklopenom mestskmihradbami. Vznikaj gotick cirkevn stavby, chrm

    sv. Martina, kostol rdu frantiknov a klarisiek.Zmon meania stavaj v strede mesta nkladnveov domy, z ktorch najv bol dom richtraJakuba, neskorie sdlo mestskej rady - radnica.

    14. a 15. storoie je pre stredovek Bratislavuobdobm rozkvetu. Cisr igmund mimoriadneuprednostoval Bratislavu, ktor mu neraz poskytlavdatn nann pomoc. Roku 1405 ju povil do

    stavu slobodnho krovskho mesta a spolu salmi privilegovanmi mestami mohla vysielasvojich zstupcov na krajinsk snemy. Roku 1430mesto zskalo aj prvo razi mince. igmund vyda-nm slvnostnej erbovej listiny roku 1436 znanerozril prva mesta.

    Vo vtedajom kultrnom ivote strednej Eurpypreslvil Bratislavu kr Matej Korvn, ktortu zaloil roku 1465 prv univerzitu v Uhorsku,Academiu Istropolitanu. Vynikajci vzdelanci semprichdzali predna a preslvili meno tejtoustanovizne.

    Postavenie Bratislavy v nasledujcom storoovplyvnila porka uhorskch krovskch vojsk vroku 1526 pri Mohi a postupn obsadenie krajinyTurkmi a konen dobytie hlavnho mesta Budna.

    Roku 1536 vyhlsil Uhorsk snem Bratislavu zahlavn mesto Uhorskho krovstva. Stala sa sdlomnajvych krajinskch radov, miestom snemu asdlom voby i korunovcie uhorskch krov. Medzirokmi 1563 a 1830 bolo v Dme sv. Martina koruno-vanch 11 krov a osem krovskch maneliek.

    V 17. storo prevala Bratislava jedno z naj-ach obdob svojej histrie. Za stavovskch

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    also destroyed by the res, natural disasters and aplague epidemic. After the defeat of the Turks at thebattle of Vienna in 1683, and after the end of upris-ings in 1711, the political and economic situation

    in the country consolidated. Even in these turbulentconditions its ordinary urban life was still active. Inthe late 17thcentury a trade guild was established bythe merchants, to protect their rights.

    In the 18thcentury an economic expansion started,

    which was reected in a large building developmentand rich cultural life. In that time many of Austrian andItalian artists (F.A. Pilgram, M. Pacassi, F.A. Hillebrandt),

    sculptors (G. Giuliani, G. Bussi) and painters (A. Galli-Bibiena, P. Troger) were working in Bratislava. Duringthe restoration process, several new monastic orderscame to Bratislava, and built churches and monasticcomplexes outside the city walls.

    Thanks to the great patron of the arts, archbishopImrich Esterhzy, there were created remarkableartistic and architectural works in the city. F. A. Palko,

    A. Galli-Babiena, J. Kurtz, M. Speer, and F. Kamaufworked in his service, decorating with altarpieces,murals and sculptures the interiors of churchesand monastic complexes of Capuchins, Trinitarians,Ursulines and the Sisters of St. Elizabeth. TheArchbishopric employed also the Austrian architectand sculptor G. R. Donner, who in the years 1728-1739 created remarkable works, among other theChapel of John the Almoner with sculptures next to

    St. Martins Church and monumental cathedral altarwith the statue of St. Martin. His work in Bratislavawas one of the best in the Central European art.

    Forty years of the reign of the Queen Maria Theresa(1740-1780) brought stabilization and successto the town. An important role was played by theQueens son-in-law Albert, Prince of Saxe-Teschen,who was the governor of the country and a key

    gure in social, cultural and artistic life of the city.After major structural adjustments, a representativeofce of this provincial high dignitary was made inthe castle. Albert was an avid collector of works ofart, mainly of paintings and porcelain. He also builtthe library in the castle and laid the foundation ofthe European prints collection which is now part ofViennas Albertina.

    povstan proti Habsburgovcom ju viackrt obsadilia vydrancovali. Aj Gabriel Bethlen roku 1613 dobylBratislavu a hrad. Ale mesto niili aj poiare, ivelnpohromy i morov epidmie. Po porke Turkov

    pri Viedni v roku 1683 a po ukonen stavovskchpovstan v roku 1711 sa politick a hospodrske po-mery v krajine skonsolidovali. Ani za tchto brlivchpomerov v Bratislave neutchal ben mestsk ivot.Koncom 17. storoia zaloili bratislavsk obchodncina ochranu svojich prv obchodn gildu.

    V 18. storo nastva nov hospodrsky roz-mach mesta, ktor sa odzrkadlil vo vekomstavebnom rozvoji a bohatom kultrnom ivote. VBratislave v tomto obdob pracuje cel rad rakskychi talianskych umelcov (F. A. Pilgram, M. Pacassi, F.A. Hillebrandt), sochrov (G. Giuliani, G. Bussi) a ajmaliarov (A. Galli-Bibiena, P.Troger). V rmci rekatoli-zanho proces krovstva prichdzaj do Bratislavynov rdy, ktor buduj kostoly a kltorn kom-plexy mimo mestskch hradieb.

    Zsluhou vekho mecna umenia, ostrihomsk-ho arcibiskupa Imricha Esterhzyho vznikali

    pozoruhodn a vrcholn umeleck i architektonickdiela v meste. V jeho slubch pracovali F. A. Palko,A. Galli-Babiena, J. Kurtz, M. Speer, F. Kamauf, ktoroltrnymi obrazmi, nstennmi mabami alebosochrskymi dielami vyzdobili kostoly a kltorninteriry kapucnov, trinitrov, urulnok a albeti-niek. Pre arcibiskupstvo pracoval aj raksky architekt

    a sochr G. R. Donner, ktor v rokoch 1728-1739v meste vytvoril pozoruhodn diela, mimo inchkaplnku sv. Jna Almunka so sochrskou vzdoboupri Dme sv. Martina, monumentlny hlavn oltrdmu so sochou sv. Martina. Jeho bratislavsk tvorbapatr k vrcholnm dielam stredoeurpskeho umenia.

    tyridsa rokov vldy krovnej Mrie Terzie(1740-1780) prinieslo mestu stabilizciu aspech. Vznamn lohu zohral pritom miesto-drite krajiny a za krovnej Albert, knieaSasko-tenske, ktor bol kovou postavouspoloenskho, kultrneho a umeleckho ivotamesta. Po vekch stavebnch pravch vzniklo nahrade reprezentatvne sdlo pre tohoto vysokhokrajinskho hodnostra. Albert bol vnivm zbe-rateom umeleckch predmetov, hlavne obrazov a

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    The construction activity was boosted by the inuxof nobility into the city. The rst Baroque palaceswere built in the inner city in place of medieval houses.In 1775, the city walls were demolished, so the spacewas created to build more opulent palaces. The gardenpalaces were built on large plots in the suburbs.

    From 1741, the wooden theater building stood infront of the Fisherman gate in which the Germanplays and Italian operas were performed. In theplace of this building the stone theater Reduta wasbuilt in 1776.

    Joseph IIs taking over the Hungarian throne led tofundamental changes in Hungary. His reforms andpolicies stopped favorable development of Bratislava.The life of the city was signicantly interfered with in1783, when he gave the command to move the royalauthorities to Buda. Bratislava thus ceased to be thecapital of the country and gradually declined to aprovincial level.

    Bratislava had been a strong German city, butfavorable conditions for the formation of Slovak

    porcelnu. Na hrade vybudoval aj kninicu a poloiltu zklady zbierky eurpskej graky, ktor je dnessasou viedenskej Albertny.

    Prlev achty do mesta podnietil stavebn innos.Prv barokov palce boli postaven vo vntor-nom meste na mieste stredovekch domov. Roku1775 boli zbran mestsk hradby a tm vznikolpriestor na vstavbu alch honosnch palcov. Napredmest na rozsiahlych pozemkoch sa budovalizhradn palce.

    Od roku 1741 pred Rybrskou brnou stla dreve-n divadeln budova, v ktorej hrvali nemeckdivadeln hry a talianske opery. Na miesto tejto

    stavby v roku 1776 bolo postaven kamenn divadlos redutou.

    Po nstupe Jozefa II. na uhorsk trn dolo kzsadnm zmenm v Uhorsku. Jeho reformya politika priazniv vvoj Bratislavy zastavili. Doivota mesta citene zasiahol, ke dal roku 1783prkaz presahova krovsk rady do Budna, m

    Title page of the privilege, called the Golden Bull ofBratislava, granted by King Matthew from May 27, 1464.The throne seal appended is made out of a pure gold.Tituln list privilgia, zlatej buly bratislavskej kraMateja Korvna z 27. V. 1464. Privesen trnna peaje z reho zlata. [AMB, Zbierka listn a listov, No. 3458]

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    Bratislava prestala by hlavnm mestom krajiny apostupom kresla na rove provinnho mesta.

    B

    ratislava bola silnm nemeckm mestom, avakvznikali v nej kladn podmienky pre poiatky

    formovania slovenskho nrodnho povedomia. Vpriestoroch hradu roku 1783 zaal svoju innosGenerlny seminr katolckych klerikov. V bratislav-skom seminri tudovalo rone 400 - 500 budcichkazov slovenskho, nemeckho, maarskho achorvtskeho pvodu. Viac ako polovicu tvorili vdySlovci. Slovensk tudenti tu zaloili samovzdelva-c spolok pre pestovanie slovenskho jazyka. Anton

    Bernolk, podporovan profesormi seminra, zaalpripravova a postupne vydva zkladn gramatickdiela slovenskho jazyka. Jeho prv prce vychdzaliv bratislavskej tlaiarni Landererovcov. Mylienkaslovenskho povedomia a jazyka sa vykrytalizo-vala natoko, e po zruen seminra tudenti apedaggovia Evanjelickho lcea roku 1803 zaloilina kole Katedru rei a literatry eskoslovenskej.Jej vrcholom bolo obdobie psobenia profesora

    udovta tra, ktor cel svoj ivot zasvtil svoj-mu nrodu. Pracoval za uzkonenie spisovnhoslovenskho jazyka a bojoval za uznanie sloven-skho nroda. K vzdelanosti v meste prispievala ajKrovsk prvnick akadmia, ale aj idovsk jeiva,v ktorej rone tudovalo do tristo tudentov z celhoUhorska a z okolitch krajn.

    Zaiatkom 19. storoia napoleonsk vojny zname-

    nali pre obyvatestvo mesta trapy a strdanie.Vojnov nepokoje neprestali ani po podpsanbratislavskho mieru (1805). O tyri roky neskrfranczske vojsk z druhho brehu Dunaja opbombardovali mesto a nakoniec ho obsadili. asmesta vyhorela, cel ulice boli znien.

    V predrevolunom obdob nastal v Bratislaveprudk rozvoj priemyslu. Preprava surovn sapresunula z mora na kontinent, najm na dunaj-sk cestu. Z dunajskej tranzitnej prepravy ailaaj Bratislava. Politick udalosti revolunho roku1848 sa dotkli aj Bratislavy. Marcov snem vyhlsilzruenie poddanstva.

    V druhej polovici 19. storoia vaka cudziemu,hlavne rakskemu kapitlu, dolo k zaloeniuvekch priemyselnch podnikov, vybudovaniu

    national consciousness were created there. In thepremises of the castle, the General Seminar of Catholicclerics started its activities in 1783. In Bratislava, theseminar was attended annually by 400 to 500 future

    priests of Slovak, German, Hungarian and Croatianorigin. More than half of them were always Slovaks.Slovak students founded here a self-educatingassociation for the cultivation of the Slovak language.Anton Bernolk, supported by the seminary professors,gradually began to issue the basic grammatical worksfor Slovak. His rst works were published in BratislavaLanderers printer. The idea of the Slovak awareness

    and language crystallized in such a way that, after theabolition of seminary, students and teachers of theEvangelical Lyceum in 1803 founded the Departmentof Language and Literature of Czechoslovakia at theschool. The peak period of its activity was the serviceof Professor udovt tr, who devoted his entire lifeto his nation. He worked for the ofcial acknowled-gement of Slovak literary language and fought forrecognition of the Slovak nation. The Royal Academy

    of Law also contributed to the education in the city, aswell as Jewish yeshiva, in which up to three hundredstudents a year studied, coming from all parts ofHungary and the surrounding countries.

    In the early 19thcentury, Napoleonic wars brought

    the people of the city hardships and suffering. Warriots didnt stop even after the signing of the Peaceof Pressburg (1805). Four years later, the French corpsfrom the other side of the Danube again bombardedand eventually occupied Bratislava. Part of the citywas burned down, whole streets were destroyed.

    In the pre-revolutionary period, an industrial boomoccurred in Bratislava. Raw materials were trans-ported from the sea inland, especially via the Danube.Bratislava also beneted from the Danube transit.Political revolutionary events of 1848 also affectedBratislava. The March Consilium proclaimed theabolition of serfdom.

    In the second half of the 19thcentury, thanks to for-

    eign, especially Austrian capital, the large industrialenterprises were founded, the railroads were built,the Danube was regulated and the winter harbor wasalso built.

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    eleznice, regulcii Dunaja i k vstavbe dunajskhozimnho prstavu.

    2

    8.oktbra 1918 na troskch Raksko-Uhorskejmonarchie vznikla eskoslovensk republika.

    1. janura 1919 Bratislavu obsadil eskoslovenskarmdny zbor, prilenil ju k republike a stala sahlavnm mestom Slovenska. U 2. februra 1919 sapresdlilo Ministerstvo SR s plnou mocou pre spr-vu Slovenska pod vedenm Vavra robra zo svojhodoasnho sdla v iline. Bval Pressburg Pozsony Preporok bo premenovan na Bratislavu. Boli tuzaloen centrlne rady vetkch odvetv ttnej

    sprvy. Koncentroval sa tu priemyseln, obchodna nann ivot celho Slovenska. V obdob prevejeskoslovenskej republiky sa Bratislava vyvjala har-monicky. Vznikali tu modern vysok koly, vedeck

    On October 28, 1918, on the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the Czechoslovak Republicwas established. On 1stJanuary 1919, Bratislava wasoccupied by Czechoslovak Army Corps and afliated

    to the Republic, and it became the capital of Slovakia.On February 2, 1919, the Ministry of Czechoslovakiawith power to administer Slovakia, led by Vavrorobr, moved from its temporary headquarters inilina. Former Pressburg - Pozsony - Preporok hadbeen renamed as Bratislava. Central ofces of allsectors of government were formed. Industrial, com-mercial and nancial life of Slovakia was concen-trated here. During the First Czechoslovak Republic,

    Bratislava developed harmoniously. Modern universi-ties and scientic and cultural institutions, whichwere of European signicance, emerged here. The

    Plan worked out by Neyder in 1820. It captures central part of the city, its street net-work, the Castle and settlement round it, and the river Danube main ow.

    Neyderov pln z r. 1820. Zachytva centrlnu as mesta, jeho ulin sie, Hrad sPodhradm a hlavn tok Dunaja. [AMB, Zbierka mp a plnov, No. 1028]

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    a kultrne intitcie, ktor mali aj celoeurpskyvznam. Mesto sa stalo aj centrom kultrneho aumeleckho ivota. Bratislavu charakterizovalatolerancia medzi tu ijcimi Slovkmi, Nemcami,

    Maarmi, idmi, echmi a ostatnmi nrodnostnmiskupinami.

    Da 14. marca 1939 po zniku eskoslovenskejrepubliky sa stala Bratislava hlavnm mestomsamostatnho Slovenska. Stala sa sdlom preziden-ta, parlamentu, vldy a centrlnych radov ttnejsprvy. Vojnov udalosti neobili ani Bratislavu. Pribombardovan mesta americkm letectvom bola

    znien ranria Apolo a okolit obytn tvrte. Odjna 1944 do aprla nasledujceho roku bolo mestov rukch nemeckej armdy. Bratislavu oslobodilasovietska armda 4. aprla 1945. Po druhej svetovejvojne sa Bratislava zmenila. V prvch doch slobodydolo k vmene obyvatestva, k vysdovaniu respek-tve odsunu nemeckho a maarskho obyvatestva,v neskorom obdob z ideologickho hadiska ajnespoahlivej skupiny slovenskho obyvatestva.

    Roku 1946 pripojenm prmestskch obc kmestu vznikla Vek Bratislava. Politick vznammesta bol zaven roku 1968. Nrodn zhroma-denie prijalo 27. oktbra 1968 stavn zkon oeskoslovenskej federcii, tm sa 1. janura 1968stala Bratislava hlavnm mestom Slovenskejsocialistickej republiky vo federatvne usporiadanejeskoslovenskej republike. Rchly rozvoj mesta od

    zaiatku 20. storoia, ale hlavne po druhej svetovejvojne sa prejavil aj na zemnom raste mesta a vrchlom pribdan potu obyvateov. Km v roku1850 mala Bratislava 42 000 obyvateov, v roku1946 mala 200 000, v roku 1986 u 420 000 a vroku 1990 450 000 obyvateov.

    Udalosti po roku 1989 viedli k zsadnm zmenmv spolonom tte echov a Slovkov. Brliva rchle zmeny na politickej scne viedli k prijatiustavy Slovenskej republiky 1. septembra 1992Nrodnou radou Slovenskej republiky, o boloprvm krokom k rozdeleniu spolonho ttu avzniku novho. 1. janura 1993 sa Bratislava stalahlavnm mestom samostatnej Slovenskej republiky.

    town had become the center of cultural and artisticlife. Bratislava was characterized by tolerance amongSlovaks, Germans, Hungarians, Jews, Czechs and otherethnic groups living here.

    On 14 March 1939, after the dissolution ofCzechoslovakia, Bratislava became the capitalof independent Slovakia. It became the seat ofthe President, Parliament, government and centralgovernment authorities. War events did not spareBratislava. The bombing of the U.S. Air Force de-stroyed renery Apolo and surrounding neighbor-hoods. From June 1944 to April of the following year,the city was in the hands of the German army. SovietArmy liberated Bratislava on 4 April 1945. After theWorld War II, Bratislava changed. In the rst daysof freedom, the population exchange took place.German and Hungarian population, in the later periodof the ideological perspective also unreliable groupsof Slovak population, were displaced or transfered.

    In 1946, by connecting suburban communities tothe city, United Bratislava was formed. The politi-

    cal importance of the city was completed in 1968.National Assembly adopted the Constitutional Acton the Czechoslovak Federation on October 27,1968, and on January 1, 1968 Bratislava became thecapital of the Slovak Socialist Republic of federativelyorganized Czechoslovakia. The rapid development of

    the city since the early 20thcentury, especially afterthe World War II, was reected in the spatial growthof the city and the rapid rise in population. While in1850 Bratislava had 42,000 inhabitants, in 1946 ithad 200,000, in 1986 already 420,000 and in 1990 ithad 450,000 inhabitants.

    S

    ince 1989 many events occurred, leading to fun-damental changes in the common state of Czechs

    and Slovaks. Turbulent and rapid changes in thepolitical arena led to the adoption of the Constitutionof the Slovak Republic on 1stSeptember 1992 by theNational Council of the Slovak Republic, which wasthe rst step to divide the common state and to forma new one. On January 1, 1993, Bratislava became thecapital of independent Slovak Republic.

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    Cetinje

    State Archives of Montenegro

    Address: Novice Cerovica 281250 Cetinje, Montenegrotel: +382 (0)41 232 670e-mail: [email protected]

    web site: www.dacg.me

    Founded 1951.Archival holdings 1228 quantity: 9016 linearmeters

    Personal and family holdings 111 quantity: 43linear metersCollections 142 quantity: 210 linear meters

    Headquarters of the archives is in Cetinje, wherethe holdings of state importance are kept. Thereare fifteen archival departments situated in fifteenMontenegrin towns which keep the holdings of localimportance.

    Cetinje

    Dravni arhiv Crne Gore

    Adresa: Novice Cerovia br. 2,81250 Cetinje, Crna Goratel: 041-232-670e-mail: [email protected]

    web site: www.dacg.me

    Osnovan - 1951. godineFondovi - 1228 - koliina grae: 9016 dunihmetara

    Lini i porodini - 111 - koliina grae: 43 dunametraZbirke - 142 - koliina grae: 210 dunih metara

    Sjedite arhiva je na Cetinju gdje se pohranjujegraa od dravnog znaaja. Ima odsjeke u 15crnogorskih gradova koji uvaju grau lokalnogznaaja.

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    Cetinje nije samograd, ono je pojam

    Cetinje nije samo grad, ono je pojam i imekoje je pet vjekova dugim hodom kroz

    vrijeme bilo sinonim i simbol Crne Gore iCrnogoraca. Na samosvojan nain ono jepostalo sredite povezivanja i saimanjaoslobodilakih, prvobitno antifeudalnih,sekularnih i na kraju nacionalnih tenji istvaralakih napora usmjerenih ka formiran-

    ju svijesti i stvaranju drave; poetska misaoputopisaca ga naziva kamenim prijestolomslobode. Na skuenom prostoru, u nudi

    vremena, Cetinje je svoju misiju stvaranjacrnogorske drave ispunilo prije nego to jesebe oblikovalo u urbanu cjelinu.

    C

    etinjsko poljebilo je naseljeno i prije nego toje postalo posljednja prijestonica feudalnih

    gospodara Crnojevia. Prve pomene mjesta nalazimove sredinom XV vijeka u izvorima notarskimknjigama Istorijskog arhiva Kotor. U to doba

    Cetinjsko polje naseljava stoarska populacija - biloslobodni seljaci ili vazali lokalne zetske vlastele.Njihovo stanite nazvano je po danas nestaloj rijeci

    ponornici Cetinje.

    Naselje ispod Orlovog krautemeljuje gospodarZete Ivan Crnojevi 1482. god. podiui dvor, advije godine kasnije i manastirski hram posveenRoenju Presvete Bogorodice sopstvenu zadubinusazdanu na porodinim posjedima u koji se selisjedite Zetske mitropolije.

    Cetinje Is Not Just aCity, It Is a Concept

    Cetinje is not just a city, it is a concept and aname which has been for five centuries syn-onymous with and a symbol of Montenegroand Montenegrins. In a unique manner, ithas become the center of accumulation ofliberation aspirations, originally anti-feudal,secular ones, and eventually of national aspi-rations and creative efforts aimed at form-

    ing self-awareness and the state. The poeticthought of travellers named it a stone throneof freedom. In a restricted area, in the neces-sity of time, Cetinje succeeded in its missionto create the state of Montenegro even beforeit formed itself into an urban area.

    The eld of Cetinje was settled long before it

    became the capital of the last feudal landlords, theCrnojevici. The rst mention of the town comes fromthe middle of the fteenth century in the sources - no-tarial records of the HistoricalArchives of Kotor.At that time, the Cetinjeeld was settled byherdsmen either free

    peasants or vassals of thelocal landlords of Zeta.

    Settlement under theEagles stone (Orlov krs)was founded by the lord ofZeta Ivan Crnojevi in 1482, who built his court there,and two years later a monastery dedicated to theNativity of the Virgin Mary. This was his own founda-tion, built on his family land, where the headquartersof the Zeta Diocese was moved. The fteenth centurymarked the end of the free Balkans countries. As thelast among them, Montenegro fell under the OttomanEmpire during the rule of George Crnojevic in 1496.Then it was annexed to the Scutari Sanjak and regis-tered as such in a defter from 1497.

    Tombstone in front of the 14th-century Vlach Church

    Steak ispred Vlake crkve na Cetinju XIV vijek

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    XV vijek oznaio je kraj slobodnih balkanskihdrava. Posljednja od njih Crna Gora potpadapod otomansku vlast, za vrijeme ura Crnojevia1496. Tada je pripojena skadarskom sandakatu

    pa je u defteru iz 1497. tako i upisana.

    U neto vie od deceniju od osnivanja Cetinjado potpadanja pod otomansku vlast zbijeno jevie vanserijskih dogaaja koji znaenjem preva-zilaze realne mogunosti i proporcije skromnogfeuda od ideje podizanja pravoslavnog hrama satipolokim karakteristikama renesanse do pribav-ljanja prve iriline tamparije na slovenskom

    jugu iz koje je proizaao uveni Oktoih prvoglasnik,(objavljen 4. januara 1494.) i jo nekoliko knjigavanih za istoriju ovih prostora.

    Padom dinastije Crnojevia nestankom domaesvjetovne vlasti jedina preostala institucija jeMitropolija sa sjeditem u Cetinjskom manastiru.Crkva kao organizacija biva podreena vlasti ino-vjeraca, a umjesto vladara zatitnika crkve i njene

    imovine javlja se vlastel ernogorskikoji nemajunita zajedniko sa srednjovjekovnom vlastelomve se radi o skupu glavara ija je dunost da titemanastirsku imovinu.

    U Otomanskoj imperiji, Cetinje nije bilo sjediteupravnih vlasti, niti je pridavan znaajkulturnim tekovinama iz kratkotrajnog periodaCrnojevia. U uslovima administrativne zapo-

    stavljenosti domicilna populacija nastavlja sastarim nainom ivota, u formi sitnih samoupravnihzajednica, relativno slobodno.

    Nain ivota i postojanje crkvene strukture omo-guili su da Cetinje postane sredite stvaranjaduhovnog otpora otomanskoj vlasti.

    K

    ao sjedite Zetske a potom Crnogorske mitropo-lije, Cetinjski manastir je postao objedinjujua

    snaga u crnogorskom plemenskom drutvu uzdi-ui se iznad plemenskih, bratstvenikih i ostalihpodvojenosti. Istovremeno odigrao je znaajnuulogu u kulturnom ivotu zemlje.

    Na svojstven nain, bez pietizma, Crnogorci suprihvatili crkvu kao garanciju ouvanja svognarodnog identiteta.

    For more than a decade, since the founding of Cetinjeto its coming under Ottoman rule, there occurredseveral extraordinary events that by their meaningexceeded the real possibility and proportions of that

    modest feud - the idea of building Orthodox churchwith typological characteristics of the Renaissance toobtaining the rst Cyrillic printinghouse of the SouthSlavs, which printed the famous Oktoih prvoglasnik,(Octoechos of the First Tone ) (printed on January 4,1494), and several other books, important for the his-tory of the region.

    With the fall of the Crnojevi dynasty and the dis-

    appearance of the local state authorities the onlyinstitution that remained was the Diocese situated atthe Cetinje Monastery. The Church as an organizationbecame subordinated to heterodox authorities, andinstead of the ruler and protector of the Church and itsproperty, there is a Montenegrin nobility who havenothing in common with the medieval nobility, but it isa group of rulers whose duty is to protect the property

    of the monasteries.

    In the Ottoman Empire, Cetinje was not the centre ofadministrative authorities, nor any special importancewas given to the cultural heritage of the short periodof the Crnojevici. Due to administrative neglect, thedomicile population continued with their old way oflife, in the form of relatively freely, small self-govern-ing communities.

    The way of life and the existence of the churchstructure enabled the creation of Cetinje thatbecame a center of spiritual resistance to the Ottomanrule. As the seat of the Zeta and later MontenegrinDiocese, the Cetinje monastery has become a unifyingforce in the Montenegrin tribal society rising abovetribal and other divisions.

    At the same time it played a signicant role in thecultural life of the country.

    In its own way, without any pietism, the Montenegrinsaccepted the Church as a guarantee of preservingtheir national identity. Cetinje had no other meaningbut that idea and the spirit of freedom, which happilyunited in it and developed the nation-creating energyand national consciousness.

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    Cetinje i nema drugog znaenja osim te idejei slobodarskog duha koji su u njemu sretnosjedinjeni i razvijeni u dravotvornu energiju inacionalnu svijest.

    U novonastalim okolnostima i uslovima onopostaje sredite kojem gravitira veliki brojcrnogorskih rodova, kneina i sela u procesuautohtonog specinog procesa sekularizacije irazvoja crnogorskog drutva od plemenskog kasavremenom.

    U

    tom periodu u cetinjskom polju postojala je ibratstvenika i rodovska organizacija koji su

    funkcionisali i kao posebnost a i kao dio cjeline.U mletakim dokumentima do kraja XVII vijekaCetinje se navodi kao posebno crnogorsko plemeprilino brojno i ratoborno.

    Na stijenjenoj teritoriji stare Crne Gore Cetinjese poklapa i sa geografskim centrom, a ujednoje bilo i zborno mjesto Crne Gore i odravanjaOpte-crnogorskog zbora, najmanje dva puta godi-nje (Petrovdan i Trojiin dan), koji je bio zajednikainstitucija svih crnogorskih plemena. Na tim skupo-vima rjeavani su sukobi izmeu plemena, odlu-ivalo o odnosima sa susjedima i sl. PatrijahalnaCrna Gora je zemlja zbora i dogovora.

    Tokom XVI i XVII vijeka Crnogorci su se naliuklijeteni izmeu Mletake Republike iOtomanske imperije, katolianstva i islama i suoe-ni sa geopolitikim izazovom mimo ijednog drugognaroda na Balkanu. Ovakav poloaj iziskivao jestalnu borbu Crnogoraca radi sopstvenog opstankai ouvanja identiteta pa su ve tada u Evropi stekliglas vjeitih buntovnika. Cetinje dobija prvora-zredan znaaj i postaje metom turskih pritisaka,ucjena i kaznenih ekspedicija kao i propagandnogdjelovanja katolikih misionara.

    Kao politiki i duhovni centar slobodarskog ot-pora Crnogoraca, Cetinje i Cetinjski manastir sutokom istorije pet puta pustoeni od strane Turaka.1685. i 1692. godine poharani su od strane ska-darskog vezira Sulejman pae Butalije. PoetkomXVIII vijeka, u dva navrata 1712. i 1714. godine,ponovo su opustoeni Cetinje i sruen je manastir

    In the new circumstances and conditions it becamethe center of a large number of Montenegrin clans,districts and villages that gravitated towards it in thespecic process of secularization and the development

    of Montenegrin society from the tribal to the contem-porary one. During this period in the Cetinje eld, therewas a fraternal and tribal organization that operatedas a special entity or as a part of a larger system. Inthe Venetian documents, up to the end of the sev-enteenth century, Cetinje is mentioned as a separateMontenegrin tribe, quite numerous and warlike.

    Concentrated inside the borders of the old

    Montenegro, Cetinje coincided with the geographiccenter but also it was a meeting place of Montenegroand the host of Pan-Montenegrin gathering at leasttwice a year (on St. Peters and the Pentecost) thatrepresented the joint institution of all the Montenegrintribes. In these meetings, the conicts between tribeswere dealt with, relationships with neighboring coun-tries were decided, etc. Patriarchal Montenegro is thecountry of assembly and arrangement.

    During the 16thand 17thcenturies, Montenegrins

    were trapped between the Venetian Republicand the Ottoman Empire, between Catholicism andIslam, faced with geopolitical challenges as no othernation in the Balkans. Such a position required ofMontenegrins a constant ght for their own survivaland the preservation of their identity. For that reasonthey were famous as eternal rebels in contemporary

    Europe. Cetinje assumed the primary importance andbecame a target of Turkish pressure, blackmail andpunitive expeditions, as well as the propagandisticactivities of Catholic missionaries.

    As a political and spiritual center of the liberationand resistance of Montenegrins, Cetinje and itsMonastery were ve times devastated by the Turks.In 1685 and 1692, they were pillaged by the Scutari

    Vizier Suleiman-Pasha Bushatlia. At the beginning ofthe eighteenth century, on two occasions, in 1712 and1714, the town was devastated and the monasteryrazed to the earth. Cetinjes monastery was restoredonly in 1724. Cetinje was devastated in 1785 for thelast time. The two victories of Montenegrins in the waragainst the Skutari Vizier Mahmut-Pasha Bushatlia,the last conqueror of Cetinje, in the vicinity of villages

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    koji je obnovljen tek 1724. godine. Posljednji putCetinje je bilo poharano 1785. godine.

    P

    objede Crnogoraca u ratu protiv skadarskogvezira Mahmut pae Buatlije, posljednjeg osva-

    jaa Cetinja, na Krusima i Martiniima obezbijedilesu uslove za konsolidaciju Crne Gore.

    Na planu unutranjeg ureenja donijeta je Stega-1796 i Zakonik opti crnogorski i brdski-1803.Oba akta donijeta su na Cetinju koje postajepolitikim sreditem Crne Gore. U duhu tih naporaformirano je 1799., takoe na Cetinju, Praviteljstvo

    suda crnogorskog i brdskog. Dalje uvrivanje vlastiodvijalo se formiranjem Praviteljstvujueg Senatacrnogorskog i brdskog-1832. koji je bio najviazakonodavna, sudska i izvrna vlast u Crnoj Gori.Sjedite Senata bilo je na Cetinju.

    U cilju obezbjeenja smjetaja za novoformi-rane organe vlasti 1838. podignuto je zdanjeBiljarde prve zgrade dravne uprave, u kojoj susmjeteni Senati Perjanici,zatim Njegoeva tam-parija, dio riznice i arhiv. Biljarda je bila i zvaninarezidencija vladara sve do 1867. godine.

    Krusi and Martinici, provided the conditions for theconsolidation of Montenegro.

    T

    o establish interior order in the country, two setsof regulations were passed: the Stega (Restraint) in

    1796 and the General Code for Montenegro and Brdain 1803. Both acts were adopted in Cetinje, which be-came the political centre of Montenegro. In the spiritof those efforts the Administration of the Montenegroand Brda Court was formed in 1799. Further consolida-tion of power took place by forming the Montenegroand Brda Administrative Senate in 1832, which wasthe highest legislative, judicial and executive power in

    Montenegro.

    In order to provide accommodation for the newlyestablished authorities the rst building of publicadministration - the Billiard - was built in 1838, inwhich the Senate and the Guard were located, later onthe Njego Printing House, part of the Treasury and theArchives. The Billiard was the ofcial residence of theMontenegrin rulers until 1867.

    In the same building, the ministries were housed (until1910) and almost all the state institutions, the rsthigh school, and so on.

    Initial from the 14th-century Divo Gospel

    Inicijal iz Divoevog Jevanelja XIV vijek[NMCG - ABO; Cetinje]

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    U njoj su bila smjetena i ministarstva (do1910) i gotovo sve dravne institucije, prvesrednje kole itd.

    Cetinje u tom periodu putopisci nazivaju naj-manjom prijestonicom Evrope, a vjerovatno i

    cijelog svijeta. Grad je 1844. godine imao, poredManastira i Biljarde, 19 ili 20 kua, bolje graenihod veine kua u Crnoj Gori i pokrivenih crijepom,meu njima i dvije krme.

    P

    lan grada iz 1860., predstavlja stilizovan pro-storni plan grada sa opsegom i izgledom varoi.

    Osim najstarijih objekata Manastira, Tablje iBiljarde, naselje ima dvije unakrsne ulice, i to uzaetku: Katunskui Dvorsku, koje su se sjekle su sepod pravim uglom i imale 34 kue.

    1865. godine izgraena je i prva gostionica, u-vena Lokanda,koju je sagradilo prvo akcionar-sko drutvo u Crnoj Gori.

    Nedugo zatim 1867. godine dovren je knjaevdvor, za ono vrijeme vrlo veliko i prostrano zdanje.Ubrzo se grade objekti bolnice Danilo I(1873) iVojne laboratorije,za opravku oruja sa kolekcijaratnih trofeja zaetak Vojnog muzeja.

    Grad do 1872. broji 115 kua (i lijepih dvokatni-ca) i oko 500 itelja.

    During that time, travelers called Cetinje the smallestcapital in Europe, and probably in the entire world.

    In 1844 the city had, besides the Monastery and the

    Billiard, 19 or 20 houses, built better than mosthouses in Montenegro and covered with tiles, includ-ing two pubs.

    Street map from 1860 is a stylized city map, showingthe scale and appearance of the town. Besides theoldest buildings - the Monastery, the Billiard and theTablja, the settlement has two emerging cross streets:Katunska and Dvorska, that intersected at right angles

    and had 34 houses. In 1865, the rst inn was built, thefamous Lokanda, by the rst shareholding company inMontenegro.

    Shortly after that, the Princes Palace was nishedin 1867, for that time a very large and spaciousbuilding.

    S

    oon after that the hospital complex Danilo I (1873)was built, as well as the Military Laboratories, for

    repairing weapons from the collection of war trophies- the beginning of the Military Museum. In 1872, thetown numbered 115 houses (including beautiful two-storeyed ones) and about 500 inhabitants.

    The Berlin Congress (1878) brought to Montenegrothe de jure international recognition of thesovereignty of the state. A long period of peace

    Danilos Code, the First Civil Code inMontenegro, adopted in 1855.

    Danilov zakonik, prvi graanski zakonik u CrnojGori, donijet 1855. godine[NMCG - ABO; Cetinje]

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    Berlinski kongres(1878) Crnoj Gori i de juredonosimeunarodno priznanje dravnog suvereniteta,nastupa dui period mira, pa se prijestonica u tovrijeme znatno proirene i ekonomski ojaane drave

    naglo razvija.

    Lokalna uprava, odnosno administracija gradarazvija se poslije sticanja nezavisnosti 1878.Optina varoiformira se 1880. Formiranje lokalneuprave omoguava unapreenje urbanistikog iostalih vidova razvoja grada, u skladu sa oekivanji-ma graana nastalog trgovakog i zanatskog slojakoji postaje bitan inilac uz dotadanji dominantni

    glavarski.Lokalnu upravu su inili odbornici sadenisanim zaduenjima u izvrnoj vlasti; postojalesu funkcijepredsjednika Optine i upravitelja varoiCetinja. Donoene administrativne mjere su se ticalesvih aspekata gradskog ivota - pitanja urbanizacije(uputstvo o graenju kua),regulisanja saobraaja,izgradnje ulica i kuneta, odravanja komunalnogreda i istoe (pandurska sluba);vodosnabdijevanja;ureenja grada u sveanim prilikama; otvaranja

    zanatskih, trgovakih i ugostiteljskih objekata itd.Prijestonica se povezuje i putnom infrastrukturom.Grade se prvi kolski putevi Cetinje Kotor, Cetinje Rijeka Crnojevia Podgorica, Cetinje Virpazar,Cetinje evo Danilovgrad. Crna Gora vie nijebesputna zemlja.

    Podiu se i pozorina zgrada Zetski dom(1884-1888); prestolonasljednikov dvorac (1894/5) iveliko zdanje Vojnog stana (1896).

    Uspostavljanje diplomatskih odnosa sa evropskimdravama dovelo je do izgradnje zdanja njihovihposlanstava koja svojim arhitektonskim i stilskimkarakteristikama ukraavaju urbani lik Cetinja.

    Brojni kurioziteti ispisuju istoriju Cetinja togvremena: 1869. tu se uspostavljaprva telegrafskalinija na Balkanu; 1900. uvodi se iprvi telefonu CrnojGori. Prva organizacija Crvenog krsta u junosloven-skim zemljama formirana je na Cetinju 1875.; 1891.uvodi se i osmoasovno radno vrijeme,prvi nagovjetajradnikih prava na junoslovenskim prostorima.

    1903. Crna Gora je postala prva evropska dravakoja je uvela automobil u potanski saobraaj, zaprevoz putnika i robe.

    ensued, so the country and the capital at that time wassignicantly expanded and economically strengthened.Local government and administration of the city wasdeveloped after gaining the independence in 1878.

    The town administration developed graduallyafter the gainining of independence in 1878. TheMunicipality was formed in 1880. The forming oflocal government improved urban planning and otheraspects of development, in line with the expecta-tions of its citizens - the already formed merchant andartisanal class, which became an important factortogether with the previously dominant headmen

    class. The local authority was made up of delegateswith dened responsibilities in the executive power,having two major functions - the Mayor and the TownAdministrator of Cetinje. The adopted administrativemeasures were related to all aspects of city life - theissues of urbanization (Instructions on Building Houses),directing trafc, street and sewer construction, main-taining public order and cleanliness (Police Service);

    Water supply; town decorations on special occasions;opening trades, shops and restaurants, etc. The capitaltown was connected by the road infrastructure. Therst unsurfaced roads were built, connecting Cetinje- Kotor, Cetinje Rijeka Crnojevica - Podgorica, Cetinje -Virpazar, Cetinje - Cevo - Danilovgrad. Montenegro is nolonger a roadless land.

    The Zetski dom theatre was erected (1884-88), as well

    as the Palace for the Hair to the Throne (1894/5) andthe large Military apartment building (1896).

    Establishing diplomatic relations with Europeanstates led to the construction of buildings of theirembassies / legations that with their architecturaland stylistic features adorned the urban character ofCetinje.

    Many curiosities marked history of Cetinje of thattime: the rst telegraph line in the Balkans

    was established in it in 1869; the rst phone line inMontenegro was installed there in 1900. The rst RedCross organization in the South Slavic countries wasformed in Cetinje in 1875, the eight-hour workday wasintroduced in 1891, which was the rst hint of laborrights among the Southern Slavs.

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    Istorija kolstva poinje sa Njegoem i prvom svje-tovnom kolom u Crnoj Gori koju je utemeljio 1834.u Cetinjskom manastiru; Bogoslovsko uiteljska kolaje osnovana 1869. kada i evojaki institut; Gimnazija

    1880.; ona se transformie u viu kolu1902/3. Te go-dine osnovan je i Djetski sad (djeji vrti), prva pred-kolska ustanova u Crnoj Gori. Osnovane su i vojnekole:Artiljerska ocirska kolai Nikolajevski kraljevskikadetski korpus. Kuriozitet i u evropskim razmjeramaje raritetni Zakon o neprikosnovenosti kolskog asasakraja 19. vijeka.

    itav niz kulturnih institucija nastaje na Cetinju udrugoj polovini 19. stoljea: Cetinjska itaonica,

    Pjevako drutvo, Biblioteka, Pozorite, Vojni muzej iMuzej, Arhiv, Pjevako drutvo Gorski vijenac, Crnogorskavojna muzika, Druga vojna muzika, Drutvo za potpoma-ganje zanata i trgovine, Zanatlijsko pjevako tambu-rako drutvo, Prvo crkveno pjevako drutvo Njego.

    Cetinje ve 1891. godine dobija gradski vodovodkoji koristi vodu sa vodoizvorita Obzovica udalje-nog 9 km.

    1910. podignuta je i zgrada crnogorskog parlamentaVladin dom.Iste godine gradi se i termocentrala iosniva Elektrino preduzee.

    Poslije Prvog svjetskog rata u novoformiranoj dra-vi, Cetinje je bilo sredite sreza,od 1922. do 1929.administrativni i upravni centar Zetske oblasti,potomsjedite Zetske banovine.Funkcija administrativnog

    sredita omoguila je razvoj grada, porast stanov-nitva, bolje snabdijevanje i saobraajno povezivanje.Usljed toga 1931. 10,2% stanovnitva Cetinja jeupoljeno u javnim slubama. Pored toga znatno jenapredovala trgovina i uslune djelatnosti.

    Poslije drugog svjetskog rata, od 13. 11. 1944. do 13.6. 1946. Cetinje je glavni grad Narodne RepublikeCrne Gorei u njemu je sjedite Prezidijuma, Vlade,ministarstava, Vrhovnog suda, Tuilatva. PromjenomUstava 1946. glavni grad Crne Gore postaje Titogradu koji se sele svi organi republike vlasti do 1956.godine.

    U novim okolnostima bitno se mijenja status,uslovi ivota i izvori prihoda. Promjena statusaglavnog grada zatekla je Cetinje, ali se vrlo brzo or-ganizovao privredni ivot koji je omoguio napredak

    In 1903, Montenegro became the rst European coun-try to introduce a postal automobile, for the transportof passengers and merchandise.

    The history of education started with Njego, who

    established the rst secular school in 1834 at theCetinje Monastery. The Theology and Teacher TrainingSchool was established in 1869, at the same time asthe Girls Institute; the High School was founded in1880 and later was transformed into a College - in1902/3. The same year, the Nursery was established- the rst pre-school in Montenegro. Military schoolswere also established: Artilllery Ofcers School and

    King Nikolas Royal Cadet Corps . The rare Act on theInviolability of School Lessons was passed at the endof the 19thcentury, which was a rarity for Europe of thetime.

    Anumber of cultural institutions were formed inCetinje in the second half of the 19thcentury: theCetinje Reading Room, the Glee Club, the Library,the Theater, the Museum and the Military Museum,the Archives, the Mountain Wreath Glee Club, theMontenegrin Army Band, the Second Army Band, theSociety for the Support of Trade and Craft, the ArtisanalTamburica Band, the rst Church Choir Njego.

    Already in 1891, Cetinje got the water-supplysystem, using the water source Obzovica, situatednine miles away. In 1910, the Montenegrin Parliamentbuildings was built, named the Seat of the Government(Vladin dom). The same year the Power plant was beingbuilt and the Electric Company founded.

    After World War I, in the newly formed state, Cetinjewas the center of the district, from 1922 to 1929- the administrative center of the Zeta area, then theseat of the Zeta Banovina. The function of an adminis-trative center enabled the development of the city, thepopulation growth , better transportation and supply.Consequently, in 1931, the public service employed10,2 % of the population. Besides that, trade andservice sector was signicantly improved.

    After the World War II, from 13 November 1944to 13 June 1946, Cetinje was the capital of thePeoples Republic of Montenegro, with the headquar-ters of the Presidium, Government, Ministries, theSupreme Court, the Prosecutors Ofce. By adoption of

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    grada i optine. Najznaajniji trenutak u poslijeratnojistoriji Cetinja je formiranje elektroindustrije Obod,to je omoguilo razvoj itavog niza povezanih dje-latnosti, saobraaja, trgovine itd. U periodu sedamde-

    setih i osamdesetih godina, Cetinje ima BDP po glavistanovnika iznad prosjeka u Crnoj Gori. Pored togaono je meu rijetkim gradovima u SFRJ koji nemaproblem nezaposlenosti ima preko 9.000 zaposle-nih u optini sa 27.000 stanov